ABSTRACT
Abstract This study evaluated the effect of the volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet (VOAz) on caveolin-1 gene expression and muscular fibrosis. The rats were immobilized to induce fibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle, and they were treated with VOAz. Collagen quality was assessed by histology and the expression of the caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene was evaluated using qPCR. Histomorphological analysis indicated a significant reduction in the perimeter, width, and intensity of collagen in the treated groups, thus showing that the oil was effective in regulating the quality of collagen at the three concentrations. The results of expression levels suggested a decrease in the lesioned group and in two treatment groups (0.0115 µg/g and 0.009 µg/g). However, with the lowest concentration (0.0065 µg/g), no significant difference was observed, with levels similar to those found in healthy tissue. Therefore, the results showed that VOAz has the potential to be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to aid in the treatment of muscular fibrosis.
Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet (OVAz) na expressão do gene da caveolina-1 e na fibrose muscular. Os ratos foram imobilizados para induzir a fibrose do músculo gastrocnêmio, e foram tratados com OVAz. A qualidade do colágeno foi avaliada com histologia e à expressão do gene caveolina-1 (CAV-1) foi avaliada usando qPCR. A análise histomorfológica indicou uma redução significativa no perímetro, largura e intensidade do colágeno nos grupos tratados. Os resultados dos níveis de expressão sugeriram diminuição nos grupos de lesão e em dois grupos de tratamento (0,0115 µg/g e 0,009 µg/g). No entanto, com a menor concentração (0,0065 µg/g), não foi observada diferença significativa, apresentando níveis semelhantes aos encontrados em tecido saudável. O uso do OVAz foi eficaz para reverter as alterações do colágeno causadas pela fibrose, e sua menor concentração apresentou uma possível tendência de aumento na expressão do CAV-1. Portanto, os resultados mostraram que o OVAz tem potencial para ser uma alternativa não invasiva e de baixo custo para auxiliar no tratamento da fibrose muscular.
Subject(s)
Animals , Rats , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Collagen/metabolism , Alpinia/chemistry , Caveolin 1/metabolism , Muscles/drug effects , Fibrosis , Plant Oils/pharmacology , Brazil , Rats, Wistar , Disease Models, Animal , Muscles/pathologyABSTRACT
Background Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in exhaled breath are closely associated with respiratory diseases and are linked to various metabolic reactions in the human body. A quantitative analytical method can provide technical support for studying VOCs related to various diseases. Objective To establish a thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) method for the determination of 27 VOCs in exhaled breath. Methods VOCs in exhaled breath were collected using a Bio-VOC sampler and enriched with Tenax TA thermal desorption tubes before TD-GC-MS analysis. Standards were collected using thermal desorption tubes and optimized for thermal desorption conditions as well as chromatographic and mass spectrometric conditions: The separation of the 27 VOCs was achieved by an optimized temperature program, the improvement of sensitivity by optimizing quantitative ions, and the increase of VOCs desorption efficiency by optimizing thermal desorption time and temperature. Limit of detection, limit of quantification, accuracy, precision, and stability of the proposed method were investigated by spiking with a blank gas bag, and exhaled breath samples from 20 healthy individuals were collected for an application study of the proposed method. Results The thermal desorption temperature was 280 ℃, and desorption time was 6 min. A VF-624ms chromatographic column was selected for the separation of target substances. The initial temperature of heating program was 35 ℃, maintained for 1 min, and then increased to 100 ℃ at a heating rate of 3 ℃·min−1 for 1 min, followed by increasing to 210 ℃ at a heating rate of 28 ℃·min−1 for 5 min. A quantitative analysis was conducted with a single ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Under these conditions, the 27 VOCs showed good linear relationships in their respective concentration ranges and the correlation coefficients were higher than 0.9990. The limits of detection of the method were in the range of 0.01-0.13 nmol·mol−1, the limits of quantification were in the range of 0.02-0.44 nmol·mol−1, and the spiked recoveries were in the range of 80.1%-120.5%, with intra-batch and inter-batch precision ≤ 18.8% and 17.9% respectively. All substances can be stored at room temperature (23-28 °C) for 7 d and at 4 °C for 14 d. The proposed method was applied to exhaled breath samples from 20 subjects with detection rates≥ 80% (except for trans-2-pentene and decane) and a concentration range of 0.00-465.50 nmol·mol−1. Conclusion The established TD-GC-MS method for quantification of VOCs in exhaled breath is characterized by high sensitivity and good accuracy, and is suitable for quantitative determination of VOCs in exhaled breath, which can provide technical support for the study of exhaled breath VOCs.