Plomo y mercurio en personas víctimas del conflicto armado en Bojayá, Chocó: estudio descriptivo / Lead and mercury in victims of the armed conflict in Bojayá, Chocó: a descriptive study / Chumbo e mercúrio em vítimas do conflito armado em Bojayá, Chocó: um estudo descritivo

Introducción: En los contextos del conflicto armado convergen actividades que potencialmente pueden producir toxicidad por metales pesados; inclusive, muchas víctimas de artefactos explosivos improvisados portan esquirlas residuales interiorizadas, de composición y potencial toxicidad desconocidas. Ello ha sido poco estudiado. Objetivo: Describir los niveles biológicos de plomo y mercurio en civiles supervivientes de la masacre de Bojayá, su eventual exposición actual, así como signos y síntomas compatibles con toxicidad crónica. Metodología: Estudio observacional descriptivo, tipo serie con 13 casos. Resultados: El 38.46 % de los casos tuvo niveles de plomo en sangre superiores o cercanos al valor límite superior, sin fuentes específicas identificadas. Un 46.15 % tuvo niveles mercuriales superiores o cercanos al límite de referencia, y se los considera exposición ambiental por minería aurífera regional. La valoración clínica toxicológica mostró síntomas y signos clínicos potencialmente asociados con toxicidad crónica por metales. Conclusión: Hubo presencia de residuos de artefactos explosivos en personas con hallazgos sugestivos de toxicidad por plomo o mercurio, sin que pueda afirmarse una relación directa y específica entre los dos aspectos; algunos casos sugieren exposición ambiental para mercurio, y exposición a proyectiles para el plomo, relacionadas con dinámicas del conflicto armado. Son necesarios estudios adicionales para afirmar la existencia de asociaciones causales.

Introduction: In the contexts of armed conflict, activities converge that can potentially produce heavy metal toxicity; including many victims of improvised explosive devices carry internalised residual shrapnel, of unknown composition and potential toxicity. This has been little studied. Objective: To describe the biological levels of lead and mercury in civilian survivors of the Bojayá massacre, their possible current exposure, as well as signs and symptoms compatible with chronic toxicity. Methodology: Descriptive observational study, serial type with 13 cases. Results: 38.46 % of the cases had blood lead levels above or close to the upper limit value, with no specific sources identified. 46.15 % had mercury levels above or close to the reference limit, and were considered environmental exposure from regional gold mining. Clinical toxicological assessment showed clinical signs and symptoms potentially associated with chronic metal toxicity. Conclusion: There was a presence of explosive ordnance residues in individuals with findings suggestive of lead or mercury toxicity, without a direct and specific relationship between the two; some cases suggest environmental exposure for mercury, and projectile exposure for lead, related to the dynamics of the armed conflict. Further studies are needed to affirm the existence of causal associations.

Introdução: Nos contextos de conflito armado, convergem atividades que podem potencialmente produzir toxicidade por metais pesados; Na verdade, muitas vítimas de dispositivos explosivos improvisados carregam lascas residuais internalizadas de composição desconhecida e potencial toxicidade. Isto tem sido pouco estudado. Objetivo: Descrever os níveis biológicos de chumbo e mercúrio em civis sobreviventes do massacre de Bojayá, sua eventual exposição atual, bem como sinais e sintomas compatíveis com toxicidade crônica. Metodologia: Estudo observacional descritivo, tipo série com 13 casos. Resultados: 38.46 % dos casos apresentaram níveis de chumbo no sangue superiores ou próximos ao valor limite superior, sem fontes específicas identificadas. 46.15 % apresentaram níveis de mercúrio superiores ou próximos ao limite de referência e são considerados exposição ambiental devido à mineração regional de ouro. A avaliação clínica toxicológica mostrou sintomas e sinais clínicos potencialmente associados à toxicidade crônica por metais. Conclusão: Houve presença de resíduos de artefatos explosivos em pessoas com achados sugestivos de toxicidade por chumbo ou mercúrio, sem que se pudesse afirmar uma relação direta e específica entre os dois aspectos; Alguns casos sugerem exposição ambiental ao mercúrio e exposição a projéteis de chumbo, relacionadas com a dinâmica do conflito armado. Estudos adicionais são necessários para confirmar a existência de associações causais.

Análisis dinámico de un equipo interprofesional que implementa un programa de atención psicosocial a víctimas de la guerra / Dynamic analysis of an interprofessional team implementing a psychosocial intervention program for war victims

Resumen Este estudio analiza los cambios estructurales experimentados por un equipo interprofesional que implementa un programa de intervención psicosocial dirigido a víctimas de la guerra en Colombia. Los equipos están compuestos por psicólogos, trabajadores sociales y facilitadores comunitarios que proporcionan atención a nivel individual, familiar y comunitario. Se aplicaron métodos de evaluación estructural para identificar cambios en la cohesión de las redes de reconocimiento entre profesionales, así como la preferencia para colaborar y el intercambio de información enviada y recibida. La recogida de información se produjo en dos series temporales -tiempo 1 (T1) y tiempo 2 (T2)- con un intervalo de tres meses. Se utilizó una estadística aplicada al análisis de datos relacionales para determinar los cambios en las redes en T1 y T2. En el período de referencia se incrementó la densidad en las redes de reconocimiento [. = 1.7105, (IC 95 %: -.0123 - .185), . < .0444] y de preferencia para trabajar [. = 2.0942, (IC 95 %: .005 - .1521), . < .0218]. Las redes de intercambio de información no experimentaron cambios significativos. Las regresiones múltiples a nivel diádico indican que la preferencia para trabajar e intercambiar información en T1, predicen el intercambio de información relativo tanto a peticiones de información recibidas como enviadas en T2. Se discuten los resultados para optimizar la implementación de programas de intervención psicosocial desarrolladas por equipos interprofesionales.

