Rational design of a 500 m3 fermenter for erythromycin production by Saccharopolyspora erythraea / 生物工程学报

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic produced by Saccharopolyspora erythraea. Its yield is greatly affected by the fermentation conditions and the bioreactor configurations. In this study, a novel scale-up method for erythromycin fermentation was developed based on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and time constant analysis. Firstly, the dissolved oxygen (DO) was determined as a key parameter according to the physiological properties of S. erythraea cultivated in a 50 L bioreactor. It was found that the time constant of oxygen supply (tmt) in a 500 m3 bioreactor should be less than 6.25 s in order to satisfy the organism's oxygen uptake rate (OUR). Subsequently, a 500 m3 bioreactor was designed using the time constant method combined with empirical correlations. The impeller combination with one BDT8 impeller at bottom and two MSX4 impellers at upper part was determined, and then validated by numerical simulation. The results indicated that the tmt of the bioreactor (< 6.25 s) and the fluid properties, including gas hold-up, shear stress and fluid vector, met the requirements of erythromycin fermentation. Finally, the industrial production of erythromycin in the 500 m3 showed the design method was applicable in large scale fermentation.

Analysis of thyroid iodine uptake rate and 99Tc m imaging in the treatment of Graves hyperthyroidism with 131I / 中国医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the relationship between thyroid iodine uptake rate, 99Tc m imaging and treatment of Graves' hyperthyroidism with 131I. Methods:132 patients with Graves' hyperthyroidism were analyzed retrospectively. According to the difference of thyroid 24-hour iodine uptake rate, they were divided into group A (≤50%), group B (50%-80%) and group C (≥80%). According to the trend of iodine uptake rate curve, they were divided into peak advance group (6 h/24 h iodine uptake rate ratio >1) and non-peak advance group (6 h/24 h iodine uptake rate ratio≤1). Thyroid 99Tc m imaging was divided into three groups according to quality, including group 1 (≤30 g), group 2 (30-60 g) and group 3 (≥60 g). The therapeutic effects of 131I in different types of patients were compared. Results:132 patients were followed up for 6 months after the first 131I treatment. The total effective rate, total cure rate and uncured rate were 88.6%(117/132), 78.0%(103/132), 22.0%(29/132), respectively. The serum thyroxine levels of patients with different 24-h iodine uptake rates in the three groups after treatment were significantly lower than those before treatment ( P<0.05). The lower the 24-h iodine uptake rate of thyroid, the more significantly the serum total triiodothyronine (TT3), total triiodothyronine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels decreased after treatment, the more obvious the increase of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), and the more obvious the treatment effect ( P<0.05). The cure rate (13/29, 44.8%) in the peak advance group was significantly lower than that in the non peak advance group (90/103, 87.4%), with statistically significant difference (χ 2=23.899, P<0.001). There was significant difference in the cure rate among the three groups with different thyroid 99Tc m imaging quality (χ 2=15.502, P<0.001). Conclusions:With the increase of thyroid mass, the higher the 24-h iodine intake rate, the more obvious the peak shift, the lower the cure rate, the higher the non-healing rate, and the lower the incidence of hypothyroidism.

Comparison of Radioactive Counts between a New Type of Double-tube and a Traditional Singletube Standard Source Load Model, and Their Impacts on Thyroid Iodine-131 Uptake Rates / 中国医科大学学报

Objective A new type of double-tube standard source load model provides better simulation of the human thyroid than does a traditional single-tube standard source load model. The radioactive counts of these two models were compared, as were their impacts on thyroid iodine-131 (13lI) uptake rates. Methods A double-tube standard source load model was used to analyze its impact on the rates of 131I uptake by the subjects' thyroid glands, and to compare the results with those obtained using a single-tube standard source load model. Radioactive counts in different positions were measured by thyroid function instruments, and compared. Results The 131I uptake rates by the subjects' thyroid glands at 2, 4, and 24 hours obtained using a double-tube standard source load model were lower than those obtained using a single-tube standard source load model; the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0. 05). Radioactive counts obtained using the double-tube standard source load model in different positions were higher than those obtained with the single-tube standard source load model; the differences were statistically significant (P ＜ 0. 05). Radioactive counts decreased with increased displacement when models were placed at 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18 cm in the horizontal direction, and at 0, 1, 2, and 3 cm in the vertical direction. Conclusion The l31I uptake rates by the subjects' thyroid glands observed using a double-tube standard source load model were lower than those observed using a single-tube standard source load model.