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo screen the differential markers by analyzing volatile components in Dalbergia odorifera and its counterfeits， in order to provide reference for authentication of D. odorifera. MethodThe volatile components in D. odorifera and its counterfeits were detected by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）， and the GC conditions were heated by procedure（the initial temperature of the column was 50 ℃， the retention time was 1 min， and then the temperature was raised to 300 ℃ at 10 ℃ for 10 min）， the carrier gas was helium， and the flow rate was 1.0 mL·min-1， the split ratio was 10∶1， and the injection volume was 1 mL. The MS conditions used electron bombardment ionization（EI） with the scanning range of m/z 35-550. The compound species were identified by database matching， the relative content of each component was calculated by the peak area normalization method， and principal component analysis（PCA）， orthogonal partial least squares-discrimination analysis（OPLS-DA） and cluster analysis were performed on the detection results by SIMCA 14.1 software， and the differential components of D. odorifera and its counterfeits were screened out according to the variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>2 and P<0.05. ResultA total of 26， 17， 8， 22， 24 and 7 volatile components were identified from D. odorifera， D. bariensis， D. latifolia， D. benthamii， D. pinnata and D. cochinchinensis， respectively. Among them， there were 11 unique volatile components of D. odorifera， 6 unique volatile components of D. bariensis， 3 unique volatile components of D. latifolia， 6 unique volatile components of D. benthamii， 8 unique volatile components of D. pinnata， 4 unique volatile components of D. cochinchinensis. The PCA results showed that， except for D. latifolia and D. cochinchinensis， which could not be clearly distinguished， D. odorifera and other counterfeits could be distributed in a certain area， respectively. The OPLS-DA results showed that D. odorifera and its five counterfeits were clustered into one group each， indicating significant differences in volatile components between D. odorifera and its counterfeits. Finally， a total of 31 differential markers of volatile components between D. odoriferae and its counterfeits were screened. ConclusionHS-GC-MS combined with SIMCA 14.1 software can systematically elucidate the volatile differential components between D. odorifera and its counterfeits， which is suitable for rapid identification of them.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo discriminate the age of Arisaema Cum Bile， the combination of headspace solid-phase microextraction （HS-SPME） with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） was applied to explore the differences of volatile components of unfermented， 1-year fermented， 2-year fermented， and 3-year fermented Arisaema Cum Bile. MethodSamples with different fermentation durations were collected and HS-SPME-GC-MS technology was employed to detect the volatile components of each sample. The relative contents of detected volatile components were processed and analyzed by chemometrics methods such as principal component analysis （PCA）， hierarchical cluster analysis （HCA）， and partial least squares discriminant analysis （PLS-DA）. ResultThe results showed that 145 volatile components were identified. Among these volatile components， the relative contents of heterocyclic， alcohols， aldehydes and aromatics were high. PCA， HCA， and PLS-DA can effectively separate Arisaema Cum Bile with four different ages. Based on variable importance in projection （VIP） value > 1， 73 markers of differential volatile components were identified. The content of 2，6，11-trimethyldodecane and m-xylene in unfermented samples was the highest， and the content difference between them and those in fermented samples was significant （P<0.05）. 2，3-butanediol was detected only in 1-year samples， octane was detected only in 2-year samples， and ethyl heptanoate was detected only in 3-year samples. These components can be used as odor markers for Arisaema Cum Bile with different fermentation years. ConclusionThe identification method of volatile components of Arisaema Cum Bile was established by HS-SPME-GC-MS technology， which can realize the rapid identification of unfermented， 1-year fermented， 2-year fermented， and 3-year fermented samples， and provide a scientific basis for the standardization of processing technology and quality standards of Arisaema Cum Bile.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To explore the effect of volatile oil of Ligusticum chuanxiong on the transdermal properties and cytotoxicity of triptolide in vitro. METHODS The chemical constituents of the volatile oil of L. chuanxiong were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The lower abdominal skin of KM mice was separated and divided into triptolide group， triptolide in compatibility with volatile oil of L. chuanxiong groups at 1∶10， 1∶50， 1∶100 （hereinafter referred to as “compatibility 1∶10”“compatibility 1∶50”“compatibility 1∶100” groups）. After the skin of mice in each group was fully exposed to 0.2 g of the corresponding cream for 24 h， the cumulative transdermal dose （Qn） of triptolide in the receiving solution of each group was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography， and the transdermal absorption rate （Jss） was calculated. Human immortalized keratinocytes （HaCat） were used as a model， the CCK-8 method was used to detect the cell survival rate of different concentrations of the volatile oil of L. chuanxiong and triptolide before and after compatibility. RESULTS A total of 62 chemical constituents of the volatile oil of L. chuanxiong were identified， including Z-ligustilide， senkyunolide， and β-selinene. The Qn （P＜ 0.01） and Jss of triptolide increased within 24 h in the compatibility 1∶10 and 1∶50 groups， while the Qn （P＜0.05） and Jss decreased in the compatibility 1∶100 group as compared with the triptolide group. Compared with the triptolide group， the cell survival rate of HaCat was significantly increased in the compatibility 1∶10 and 1∶50 groups when the triptolide concentrations were 36， 72 and 144 ng/mL （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）； while the cell survival rate of HaCat was decreased in the compatibility 1∶100 group， but the difference was not statistically significant （P＞0.05）. CONCLUSIONS When the compatibility ratio of triptolide and volatile oil of L. chuanxiong was 1∶10 or 1∶50， it can promote the transdermal absorption of triptolide and reduce the cytotoxicity of triptolide to HaCat.
