Some Quality Attributes of Composite Flour and Bread Produced from Wheat and African Walnut

This study explored the potential of African walnut in the formulation of composite flour which can be used for bread production and in various food applications. African walnut flour was produced and used to substitute wheat flour at different levels (5 - 25%) in the production of wheat-African walnut composite flour. Functional and pasting properties of the composite flour were evaluated using standard procedures. Proximate composition, antioxidant activity, some loaf quality attributes and sensory acceptability of bread produced from the composite flour were evaluated using standard procedures. Wheat bread served as control. The composite flour showed varying functional properties which ranged from 2.43 to 3.46 (swelling capacity), 1.15 to 1.85 mL/g (water absorption capacity), 2.15 to 2.75 mL/g (oil absorption capacity), 10.80 to16.60% (foam capacity), 63.0 to 75.0% (dispersibility), 38.92 to 69.92 seconds (wetability), 0.75 to 0.79 g/mL (packed bulk density) and 0.43 to 0.47 g/mL (loose bulk density). Inclusion of African walnut reduced peak viscosity (53.92 – 148.83 RVU), trough viscosity (52.25 – 88.58 RVU), breakdown viscosity (1.67 – 60.25 RVU), final viscosity (74.08 – 191.25 RVU) and setback viscosity (21.83 – 102.67 RVU) of the composite flour. Composite bread had better protein (9.75 – 16.93%), fat (3.42 – 9.94%), ash (1.46 – 2.75%), crude fibre (0.86 – 3.64%) but reduced specific loaf volume (2.36 – 4.18 cm3/g) and loaf height (3.00 – 5.40cm) than the control, and exhibited appreciable antioxidant activity (DPPH: 31.60 – 73.09% and FRAP: 0.51 - 4.25 mg/g). In term of sensory acceptability composite bread samples produced with 5 and 10 % levels of African walnut compared favourably with bread produced from wheat flour. Thus composite flour produced from wheat and African walnut flours showed an array of physicochemical properties which could make it useful in different food applications. Acceptable bread could be produced from wheat flour substituted with African walnut flour at 10% level.

Walnut ointment promotes full-thickness burning wound healing: role of linoleic acid

Purpose: To investigate the active ingredients of walnut ointment (WO) and its mechanism in repairing wounds. Methods: The ingredients of WO were detected by gas chromatography­mass spectrometry. The effect of linoleic acid (LA) was tested by in vitro Alamar Blue (AB) reagent. Image J software, histological and immunohistochemical analysis were used to confirm the healing effect of LA in the porcine skin model. The animals were euthanized after the experiment by injection of pentobarbital sodium. Results: LA, 24% in WO, promotes keratinocytes and fibroblasts proliferation, which were 50.09% and 15.07% respectively higher than control (p < 0.05). The healing rate of the LA group (96.02% ± 2%, 98.58% ± 0.78%) was higher than the saline group (82.11% ± 3.37%, 88.72% ± 1.73%) at week 3 and week 4 (p < 0.05). The epidermal thickness of the LA was 0.16 ± 0.04 mm greater and the expression of the P63 and CK10 proteins was stronger in the LA group than the control (p < 0.05). Conclusions: LA, which is the main components in WO can promote full-thickness burning wounds (FBWs) by stimulating cell proliferation and differentiation.

Nutraceutical Potential and Antipsychotic Activity of Local Dry Fruit Waste – Juglans regia