Abstract The study analyzes the structural changes experienced by an interprofessional team implementing a psychosocial intervention program for victims of war in Colombia. The program is called "PAPSIVI" (Programa de Atención Psicosocial y Salud Integral a Víctimas), which has been operating in Colombia since 2013, thanks to Law 1448 of 2011 to improve the quality of life and repair the damage of the victims of the armed conflict in Colombia. It only served people registered in the Single Registry of Victims (RUV), which had 9'165,126 records throughout the country until September 2021. This program follows a comprehensive and restorative approach that defines victims as protagonists of their own process of empowerment and positive change (Laplante and Holguin, 2006; Thompson, 1996). For this purpose, a multilevel intervention is carried out at the individual, family and community levels. The program is implemented by teams of professionals (psychologists, social workers and community facilitators) of varying sizes depending on the number of victims served in the municipalities. Psychologists provide individual psychological care and, to a lesser extent, family therapy is also offered to try to repair psychosocial damage from exposure to situations of violence (Oficina de Promoción Social, 2017). Social workers carry out community interventions to promote the associative fabric and social capital. Community promoters are facilitators and connect professionals with the potential beneficiaries of the intervention. The latter are very important, having themselves the status of victims, which increases the ecological validity of the intervention. Due to the characteristics of the implementation of this initiative, which takes into account the difficulties of the context (with situations of deprivation and vulnerability), as well as the particularities of the participants, it is valid to ask in this research what are the structural changes experienced by the teams of professionals who implement PAPSIVI. For this, structural evaluation methods were applied to identify changes in the cohesion of recognition networks among professionals, the preference to collaborate and the exchange of information sent and received. Data collection took place in two time series (T1 before - T2 after) with an interval of three months. Statistics applied to relational data analysis were used to determine changes in the networks at time T2. In the results it was found that in the baseline period the density in the recognition [t = 1.7105, (95 % CI: -.0123 - .185), p < .0444] and work preference [t = 2.0942, (95 % CI: .005 - .1521), p < .0218] networks increased. Information exchange networks did not experience significant changes. Multiple regressions at the dyadic level indicate that the preference for working and exchanging information at T1 predicts information exchange relative to both information requests received and sent at T2. It is concluded that the results shed light for: (a) optimize the design of psychosocial intervention teams; (b) improve their functioning by introducing horizontal organizational communication tools (among the members of each team), transversal (among the members of the teams implementing the program in different municipalities), and vertical (by promoting communication between professionals and program managers/responsible persons), and (c) achieve that changes in the structure of the teams serve as a diagnostic tool for functional problems of the team associated with the exchange of professional information and the referral of users. Ultimately, better integration of the teams leads to better psychosocial profiles of the users of programs such as PAPSIVI and allows them to better adapt their activities to the needs of the users, which improves the effectiveness of the intervention (Virto, 2021).

La Instalación del Trauma en dos comunidades de Colombia: Trauma Colectivo y Marcos Discursivos / The Installation of Trauma in Two Communities in Colombia: Collective Trauma and Discursive Frames

Resumen Las comunidades que enfrentan experiencias de violencia extrema sufren daños en su estructura social, que afectan relaciones interpersonales, sentimientos de integración social e identidades personales. Propusimos el concepto de instalación del trauma como construcción sociopolítica y eje de asignación de sentido, que permite a las comunidades explicar lo desconcertante. La instalación consiste en el andamiaje de recursos, materiales y simbólicos, que ofrecen interpretaciones situacionales de una experiencia; nos enfocamos en elementos simbólicos, específicamente en marcos discursivos, que son soportes de significación y organizan contenidos con el fin de comprender eventos. En esta investigación analizamos marcos discursivos de dos comunidades que enfrentaron situaciones de violencia extrema (masacres), con el objetivo de estudiar términos de instalación y elaboración del trauma colectivo. Identificamos marcos discursivos genéricos y específicos, que posibilitaron la construcción comunitaria de una narrativa del trauma. El concepto de instalación del trauma sirve para revisar estrategias de contención psicosocial ante eventos que alteran el tejido social de una comunidad.

Abstract Communities that experience extreme violence suffer damage in their social structure. This affects interpersonal relationships, feelings of social integration, and personal identities. In this article, we propose the concept of installation of trauma as both a sociopolitical construction and a strategy of meaning that allows a community to elaborate traumatic events. The installation consists of the scaffolding of resources, both material and symbolic, that offer situational interpretations of an experience. Focusing on symbolic elements, specifically on discursive frames, or structures of meaning with communicative purposes, we analyze the discursive frames of two communities that faced events of extreme violence (massacres), with the aim of studying the terms of installation and elaboration of collective trauma. This helped identify generic and specific discursive frames that allowed the community the construction of the trauma narrative. The concept of trauma installation serves to study psychosocial holding strategies in communities facing tragedy.

Somatización, ansiedad y depresión en mujeres víctimas de violencia de pareja íntima / Somatization, anxiety and depression in women victims of intimate partner violence

Resumen A pesar de que la violencia de pareja íntima (VPI) presenta en la mujer una variedad de síntomas evidenciables, varios de los actores involucrados en el sistema de salud no cuentan con mecanismos de evaluación temprana, ni de reconocimiento de los tipos de secuelas psicológicas, entre los que se incluye una diversa sintomatología psicofisiológica. Con el objetivo de conocer las características de somatización, ansiedad y depresión en mujeres víctimas de VPI, como parte de una investigación macro de corte transversal no experimental de campo, se realizó el presente estudio cuantitativo correlacional a través de las variables del Inventario de Evaluación de la Personalidad (PAI). Los datos obtenidos se sometieron a análisis estadístico con métodos descriptivos e inferenciales. La muestra consta de 50 mujeres de la población de víctimas de VPI de la sierra ecuatoriana. Los resultados obtenidos son bastante contradictorios en cuanto al bajo porcentaje de mujeres con afectación típica relacionada con este tipo de violencia, en comparación con los datos presentados por otros autores sobre los niveles de somatización, ansiedad y depresión en ellas. A pesar de esto, se obtuvieron tres factores independientes presentes en esta muestra: trastorno ansioso-depresivo, con elementos de estrés postraumático; trastorno obsesivo compulsivo, con elementos de ansiedad, y quejas somáticas. Al momento de finalizar este estudio, se puede concluir que el PAI, sin su validación previa en esta población, no muestra una idoneidad suficiente para evaluar mujeres víctimas de VPI en el Ecuador. Se recomiendan nuevas investigaciones en otras muestras, en las que se utilicen diversos esquemas empíricos que incluyan varios instrumentos y medios cualitativos.