ABSTRACT
Abstract This study evaluated the effect of the volatile oil of Alpinia zerumbet (VOAz) on caveolin-1 gene expression and muscular fibrosis. The rats were immobilized to induce fibrosis of the gastrocnemius muscle, and they were treated with VOAz. Collagen quality was assessed by histology and the expression of the caveolin-1 (CAV-1) gene was evaluated using qPCR. Histomorphological analysis indicated a significant reduction in the perimeter, width, and intensity of collagen in the treated groups, thus showing that the oil was effective in regulating the quality of collagen at the three concentrations. The results of expression levels suggested a decrease in the lesioned group and in two treatment groups (0.0115 µg/g and 0.009 µg/g). However, with the lowest concentration (0.0065 µg/g), no significant difference was observed, with levels similar to those found in healthy tissue. Therefore, the results showed that VOAz has the potential to be a non-invasive and low-cost alternative to aid in the treatment of muscular fibrosis.
Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito do óleo volátil de Alpinia zerumbet (OVAz) na expressão do gene da caveolina-1 e na fibrose muscular. Os ratos foram imobilizados para induzir a fibrose do músculo gastrocnêmio, e foram tratados com OVAz. A qualidade do colágeno foi avaliada com histologia e à expressão do gene caveolina-1 (CAV-1) foi avaliada usando qPCR. A análise histomorfológica indicou uma redução significativa no perímetro, largura e intensidade do colágeno nos grupos tratados. Os resultados dos níveis de expressão sugeriram diminuição nos grupos de lesão e em dois grupos de tratamento (0,0115 µg/g e 0,009 µg/g). No entanto, com a menor concentração (0,0065 µg/g), não foi observada diferença significativa, apresentando níveis semelhantes aos encontrados em tecido saudável. O uso do OVAz foi eficaz para reverter as alterações do colágeno causadas pela fibrose, e sua menor concentração apresentou uma possível tendência de aumento na expressão do CAV-1. Portanto, os resultados mostraram que o OVAz tem potencial para ser uma alternativa não invasiva e de baixo custo para auxiliar no tratamento da fibrose muscular.
ABSTRACT
Introducción. Los géneros Alternaria y Fusarium contienen especies patógenas para los humanos y los cultivos. Para su control, se han utilizado diversos antifúngicos. Sin embargo, su uso desmedido ha contribuido al desarrollo de agentes patógenos resistentes. Una alternativa para buscar y desarrollar nuevos agentes antimicóticos son los aceites esenciales y sus componentes principales, los cuales poseen diversas actividades biológicas de interés para la medicina y en la preservación de alimentos. Objetivo. Evaluar in vitro e in silico las actividades antifúngicas de terpenoides contra Alternaria alternata y Fusarium oxysporum. Materiales y métodos. Se evaluaron in vitro las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas y las concentraciones fungicidas mínimas de 27 constituyentes de aceites esenciales contra A. alternata y F. oxysporum. Además, mediante algoritmos genéticos, se crearon modelos cuantitativos de la relación estructura-actividad para determinar las propiedades estructurales y fisicoquímicas relacionadas con la actividad antifúngica. Resultados. Los compuestos evaluados mostraron ser antifúngicos activos. El timol fue el compuesto con mayor actividad, con un valor de concentración inhibitoria mínima de 91.6 ± 28.8 pg/ml, tanto para Alternarla alternata como para Fusarium oxysporum. Los modelos cuantitativos de la relación estructura-actividad incluyeron la avidez por los lípidos y los fenoles como los principales grupos funcionales que contribuyen en la actividad antifúngica. Conclusión. Los terpenoides poseen actividades antifúngicas relevantes para ser incorporados en el estudio de la química medicinal. La inclusión de pruebas in silico a la evaluación in vitro es una herramienta útil para la búsqueda y el diseño racional de derivados terpénicos como posibles agentes antifúngicos.
Introduction. Fungal genera Alternaría and Fusarium include human and plant pathogenic species. Several antifungals have been used for their control, hut excessive use has contributed to resistance development in pathogens. An alternative to searching for and developing new antifungal agents is using essential oils and their main components, which have biological activities of interest in medicine and food production. Objective. To evaluate in vitro and in silico the antifungal activities of terpenoids against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum. Materials and methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum fungicidal concentration values of 27 constituents of essential oils used against Alternaria alternata and Fusarium oxysporum were evaluated in vitro. In addition, using genetic algorithms, quantitative models of the structure-activity relationship were used to identify the structural and physicochemical properties related to antifungal activity. Results. The evaluated compounds proved to be effective antifungals. Thymol was the most active with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 91.6 ± 28.8 pg/ml for A. alternata and F. oxysporum. Quantitative structure-activity relationship models revealed the octanol-water cleavage ratio as the molecular property, and the phenols as the main functional group contributing to antifungal activity. Conclusion. Terpenoids exhibit relevant antifungal activities that should be incorporated into the study of medicinal chemistry. Inclusion of in silico assays in the in vitro evaluation is a valuable tool in the search for and rational design of terpene derivatives as new potential antifungal agents.
