Los veterinarios titulares de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) durante el siglo XIX / Professional veterinarians in Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) during the 19th century / Os veterinários titulares de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Espanha) durante o século XIX

Los veterinarios recibieron diferentes denominaciones a lo largo del siglo XIX en España: albéitares, herradores, castradores, mariscales, etc., y no fueron reconocidos laboral y socialmente hasta el siglo XX. En 1850 se les ceden responsabilidades sanitario-zootécnicas, aunque muchos siguieron practicando el herrado. Con la creación de las escuelas de veterinaria, se plantan las bases de la veterinaria moderna en España, lo cual le da trascendencia en la salud pública, sobre todo en figuras como el subdelegado veterinario y el inspector de carnes, al entender las repercusiones que las enfermedades que sufren los animales tienen en la población que consume sus carnes. Mediante el estudio del Archivo Histórico de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, España) se ha podido analizar cómo vivieron y trabajaron los profesionales de la veterinaria en la población durante el siglo XIX. Se observa cómo se asentaban o marchaban de la ciudad, cómo atendían las epidemias que sufrían los animales para el consumo humano y cómo sufrían las dificultades económicas de la época y del Ayuntamiento. La destrucción y pérdida de parte del Archivo dificulta la obtención de más datos.

Veterinarians had different names throughout the 19th century in Spain: veterinary surgeons, farriers, castrators, marshals, etc., and they were not professionally and socially recognized until the 20th century. In 1850 they were given sanitary and zootechnical responsibilities, although many of them continued practicing horse shodding. With the creation of veterinary schools, the foundations of modern veterinary medicine were established in Spain; this has a special importance for public health issues, especially regarding figures like deputy veterinary and meat inspector, as they tried to understand the impact of animal diseases on the population who consumed animal meat. Studies in the Historical Archives of Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Spain) made it possible to analyze how veterinary professionals lived and worked there during the 19th century, how they settled in or left the city, how they treated epidemics in animals for human consumption, and how they suffered the economic difficulties of the period and the City. The destruction and loss of part of the Archives makes it difficult to obtain more data.

Os veterinários receberam diferentes denominações ao longo do século XIX na Espanha: veterinários, ferradores, castradores, mariscais, etc., e não foram reconhecidos laboral e socialmente até o século XX. Em 1850 foram-lhes cedidas responsabilidades sanitário-zootécnicas, ainda que muitos tenham continuado praticando o ferrageamento. Com a criação das escolas de veterinária, se planta as bases da veterinária moderna na Espanha, o que dá transcendência na saúde pública, principalmente em figuras como o subdelegado veterinário e o inspetor de carnes, ao entender as repercussões que as doenças sofridas pelos animais têm na população que consume suas carnes. Através do estudo do Arquivo Histórico de Jerez de los Caballeros (Badajoz, Espanha) foi possível analisar como viveram e trabalharam os profissionais da veterinária na população durante o século XIX. Observa-se como se assentavam ou deixavam a cidade, como atendiam as epidemias que os animais para o consumo humano sofriam e como sofriam as dificuldades econômicas da época e da Prefeitura. A destruição e perda de parte do Arquivo dificulta a obtenção de mais dados.

Encuesta sobre vacunación anti-rábica en veterinarios de fauna silvestre en Chile / Wildlife veterinarians rabies vaccination in Chile: a survey

Introduction: Rabies is a lethal but preventable disease. Knowing the extent of immunization coverage among at risk populations, may help to guide immunization efforts, as well as increase the effectiveness of rabies control and prevention programs. Aim: To determine the proportion of wildlife veterinarians in Chile, as part of a group at risk of rabies transmission. Methods: An electronic survey was sent to wildlife veterinarians in Chile. Results: We found that veterinarians in Chile work mainly with carnivores and deer compared to other mammals (p < 0.001), rarely works with bats (p = 0.6572). Most of the participants had been bitten by domestic animals, while a lesser proportion (29%) by wild animals. Most of the participants never received rabies vaccination (53%), while within the group that had started a rabies vaccination scheme, a substantial proportion (39%) did not complete it. Discussion and conclusion: Identify the vaccination status of risk groups is important for infectious disease control and prevention programs, as this information helps to identify priority groups during outbreaks or vaccine scarcity. Wildlife veterinarians in Chile are at risk of rabies transmission and should be included in rabies prevention programs, especially considering their vulnerability and lack of biosafety practices. Increasing education in rabies epidemiology and prevention is urgently needed in veterinary faculties in Chile.