Abstract Various studies have noticed that women victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) also report having various types of health-related problems. However, health systems do not appear to have established procedures to recognize these problems (i. e., psychophysiological) in women. This study assessed somatic symptoms, anxiety, and depressive characteristics in women who have been victims of IPV. These symptoms were assessed using the scales of the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI). The sample consisted of 50 women victims of IPV from the Ecuadorian sierra. Group participants came from two different cities: the first group included 28 women victims of IPV from Riobamba. Their ages ranged from 15 to 58. These women were receiving psychological services from a not-for-profit organization in the city. The second group included 22 women with similar characteristics between the ages of 27-63. This group of women came from the southern regions of Quito, the capital city of Ecuador. Women in this group were receiving services from two different places offering help to women experiencing IPV. Sixteen percent of women reported having a medium level of "anxiety" (some level of stress), and 14 % reported having a high level of tension and stress. Thirty-four percent of women reported medium levels of "anxiety-related disorders". These women reported having specific fears, little confidence in themselves and negative perspectives of their future. Sixteen percent of the women reported high levels of anxiety. They reported imitations in daily life (i. e., specific fears and feelings of insecurity in social situations). Thirty percent of women reported having medium levels of "depression" (sensitivity, pessimism, and feeling unhappy part of the time). Eighteen percent of women reported having high levels of "depression" (notable unhappiness and dysphoria). Forty-four percent of women in this study reported having some type of physical problem. These findings suggest that women who are victims of IPV could benefit from receiving mental health services aimed at managing their tension, stress, specific fears, and symptoms of depression. They also suggest that women victims of IPV could benefit from receiving training to increase their social competency and medical assistance to address their somatic complaints. Findings in this study are somewhat divergent from the results observed in previous investigations. Previous studies identified that most women who experienced IPV report symptoms of depression and anxiety. However, in this study, only a relatively low percentage of women reported having these symptoms. The sole utilization of the PAI as a method of evaluation may not have been sufficient to identify these symptoms. These results suggest the importance of using qualitative methods (i. e., clinical interview) or more holistic methodologies (i. e., clinical interview and tests) to better assess mental health symptoms in this group of women. It is also possible that the PAI might not be the most adequate tool to assess these symptoms in this population. The results of this investigation do reveal the importance of evaluating other mental health symptoms in women victims of IPV: post-traumatic stress, and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Future studies should focus on assessing these symptoms using other assessment methodologies (e. g. instruments designed to assess post-traumatic stress and obsessive-compulsive disorder). The efficiency of health systems evaluations and interventions depends on the methodologies used to assess problems. The sole use of one instrument such as the PAI may not provide sufficient information about symptoms experienced by women experiencing IPV. Health systems should use batteries of instruments in conjunction with the clinical interviewing processes to readily assess symptoms. However, such an alternative may not be entirely feasible taking into account that such methodology requires more time and likely financial support to acquire tests.

La macroviolencia encubridora y la invisibilización de las víctimas del conflicto. Estudio etnográfico de la masacre de Cienaguita-Pita (Atlántico) / Macroviolence and the invisibilization of the victims of the conflict. Ethnographic study of the Cienaguita-Pita massacre (Atlántico) / Macro-violência e a invisibilização das vítimas do conflito. Estudo etnográfico do massacre de Cienaguita-Pita (Atlántico)

Este artículo argumenta que la macroviolencia ha invisibilizado buena parte de las masacres ocurridas en regiones donde el conflicto interno fue de menor intensidad, ha banalizado sus efectos en pequeñas poblaciones, y con ello, ha provocado una relación transaccional entre el Estado y victimarios con las víctimas de masacres de menor escala. Por esta razón, por medio de un estudio de caso, haciendo uso de entrevistas semiestructuradas, grupos focales y encuestas al universo de habitantes de Cienaguita-Pita (Atlántico), se ilustrará cuáles fueron los efectos de la masacre, las entradas diferenciadas del Estado y el acceso que tuvieron las víctimas a los derechos a la verdad, justicia, reparación, no repetición y dignificación. Por último, este artículo pretende visibilizar una de las masacres ocurridas en el Caribe, que ha sido oculta por cuenta de la macroviolencia que caracterizó a la región en las décadas de 1990 y 2000, y demostrar, además, que el Estado es quien ha asumido la carga de indemnizar a las víctimas y establecer algunos insumos para reconstruir la verdad en el conflicto armado.

This article argues that macro-violence has made invisible a good part of the massacres that occurred in regions where the internal conflict was of lesser intensity, has trivialized its effects in small populations, and with it, has provoked a transactional relationship between the State and victimizers with the victims of smaller scale massacres. For this reason, by means of a case study, using semi-structured inter-views, focus groups and surveys of the universe of inhabitants of Cie-naguita-Pita (Atlántico), we will illustrate the effects of the massacre, the State>s differentiated approaches and the victims> access to the rights to truth, justice, reparation, non-repetition and dignity. Finally, this article aims to make visible one of the massacres that occurred in the Caribbean, which has been hidden due to the macro-violence that characterized the region in the 1990s and 2000s, and also to demonstrate that the State has assumed the burden of compensating the victims and establishing some inputs to reconstruct the truth in the armed conflict.

Este artigo argumenta que a macro-violência tornou invisível uma grande parte dos massacres que ocorreram em regiões onde o conflito interno foi de menor intensidade, banalizou os seus efeitos em pequenas populações, e provocou assim uma relação transaccional entre o Estado e os perpetradores com as vítimas de massacres de menor escala. Por este motivo, através de um estudo de caso, utilizando entrevistas semi-estruturadas, grupos focais e inquéritos aos habitantes de Cienaguita-Pita (Atlántico), ilustraremos os efeitos do massacre, as abordagens diferenciadas do Estado e o acesso das vítimas aos direitos à verdade, à justiça, à reparação, à não repetição e à dignidade. Finalmente, este artigo visa tornar visível um dos massacres ocorridos nas Caraíbas, que foi escondido devido à macro-violência que caracterizou a região nos anos 90 e 2000, e também demonstrar que o Estado assumiu o ónus de compensar as vítimas e estabelecer alguns contributos para a reconstrução da verdade no conflito armado.

Women's perception of urban insecurity in the Monterrey metropolitan area during COVID-19 / Percepción femenina de la inseguridad urbana en el área metropolitana de Monterrey en tiempos de COVID-19 / A percepção das mulheres sobre a insegurança urbana na área metropolitana de Monterrey em tempos de COVID-19

The purpose of this paper it to explore women's perception of urban insecurity prevailing during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Monterrey metropolitan area (MMA) in Mexico. In recent decades, large cities have grown and with them, so has crime increased. As a result, the issue of urban insecurity has become important, particularly during this COVID-19 pandemic. For this purpose, a cross-sectional, descriptive, non-probabilistic study was conducted involving 69 women aged 18 to 58, with Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León being taken as the sample frame. Our findings show that 74% of the participants indicate that urban safety near their homes, ranges fair to very bad, while 81% feel the same about safety near their workplaces. Ninety-three per cent say that crime has increased. Meanwhile, 55% say that the situation has affected their quality of life severely to very severely, denoting the MAM population's transition from one of social well-being to one of vulnerability, which has been further aggravated by the health contingency.

Este artículo investiga la percepción femenina de la inseguridad urbana que prevalece durante la pandemia de COVID-19 en el área metropolitana de Monterrey (MAM) en México. En las últimas décadas las grandes urbes han crecido y con esto también se favorece la delincuencia. Por lo tanto, el tema de inseguridad urbana se ha tornado pertinente y, particularmente, ha sido de interés abordarlo durante esta pandemia de COVID-19. Para esto, se realizó un estudio de carácter transversal y descriptivo, no probabilístico, en 69 mujeres de 18 a 58 años, y se consideró la Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León como el sitio de muestreo. En el presente documento los hallazgos muestran que 74% de las participantes indica que la seguridad urbana cercana a sus casas es regular a muy mala. Similar situación se presenta en sus lugares de trabajo, según afirma el 81%. El 93% asevera que los actos delictivos aumentaron. Entre tanto, el 55% dice que esta situación afectó de grave a muy gravemente su calidad de vida. Esta situación denota la transición de la sociedad en el MAM de bienestar social a otra de vulnerabilidad, que se ha incrementado por el escenario de la contingencia sanitaria que ha padecido.