Subject(s)
Oils, Volatile , Alternaria , Fusarium , Quantitative Structure-Activity RelationshipABSTRACT
Although surgical techniques and perioperative care have made significant advances, perioperative mortality in cardiac surgery remains relatively high. Single? or multiple?organ failure remains the leading cause of postoperative mortality. Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is a common trigger for organ injury or dysfunction in surgical patients. Cardiac surgery involves major surgical dissection, the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and frequent blood transfusions. Ischemia?reperfusion injury and contact activation from CPB are among the major triggers for SIRS. Blood transfusion can also induce proinflammatory responses. Here, we review the immunological mechanisms of organ injury and the role of anesthetic regimens in cardiac surgery
ABSTRACT
Resumen: La hipertermia maligna es un raro desorden farmacogenético potencialmente mortal, que se presenta como una respuesta hipermetabólica a los anestésicos volátiles y relajantes musculares despolarizantes en individuos susceptibles. Esta susceptibilidad se asocia a mutaciones en tres genes: RYR1, CACNA1S y STAC3. Puede manifestarse con síntomas leves o como una crisis fulminante, con rabdomiólisis severa, fibrilación ventricular e insuficiencia renal y circulatoria aguda, por lo tanto, el pronóstico depende de qué tan pronto se sospeche del diagnóstico y qué tan rápido se inicie el tratamiento. El diagnóstico definitivo se basa en una prueba de sensibilidad en biopsia muscular fresca y en pruebas genéticas. La mejor manera de prevenir un evento es la detección precoz de los pacientes susceptibles así como contar con el equipo para responder ante una crisis en cada centro donde se administren anestésicos volátiles y la capacitación del personal. Esta revisión sintetiza los conceptos actuales clínicos y biomédicos para detección, prevención, diagnóstico y manejo de la hipertermia maligna.
Abstract: Malignant hyperthermia is a rare, life-threatening pharmacogenetic disorder which presents as a hypermetabolic response to volatile anesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants in susceptible individuals. This susceptibility is associated with mutations in three genes: RYR1, CACNA1S and STAC3. Can manifest with mild symptoms or as a fulminant crisis, with severe rhabdomyolysis, ventricular fibrillation and acute renal and circulatory failure, therefore the prognosis depends on how soon the diagnosis is suspected and how fast treatment is started. The definitive diagnosis is based on a fresh muscle biopsy sensitivity test and genetic testing. The best way to prevent an event is the early detection of susceptible, as well as have equipment to respond to a crisis in each center where volatile anesthetics are administered and the training of staff. This review synthesizes current clinical and biomedical concepts for detection, prevention, diagnosis and management of malignant hyperthermia.
ABSTRACT
Resumo: Pesquisa desenvolvida em programa de mestrado acadêmico em enfermagem, da Universidade Federal do Paraná, na Linha de Pesquisa Tecnologia e Inovação para Cuidar em Saúde e Enfermagem. A iniciativa partiu da realidade de que as doenças crônicas como o câncer, apresentam projeções de incidência crescente para os próximos triênios, segundo o Instituto Nacional do Câncer. Na trajetória do tratamento, devem ser disponibilizadas informações pertinentes incluindo as práticas integrativas e complementares, baseadas em evidências para guiar os familiares, profissionais de saúde, e especialmente a equipe de enfermagem. Esta pesquisa inova ao atender a necessidade em reunir e dispor sistematicamente, as características relacionadas aos métodos de escolha, aplicação e segurança da aromaterapia para indivíduos em tratamento oncológico. Objetivo foi mapear as evidências, dos últimos 20 anos, relativas à aromaterapia durante o tratamento oncológico para adultos com câncer, quanto a sua aplicação e medidas de segurança. O método adotado foi a Scoping Review, segundo as diretrizes JBI®. Incluídos 296 estudos, publicados entre Setembro / 2021 a Outubro / 2022, resgatados nas bases de dados: Cochrane Library; EMBASE; CINAHL; PubMed; Scopus; LILACS e Web of Science. E, 328 evidências em literatura cinzenta disponíveis na Open Acess Theses and Dissertations, TROVE Austrália e ProQuest. Os critérios de inclusão foram estudos com adultos (> 18 anos), diagnosticados com câncer, submetidos à alguma modalidade de tratamento neoadjuvante ou adjuvante, como cirurgia, quimioterapia, radioterapia, imunoterapia ou hormonioterapia; e, que recebiam, de forma complementar, a aromaterapia inalatória ou tópica em cenário hospitalar, ou ambulatorial. A triagem e seleção dos estudos se deu por dois revisores independentes, com auxílio online do Rayyan. Excluídos estudos: conduzidos em cuidados paliativos; com população com diagnóstico de metástase; com gestantes; e, que incluíssem outra modalidade de prática complementar - isolada ou em associação à aromaterapia -; e, experimentos in vitro. A amostra final foi de 25 estudos. As pesquisas foram predominantes em países orientais, publicadas em revistas dos Estados Unidos da América; o método prevalente foi de Ensaio Clínico Randomizado, com média amostral de 103 participantes. O diagnóstico recordista foi de câncer de mama, e a utilização da aromaterapia ocorreu, mais frequentemente, na forma inalatória, utilizando os óleos essenciais de Lavanda (Lavandula angustifólia) e Menta (Menta x piperita), para redução da ansiedade, náusea ou vômitos induzidos pela quimioterapia. Para a segurança na aplicação da aromaterapia enfatizaram-se os cuidados com a seleção dos participantes, o armazenamento e a garantia de qualidade dos óleos essenciais utilizados. Nenhum efeito colateral grave ou toxicidade foram reportados pelas pesquisas e, concluiu-se que seu uso apresenta potencial benefício para manejo de sintomas físicos, emocionais e psicológicos, para adultos com câncer, durante o tratamento oncológico. A execução do estudo favoreceu a apropriação das evidências para desenvolvimento de novas pesquisas clínicas, o que potencialmente pode resultar em oferta de uma assistência complementar, centrada no indivíduo, versátil e segura para manejo de sintomas provocados pelo uso da quimioterapia, radioterapia, imunoterapia ou hormonioterapia por meio da aromaterapia. Sugere-se novos estudos clínicos, com maior rigor metodológico quanto aos dados de aplicação e segurança da aromaterapia.