Aim: To identify the biologically active components in shells of Juglans regia and study its nutraceutical potential and antipsychotic activity for effective waste management. Study Design: Biochemical and in vivo analyses of plant extract using established protocols. Place and Duration of Study: Sample extraction at Department of Food Science and technology, School of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, DY Patil deemed to be University, Navi Mumbai, India; sample components identification at Sophisticated Analytical Instrument facility (SAIF), Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Mumbai, India; and in vivo studies for antipsychotic activity using Caenorhabditis elegans at Department of Life Science and Biochemistry, St. Xavier’s College, Mumbai, India between November 2018 and May 2019. Methodology: The shells of Juglans regia were milled and the extract was prepared using Soxhlet extraction at 60oC using methanol as solvent. The GCMS analysis of the extract was carried out using a GC JEOL – The Accu TOF. Antipsychotic activity was studied using pharyngeal pumping assay in Caenorhabditis elegans. Results: GC-MS analysis of methanolic extract of shells of Juglans regia revealed the presence of Tridecanoic acid, Acetoxyacetic acid, nonyl ester, 2-hexenal, 2-ethyl, Eicosanoic acid, phenylmethyl ester, Undecane, Benzeneacetic acid decyl ester, (1-pentyl-allyoxymethoxy-methyl)-benzene), 9,12-octadecadienoic acid(Z,Z), phenylmethyl ester, Benzyl oxytridecanoic acid, 6,9,12- octadecatrienoic acid, phenylmethyl ester (Z,Z), 9- octadecanoic acid (Z), phenylmethyl ester, 9,12,15- octadecatrienoic acid, Z [(trimethyl (sil)oxy, 1 – trimethyl (sily)oxy] ethyl ester (Z,Z,Z). Furthermore, behavioural assay done using Caenorhabditis elegans as a model organism showed that the sample exerted antipsychotic activity at lowest concentration. Conclusion: The shells of Juglans regia being a natural source, can be used as an alternative to the synthetic antipsychotic drugs that have side effects. Our current work suggests that the walnut shells that end up into trash bins are an excellent source of effective natural biologically active compounds.

Polyphenolic extracts of walnut (Juglans regia) green husk containing juglone inhibit the growth of HL-60 cells and induce apoptosis

BACKGROUND: Juglone is a naphthoquinone currently obtained by chemical synthesis with biological activities including antitumor activity. Additionally, juglone is present in the green husk of walnut, which suggests evaluating the effect of GH extracts on carcinogenic cell lines. RESULTS: Walnut green husk ethanolic extract was obtained as 169.1 mg juglone/100 g Green Husk and antioxidant activity (ORAC) of 44,920 µmol Trolox Equivalent/100 g DW Green Husk. At 1 µM juglone in HL-60 cell culture, green husk extract showed an antiproliferative effect, but pure juglone did not; under these conditions, normal fibroblast cells were not affected. A dose-dependent effect on mitochondrial membrane potential loss was observed. Apoptosis of HL-60 was detected at 10 µM juglone. Despite high ORAC values, neither purified juglone nor the extract showed protective effects on HL-60 cells under oxidative conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Green husk extract generates an antiproliferative effect in HL-60 cells, which is related to an induction of the early stages of apoptosis and a loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. The normal cells were not affected when juglone is present at concentrations of 1 µM, while at higher concentrations, there is loss of viability of both cancerous and healthy cells.

Genomics: cracking the mysteries of walnuts

The Juglans plants are economically important as they provide nuts, wood and garden trees. They also play an important ecological role by supplying food for wild insects and animals. The decoding of genome sequences has fundamental values for understanding the evolution of Juglans plants and molecules, and is also a prerequisite for molecular breeding. During the last three years, the rapid development of sequencing technology has made walnut research into the genome era. Here, we reviewed the progress of genome sequencing of six Juglans species, the resequencing of four Juglans populations as well as the genome sequencing of the closely related species Pterocarya stenoptera. The analysis of the Juglans regia genome uncovers a whole genome duplication (WGD) event. Based on the molecular dating of the divergence time of six Juglans species, we proposed this WGD event was associated with Cretaceous–Palaeogene (K-Pg) boundary occurred ∼65 million years ago. Genomic sequences also provide clear details for understanding the evolution and development of GGT and PPO genes involved in fruit development. The decoding of these genomes has made it easier for us to understand and enhance the use of walnuts. We expect that the functional genomics research of walnut will also develop rapidly in the near future.

Effect of Some Preservatives on Nutritional Quality and Sensory Characteristics of Pickled African Walnut (Tetracarpidium conophorum)