Este artigo investiga a percepção das mulheres sobre a insegurança urbana prevalecente durante a pandemia COVID-19 na área metropolitana de Monterrey (MMA), no México. Nas últimas décadas, as grandes cidades cresceram e, com isso, a criminalidade também aumentou. Portanto, a questão da insegurança urbana tornou-se relevante e, particularmente, tem sido de interesse abordá-la durante esta pandemia da COVID-19. Para este fim, foi realizado um estudo transversal, descritivo e não-probabilístico entre 69 mulheres de 18 a 58 anos, e a Universidade Autônoma de Nuevo León foi considerada como o local de amostragem. Neste documento, os resultados mostram que 74% dos participantes indicam que a segurança urbana perto de suas casas é justa a muito ruim. Uma situação semelhante é encontrada em seus locais de trabalho, de acordo com 81%. Noventa e três por cento dizem que a criminalidade aumentou. Enquanto isso, 55% dizem que esta situação tem afetado seriamente a qualidade de vida deles. Esta situação reflete a transição da sociedade no MMA de uma situação de bem-estar social para uma situação de vulnerabilidade, que tem aumentado devido ao cenário de contingência de saúde que experimentou.

Rol del resentimiento en la reconciliación social: víctimas movilizadas en Colombia (2021) / Role of resentment in social reconciliation: Mobilisation of victims in Colombia (2021)

Resumen Introducción: diez años después de la implementación de la Ley 1448 de 2011 para la reparación integral de las víctimas en Colombia desarrollamos una investigación cuantitativa no experimental para explorar la interacción entre sentimientos hacia la reconciliación (coexistencia y reconstrucción de la confianza) y resentimiento duradero en víctimas del conflicto movilizadas colectivamente en escenarios de justicia transicional. Método: utilizamos datos de dos muestras de participantes de los departamentos de Caldas (N = 342) y Atlántico (N = 305). Resultados: confirmamos las escalas sobre sentimientos hacia la reconciliación y resentimiento duradero, cuya fiabilidad fue analizada mediante los coeficientes alfa de Cronbach y omega. Posteriormente, realizamos un análisis de ecuación estructural y confirmamos las siguientes hipótesis: (1) las víctimas experimentan más sentimientos de coexistencia que sentimientos para la reconstrucción de confianza, y (2) el resentimiento duradero es un obstáculo para desarrollar sentimientos de reconciliación. Conclusiones: los participantes experimentan más sentimientos de coexistencia y confianza que resentimiento duradero; y la coexistencia permite canalizar el resentimiento duradero. Estos hallazgos tienen implicaciones considerables en el desarrollo de sentimientos hacia la reconciliación en escenarios de justicia transicional.

Abstract Introduction: Ten years after the implementation of Law 1448 of 2011 for the comprehensive reparation of victims in Colombia, we developed non-experimental quantitative research to explore the interaction between feelings towards reconciliation (coexistence and reconstruction of trust) and the lasting resentment in victims of the conflict mobilized collectively in transitional justice scenarios. Method: We used data from two samples of participants from the departments of Caldas (N = 342) and Atlántico (N = 305). Results: We confirmed the scales on feelings toward reconciliation and lasting resentment, whose reliability was analyzed using Cronbach's alpha and omega coefficients. Subsequently, we performed a structural equation analysis and confirmed the following hypotheses: (1) victims experience more feelings of co-existence than feelings for rebuilding trust, and (2) Lasting resentment is an obstacle to developing feelings towards reconciliation. Conclusions: We highlight that participants experience more feelings of coexistence and trust than they do lasting resentment; and that coexistence allows for the channeling of lasting resentment. These findings have considerable implications for the development of feelings towards reconciliation in transitional justice settings.

Somatoprótesis y Estallido Social Chileno 2019

Durante el Estallido Social en Chile 2019, la Odontología tomó un rol protagónico que nadie esperaba: La rehabilitación protésica de las víctimas de trauma ocular. Estos eventos dejaron al desnudo importantes fragilidades del sistema de salud Chileno.

During the social unrest in Chile in 2019, dentistry took a protagonist role that no one foresaw: The prosthetic rehabilitation of the ocular trauma victims. These events revealed important flaws on the Chilean Health system.

Consecuencias psicológicas del abuso sexual infantil cometido por representantes de la Iglesia Católica: Una revisión sistemática de la literatura / Psychological consequences of child sexual abuse by Catholic Church representatives: A systematic review of literature

El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática de la literatura sobre abuso sexual eclesiástico fue identificar el impacto psicológico de este tipo de violencia en las víctimas. Las búsquedas iniciales se realizaron entre el 10 de octubre de 2020 y el 17 de diciembre de 2020. Así, la actualización de búsquedas se realizó entre el 26 de octubre de 2020 y el 23 de enero de 2021. Los artículos incluidos se obtuvieron desde las bases de datos PsycINFO, Web of Science (WoS) y Scopus. Se establecieron criterios de inclusión, y se realizó una selección inicial por medio de los títulos y resúmenes, los cuales, fueron examinados por dos revisores de forma independientes. Los documentos seleccionados se examinaron utilizando el mismo proceso de revisores. Se incluyeron 18 estudios de 2.189 títulos y resúmenes revisados. En general, los estudios evidenciaron un impacto psicológico negativo posterior al abuso sexual infantil ocurrido en contextos eclesiásticos. Destacando el daño espiritual como una característica específica del abuso sexual eclesiástico, lo que, sumado, a las consecuencias habituales del abuso sexual, sitúa a las víctimas en una posición compleja al presentar un espectro más amplio de efectos negativos posteriores al abuso. Los hallazgos del presente estudio permiten una mejor comprensión de este problema y entregan antecedentes para el desarrollo de estrategias de recuperación adecuadas a las necesidades de estas víctimas.

The objective of this systematic review of the literature on ecclesiastical sexual abuse was to identify the psychological impacts of this type of violence on victims. The initial literature searches were conducted between October 10, 2020 and December 17, 2020. Thus, the update of searches was conducted between October 26, 2020 and January 23, 2021. The articles included were obtained from the PsycINFO, Web of Science (WoS) and Scopus databases. Inclusion criteria were established, and an initial selection was made by means of titles and abstracts, which were examined by two reviewers independently. The selected papers were examined using the same reviewer process. Eighteen studies were included out of 2,189 titles and abstracts reviewed. Overall, the studies evidenced a negative psychological impact following child sexual abuse occurring in church settings. Highlighting spiritual harm as a specific feature of ecclesiastical sexual abuse, which, in addition to the usual consequences of sexual abuse, places victims in a complex position of presenting a broader spectrum of negative effects following abuse. The findings of the present study allow a better understanding of this problem and provide background for the development of recovery strategies appropriate to the needs of these victims.