Introducción: La rabia es una enfermedad infecciosa mortal pero prevenible. Establecer si existe una adecuada inmunización pre-exposición contra la rabia en un grupo de riesgo, puede ayudar a enfocar los esfuerzos de inmunización para hacer efectivos los programas de control y prevención de la enfermedad. Objetivo: Determinar mediante una encuesta la proporción de veterinarios de fauna silvestre como grupo de riesgo que han recibido inmunización contra la rabia. Métodos: Se realizó una encuesta electrónica a veterinarios de fauna de vida silvestre de Chile. Resultados: Los veterinarios encuestados tienden a trabajar con carnívoros y ciervos en comparación con otros mamíferos (p < 0,001), rara vez con murciélagos (p = 0,6572). La mayoría de los encuestados había sido mordido por animales domésticos y una proporción menor (29%) por animales silvestres. La mayoría nunca había sido vacunado contra la rabia (53%), mientras que del grupo que sí había recibido vacunación anti-rábica, una importante proporción (39%) no completó el esquema de vacunación. Sorprendentemente, este grupo de profesionales rara vez trabaja con murciélagos (p = 0,6572), lo que puede reducir su exposición a linajes de rabia transmitida por murciélagos. Discusión y Conclusión: Identificar el estado de inmunización contra la rabia en grupos de riesgo es una información importante para evaluar los programas de prevención y control de enfermedades infecciosas y podría ayudar a identificar grupos prioritarios en situaciones de brote o escasez de vacuna. Los veterinarios de fauna de vida silvestre en Chile constituyen un grupo vulnerable: no mantienen prácticas de bioseguridad necesarias y tienen riesgo de adquirir la encefalitis rábica por lo que deberían ser considerados en los programas de prevención pre-exposición de la enfermedad. La educación sobre la epidemiología y prevención de la rabia es urgente en las facultades de medicina veterinaria en Chile.

A survey of the use of veterinary anesthetics in Korea / 대한수의학회지

This study was conducted to investigate actual conditions associated with veterinary anesthetic drug use in Korea, and to obtain responses from Korean veterinarians and researchers pertaining to the use of anesthetic drugs. To accomplish this, a nationwide survey was issued to veterinarians working at animal hospitals and to researchers in the Korean Association for Laboratory Animal Science (KALAS). A self-administered questionnaire-based survey was then conducted in which respondents were asked questions about actual conditions associated with the use of animal anesthetic drugs. The survey revealed that the distribution and management of animal medicines in Korea was quite vulnerable to misuse or abuse due to a variety of factors. Therefore, a relevant regulatory system should be strictly enforced to protect vulnerable individuals from abuse or misuse.

Percepção e atitudes de proprietários quanto a vacinação de cães na região sul do estado do Espírito Santo - Brasil / Owners´ perceptions and attitudes on vaccination of dogs in the southern of Espírito Santo - Brazil

Os cães são dependentes de seus proprietários para a determinação de seus cuidados gerais, saúde e bem-estar, incluindo a realização de vacinas contra doenças infecciosas. Para obter maiores informações sobre as práticas de vacinação realizadas em cães de uma amostra populacional da região sul do estado do Espírito Santo, realizou-se este estudo por meio de enquetes aplicadas a proprietários de cães desta região, totalizando 344 entrevistas.As análises estatísticas de frequência e correlação foram realizadas. A enquete foi constituída por perguntas referentes à realização de vacinação em cãese ciência dos protocolos vacinais pelos proprietários, além de levantar dados quanto ao custo da realização de vacinas, a abrangência das campanhas públicas de vacinação antirrábica e nível socioeconômico dos entrevistados. Pode-se concluir que a campanha pública de vacinação antirrábica é satisfatória, uma vez que a maior parte da população estava ciente e realizava a vacina antirrábica anualmente, independentemente do nível de escolaridade. Por outro lado, a vacina polivalente é realizada por menos da metade da população estudada, sendo que os proprietários eram mais informados do protocolo vacinal de filhotes do que do protocolo anual de revacinação para adultos. Os proprietários com maior nível de escolaridade são mais instruídos quanto ao protocolo vacinal de cães. A vacinação ainda é realizada, em partes, por profissionais não especializados. Para que as práticas de vacinação sejam realizadas adequadamente e garantam a proteção dos cães contra doenças infecciosas, deve-se realizar uma conscientização dos proprietários com relação aos protocolos corretos e à necessidade de aplicação de vacinas por médicos veterinários.

Dogs are dependent on their owners to determine their general care, health and welfare, including the holding of vaccines against infectious diseases. This study was performed to gather more information on immunization practices performed in dogs by surveying owners of the southern of Espírito Santo State, totalizing 344 interviews. Statistical analysis of frequency and correlation were performed. The survey consisted of questions regarding the implementation of vaccination in dogs and aware of vaccine protocols by the owners, and also collect data about the cost of performing vaccines, the coverage of public campaigns of rabies vaccination and socioeconomic status of respondents. It was concluded that public campaign of rabies vaccination is satisfactory, as the most respondents was aware and performed that vaccines annually, independent of schooling level. Nevertheless, polyvalent vaccination is performed by less than a half of studied population, and owners were more aware about vaccination protocol in puppies than in adult dogs. Vaccination is still performed, in part, by non-specialist. The awareness of owners regarding correct protocols and application of vaccines by veterinarians should be performed to guarantee the properly vaccination practices and ensure the protection of dogs against infectious diseases.