Effect of early monitoring of oxygen uptake rate in patients resuscitated from cardiogenic cardiac arrest / 中华急诊医学杂志

Objective To investigate the correlation of oxygen extraction rate (ERO2) with blood lactate clearance rate and cardiac output (CO) in the early stage of post-restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) in patients resuscitated from cardiogenic cardiac arrest,and to analyze the relationship between the ERO2 and prognosis.Methods Fourteen patients successfully resuscitated from in-hospital cardiogenic cardiac arrest in the emergency ICU from October 2012 to January 2014 were retrospectively analyzed.These patients were assigned to survival group (n =5) or death group (n =9) as per the outcome at 72 h after ROSC.At admission (0 h),3,6 and 12 h after ROSC,arterial blood and venous blood were drawn to detect ERO2 and lactate clearance rate.Cardiac output (CO) was measured by thoracic impedance method,APACHE Ⅱ scores were assessed,and survival time was recorded.Results The patients in the death group died during the period of 12-72 hours after ROSC.The significantly decreased ERO2 at 6 h and 12 h after ROSC,and decreased blood lactate clearance rate and decreased CO at 3 h,6 h and 12 h after ROSC were found in the death group compared with the survival group (all P ＜ 0.05).The ERO2 at 6 h and 12 h after ROSC was significantly positively related to blood lactate clearance rate (r =0.857,r =0.947,both P ＜ 0.05) and CO (r =0.968,r =0.936,both P ＜ 0.05) at 3 h,6 h and 12 h after ROSC.The ERO2 at 6 h and 12 h after ROSC was significantly negatively related to APPACHE Ⅱ score (r =-0.970,r =-0.973,both P ＜ 0.05);APPACHE Ⅱ scores were significantly negatively correlated with blood lactate clearancerates (r=-0.880,r=-0.899,r=-0.850,all P＜0.05) and CO (r=-0.876,r=-0.922,r=-0.916,all P＜0.05) at 3 h,6 h and 12 h after ROSC.Conclusions The ERO2 at 6h after ROSC may be used to assess the severity and prognosis of patients resuscitated from cardiogenic cardiac arrest.

Matéria seca e acúmulo de macronutrientes na parte aérea das plantas de Crambe / Dry matter and macronutrients accumulation in crambe shoots

O crambe (Crambe abyssinica) tem bom potencial para produção de biodiesel pelo seu teor de óleo, além de ser uma alternativa para a rotação de culturas. Contudo, são escassas as informações sobre a demanda de nutrientes pelo crambe. O trabalho objetivou determinar a produção de matéria seca e o acúmulo de macronutrientes na parte aérea das plantas de crambe, em diferentes estágios de crescimento e desenvolvimento. O experimento foi realizado em delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, com cinco repetições. Foram coletadas amostras da parte aérea das plantas aos 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 e 84 dias após a emergência (DAE). Para cada coleta, as plantas foram dividas em folha (limbo e pecíolo), caule + ramos e frutos (cápsulas) e as amostras foram secas até peso constante para posterior determinação da matéria seca e teores de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S. As folhas apresentam grande contribuição na produção de matéria seca nas fases iniciais de desenvolvimento das plantas. A partir do florescimento, a queda das folhas é acentuada e a contribuição dos caules+ramos é maior. Foi observada a seguinte demanda pelos nutrientes na parte aérea: N>Ca>P>S>K>Mg. Quanto às quantidades exportadas via colheita de grãos, seguiu-se a ordem: N>P>S>Mg>Ca>K. A produção de matéria seca da parte aérea das plantas e dos frutos é baixa. No entanto, em função do ciclo curto e da rápida transição entre as fases de florescimento e maturação dos frutos, a adubação de semeadura é fundamental para obtenção de rendimentos satisfatórios.

Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) has shown potential for biodiesel production because of high oil content in grains. Furthermore it is a viable option in crop rotation systems. Nevertheless, there are few studies about nutrient uptake by crambe plants. The aim of this work was to determine dry matter and nutrient accumulation in crambe shoots in different growth stages. The experiment was carried under a randomized complete block design with five replications. Shoot sampling was done at 14, 28, 42, 56, 70 and 84 days after seedling emergence. Each plant sample was separated in leaves (blade and petiole), stems+benches and fruit (capsules). The samples were dried, weighted and levels of N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S were determined. Plant leaves greatly contribute to dry matter production in initial stages of development. Leaf senescence is accentuated and the contribution from stems and branches is higher from flowering. The following nutrient demand by plant shoot was observed: N>Ca>P>S>K>Mg. Nutrients are exported by harvested grains as follows: N>P>S>Mg>Ca>K. Dry matter produced by shoots and fruit is low; however, sowing fertilization is essential to obtain satisfactory results due to a short plant cycle and fast transition period between flowering and fruit maturation.