Facilitadores de la Violencia de Pareja Percibidos por Víctimas y Victimarios: Estudio Exploratorio en el Contexto de la Teoría del Aprendizaje Social / Facilitators of Intimate Partner Violence as Perceived by Victims and Perpetrators: An Exploratory Study in the Context of Social Learning Theory

Resumen Pocos estudios han documentado la percepción de víctimas y victimarios con respecto a los factores facilitadores e instigadores de la violencia de pareja. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar la percepción de víctimas y victimarios de violencia de pareja con respecto a factores facilitadores e instigadores de la violencia. Participaron 27 víctimas de violencia de pareja con edades entre 18 y 71 años (media = 34.25) y 27 victimarios jurídicamente confirmados, con edades entre 19 y 62 años (media = 40), quienes respondieron un cuestionario integrado por una lista sobre factores facilitadores e instigadores de la violencia de pareja y de datos sociodemográficos. Ambos grupos coincidieron en señalar al estrés y consumo de sustancias como propiciadoras de violencia, así como a la madre de su pareja como instigadoras. El diseño de intervenciones para tratar o prevenir violencia de pareja requieren identificar los factores que la facilitan, incluyendo a las familias circundantes ya que podrían no sólo tolerar o justificar la violencia, sino incluso inducirla. Finalmente, se discuten algunas diferencias notorias entre perpetradores y víctimas respecto de otras variables propiciadoras de violencia en el contexto de la teoría del aprendizaje social.

Abstract Few studies have documented the opinion of victims and perpetrators regarding the facilitating and instigating factors of intimate partner violence. The objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of victims and perpetrators of intimate partner violence regarding facilitating and instigating factors of violence. Participants were 27 victims of intimate partner violence aged between 18 and 71 years (mean = 34.25) and 27 legally confirmed offenders, aged between 19 and 62 years (mean = 40), who answered a questionnaire consisting of a list of facilitating factors and instigators of intimate partner violence and sociodemographic data. Both groups agreed in pointing to stress and substance use as propitiators of violence, as well as the mother of their partner as instigators. The design of interventions to treat or prevent intimate partner violence requires identifying the factors that facilitate it, including the surrounding families, since they may not only tolerate or justify the violence, but even induce it. Finally, some notorious differences between perpetrators and victims are discussed with respect to other variables that promote violence in the context of social learning theory.

¿En qué se diferencian las agresiones sexuales cometidas en solitario y en grupo? Una revisión sistemática / How are solo versus multiple perpetrator sexual assaults different? A systematic review

Resumen El estudio de las agresiones sexuales ha tenido una gran relevancia e interés en la literatura. Las agresiones sexuales en grupo representan una pequeña proporción de todas las agresiones sexuales cometidas, pero presentan unas características específicas. La presente revisión sistemática examinó las variables de los delitos de agresión sexual cometidos en solitario versus en grupo. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos Psycinfo, Academic Search (EBSCO) y Google Scholar, y se encontraron ocho documentos que cumplían las condiciones de inclusión. Los resultados muestran que existe evidencia de las diferencias cualitativas entre las agresiones sexuales cometidas según el número de infractores. Las dinámicas que se promueven en los grupos explican la participación de los sujetos en las agresiones sexuales en grupo. El comportamiento colectivo favorece las agresiones sexuales en grupo por los procesos inherentes a él. Los delincuentes son, en su mayoría, hombres. Los delincuentes solitarios tienen una mayor edad y, a medida que los grupos son más grandes, la edad de los agresores disminuye. En cuanto a las víctimas, son más jóvenes que los agresores, sobre todo en los casos perpetrados por múltiples sujetos, y ofrecen una mayor resistencia ante las agresiones en solitario. Se ha confirmado que en las agresiones en grupo se llevan a cabo más actos sexuales y se utiliza más la violencia. Por otro lado, no aparecen diferencias en cuanto al uso de alcohol y la presencia de armas en las agresiones. Estos resultados tienen implicaciones para la prevención del delito y el tratamiento de las víctimas.

Abstract The study of sexual assault has had great relevance and interest in the literature. Group sexual assaults represent a small proportion of all sexual assaults committed, but they have specific characteristics. Internationally, it is established that between 10 and 33 % of sexual assaults have been committed by multiple authors. Describing the differences between individual versus group sexual assaults has been a challenge for researchers. The literature has concluded that there is a difference in the etiology of sexual assaults committed according to the number of authors. While in solo sexual assaults personal vulnerability factors may explain why these crimes are committed, in group assaults group behavior dynamics explain the interaction between more subjects. This systematic review examined the variables of sexual assault crimes committed alone versus in a group. A literature search was conducted on the Psycinfo, Academic Search (EBSCO) and Google Scholar databases. In the first analysis a total of 34 studies were initially identified, and after filtering the reasons for exclusion the analysis was performed with eight investigations. The results show that there is evidence of qualitative differences between sexual assaults committed according to the number of offenders. The dynamics promoted in the groups explain the subjects' participation in group sexual aggressions. Collective behavior favors sexual aggressions in groups because of the processes inherent to the group. The most common group was two subjects (dyad) although the average group was usually composed of three subjects. The offenders are mostly men; the lone offenders are older, and as the groups become larger, the age of the offenders decreases. Research has shown that the majority of victims are female, both in single and group assaults. Victims are also younger than the perpetrators, especially in multi-subject attacks, and they are more resistant to single-aggression attacks. The place where the crime is committed presents significant differences. Some authors found that offenders in groups of three or more people often commit the assault in an indoor space, although others found that lone offenders were more likely than group offenders to rape the victim indoors, especially in the bedroom. It has been confirmed that in group aggressions more sexual acts are carried out and more violence is used. Vaginal penetration is the most committed sexual assault, followed by anal and oral rape. In all cases, vaginal rape is more prevalent among group sexual assaults, even more so when the assaults are committed by groups of three or more subjects. Studies of multiple perpetrator sexual assaults show that this type of act increases the probability of suffering more injuries and long-term health problems. Another conclusion that can be drawn is that there are significant differences in the timing of stranger assault, with a higher likelihood of a stranger assault in group rapes. On the other hand, there is also a relevance in the presence of other instrumental factors such as alcohol and weapons. As for alcohol, it showed a significant relationship in sexual assaults. Although the presence of weapons in sexual assaults is not very common, some research has confirmed that groups tend to threaten victims with a weapon to a greater extent, and the knife is often the most common weapon. The results found are particularly relevant to understanding sexual assault crimes and have implications for crime prevention and the treatment of victims.

