Diagnosis and prognosis of fetal inferior vena cava malformation by fetal echocardiography / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To summarize the characteristics of two‐dimensional ( 2D ) ultrasound , spatiotemporal imaging correlation ( ST IC ) and vascular casting of fetal inferior vena cava ( IVC ) malformations ,analyze the clinical characteristics and the prognosis of fetal IVC malformations ,and explore the early diagnostic value of fetal echocardiography for fetal IVC malformations . Methods Sixty‐one cases of fetal IVC malformation diagnosed by fetal echocardiography in Beijing Anzhen Hospital M aternal Fetal M edical Consultation Center were retrospectively analyzed . T he clinical data ,echocardiographic features , genetic testing information and prognosis were summarized . Results ① In the 61 cases of IVC malformation ,there were 51 cases of absence of IVC ,46 cases of absence of liver segment ,5 cases of absence of left IVC hepatic segment ,9 cases of left IVC ( including 5 cases of left IVC and absence of IVC hepatic segment) ,5 cases of double IVC ,and 1 case of right hepatic vein reflux . ② Ten fetuses of the 61 fetuses were simple IVC deformity without any other malformations . O ther venous malformations included 7 cases of absence of right superior vena cava and persistent left superior venacava , 2 cases of absence of venous catheters ,and 3 cases of persistent right umbilical vein ,2 cases were merged alone ; 49 cases were merged with intracardiac structural malformations and arrhythmia . ③ T hirty‐eight pregnant women underwent Down′s screening or non‐invasive DNA ,all of which were at low risk .Four cases underwent amniocentesis , and no obviously abnormality was found . Sixteen cases underwent autopsy and genome sequencing after induced labor , one was single gene abnormalities ( ZFPM 2 classical mutation ) . ④ STIC images were collected in 20 cases ,and 19 cases were clearly visualized . ⑤Vascular cast was made to show the shape of blood vessel more clearly and stereoscopically in 4 cases of absent hepatic segment of IVC . ⑥Eleven fetuses were born and confirmed from the results of postnatal ultrasound ,w ho were healthy in follow‐up ; 16 fetuses were induced labor ; 33 fetuses were losed during follow‐up ; 1 fetus died after birth ( arrhythmia ) . Conclusions Fetal echocardiography combined with STIC technology can clearly diagnose the anomalies of IVC . Vascular casting can provide stereoscopic and visual manifestations of the anomalies of IVC . The prognosis of simple anomalies of IVC is good .

Basic anatomical research of the fallopian tube and its correlation with the vascular supply of the ovary / 中国实用妇科与产科杂志

Fallopian-tubal diseases are not rare inclinical practise that not only damage the fertility offemale,but also are lethal under certain circumstances.Hence OBGYN doctors should gain an insight into theanatomy related to the fallopian tube.Here we discussthe current status of the anatomical research on fallo-pian tube and introduce its correlation with the vascular supply of the ovary.

Preparation and research progress of transparent human kidney specimen / 局解手术学杂志

Objective To summarize the technology and progress of the preparation of human renal hyaline specimen.Methods Male adult kidney specimens not exceeding 24 hours after death were prepared by filling,fixation,bleaching,dehydration and transparent proce-dure.Results The human body transparent kidney specimen can clearly show the renal segment,renal arterial vein,number of branches and the course,and it can insure that there was no damage and changes in the kidney column,renal vertebra,renal papilla and other structures. Conclusion The improved method of production technology of kidney transparent specimens can be used to clearly demonstrate the course of renal artery venous blood vessels and boundary between renal segments on the basis of preserving the overall shape of the kidney.