This study was carried out between July-September, 2017 at Food and Industrial Microbiology Laboratory, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt Nigeria. 1 %, 3 % and 5 % citric acid were separately added to brine solution containing pickled African walnut inside three glass jars, and sterilised. Similarly, 1 %, 3 % and 5 % lactic acid was added to already sterilised pickled African walnut mixed with brine solution. Pickled African walnut without preservative was the control sample. The entire setup was stored for 6 Wks at room temperature (28±2°C). At 1 Wk interval, pH of the samples was monitored. Proximate composition and antinutrients in freshly cooked African walnut (FCAW) and pickle from each glass jar were determined using standard methods after 6 Wks storage period and sensory characteristics by 9 point Hedonic scale. The antinutrients, fibre, ash and carbohydrate content of FCAW were higher than that of pickled samples after 6 weeks storage period. The protein content of the pickles ranged between 24.12-25.20 %, ash 2.88-3.22 %, moisture 31.55-33.33 %, fat 28.30-29.24 %, fibre 0.90-1.21 % and carbohydrate 10.08-10.49 %. All the parameters evaluated showed significant differences (P = .05) among the samples. Very strong correlation exist between the proximate composition of the pickles preserved with same concentration of citric and lactic acid but level of antinutrients and sensory evaluation scores of the pickles exhibited weaker correlations with few exceptions. During storage, pH of FCAW steadily increased from 5.6-7.0 but that of pickled samples which ranged between1.8-4.0 decreased. The pickles met U.S. Code of Federal Regulations (21 CFR Part 114) which stipulate that acetic acid added to food products must maintain its pH at 4.6 or below. Sensory evaluation revealed that pickled African walnut preserved with 5 % lactic acid was most preferred. Pickled African walnut preserved with citric and lactic acid is well acceptable to consumers. The preservatives slightly affected its nutritional composition, reduced its pH and level of antinutrients.

Walnut phenolic extracts reduce telomere length and telomerase activity in a colon cancer stem cell model

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Telomeres are located at the chromosomal ends and progressively shortened during each cell cycle. Telomerase, which is regulated by hTERT and c-MYC, maintains telomeric DNA sequences. Especially, telomerase is active in cancer and stem cells to maintain telomere length for replicative immortality. Recently we reported that walnut phenolic extract (WPE) can reduce cell viability in a colon cancer stem cell (CSC) model. We, therefore, investigated the effect of WPE on telomere maintenance in the same model. MATERIALS/METHODS: CD133+CD44+ cells from HCT116, a human colon cancer cell line, were sorted by Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and treated with WPE at the concentrations of 0, 10, 20, and 40 µg/mL for 6 days. Telomere lengths were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) using telomere specific primers and DNA extracted from the cells, which was further adjusted with single-copy gene and reference DNA (ddCt ). Telomerase activity was also measured by qRT-PCR after incubating the PCR mixture with cell protein extracts, which was adjusted with reference DNA (dCt ). Transcriptions of hTERT and c-MYC were determined using conventional RT-PCR. RESULTS: Telomere length of WPE-treated cells was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner (5.16 ± 0.13 at 0 µg/mL, 4.79 ± 0.12 at 10 µg/mL, 3.24 ± 0.08 at 20 µg/mL and 3.99 ± 0.09 at 40 µg/mL; P = 0.0276). Telomerase activities concurrently decreased with telomere length (1.47 ± 0.04, 1.09 ± 0.01, 0.76 ± 0.08, and 0.88 ± 0.06; P = 0.0067). There was a positive correlation between telomere length and telomerase activity (r = 0.9090; P < 0.0001). Transcriptions of both hTERT and c-MYC were also significantly decreased in the same manner. CONCLUSIONS: In the present cell culture model, WPE reduced telomere maintenance, which may provide a mechanistic link to the effect of walnuts on the viability of colon CSCs.

Chemical constituents from green walnut husks and their antitumor activity in vitro / 中国中药杂志

Fourteen chemical constituents, including 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-1-tetralone(1), 4,8-dihydroxy-1-tetralone(2), 4,5-dihydroxy-α-tetralone(3), blumenol B(4), dehydrovomifoliol(5), megastigm-5-ene-3,9-diol(6), juglanin B(7), blumenol C(8), loliolide(9), oleracone B(10), syringarsinol(11), pinoresinol(12), methyl 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoate(13), and isovanillic acid(14), were isolated from the dichloromethane fraction of 95% methanol extract of green walnut husks by silica gel and MCI column chromatography, and Pre-HPLC. Their structures were determined by spectroscopic methods, such as NMR, MS and so on. Among them, compounds 1, 4-6, 8-13 were isolated from the green walnut husks for the first time, and compounds 4-6, 8, 10, 12, 13 were isolated from the Juglans genus for the first time. All of isolates were detected their inhibitory activities against HeLa, HGC-27 and Ht-29 cell lines by the MTT assay. The result showed that compounds 2, 3, 7, 9 and 11 exhibited inhibitory activity against the tested cell line. The IC_(50) of 7 were 26.5, 9.0, 25.4 μmol·L~(-1), respectively.