Perfil epidemiológico das violências interpessoal e autoprovocada em Porto Velho: notificações pré e transpandemia Covid-19 / Epidemiological profile of interpersonal and self-inflicted violence in Porto Velho: Covid-19 pre and transpandemic notifications / Perfil epidemiológico de la violencia interpersonal y autoinfligida en Porto Velho: notificaciones pre y transpandémicas de la Covid-19

A violência é um fenômeno complexo e multicausal, que envolve dor, sofrimento e sequelas à vítima, reverberando na saúde pública. Nesse sentido, este estudo teve como objetivo descrever os dados epidemiológicos das violências interpessoal e autoprovocada em Porto Velho (RO), no período de 2009 a 2021. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, realizado de forma transversal e com abordagem quantitativa, a partir dos registros sobre o número de casos, dados da vítima, ocorrência, provável agressor e encaminhamento no Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação ­ obtidos por meio da ferramenta Tabnet, por meio do portal eletrônico do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde ­, posteriormente analisados por estatística descritiva. Foram notificados 3.136 casos de violências interpessoal e autoprovocada, sendo que a maioria das vítimas era do sexo feminino, cor/raça parda, com quinta a oitava série incompleta do ensino fundamental e faixa etária de 10 a 14 anos, sendo o local da ocorrência a residência, com repetição das agressões, predominando a violência física e força corporal/espancamento. O provável agressor era a própria pessoa, não tinha suspeita de uso de bebidas alcoólicas, era adulto e não constava o registro do encaminhamento da vítima. Diante dos resultados encontrados, identificou-se que as violências interpessoal e autoprovocada têm acometido, principalmente, vítimas em seus ciclos de vida considerados mais vulneráveis (infância e adolescência), dentro do local onde deveriam ser acolhidas e protegidas.

Violence is a complex, multicausal phenomenon which results in pain, suffering and consequences for the victim, affecting public health. Thus, this cross-sectional quantitative study describes the epidemiological profile of interpersonal and self-inflicted violence in Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil, from 2009 to 2021. Data were collected from the records (number of cases, victim profile, occurrence, probable aggressor and referral) in Tabnet through the Notifiable Diseases Information System of the Unified Health System, and later analyzed by descriptive statistics. A total of 3,136 cases of interpersonal and self-inflicted violence were reported, of which most victims were female, mixed race, with incomplete 5th to 8th grade, between 10 and 14 years old, and the place of occurrence was the residence, with repetition of the aggressors, predominating physical violence and bodily force/beating. The likely aggressor was the person themself, not suspected of alcohol use, was an adult, and there was no record of the victim's referral. These findings show that interpersonal and self-inflicted violence mainly affect victims in their most vulnerable life cycles (childhood and adolescence), in the place where they should feel welcomed and protected.

La violencia es un fenómeno complejo y multicausal que implica dolor, sufrimiento y consecuencias para la víctima, repercutiendo en la salud pública. En ese sentido, este estudio tuvo como objetivo describir los datos epidemiológicos de la violencia interpersonal y autoinfligida en Porto Velho-RO, de 2009 a 2021. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, realizado de forma transversal y con abordaje cuantitativo, a partir de registros de número de casos, datos de víctimas, ocurrencia, probable agresor y derivación en el Sistema de Información de Enfermedades de Declaración Obligatoria, a través de la herramienta Tabnet, a través del portal electrónico del Departamento de Informática del Sistema Único de Salud y, posteriormente, analizados en el Microsoft Excel programa de estadística descriptiva. Se reportaron 3.136 casos de violencia interpersonal y autoinfligida, siendo la mayoría mujeres, mestizas, con 5° a 8° grado de primaria incompleto, grupo etario de 10 a 14 años, y el lugar de ocurrencia fue la residencia, con reincidencia de agresión, predominante violencia física y fuerza física/golpes. El probable agresor era la propia persona, no era sospechoso de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, era mayor de edad y no constaba la derivación de la víctima. Ante los hallazgos, se identificó que la violencia interpersonal y autoinfligida ha afectado principalmente a las víctimas en sus ciclos de vida más vulnerables (infancia y adolescencia), dentro del lugar donde deben ser acogidas y protegidas.

Do Protocolo de Palermo à compaixão-repressão: indefinições, vieses e idealizações da hegemonia antitráfico / From the Palermo Protocol to compassion-repression: undefinitions, biases and idealizations of anti-trafficking hegemony / Del Protocolo de Palermo a la compasión-represión: incertidumbres, sesgos e idealizaciones de la hegemonía antitrata

À escala globaltem ganhado clara ascendência um paradigma antitráfico associado ao chamado "Protocolo de Palermo", da Organização das Nações Unidas. Considerando as disposições deste protocolo, procuro caracterizar e compreender uma situação que suscita evidentes incongruências estruturais na hegemonia antitráfico: a convivência entre, por um lado, uma definição dilatada do tráfico de pessoas no texto do protocolo e das leis nacionais dele resultantes, e, por outro, a apertada seletividade ideológica que, oscilando de forma quase esquizofrénica entre a compaixão e a repressão, tende apermear os processos de operacionalização dosquadros legais, nomeadamente no que diz respeito ao reconhecimento e proteção das vítimas.

On a global scale, the paradigm of the fight against human trafficking, associated with the so-called "Palermo Protocol" of the United Nations Organization, has acquired a clear ascendancy. Considering the provisions of this protocol, I attempt to characterize and understand a situation that poses evident structural inconsistencies in the anti-trafficking hegemony: the coexistence between, on the one hand, a broad definition of trafficking in persons in the text of the protocol and the resulting national laws, and, on the other, the iron ideological selectivity that, oscillating almost schizophrenically between compassion and repression, tends to permeate the processes of operationalization of legal frameworks, specifically with regard to the recognition and protection of victims.

A escala mundial, el paradigma de la lucha contra la trata de personas, asociado al llamado "Protocolo de Palermo", de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas, ha adquirido una clara ascensión. Considerando las disposiciones de este protocolo, intento caracterizar y comprender una situación que plantea evidentes incoherencias estructurales en la hegemonía antitrata: la coexistencia entre, por una parte, una definición amplia de la trata de personas en el texto del protocolo y las leyes nacionales resultantes, y, por otra, la férrea selectividad ideológica que, oscilando de forma casi esquizofrénica entre la compasión y la represión, tiende a impregnar los procesos de operacionalización de los marcos legales, concretamente en lo que se refiere al reconocimiento y protección de las víctimas.