Sunflower micronutrient uptake curves / Curva de absorção de micronutrientes na cultura do girassol

Most studies in the literature regarding the uptake of micronutrients [zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and boron (B) accumulation] by sunflower are old. For this reason, this work is aimed to establish curves of sunflower micronutrient accumulation in tropical edaphoclimatic conditions. The experiment was conducted in field on Rhodic Eutrudox, located at the experimental farm of Embrapa Soja in Londrina-PR, using the commercial hybrid BRS 191. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replicates. The experimental units consisted of 14 lines with a spacing of 0.70 meter between lines and 25.0 meters in length, with final density of 42,858 plants per hectare. Plants samples were collected every 14 days after emergence. After each collection, plants were divided into petiole, leaf, stem, capitulum and achenes. They were dried until reaching constant weight. Then, dry matter was weighed and the concentrations of Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, and B were determined in the vegetal tissue. Micronutrient uptake occurred faster in the phase initiated 42 days after emergence (DAE). Iron was the most absorbed micronutrient, accumulating higher amounts in the achenes as well as in relation to the total absorbed. Fe, Mn, Zn, B and Cu concentrations were 38.06, 19.68, 9.20, 8,62 and 4.27 mg plant-1, respectively.

Devido ao fato de a maioria dos trabalhos encontrados na literatura a respeito do acúmulo dos micronutrientes [zinco (Zn), manganês (Mn), ferro (Fe), cobre (Cu) e boro (B)] no girassol serem antigos, objetiva-se, com este trabalho estabelecer curvas de acúmulo de micronutrientes em um híbrido de girassol na condição edafoclimática dos trópicos. O experimento foi instalado no campo sobre Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico de textura argilosa, localizado na fazenda experimental da Embrapa Soja, em Londrina-PR, utilizando o híbrido comercial BRS 191. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. As unidades experimentais foram constituídas de 14 linhas, com espaçamento de 0,70 m entre linhas e 25 m de comprimento, com densidade final de 42.858 plantas ha-1. As amostras das plantas foram coletadas em intervalos de 14 dias após a emergência. Após cada coleta, dividiram-se as plantas em pecíolo, folha, caule, capítulo e aquênios, sendo que as mesmas foram secas até peso constante, quando foram tomados os pesos da matéria seca e determinados os teores de Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu e B no tecido vegetal. A absorção de micronutrientes ocorreu em maior velocidade a partir dos 42 dias após a emergência (DAE). O Fe foi o micronutriente mais absorvido, acumulando maior quantidade tanto nos aquênios como em relação ao total absorvido. O acúmulo total de Fe, Mn, Zn, B e Cu foram 38,06, 19,68, 9,20, 8,62 e 4,27 mg planta-1, respectivamente.

Study on the correlation of serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and radioactive iodine uptake rate in patients with nodular goiter / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective To study the correlation of the serum insulin-like growth factor-1(IGF-1) level and the radioactive iodine uptake rate in patients with nodular goiter,to explore a simple and saftymethods of identifying different kinds of thyroid nodule.Methods Sixty diagnosed cases was selected intohot nodule group(30 cases)and cool nodule group(30 cases),and 30 healthy people were selected into thehealthy control group.Measured the IGF-1,FT3,FT4,TSH level of each group by radioimmunoassay,and measured the radioactive iodine uptake rate by radionuclear technique.Results To compare with healthy control group,the levels of serum IGF-1,FT3,FT4 and the radioactive iodine uptake rate of hot nodule group were increased obviously,but the serum TSH was decreased significantly,and the level of IGF-1 had positive correhtion with the radioactive iodine uptake rate(r=0.835)in the same group.Meanwhile,the 1 evel of IGF-1 had negative correlation with the level of TSH(r=-0.326).In cool nodule group,the levels of serum IGF-1,FT3,FT4,TSH had no significant difference oompared with healthy control group(P>0.05).Conclusion The level of IGF-1 and radioactive iodine uptake rate in patients with nodular goiter has certain correlation.