Advances in studies on naphthoquinones from green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica and their anticancer activities / 中草药

Green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica is the exocarp of the immature fruit of Juglans mandshurica. It has been used for thousands of years as a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. It is mainly used for antipyretic and detoxification, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory, analgesic and anti-malarial, and so on. In recent years, its anticancer activity has attracted widespread attention from domestic and foreign scientists. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that naphthoquinones are the main anticancer active ingredients of green walnut husks of J. mandshurica. In this review, we combed the naphthoquinone chemical components extracted from green walnut husks of J. mandshurica and described the chemical constituents of naphthoquinones with strong anticancer activity. It provides an important scientific basis for clarifying the pharmacodynamic basis of the anti-cancer effect of Chinese medicine green walnut husks of J. mandshurica.

Study on flavonoids from green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents from the green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica. Methods: The chemical constituents from the green walnut husks of J. mandshurica were isolated and purified by repeated silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and ODS column chromatography, and their structures were identified by NMR spectral analysis. Results: A total of 14 compounds were isolated from the green walnut husks of J. mandshurica, and identified as apigenin (1), tricin (2), eupatilin (3), 3,7,8,3’-tetrahydroxy-4’-methoxyflavone (4), 3,5-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-3’,4-methylenedioxyflavone (5), taxifolin (6), quercetin-3-O-(6″-galloyl)-β-D-galactopyranoside (7), quercetin-3-O-(4″-O-acetyl)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (8), engeletin (9), isoengeletin (10), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (11), quercetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (12), quercetin-3-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (13), and myricetin-3-O-β-D-glucuronide (14). Conclusion: Compounds 1-10, 12, and 14 are isolated from the green walnut husks of J. mandshurica for the first time.

Is There Any Necessity to Prescribe Consumption of Walnuts Cooked by Different Processing Techniques to Patients With Walnut Allergy?

The present study focused on identifying the usual methods of cooking walnuts in order to investigate changes in walnut allergen activity caused by cooking and evaluated the allergenic changes in walnut proteins within raw, dry-fried and boiled walnuts. Previous studies have reported a decrease in the allergen activity of walnut by thermal processing methods, which are not used in Korean kitchens, such as dry-frying and boiling. In Korea, Walnuts are consumed with rice and usually boiled and stir-fried with seasoning. Thus, the present study clarified the protein bands corresponding to raw walnuts and confirmed that the patterns of each walnut protein differ depending on cooking methods. This concern may be a very crucial point to understand the other tree nuts allergy as well as walnut allergy. The results of the present study differ from those of previous studies performed in Europe, although further studies with older participants are needed in order to draw more definite conclusions on lipid transfer protein (LTP). The other crucial point is that the findings of the present study support existing findings that the allergenic components of walnut have varying antigenicity depending on cooking methods. The allergenic components of walnut identified using diagnostic tests for walnut allergic patients could be reduced in walnuts cooked by different processing techniques. The allergenic components of walnut have varying allergen activity depending on cooking methods. Therefore, the allergenic components of walnuts identified using diagnostic tests for walnut allergic patients could allow physicians to prescribe consumption of walnuts cooked by different processing techniques to patients with walnut allergy.