Fetal aortic arch and its branches anomalies: prenatal ultrasound, vascular cast and gene detection / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective@#To explore the application values of prenatal ultrasound, vascular cast in the diagnosis of fetal aortic arch and its branches anomalies and to analyze the genetic characteristics by gene detection.@*Methods@#Twenty-two cases of the vascular cast specimens of the fetal aortic arch and its branches anomalies were analyzed and studied by comparing with their prenatal ultrasonography. Then the characteristics of each type of fetal aortic arch and its branches anomalies, the missed diagnosis and misdiagnosis were summarized and the results of their gene detection were also analyzed.@*Results@#The 22 cases of fetal aortic arch and its branches anomalies were as follows: 2 cases of double aortic arch showed the ascending aorta was divided into two branches after converging as the descending aorta. Three cases were left aortic arch with aberrant right subclavian artery. Twelve cases were right aortic arch: 8 cases were right aortic arch with mirror-image branching, 3 cases were right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery, 1 case was right aortic arch with isolated left subclavian artery. Of the 8 right aortic arch with mirror-image branching, 3 cases of left arterial duct showed the vertical walking between the fusion site of the left innominate artery and the pulmonary artery. Right aortic arch with aberrant left subclavian artery with arterial duct showed "U" shaped vascular ring. Five cases were other types, including 2 cases of the coarctation of aortic arch, 1 case of interrupted aortic arch, 1 case of pulmonary artery sling, and 1 case of abnormal origin of right pulmonary artery. The ultrasonic missed diagnosis were the 6 deformities: 3 cases of arterial duct and 3 cases of aberrant subclavian artery. The ultrasonic misdiagnosis were the 5 deformities: 2 cases of arterial duct location, 1 case of aberrant subclavian artery, 1 case of isolated left subclavian artery, and 1 case of the coarctation of aortic arch. Genetic test results: In the 18 cases of the genetic detection, 2 cases were positive, 1 case was 22q11.2 microdeletion syndrome and 1 case was carrying KMT2D gene variant.@*Conclusions@#There are various kinds of fetal aortic arch and its branches anomalies, which are often associated with intracardiac malformations and venous branches variation. And prenatal ultrasound is of great value in diagnosing them.Vascular cast can visually display their characteristic changes, which is helpful to improve the differential diagnosis of the different aortic arch and its branches anomalies. The detailed genetic detection can improve the further understanding of its etiology.

Comparison of the prenatal ultrasound,autopsy and vascular cast in diagnosis of right atrial isomerism / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective To explore the value of prenatal ultrasound,autopsy and vascular cast in diagnosis of right atrial isomerism(RAI).Methods Forty cases diagnosed as RAI by prenatal ultrasound from May 2012 to May 2017 were analyzed.And the results of autopsy and vascular cast after odinopoeia were compared,then up the characteristics of RAI were summed.The feature of venous drainage was the point.Results For all the 40 cases,the relative position of magenblase,the cross section of aortaventralis, the cross section of inferior vena cava and umbilical vein were lost"C"shape view.In intracardiac anomalies magenblase and cardiac apex on the different sides accounted for 77.5%,the atrioventricular septal defect accounted for 67.5%,the right ventricle double outlet accounted for 65.0%,and pulmonary artery stenosis accounted for 52.5%.The major finding of venous drainage were:bilateral superior vena cava accounted for 52.5%,left inferior vena cava accounted for 60.0%,abnormal hepatic venous drainage accounted for 20.0%,pulmonary vein co-antrum accounted for 45.0%.Three cases of cardiac malformation and 4 cases of abnormal pulmonary venous drainage were misdiagnosed,and 4 cases of abnormal hepatic venous drainage were missed by prenatal ultrasound.Conclusions RAI always combines distinctive cardiac malformations and abnormal venous drainage.Prenatal ultrasound has significant diagnostic value.It's important to have further understanding about RAI through the feedback of autopsy and vascular cast.

Hepatic Vascular Cast Using Elastomeric Nanocomposites and Their Clinical Applications

PURPOSE: For a successful partial liver resection, familiarity with the many anatomical variations of the biliary and vascular components in the liver is important. The aim of this study was to fabricate a precisely reproduced model of a human hepatic vascular cast with a very fine structure using elastomeric nanocomposites. METHODS: A model of the vascular structure of the human liver was prepared by injecting elastomeric nanocomposites latex into that of a human liver obtained from a cadaver dissection, followed by cross-linking of the elastomeric nanocomposites, and then leaching out the human tissues using a strong acid solution. RESULTS: A produced new version of human vascular casts, with further improved performances in both the stability and mechanical property, was successfully produced by application of new elastomer nanocomposites techniques based on clay nano particles. The cast showed a much finer vascular structure and lasted longer. This new technique is expected to provide a useful protocol for the investigating of the real vascular structure of the human liver. CONCLUSION: A precisely reproduced vascular cast of the human liver will significantly help to solve surgical complications, such as hepatic congestion-induced vascular injury and bile leakage, and give a more precise simulation for anatomical hepatic resection.