Experiencias de reparación simbólica de las comunidades víctimas del conflicto armado en Colombia / Symbolic reparation experiences of the communities victims of the armed conflict in Colombia

Resumen Se destaca que el arte actúa como elemento para expresar el dolor y transmitir generacionalmente un mensaje enfocado a la garantía de la no repetición de los hechos, la satisfacción de las víctimas y el respeto por los derechos humanos en el marco del Conflicto Armado que vive aún Colombia. Es así que las experiencias de reparación simbólica a partir del arte, desarrollado por las comunidades víctimas de conflicto armado son vitales para su dignificación, para la memoria histórica y a la reconstrucción de la verdad, así como proceso reparador.

Abstract It is highlighted that art acts as an element to express the pain and transmit generationally a message focused on the guarantee of non-repetition of the facts, the satisfaction of the victims and the respect for human rights in the framework of the Armed Conflict that Colombia still lives. Thus, the experiences of symbolic reparation through art, developed by the communities, which are victims of the armed conflict, are vital for their dignification, for the historical memory and the reconstruction of truth, as well as a compensative process.

Tramitación del sufrimiento social en Colombia: una mirada a las experiencias comunitarias desde las víctimas del conflicto armado / Processing Social Suffering in Colombia: A Look at Community Experiences from Victims of the Armed Conflict

Resumen La reflexión se plantea desde las formas de tramitación del sufrimiento social producto de la violencia política en Colombia, recogiendo las experiencias locales y comunitarias. Se desprende desde el análisis de contenido realizado a partir de tres tesis de pregrado en el área de la Psicología Social. Se plantean categorias: elaboraciones simbólicas, memoria o liderazgo social, como formas de tramitación y resistencias comunitarias. Las comunidades del dolor se erigen como comunidades de esperanza y apoyo mutuo. Se reafirma el compromiso etico-político de las Ciencias Sociales, frente a la construcción de conocimiento desde las voces y comunidades dolientes, reconociendo saberes otros.

Abstract: The reflection is based on the ways of processing the social suffering resulting from political violence in Colombia, by gathering local and community experiences. It is derived from the content analysis, which is carried out from three undergraduate theses in the area of Social Psychology. The following categories are proposed: symbolic elaborations, memory, or social leadership, as forms of processing and community resistance. The communities of pain are erected as communities of hope and mutual support. The ethical-political commitment of the Social Sciences is reaffirmed, by facing the construction of knowledge from the voices and suffering communities, by recognizing other areas of knowledge.

Revisión sistemática sobre modelos de rehabilitación con víctimas de Minas Antipersonal (MAP), en el marco de conflictos armados y el enfoque comunitario / Systematic Review on Models of Rehabilitation with Antipersonnel Landmine Victims (ALM), in the Framework of Armed Conflicts and Community Approach

Resumen El propósito del artículo consiste en identificar estrategias de rehabilitación implementadas en pacientes con amputación o lesiones asociadas a sucesos traumáticos, en el marco de conflictos armados y modelos innovadores de rehabilitación con enfoque comunitario. Se realizó un análisis bibliométrico mediante un software de vigilancia tecnológica, para luego proceder a una revisión sistemática de literatura científica. Los resultados señalan las tendencias del periodo 2000-2017, a partir de estudios de caso en diferentes contextos de guerra; por lo cual, se analizaron modelos de rehabilitación relacionados con aprendizaje pedagógico, tratamientos especializados en realidad virtual y funcionamiento en comunidad.

Abstract The purpose of the article is to identify rehabilitation strategies implemented in patients with amputation or injuries associated with traumatic events, in the framework of armed conflicts and innovative models of rehabilitation with community approach. A bibliometric analysis was carried out by means of a technological surveillance software, and, then, a systematic review of scientific literature was conducted. The results show the trends of the 2000-2017 period, based on case studies in different war contexts. Therefore, rehabilitation models related to pedagogical learning, specialized treatments in virtual reality, and community functioning were analyzed.

Incorporación del enfoque de género en las sentencias de restitución de tierras proferidas en Santander - Colombia / Incorporation of the gender approach in the land restitution judgments issued in Santander - Colombia / Incorporação da perspectiva de género nas sentenças de restituição de terras em Santander - Colômbia

RESUMEN Se analiza el grado de aplicación del enfoque de género en la argumentación de las sentencias de restitución de tierras en el departamento de Santander - Colombia durante el 2018, teniendo como referente teórico y metodológico el enfoque diferencial de género. Las fuentes se abordan a partir del análisis de contenido. Se construyó un instrumento de recolección de información que permitió valorar de forma cualitativa el discurso de las decisiones judiciales de la muestra con base en los presupuestos teóricos. Como resultado se identificaron tres niveles en la incorporación del enfoque diferencial en las decisiones judiciales. Se formularon tres objetivos específicos. El primero analiza el marco teórico en materia de derechos económicos sociales y culturales para las mujeres, desde la perspectiva del enfoque diferencial de género. El segundo analiza la etapa judicial, con el fin de evaluar la forma en que se incorporó el enfoque diferencial de género. Y el tercero valora, en la etapa posterior al fallo, la efectividad de la política de restitución de tierras en los casos objeto de estudio. El resultado de investigación que aquí se presenta expone los hallazgos del cumplimiento del segundo objetivo. Se puede concluir que, a pesar de los avances logrados en algunos casos con la incorporación del enfoque de reconocimiento de derechos y medidas de reparación para las mujeres, es necesario seguir capacitando a los jueces en este enfoque, para promover decisiones con potencial para transformar las injusticias estructurales vinculadas al género, que viven las mujeres.

ABSTRACT The degree of application of the gender approach in the argumentation of land restitution sentences in the department of Santander - Colombia during 2018 is analyzed, having the gender differential approach as a theoretical and methodological reference. The sources are approached from the content analysis. A data collection instrument was constructed to qualitatively assess the discourse of the judicial decisions of the sample based on the theoretical assumptions. As a result, three levels were identified in the incorporation of the differential approach in judicial decisions. Three specific objectives were formulated. The first analyzes the theoretical framework in the area of economic, social and cultural rights for women, from the perspective of the gender differential approach. The second analyzes the judicial stage, in order to evaluate the way in which the gender differential approach was incorporated. The third evaluates, in the post-judgment stage, the effectiveness of the land restitution policy in the cases under study. The research result presented here presents the findings of the fulfillment of the second objective. It can be concluded that, despite the progress achieved in some cases with the incorporation of the approach of recognition of rights and reparation measures for women, it is necessary to continue training judges in this approach, in order to promote decisions with the potential to transform the gender-related structural injustices experienced by women.