Immunoglobulin E-binding Proteins of Cooked Walnuts in Korean Children

PURPOSE: The immunological characteristics of young Korean children with walnut (WN) allergy and the influence of different cooking methods on WN proteins have not been evaluated to date. This study aimed to evaluate the major WN allergens identified among Korean children, together with changes in WN antigenicity caused by common cooking methods. METHODS: We enrolled children under the age of 13 years with WN serum-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) E concentrations. The protein fractions of dry-fried and boiled WN extracts were compared with those of raw WNs using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), 2-dimentional gel electrophoresis (2DE) and a proteomic analysis using electrospray ionization (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry [LC-MS]). An immunoblotting analysis was conducted to examine IgE reactivity toward raw WNs using serum samples from 6 children with a clinical WN allergy. To determine the processed WN proteins with IgE-binding capacity, a 2D-immunoblotting analysis was performed using the pooled sera of 20 WN-sensitized children. RESULTS: Protein bands from raw WNs were identified at 9, 16, 28, 52, 58, and 64 kDa via SDS-PAGE. The 9- and 16-kDa protein bands were enhanced by boiling, whereas the 52- and 64-kDa bands were considerably diminished. On LC-MS analysis, of the 66 IgE-binding proteins present in raw WNs, 57 were found in dry-fried WNs, but only 4 in boiled WNs. The sera of 5 out of 6 participants reacted with the 52-kDa protein bands and those of 4 out of 6 participants reacted with the 16- and 28-kDa protein bands, respectively. Meanwhile, a 2D-immunoblotting result confirmed the presence of different binding patterns among children who consumed cooked WNs. CONCLUSIONS: The protein profile of boiled WNs is substantially different from that of raw WNs. However, 4 proteins including prolamins remained stable after dry-frying or boiling. Further studies are needed to evaluate the clinical relevance of these findings.

Optimization of Extraction Process for Walnut Quinone from Juglans Green Peel by Box-Behnken Response Surface / 中国中医药信息杂志

Objective To optimize extraction process of walnut quinone from Juglans green peel. Methods On the basis of single factor tests, taking material-liquid ratio, extracting temperature and ethanol concentration as independent variables, yield of walnut quinone in response to as a value, according to Box-Behnken experiment design principle, extraction process of walnut quinone from Juglans green peel was optimized by response surface analysis. Results The optimum extraction process of walnut quinone was: 14.30 times the amount of 89.81% ethanol;30.28 ℃ constant temperature. The extracting amount of walnut quinone was 2.034 mg/g, which was close to the experimental results of 1.957 mg/g. Conclusion The optimized extraction process is reasonable and feasible, which can provide reference for the extraction of walnut quinone from Juglans green peel.

Walnut-shell moxibustion for dry eye symptoms: a randomized controlled trial / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the effects of walnut-shell moxibusiton on dry eye symptoms.@*METHODS@#A total of 67 patients with dry eye symptoms were randomized into a walnut moxibustion group and a sodium hyaluronate eye drops group.@*METHODS@#In the walnut moxibustion group, the walnut moxibustion was used, once every two days, 3 times a week, for 4 weeks totally. In the sodium hyaluronate eye drops group, sodium hyaluronate eye drops were selected, 4 times a day, one drop instilled in each eye each time, for 4 weeks totally. At the baseline (before treatment) and in 4 weeks of treatment, the score of the ocular surface disease index (OSDI), the score of visual analogous scale (VAS) for eye symptoms, the tear film break-up time (BUT), the cornea fluorescent pigmentation (FL) and SchirmerⅠ(SchⅠ) were evaluated. In 1-month follow-up after treatment termination, the changes of OSDI and VAS scores were evaluated in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#In 4 weeks of treatment and the follow-up, OSDI scores were reduced as compared with those before treatment in the two groups (0.05). In 4 weeks of treatment and the follow-up, VAS scores were reduced as compared with those before treatment in the two groups (all 0.05). The differences were not significant in the above indexes between the two groups (all >0.05). There was no obvious adverse reaction in the two groups.@*CONCLUSION@#The walnut-shell moxibustion is available likely for the subjective symptoms in the patients with dry eye syndrome and contributes to the tear film stabilization. The therapeutic effects need to be further evaluated with the adequate sample size in the randomized controlled trial.

Chemical constituents of n-butanol fraction from green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica / 中草药