Abstract: Research developed in the academic master's program in nursing, at the Federal University of Paraná, in the Technology and Innovation Research Line for Health Care and Nursing. The initiative was based on the fact that chronic diseases such as cancer are projected to increase in incidence over the next three years, according to the National Cancer Institute. In the course of treatment, relevant information should be made available, including integrative and complementary practices, based on evidence to guide family members, health professionals, and especially the nursing team. This research innovates by meeting the need to systematically gather and arrange the characteristics related to the methods of choice, application and safety of aromatherapy for individuals undergoing cancer treatment. The objective was to map the evidence, from the last 20 years, regarding aromatherapy during oncological treatment for adults with cancer, regarding its application and safety measures. The method adopted was the Scoping Review, according to the JBI® guidelines. Included 296 studies, published between September/2021 to October/2022, retrieved from the databases: Cochrane Library; BASE; CINAHL; PubMed; Scopus; LILACS and Web of Science. And, 328 gray literature evidence available from Open Access Theses and Dissertations, TROVE Australia, and ProQuest. Inclusion criteria were studies with adults (> 18 years old), diagnosed with cancer, undergoing some form of neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment, such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy or hormone therapy; and, who received, in a complementary way, inhaled or topical aromatherapy in a hospital or outpatient setting. The screening and selection of studies was carried out by two independent reviewers, with online help from Rayyan. Excluded studies: conducted in palliative care; with population diagnosed with metastasis; with pregnant women; and, which included another modality of complementary practice - alone or in association with aromatherapy -; and, in vitro experiments. The final sample consisted of 25 studies. The surveys were predominant in eastern countries, published in journals in the United States of America; the prevalent method was the Randomized Clinical Trial, with a sample mean of 103 participants. The record-breaking diagnosis was breast cancer, and the use of aromatherapy occurred, more frequently, in the inhaled form, using the essential oils of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and Peppermint (Menta x piperita), to reduce anxiety, nausea or induced vomiting. by chemotherapy. For safety in the application of aromatherapy, care was taken with the selection of participants, storage and quality assurance of the essential oils used. No serious side effects or toxicity were reported by research, and it was concluded that its use has potential benefit for managing physical, emotional and psychological symptoms for adults with cancer during cancer treatment. The execution of the study favored the appropriation of evidence for the development of new clinical research, which can potentially result in the provision of complementary, individual-centered, versatile and safe assistance for the management of symptoms caused by the use of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy or hormone therapy through aromatherapy. New clinical studies are suggested, with greater methodological rigor regarding data on the application and safety of aromatherapy.