EFFECTS OF THYROID HORMONE ON SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM Ca2+ UPTAKE AND CONTRACTILE PROPERTIES IN RAT SOLEUS MUSCLE / 体力科学

The effect of hyperthyroidism on the contractile properties and Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> sequestering abilities by the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in the soleus muscles was examined in rats treated with thyroid hormone (3, 5, 3'-triiodo-L-thyronine, T<SUB>3</SUB>) (300μg/kg body weight) for 3, 7 and 21 days. At the end of a given treatment period, the right or left soleus muscle was mounted isometrically at 30°C, and stimulated directly using supramaximal current intensity. A twitch contraction was elicited by a 1 msec square-wave pulse and a tetanic contraction by 20 Hz stimulation for 600 msec. To evaluate fatigue resistance, muscles were stimulated at 40 Hz for 350 msec with tetani repeated at an interval of 2 sec during a 4-min period. Another soleus muscle was used, for analysis of SR Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> -uptake rate and SR Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> -ATPase activity. Pronounced increases in SR Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> -uptake rate and ATPase activity were observed after T<SUB>3</SUB> treatment periods longer than 6 days. These alterations were accompanied by decreases in twitch and tetanic tension, half-relaxation time, and fatigue resistance. The T<SUB>3</SUB>-treated muscles stimulated at 20 Hz relaxed during the interval between successive stimuli, indicating that the mechanical fusion of tetanic contractions was incomplete. SR Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> uptake rate was significantly correlated both to tetanic tension and to fatigue resistance. These data suggest that there may be a causal relationship between changes in SR Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> uptake and the loss of muscular strength in the hyperthyroid soleus.

The Investigation of Split Renal Function after Pyeloplasty Using 99m-Tc-DMSA Renal Uptake Rate in Children with Unilateral Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction / 대한비뇨기과학회지

Urinary tract obstruction is one of the most common abnormalities of the excretory system in children. It is well known that renal function is progressively deteriorated by urinary tract obstruction and partially recovered by relief of the obstruction. But the reports about the changes of the renal function in contralateral healthy kidney after relief of unilateral obstruction are rare. Thus, we investigated pre- and post-operative changes of renal function not only on the obstructed kidneys but also on the contralateral normal kidneys in twenty-two children(12 were younger than 2 years old) with unilateral hydronephrosis due to ureteropelvic junction obstruction, using 99m-Tc-DMSA renal uptake rate. A marked increase in 99m-Tc-DMSA renal uptake rate was observed in twelve cases(54.5 % ) after pyeloplasty on the obstructed kidney. Among them eight children were younger than 2 years old. In 7 children younger than 2 years old, a preoperative 99m-Tc-DMSA renal uptake rate in contralateral normal kidney was markedly decreased. Among them, marked increase in postoperative 99m-Tc-DMSA renal uptake rate was observed in 5 cases(71.4%). In other words, in 5 children younger than 2 years old, a remarkable increase of 99m-Tc-DMSA renal uptake rate after reconstructive operation was recognized not only on obstructed kidney but also on the contralateral normal kidney. These tendency could not be observed in those older than 3 years old. These results suggest that, in the young children, the obstructed kidney inhibits the contralateral normal and compensatory renal growth, and that the relief of obstruction eliminates this inhibition and causes the renal growth spur in a normal kidney. In summary, we proposed that it is essential to correct unilateral ureteropelvic junction obstruction before two years of age if an improvement of renal function not only on the obstructed kidney but also on the normal kidney is to be expected.

Emodin stimulates glucose uptake by HepG2 hepatocyte through activation of PPAR? / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective To construct PPAR?and PPAR?response element (PPRE)-controlled luciferase expression vectors,and to determine whether the traditional Chinese medicine emodin activates PPAR?and improves the glucose uptake by HepG2 hepatocytes.Methods (1) PPAR?and PPRE luciferase expression vectors were constructed and were applied to screen more than 20 ingredients of the traditional Chinese medicine. (2) HepG2 cells were incubated with emodin which can activate PPAR?and PPRE luciferase activity,and the PPAR?mRNA expression level was evaluated by RT-PCR/Southern blot.(3) PPAR?and glucose transporter 2 (Glut2) proteins were determined by Western blot analysis in HepG2 cells treated with emodin.(4) The glucose uptake rate was measured using 2-deoxy-[~3H]-D-glucose in HepG2 cells after treatment with emodin.Results (1) Emodin stimulated luciferase activity controlled by PPRE in dose-dependent manner at concentrations of 0.04 to 180?mol/L in COS-7 cells.The highest value was about 4 folds of control in the cells treated with 90?mol/L emodin (P