Objective To study the chemical constituents of the n-butanol part which extracted from green walnut husks of Juglans mandshurica with antitumor activity. Methods The chemical constituents from 95% EtOH extract of green walnut husks of J. mandshurica at room temperature were isolated and prepared by silica gel column, reversed-phase ODS, and pre-HPLC after n-butanol extraction, and their structures were elucidated by a variety of spectral and spectroscopic techniques. Results Eight compounds were isolated and identified as 4-hydroxy-4-(3’-hydroxyphenol) butanoic acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside ethyl ester (1), 4-hydroxy- 4-(3’-hydroxyphenyl) butyric acid-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside methyl ester (2), 1,4,8-trihydroxynaphthalene-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), 1,4,8-trihydroxy-3-naphthoic acid ethyl ester-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), (4S)-4,5,8-trihydroxy-α-tetralone-4-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (5), (4S)-4,5,8-trihydroxy-α-tetralone-5-O-β-D-[6’-O-(3″,4″,5″-trihydroxybenzoyl)] glucopyranoside (6), (4S)-4- hydroxy-α-tetralone-4-O-β-D-(6’-O-4’’-hydroxylbenzoyl)-glucopyranoside (7), and (4S)-4,5-dihydroxy-α-tetralone-4-O-β-D-(6’-O- 4’’-hydroxylbenzoyl)-glucopyranoside (8). Conclusion Compound 1 named juglanoside P and compound 2 namded juglanoside Q are both new compounds.

Um caso de alergia a romã e a noz ­ qual o papel da proteína de transferência lipídica Pru p 3? / A case of allergy to pomegranate and walnut: what is the role of lipid transfer protein Pru p 3?

As proteínas de transferência lipídica (LTPs) são pan-alergênios responsáveis pela reatividade cruzada entre frutos, vegetais e polens. A Pru p 3 (LTP presente no pêssego) é reconhecida como marcador de gravidade na alergia alimentar. A romã e a noz são frutos relatados como causas de reações alérgicas devido à existência de LTPs. Reportamos o caso de um adolescente admitido por urticária e edema labial após ingestão de romã, com história prévia semelhante após ingestão de noz. Os testes cutâneos revelaram positividade para extratos comerciais de noz e para a polpa de romã, e foram negativos para gramíneas e pêssego. Apresentava um doseamento de imunoglobulina E (IgE) total de 87,2 UI/mL e IgE específicas (sIgE) para noz e avelã positivas. O doseamento de sIgE pelo método ISAC (immuno-solid-phase allergen chip) revelou positividade para os alergênios da avelã (Cor a 8), do pêssego (Pru p 3) e da noz (Jug r 3). Não havia história de reação alérgica à ingestão de pêssego. O caso questiona a relevância da sensibilização ao Pru p 3 em doentes não alérgicos ao pêssego, e se este será o único marcador de reação cruzada com a romã.

Lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) are pan-allergens that are responsible for cross-reactivity between fruits, vegetables, and pollen. Pru p 3, the LTP present in the peach, is recognized as a marker of severity in food allergy. Pomegranate and walnut have been reported to be involved in allergic reactions due to the existence of LTPs. We report the case of a teenager admitted with rash and swollen lips after the ingestion of pomegranate, and reporting a similar reaction in the past after ingesting walnut. Skin tests showed positive results for commercial extracts of walnut and pomegranate pulp, and were negative for grass and peach. The total immunoglobulin E (IgE) was 87.2 IU/mL and specific IgE (sIgE) testing for walnut and hazelnut was positive. sIgE determination using the ISAC method (immuno-solid-phase allergen chip) was positive for hazelnut (Cor A 8), peach (Pru p 3) and walnut (Jug r3). There was no history of allergic reaction after the ingestion of peach. The present case questions the relevance of Pru p 3 in patients who are not allergic to peach, and whether this is the only cross-reactive marker with pomegranate.

Preparation of Phenyl-bonded High Specific Surface Area Activated Carbon and Its Adsorption to Volatile Organic Compounds / 分析化学

The activated carbon with high specific surface area was prepared by carbonization with walnut shell as raw material and activation by potassium hydroxide.The surface of activated carbon was then modified by phenyltrimethoxysilane to prepare phenyl-bonded high specific surface area activated carbon adsorption material.The specific surface area and pore size distribution of phenyl-bonded activated carbon were measured by nitrogen adsorption method.The organic functional groups of the phenyl-bonded activated carbon, the chemical environment of the surface elements and the crystal structure were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray powder diffraction method.The volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the air were absorbed by a sampling tube filled with the adsorption material prepared here, then desorbed into carbon disulfide solution and detected by gas chromatography.The saturated adsorption capacities of phenyl bonded activated carbon to 7 kinds of VOCs (ethanol, acetone, hexane, ethyl acetate, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dichloroethane, benzene) were in the range of 129-216 mg/g.In the range of 0.05-2.50 mg/mL, there was a good linear relationship between the peak height of the 7 components and the concentration, and the detection limits were in the range of 0.92-3.60 mg/m3.