Subject(s)
Oncology Nursing , Quality of Life , Therapeutics , Aromatherapy , Nursing CareABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To explore the extraction process of volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of Glehnia littoralis， analyze the chemical components of the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis， and preliminarily evaluate its in vitro antifungal activity. METHODS Based on the steam distillation method， single factor test and orthogonal experiment were conducted to optimize the extraction method of volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis. The chemical components of the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis were identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS) technology and their relative contents were calculated. The antifungal activity of volatile oils from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis against Fusarium solani， Fusarium incarnatum， Fusarium oxysporum， Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus was determined by paper diffusion method. RESULTS The optimal extraction process of G. littoralis was solid-liquid ratio of 1∶15， distillation time of 5 hours， and KCl concentration of 15%. Eleven components were identified from the volatile oil of the stems and leaves of G. littoralis， and a total of eight components were identified from the volatile oil of the roots. Ginsenethinol was a common component in the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis， its contents in the stems and leaves， roots were 38.21% and 74.02%， respectively. The volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis had a certain E-mail：zwhjzs@126.com inhibitory effect on F. solani， F. incarnatum， F. oxysporum， A. parasiticus and A. flavus， especially volatile oil from the stems and leaves. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant difference in chemical components of the volatile oil between the roots， stems and leaves of G. littoralis， both of which have certain in vitro antifungal activity.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To explore the material basis and mechanism of expectorant and cough relief effects of the fruits of Phellodendron chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. METHODS The expectorant and cough relief effects of volatile oil and water decoction of the fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. were studied by ammonia water cough induction and drug expectorant model mice experiments； GC-MS and UPLC-MS technologies were used to identify its volatile oils and non-volatile components of the fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. The active ingredients， core targets and pathways of expectoration and cough relief were analyzed by network pharmacology. RESULTS The volatile oil （0.8， 0.2 g/kg， calculated by volatile oil） and water decoction （12， 3 g/kg， calculated by crude drug） of the fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. both had obvious expectorant and cough relief effects， and showed obvious dose-dependent relationship. A total of 38 volatile oil components were identified from the medicinal herbs， and the relative percentage contents of 8 components were greater than 1%， such as α -pinene， myrcene， β -caryophyllene， germanene D， isospathulenol； a total of 69 non-volatile oil components were identified， mainly including phenolic compounds， alkaloids， and flavonoids. The active ingredients screened from the identified components included 13 compounds such as α-pinene， myrcene， chlorogenic acid， luteolin， berberine. There were a total of 55 intersection targets with diseases， and the core targets were tumor necrosis factor （TNF）， epidermal growth factor receptor （EGFR）， vascular endothelial growth factor A （VEGFA）， serine/threonine kinase proteins （AKT1） and Toll-like receptor 4 （TLR4）. The molecular docking results showed that the active ingredients and the core targets had good binding ability. GO functional analysis found that the targets were significantly enriched in biological processes such as the reaction affecting lipopolysaccharides， the positive regulation of peptidyl serine phosphorylation， and the positive regulation of the biosynthesis process of nitric oxide. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis found that the targets were significantly enriched in the signaling pathways such as cancer， non-small cell lung cancer， proteoglycans in cancer. CONCLUSIONS Fruits of P. chinense var. glabriusulum Schneid. have obvious expectorant and cough relief effects， and its material basis may be α-pinene， myrcene， chlorogenic acid， luteolin， berberine， etc.， and mainly act on TNF， EGFR， VEGFA， AKT1， TLR4 and its significantly enriched signaling pathway.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveBy comparing the differences in composition and content of volatile components between Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma（AMR）and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR， the effect of processing with rice-washed water on the volatile components in AMR and bran-fried AMR were investigated. MethodHeadspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）was used to determine the volatile components in raw products， bran-fried products and their processed products with rice-washed water. GC conditions were programmed temperature（starting temperature of 50 ℃， rising to 140 ℃ at 10 ℃·min-1， maintained for 5 min， then rising to 210 ℃ at 4 ℃·min-1）， splitting ratio of 10∶1， high purity helium as the carrier gas and a solvent delay time of 3 min. MS conditions were an electron bombardment ion source（EI） with an electron collision energy of 70 eV， ion source temperature of 230 ℃， and the detection range of m/z 20-650. The relative contents of the components were determined by the peak area normalization method， the obtained sample data were subjected to principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） by SIMCA 14.1 software， and the differential components of AMR and bleaching AMR， and bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR were screened according to variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1 and P<0.05. ResultA total of 71 volatile components were identified， including 53 in AMR， 50 in bleaching AMR， 51 in bran-fried AMR， and 44 in bran-fried bleaching AMR. OPLS-DA results showed that there were significant differences between AMR and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR， but not between AMR samples from different origins. The compound composition of AMR and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR did not change， but the contents of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes changed significantly. ConclusionSignificant changes in the contents of volatile components were observed in AMR and bleaching AMR， bran-fried AMR and bran-fried bleaching AMR， among them， 1，2-dimethyl-4-methylidenecyclopentene， 9，10-dehydro-isolongifolene， γ-elemene， zingiberene， atractylone， silphinene， modhephene and （1S，4S，4aS）-1-isopropyl-4，7-dimethyl-1，2，3，4，4a，5-hexahydronaphthalene can be used as candidate differential markers of volatile components of AMR before and after processing with rice-washed water.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE To compare the components of volatile oil from Gardenia jasminoides and their liver protective effect before and after stir-frying with wine. METHODS Steam distillation was used to exact the volatile oil from G. jasminoides and wine stir-fried G. jasminoides. The components of volatile oil were identified by GC-MS method， and the relative mass fraction of each component was calculated by peak area normalization method. The rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， positive control group （bifendate suspension 35 mg/kg）， G. jasminoides low-dose and high-dose groups [1， 2 g/kg （calculated by crude drug）] and wine stir-fried G. jasminoides low-dose and high-dose groups [1， 2 g/kg （calculated by crude drug）] with 10 rats in each group. Liver injury model was established by intraperitoneal injection of 40% carbon tetrachloride in rats of each group after continuous intragastric administration of corresponding drug solution for 7 days. The status， serum biochemical indexes， liver biochemical indexes and liver pathological sections of rats in each group were compared. RESULTS Twenty-three volatile oil components from G. jasminoides and 25 volatile oil components from wine stir-fried G. jasminoides were identified； there were 18 common volatile oil components， of which the contents of 17 common components were decreased， while the content of one common component was increased due to stir-frying with wine. Compared with model group， the symptoms of depression and liver cell damage of rats in each administration group were improved to varying degrees； the serum levels of adenosine deaminase， alanine transaminase， aspartate transaminase， direct bilirubin， lactate dehydrogenase，prealbumin， total bile acid and total bilirubin were significantly decreased， while the total protein level was significantly increased； the level of malondialdehyde in liver tissue was significantly decreased， there were statistical significance （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. CONCLUSIONS During stir-frying with wine， the contents of 17 volatile oil components are decreased， while the content of one volatile oil component is increased. Wine stir-fried G. jasminoides shows liver protective effect. .