Bienestar animal en la enseñanza de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia: ¿Por qué y para qué? / Animal Welfare in the Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry Curriculum: What for and why?

Animal welfare is nowadays considered a science and it should be part of the curriculum of Veterinary Schools and Faculties. Present knowledge of anatomy, physiology, neurobiology and the nervous system in particular show that animals and men share many similar organic mechanisms. Observational and behavioural studies prove that animals are conscious of their surroundings and experience anxieties, fear, stress and pain. The link between animal welfare and production is mentioned and it is concluded that veterinarians must know about animal behaviour, it's physiological and neurological basis, with the objective to provide a state of wellbeing for animals which in return will favourably influence production.

Se revisan brevemente las razones del porqué el Bienestar animal actualmente es considerado una ciencia que debe ser incluida en el plan de estudios de las escuelas y facultades de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia. Se menciona que los conocimientos actuales sobre anatomía, fisiología, neurobiología y otros, nos comprueban que el organismo animal y en especial su sistema nervioso central (SNC) tienen muchas similitudes con los del ser humano y que los estudios observacionales y de comportamiento animal demuestran que los animales se dan cuenta, sufren ansiedad, miedo, estrés y dolor. Se subraya la relación que tiene el bienestar de los animales con la producción y se concluye que es necesario que los médicos veterinarios y zootecnistas conozcan el comportamiento de los animales, sus bases fisiológicas y neurológicas a fondo, para procurarles a un estado de bienestar que a su vez repercutirá en el éxito de su producción.

Prevalence and patterns of self-reported animal-related injury among veterinarians in metropolitan Kampala

To establish the prevalence, patterns and risk factors of animal-related injuries among veterinarians, self-administered questionnaires were given to 60 veterinarians practicing in metropolitan Kampala. The prevalence of animal-related injuries in metropolitan Kampala was 72% (95%CI, 57~84). Some veterinarians (34%) suffered multiple injuries with a mean and median of 2.1 and 2.0 injuries per veterinarian, respectively. Of a total of 70 self-reported animal related injuries, cattle accounted for 72%, cats for 25%, dogs for 23%, self inoculation for 15% and birds for 13%. Injuries associated with poultry did not require hospital treatment. The upper limb was the most the frequently (68%) injured anatomical body part of veterinarians, and vaccination of animals (25%) was the major activity associated with injury. Animal-related injuries are common among practicing veterinarians in metropolitan Kampala; however, they did not differ significantly based on the veterinarian's gender, experience or risk awareness.

Brucellosis

Brucellosis is a systemic bacterial disease with an acute or insidious onset, characterized by continued, intermittent, or irregular fever of variable duration, headache, weakness, sweating, chills, arthralgia, depression, weight loss, and generalized aching. It is predominantly an occupational disease among those working with infected animals or their tissues, especially farm workers, veterinarians, and abattoir workers. Brucellosis has been an emerging disease since the discovery of Brucella melitensis by Bruce in 1887. Worldwide, brucellosis remains a major source of disease in humans and domesticated animals. Although the reported incidence and prevalence of the disease vary widely from country to country, bovine brucellosis caused mainly by B. abortus is still the most widespread form, also occurring in Korea. The vaccination for Brucella was first done on cows in 1998. After inoculation, Brucella developed in a group of cows. And then the first human case occurred in 2002, followed by 16 cases in 2003 by B. abortus. Prevention of brucellosis in humans still depends on the eradication or control of the disease in animal hosts, hygienic precautions to limit the exposure to infection through occupational activities, and effective heating of dairy products or other potentially contaminated foods. Physicians and veterinarians should be concerned about specific environments and clinical patterns of brucellosis. They should make efforts to recognize, evaluate, and control brucellosis.

Zoonoses: a general discussion with a proposed guide list for physicians and veterinarians in the Philippines

Schwabe defines zoonoses as those infections and infestations shared in nature by man and lower vertebrates. The field of zoonoses places the physician and veterinarian in juxtaposition and focuses the relationship between veterinary medicine and human health. Zoonoses are classified according to the kind of life cycle of the infectious organism and the host that maintains them in nature, according to the nature of the reservoir host, and according to etiology. A list of zoonoses in the Philippines, classified according to etiology, is proposed to serve as local guide to physicians and veterinarians