RESUMO O grau de aplicação da abordagem de género na argumentação das sentenças de restituição de terras no departamento de Santander -Colômbia durante 2018 é analisado, tomando como referência teórica e metodológica a abordagem diferencial de género. As fontes são abordadas a partir da análise do conteúdo. Foi construído um instrumento de recolha de dados para avaliar qualitativamente o discurso das decisões judiciais da amostra, com base nos pressupostos teóricos. Como resultado, foram identificados três níveis na incorporação da abordagem diferencial nas decisões judiciais. Foram formulados três objectivos específicos. A primeira analisa o quadro teórico na área dos direitos económicos, sociais e culturais das mulheres, a partir da perspectiva da abordagem diferencial de género. A segunda analisa a fase judicial, a fim de avaliar a forma como a abordagem diferencial de género foi incorporada. E a terceira avalia, na fase de pós-julgamento, a eficácia da política de restituição de terras nos casos em estudo. O resultado da investigação aqui apresentado apresenta os resultados do cumprimento do segundo objectivo. Pode-se concluir que, apesar dos progressos alcançados em alguns casos com a incorporação de um enfoque no reconhecimento dos direitos e medidas de reparação para as mulheres, é necessário continuar a formar juízes nesta abordagem a fim de promover decisões com potencial para transformar as injustiças estruturais relacionadas com o género vividas pelas mulheres.

Alerta Verde: proyecto de intervención para afrontar la violencia comunitaria hacia el alumnado universitario / Green Alert: intervention project to address community violence against university students / Alerta Verde: projeto de intervenção para enfrentar a violência comunitária contra estudantes universitários

Resumen Se presenta la experiencia del proyecto Alerta Verde, una investigación-acción participativa encaminada a afrontar la violencia comunitaria hacia el alumnado universitario en el sureste de México. El proyecto es gestionado por 15 estudiantes voluntarios, con el objetivo de generar el cuidado de la integridad personal del alumnado universitario mediante cuatro acciones que se orientan a propiciar conductas prosociales de cuidado mutuo y solidario que son: determinar sitios inseguros y sitios seguros, medidas básicas para su protección y seguridad, atención en caso de ser víctima del delito e instaurar un pase de lista virtual para monitorear su trayecto de casa a la universidad y viceversa. Al implementar este proyecto 300 alumnos aceptan participar en él. Los resultados evidencian la necesidad de involucrar activamente a la universidad e indican que la vía idónea para hacerlo es a través de los medios y tecnologías de comunicación. Se concluye que se consigue tener participación de la población al solidarizarse para cuidar la integridad personal; se requiere que las acciones sean continuas, preventivas y no como recurso emergente de hechos violentos. Es fundamental apoyar a los estudiantes universitarios que con sus propios recursos y energía han apuntado a una necesidad imperante: el derecho a resguardar su integridad personal en su paso por la universidad.

Abstract The experience of the Green Alert project is presented, a participatory action research aimed at tackling urban violence against university students in southeastern Mexico. It is managed by 15 student volunteers, the objective is to generate care for the personal integrity of university students through four actions aimed at promoting prosocial behaviors, which are: determining unsafe places and safe places, basic measures for their protection and security, attention to If you are a victim of crime, establish a virtual roll call to monitor your journey from home to university and vice versa. By implementing, it is possible to obtain acceptance by 300 students. The results show the need to actively involve the university and indicate that the best way to do it is through the media and communication technologies. It is concluded that it is possible to have participation of the population by solidarity to take care of personal integrity, it is required that the actions be continuous and preventive and not as an emerging resource from violent acts. It is important to support students who, with their own resources and energy, have pointed to a prevailing need, the right to protect their personal integrity during their time at university.

Resumo É apresentada a experiência do projeto Alerta Verde, uma pesquisa de ação participativa voltada para o enfrentamento da violência comunitária contra estudantes universitários no sudeste do México. É gerenciado por 15 alunos voluntários, o objetivo é gerar cuidados para a integridade pessoal dos universitários por meio de quatro ações voltadas para a promoção de comportamentos pró-sociais de cuidados mútuos e solidários que são: determinar locais inseguros e locais seguros, medidas básicas para sua proteção e segurança, atenção em caso de vítima de crime, estabelecer um passe de lista virtual para monitorar sua jornada de casa para a universidade e vice-versa. Ao implementar é possível obter a aceitação por 300 alunos. Os resultados mostram a necessidade de envolver ativamente a universidade e indicam que a maneira ideal de fazê-lo é através das tecnologias de mídia e comunicação. Conclui-se que é possível ter a participação da população demonstrando solidariedade para cuidar da integridade pessoal, é necessário que as ações sejam contínuas, preventivas e não como um recurso emergente de eventos violentos. É essencial apoiar estudantes universitários que, com recursos e energia próprios, apontaram para uma necessidade predominante, o direito de proteger sua integridade pessoal em seu tempo na universidade.

Resolución de conflictos, agresividad y factores sociodemográficos en víctimas del conflicto armado colombiano del Magdalena / Conflict resolution, aggressiveness and sociodemographic factors in victims of the Colombian armed conflict in the Department of Magdalena

Resumen En Colombia el posacuerdo con las FARC demanda esfuerzos colectivos hacia una construcción de paz que vincule a toda la ciudadanía y conceda un papel activo a las víctimas del conflicto armado interno. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la asociación entre las habilidades para la resolución de conflictos, la agresividad y algunos factores sociodemográficos en víctimas residentes en el Magdalena. Se utilizó un diseño transversal y participaron 51 personas. Los instrumentos empleados fueron la Escala de Solución de Conflicto, el Inventario de Situaciones y Comportamientos Agresivos, y un cuestionario de datos sociodemográficos. Se encontraron múltiples asociaciones significativas entre las variables analizadas, cuyas implicaciones fueron discutidas desde los puntos de coherencia y discrepancia con planteamientos provenientes de diversos campos.

Abstract In Colombia, the post-agreement with the FARC demands collective efforts towards peace building that involves all citizens and gives an active role to the victims of the internal armed conflict. The aim of this study was to determine the association between conflict resolution skills, aggressiveness and some sociodemographic factors in victims residing in the Department of Magdalena. A cross-sectional design was implemented and 51 people participated. The instruments used were the Conflict Resolution Scale, the Inventory of Aggressive Situations and Behaviors and a sociodemographic data questionnaire. Multiple significant associations were found between the variables involved, the consequences of which were discussed based on the points of coherence and discrepancy regarding approaches from several fields.

Lecturas de Bioética: Las víctimas indirectas de la pandemia / Bioethics Readings: The Indirect Victims of the Pandemic

A 15 meses de la pandemia, todavía no conocemos los resultados del cierre de los servicios de salud ni las consecuencias de los manejos de muchas manos en ese plato. Nos preocupa, con razón, la alarmante serie de consecuencias negativas sobre la economía y sobre la educación, pero, en la marcha forzada, la pandemia desnudó las serias y crónicas falencias éticas del sistema de salud nacional

15 months after the pandemic, we still do not know the results of the closure of health services or the consequences of the handling of many hands on that plate. We are rightly concerned about the alarming series of negative consequences on the economy and on education, but, in the forced march, the pandemic exposed the serious and chronic ethical shortcomings of the national health system.