ABSTRACT
This paper aims to compare the difference of growth and quality between wild and cultivated Artemisia stolonifera, thereby providing references for further development and utilization of A. stolonifera. The wild and cultivated A. stolonifera from different altitudes were collected, and the agronomic characters, moxa yield, volatile components, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were determined. The results showed that the cultivated species were taller and stronger, with more leaves and branches, than the wild species. The moxa yield and combustion quality of wild products were higher than those of cultivated products. The content of main volatile components in cultivated products was higher than that in wild products. The content of flavonoids and phenolic acids in wild products was higher than that in cultivated products. At high altitude, the ignition performance, combustion persistence, comprehensive combustion performance, and heat release during combustion of the wild and cultivated A. stolonifera. were optimal. At middle altitude, the content of main characteristic volatile components and flavone phenolic acids in the leaves of the cultivated and wild A. stolonifera were the highest. At low altitude, the combustion quality and the content of the above components of the cultivated A. stolonifera decrease significantly. Considering the combustion quality and the content of the internal components of the leaf lint, the middle and high altitude areas are suitable for the artificial cultivation of A. stolonifera.
Subject(s)
Artemisia , Agriculture , Flavonoids , Plant Leaves , Drugs, Chinese HerbalABSTRACT
The purpose of this study was to analyze the effects of shading intensity on the growth, yield, and quality of Artemisia stolonifera so as to provide references for the artificial cultivation of A. stolonifera. The seedlings of A. stolonifera with consistent growth underwent shading treatment at four shading intensity levels(0, 55%, 85%, and 95%) with different layers of black shading nets. The agronomic indexes, yield, moxa yield, total ash, quality characteristics of moxa during combustion and pyrolysis, main volatile components, flavonoids, and phenolic acids were measured. The results showed that under shading conditions, the stem diameter, leaf width, 5-leaf spacing, branch number, and yield of A. stolonifera decreased significantly, while the plant height, leaf length, leaf number, chlorophyll content, and moxa yield increased first and then decreased with the increase in shading intensity. The burning performance of moxa under natural light was better than that under moderate and severe shading conditions. The content of eucalyptol first increased and then decreased with the increase in shading intensity. The humulene content was negatively correlated with shading intensity. Other major volatile components showed no significant difference under various shading conditions. The content of neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid, isoschaftoside, and isochlorogenic acid B was positively correlated with shading intensity, while the content of chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic acid A, and isochlorogenic acid C decreased first and then increased with the increase in shading intensity. To sum up, A. stolonifera is a light-loving plant, and shading can greatly reduce the yield, the content of internal components, and the burning performance of moxa. It is the main reason why A. stolonifera is mainly distributed in the forest edge, open forest, roadside, and wasteland grass in the middle and high mountains in the wild. For artificial domestication and cultivation of A. stolonifera, it is better to select plots with sufficient light.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveBy exploring the volatile components， polysaccharide composition and changes in the contents of five carbohydrate components of Polygonatum cyrtonema rhizoma before and after processing， and then the effect of yellow rice wine on the odour formation of P. cyrtonema rhizoma was investigated. MethodThe volatile components of P. cyrtonema rhizoma before and after processing were detected by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（HS-GC-MS）， and sample data were subjected to principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） using SIMCA 14.1， then the differences between these components of P. cyrtonema rhizoma before and after processing were screened according to the principle of variable importance in the projection（VIP） value>1. Crude carbohydrate components in raw and wine-processed P. cyrtonema rhizoma were subjected to oxime and silylation， the carbohydrate components were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS/MS）， and the relative contents of various components were calculated by peak area normalization， then quantitative analysis of four carbohydrate components was also carried out. ResultA total of 23 volatile components were identified from the raw products and the wine-processed products， including 15 components in raw products and 20 components in wine-processed products. Among them， 2-methylbutyraldehyde and isovaleraldehyde had a sweet odor and their contents increased after processing， but the contents of hexanal and caproic acid decreased， new components such as 2-acetylfuran and 5-methylfuranal were produced after processing. PCA and OPLS-DA results showed that there were significant differences between raw products and the wine-processed products， a total of 13 differential compounds were screened out， of which 7 showed an upward trend in relative content and 6 showed a downward trend. A total of 7 carbohydrate components， including 5 monosaccharides and 2 disaccharides， were identified in raw products and the wine-processed products. The results of determination showed that the contents of fructose， glucose， mannose and sucrose in P. cyrtonema rhizoma increased after wine-processing， and their increases were 4.54， 1.51， 2.93， 3.66 times， respectively. ConclusionAfter processing， the increase of aromatic flavor of P. cyrtonema rhizoma may be related to the increase of the contents of aldehydes such as 2-methylbutyraldehyde and isovaleraldehyde， while the decrease of raw flavor may be related to the decrease of the contents of volatile components such as hexanal and hexanoic acid， the increase of sweet flavor may be related to the increase of the contents of monosaccharides and oligosaccharides such as fructose and sucrose.