Applied anatomy and cast observation in lingual arterial chemoembolization / 实用口腔医学杂志

Objective: To provide anatomical basis for the chemotherapy of lingual arterial embolization in clinic. Methods: The origin, course, branch distribution and anastomosis of the lingual artery were observed in 15 cases of adult head specimens. Results: As one of principal branches, the lingual artery arises from the external carotid artery at the level of the major cornu of hyoeides, approaches to the carotid bifurcation. With original diameter of (2.4?0.3) mm, it runs upward and passes deepwards to the hyoglossus muscle, gives off the dorsal lingual artery and the terminal branch -profunda lingual artery. Limited in each side of intrinsic muscles, two profunda lingual arteries creep tortuously along the muscular fibers and anastomose freely to structure submucous arterial rete. Conclusion: With concentrated origins, wide vascular diameter, constant course and enrichment of submucous arterial rete, the lingual artery is an ideal blood vessel for arterial chemoembolization.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC OBSERVATION ON THE MICROVESSELS IN THE HUMAN SINOATRIAL NODE AND ATRIOVENTRICULAR NODE / 解剖学报

Four fresh corpses of infant are used in this research. Three-dimensional microvasculatures of the sinoatrial node and atrioventricular node were studied by means of the observation of vascular casts with SEM. The results showed that the vascular bed of the sinoatrial node was consisted of the microvascular networks. It was oval in shape. The central artery penetrated this node, through its longitudinal axis and divided progressively into arterioles and precapillary arterioles and finally, they branched into capillary networks at the superficial part of the node. The postcapillary venules were characterized by draining blood in accordance with area. The microvascular construction of atrioventricular node was an oblate microvascular network in shape. There was a layer of delicate capillary networks at its superficial part. In the depth of the capillary networks, the venous plexus which was thick and sinusoidal in shape was observed through the meshes. The artery of atrioventricular node entered the node from one side of it. In the node, the artery ramified by degrees to periphery into precapillary arterioles, which penetrated venous plexus and connected with capillary networks in the superficial part of the node. There were evidently narrow rings, whick were impression of the muscle sphincters at the origin of thep ostcapillary venules.

SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY ON THE MICROVASCULATURE OF THE MONKEY PAROTID GLAND / 解剖学报

The microvasculature of monkey parotid gland was observed by scanning electron microscope. The capillary networks around the acini were loose and the capillary networks around the ducts were dense and sinusoidal in type. The capillary networks around both the acini and intercalated duct and sinusoidal capillary networks around both the striated duct and intralobular duct were supplied by the blood passing through the acinar or duct arterioles from interlobular and intralobular artery. The capillary networks around the acini showed three draining forms: (1) draining into the vein directly; (2) draining into the capillary network around the striated duct through capillaries; (3) draining into the capillary network around the striated duct through venules. The latter form (venules) is named as "portal system". The capillary networks around the striated duct showed two draining forms: (1) they continued to form the capillary network around the intralobular duct; (2) they converged into venules which accompanied by the intralobular duct. The arterio-venous anastomoses were not observed in the parotid gland. However, arterio-arterial and venovenous anastomoses were found in interlobular region.

THREE-DIMENSIONAL MICROANGIOARCHITECTURE OF THE SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND IN MONKEY / 解剖学报

In monkey submandibular gland there were two types of capillary networks, which were apparently different in calibre and architecture, i. e. the capillary networks around the acini and the capillary networks around the striated ducts. They originate from their respective precapillary arterioles stemed from intralobular terminal arterioles. Between the two types of capillary networks they are connected by both capillaries and postcapillary venules. The latter were called portal vessels. The capillary networks around the striated duct have two types of draining vessels. First, they converged to form postcapillary venules, which continued to form intralobular veins. Second, they directly continued to form the capillary networks around the intralobular ducts. The capillary networks around the intralobular ducts directly supplied blood through precapillary arteioles around the duct besides they connected respectively with the capillary networks around the acini and striated ducts through capillaries. Furthermore, a ring-shaped constriction was observed distinctly at the intralobular terminal arteriole.