Chemical constituents in green walnut husks of Juglans regia / 中草药

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in green walnut husks of Juglans regia. Methods: The chemical constituents were separated and purified by silica gel column chromatography and HPLC. Their structures were determined on the basis of spectroscopic analyses. Results: Fifteen compounds were isolated and the structures were identified as epi-dihydrophaseic acid (1), 4-butoxy-5, 8-dihydroxy-3, 4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one (2), 4-ethoxy-5, 8-dihydroxy-3, 4-dihydronaphthalen-1-one (3), myricatomento-genin (4), nodulisporone (5), 5, 8-dihydroxy-4S-methoxy-β-tethalone (6), 5-hydroxy-4-methoxy-α-naphthalen-1-one (7), isosclerone (8), 4, 5, 8-trihydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene-1-one (9), 1-ethyl malate (10), 1-buthyl malate (11), succinic acid (12), ethyl-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (13), 1α, 2α, 4β-trihydroxy-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydronaphthalene (14), and L-2-O-methyl-chiroinosicol (15). Conclusion: Compounds 5 and 10-14 are isolated from the green walnut husks of J. regia for the first time, and compounds 1, 4, and 15 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Pre-treatment effects of walnut kernel (Juglans regia) on brain edema, neuronal death and neurological scores in male rat after traumatic brain injury.

A common pathology in Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is brain edema that develops within hours of impact. It causes increased intracranial pressure (ICP), and nerve damage. It was shown that Walnut kernel (WK) has a large amount of phenolic compounds with beneficial effects on human health due to antioxidant and anti- inflammatory properties. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of WK feeding on brain edema, neurological score and neuronal degeneration in male rat after traumatic brain injury. The diffuse TBI was induced in adult male rats using Marmarou’s method. Sixty days prior to the injury, WK was added to ordinary food (6% percent of daily food). Experimental groups are included sham (no TBI and no WK), control (TBI and no WK) and treatment (TBI and WK). Brain edema and neuronal injury were measured 72 h after TBI. Veterinary Coma Scale (VCS) and ICP were assessed at -1, 4, 24, 48 and 72 h after TBI. Brain water content and ICP in treatment group decreased as compared to the control. Besides, VCS at 24, 48 and 72 h after TBI showed a significant increase in treatment group in comparison with control. Based on our data, WK pre-treatment may reduce pathological parameters after TBI in male rats.

Evaluation on the Effects of Different Drying Methods on the Quality of North Qinglongyi Based on Multi-ple Index / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To study the effects of different drying methods on the quality of North Qinglongyi,thus optimize the best drying way of North Qinglongyi. METHODS:North Qinglongyi was processed using five kinds of drying methods includ-ing drying in the shade,drying in the sun,oven drying,microwave drying,freeze drying and oven drying under different tempera-ture (40,50,60 ℃). The indicators were investigated,such as drying time,recovery rate of water,water content,alcohol ex-tract,content of active ingredients walnut quinone and juglone,in vitro anti-tumor activity of methanol extract to human gastric ade-nocarcinoma BGC823 cells and human lung cancer A549 cells. The effects of different drying methods on the quality of North Qinglongyi were analyzed comparatively. RESULTS:Among 5 kinds of drying method,microwave drying time was the shortest, and the time of drying in the shade was the longest;water content of sample with freeze drying was the highest,and that with mi-crowave drying was the lowest;the content of alcohol extract has little difference;the content of walnut quinone of sample with freeze drying was the highest,and that with microwave drying was the lowest;the content of juglone of sample dried at 40 ℃ was the highest,and that of freeze drying was the lowest;anti-tumor experiment in vitro showed that inhibition rate of sample with dif-ferent drying methods on the growth of 2 kinds of cells was in descending order of freeze drying>40 ℃ drying>drying in the shade,and the inhibition rate decreased with the increase of drying temperature. CONCLUSIONS:Different drying methods have obvious influence on the quality of North Qinglongyi. 40 ℃ drying method is the best for North Qinglongyi drying from the com-prehensive analysis including cost,the contents of effective composition,anti-tumor activity and practice.