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the key compounds affecting the irritation and to clarify the effect of heating and the addition of ginger juice as the auxiliary material during the processing on the irritation of Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex（MOC） by comparing the irritation and composition of volatile oil in MOC and its different processed products. MethodVolatile oil in raw products， water-processed products， ginger-dried products， ginger-fried products（the amounts of ginger were 10%， 50%， respectively） of MOC were extracted by steam distillation and subjected to rabbit eye irritation experiment， and the volatile components of each sample were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）. Principal component analysis（PCA）and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were used to analyze the data of each sample by SIMCA 14.1. The relative contents of different processed products were compared two by two with those of and raw products or ginger-fried products， and the markers that might be related to the irritation were sorted out according to the principles of variable importance in the projection（VIP） value >1 and P<0.05， and the factors influencing the differences in irritation were analyzed. ResultCompared with the blank group， the administration groups all had irritation to the eyes of rabbits， and the degree of irritation was in the order of raw products>water-processed products>ginger-dried products>ginger-fried products（10%）>ginger-fried products（50%）. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA showed that there were differences in the volatile oil from raw products and different processed products. According to VIP value>1 and P<0.05， and combined with the results of eye irritation experiment， ten volatile compounds related to irritation changes were screened out. Among them， cis-cinnamaldehyde was only detected in raw products， the relative contents of β-caryophyllene， （+）-delta-cadinene， α-humulene， γ-muurolene， （-）-isoledene and citral all increased to different degrees， the contents of p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol and β-eudesmol all decreased to different degrees. ConclusionThe irritation of MOC is reduced after heating and processing with ginger juice， and the synergistic effect of both is more effective for reducing irritation. Among the differential markers associated with changes in irritation， the increase in the relative content of citral is closely related to the addition of ginger juice， while the decrease in the relative contents of cis-cinnamaldehyde， p-cymene， 1（10）-4-cadinadien-15-ol is related to heating， and the changes of other components may be related to the synergistic effect of heating and ginger juice.
ABSTRACT
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of the volatile oil of Linderae Radix on the apoptosis and autophagy of human gastric cancer cell line AGS， and to explore the regulatory role of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）/mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway in this process. MethodThe volatile oil of Linderae Radix was extracted by steam distillation， and the effect of the volatile oil on the viability of AGS cells was detected by thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） colorimetry. The optimal intervention dose and time were determined according to the half maximal inhibitory concentration （IC50） for subsequent research. The blank， low， medium， and high-dose volatile oil （0， 15， 30， 60 mg·L-1） groups and the positive drug cyclophosphamide （CTX， 350 mg·L-1） group were designed. AGS cells were treated with different doses of volatile oil for 48 h. The changes in cell proliferation， cycle， and migration were measured by colony formation assay， flow cytometry， and cell scratch test， respectively. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was employed to observe the changes of cell morphology， Annexin-V/propidium iodide （PI） double staining to measure the apoptosis， and acridine orange （AO） staining to measure the autophagy level of the cells. Western blotting was employed to determine the expression of the autophagy effectors Beclin-1， p62， microtubule-associated protein 1-light chain 3 （LC3）， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax）， cleaved Caspase-3， cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase （PARP）， adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase （AMPK）， phosphorylated AMPK （p-AMPK）， mTOR， and phosphorylated mTOR （p-mTOR）. ResultCompared with the blank group， 24 h and 48 h of intervention with the volatile oil of Linderae Radix inhibited the viability of AGS cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the blank group， the volatile oil decreased the cell proliferation and migration （P<0.05， P<0.01） and blocked the AGS cell cycle in G2/M phase （P<0.05， P<0.01） in a concentration-dependent manner. The cells treated with the volatile oil became spherical and smaller， with the formation of apoptotic bodies and increased apoptosis rate （P<0.05， P<0.01）. As the dose of the volatile oil increased， the number of autophagosomes increased and the red fluorescence gradually enhanced， indicating the elevated level of autophagy. Compared with the blank group， different doses of volatile oil up-regulated the protein levels of Beclin-1， LC3 Ⅱ/LC3 Ⅰ， cleaved Caspase-3， cleaved PARP， Bax/Bcl-2， and AMPK （P<0.05， P<0.01） and down-regulated the protein levels of p62 and p-mTOR （P<0.05， P<0.01）. ConclusionThe volatile oil of Linderae Radix induces the apoptosis and exerts the autophagy-mediated growth inhibition of AGS cells by regulating the AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway.