Work-related stress and quality of life in nurses during the Covid-19 pandemic

Introduction: Work-related stress is the physical and emotional manifestation triggered by an imbalance in coping with perceived demands. One of the workers most affected by work-related stress is the nursing staff, a situation that was exacerbated during the COVID-19 pandemic and could affect their quality of life. Objective: To evaluate the connection between quality of life and work-related stress in nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: Analytical, cross-sectional study, with a quantitative approach. Descriptive statistics and multiple linear regression analysis were used for the present study. Results: A negative correlation was obtained between quality of life and stress level (r = -0,438, p < 0,01), and being a professional nurse was related to higher stress levels. On the other hand, being 31 years or older and having more than 12 months of work experience were associated with a higher quality of life score, while being female, single, divorced, or widowed and having higher acute stress scores indicated a significantly worse quality of life. Discussion: Acute stress negatively affects the quality of life of nurses during the COVID-19 pandemic and this differs significantly according to age, sex, marital status, and work experience. Conclusion: It is recommended that the health sector authorities design policies that guarantee strategies to improve the mental health of nursing personnel, as well as to guarantee fair and dignified treatment.

Prevalence and determinants of burnout among South African doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic

Background: Burnout, resulting from chronic workplace stress that has been unsuccessfully managed, has previously been documented in doctors. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased occupational challenges faced by doctors, potentiating their risk for burnout. Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence and determinants of burnout among medical doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Setting: Three public sector hospitals in Gqeberha, South Africa. Methods: A cross-sectional study of 260 voluntary participants was conducted. Participants completed self-administered electronic questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the determinants of burnout. Results: The prevalence of burnout in this study was 78%. Burnout was significantly associated with being a medical intern or community-service medical officer (adjusted odd ratio [AOR] = 6.72, 1.71­26.40), being in the lowest income band (AOR = 10.78, 2.55­45.49), and using alcohol to manage work-related stress (AOR = 3.01, 1.12­8.04). Job-related factors associated with burnout were experiencing high conflict at work (AOR = 5.04, 1.92­13.20) and high role ambiguity and role conflict (AOR = 4.49, 1.98­10.18). Low support at work (AOR = 9.99, 3.66­27.23), medium job satisfaction (AOR = 5.38, 2.65­10.93) and medium support at work (AOR = 3.39, 1.71­6.73) were positively associated with burnout. Participants with medium (AOR = 0.28, 0.10­0.80) and high levels of resilience (AOR = 0.08, 0.03­0.25) were protected against burnout. Coronavirus disease 2019-related factors were not significantly associated with burnout. Conclusion: The burnout prevalence among South African medical doctors at public hospitals during the COVID-19 pandemic was high and strongly associated with job stress factors. Contribution: Given the increased prevalence of burnout among doctors and the strong associations with job stress factors, mitigation of burnout requires targeted organisational interventions.

Estrés laboral, sensibilidad ética y consumo de alcohol en personal de enfermería de Puebla, México / Work-related stress, ethical sensitivity, and alcohol consumption among nursing professionals in Puebla, Mexico

INTRODUCCIÓN: Existen elevados porcentajes de estrés laboral en el personal de enfermería, ocasiona síntomas físicos y psicológicos, que pueden deteriorar la atención y disminuir la sensibilidad ética en el cuidado, lo que posibilita el incremento del consumo de alcohol. OBJETIVO: Identificar la relación que existe entre el estrés laboral, la sensibilidad ética y el consumo de alcohol en el personal de enfermería. METODOLOGÍA: Se utilizó un diseño correlacional, la población se conformó por 216 profesionales de enfermería de un hospital privado. Se llevó a cabo un muestreo por conveniencia, a través de la fórmula de población finita, la muestra se conformó de 168. Se aplicó la escala de estrés en enfermería (NSS), cuestionario de sensibilidad ética (MSQ) y AUDIT. RESULTADOS: El promedio de estrés fue del 33,95 y de sensibilidad ética de 66,34. La prevalencia del consumo de alcohol en el último mes fue de 32,1% y 17,9% en los últimos siete días, el consumo de alcohol sensato era superior. No se encontró relación entre el estrés laboral, sensibilidad ética y consumo de alcohol (p > .05); sin embargo, sí, con los factores que las componen; donde fuerza moral se relacionó negativamente con el estrés laboral, así como carga de trabajo con carga moral y fuerza moral (p <.05) y el consumo de alcohol dependiente positivamente con muerte y sufrimiento. CONCLUSIÓN: Los factores del estrés laboral disminuyen la sensibilidad ética, y la dependencia del consumo de alcohol se propicia por la muerte y sufrimiento en el personal de enfermería.

INTRODUCTION: There is a high percentage of work-related stress among nursing professionals. This situation provokes psychological and physical symptoms that can impair attention and decrease ethical sensitivity when taking care of patients, which, in turn, can increase alcohol consumption. OBJECTIVE: To identify the correlation between work-related stress, ethical sensitivity, and alcohol consumption among nursing professionals. METHODOLOGY: A correlational design was used drawing from a population of 216 nursing professionals from a private hospital. Convenience sampling through a finite population formula was employed and a sample of 168 was formed. Nursing Stress Scale (NSS), Moral Sensitivity Questionnaire (MSQ), and AUDIT were also applied. RESULTS: Averages for work-related stress and ethical sensitivity were 33.95 and 66.34, respectively. 32.1% consumed alcohol within the last month and 17.9% weekly. Prudent alcohol consumption was more common. No relation was found between work-related stress, ethical sensitivity, and alcohol consumption (p > .05); however, there is some relation between the factors integrating them. Moral strength was negatively connected to work-related stress, as were work responsibilities to moral burden and moral strength (p <.05). Alcohol consumption was positively connected to experiences of death and suffering. CONCLUSION: Among nursing professionals, work-related stress factors reduce ethical sensitivity, and alcohol dependence is affected by death and suffering in the work setting.

Bienestar y burnout en psiquiatras de Uruguay: estudio transversal descriptivo, año 2019 / Wellbeing and burnout in psychiatrists from Uruguay: transversal descriptive study, year 2019

El proceso de desarrollo profesional del psiquiatra lo hace especialmente vulnerable al agotamiento físico y emocional, puesto que el sujeto es la herramienta misma de atención en la relación médica. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal mediante una encuesta electrónica anónima para psiquiatras y estudiantes de posgrado de Psiquiatría de Uruguay, pertenecientes a la Sociedad Uruguaya de Psiquiatría y a la Asociación de Psiquiatras del Interior, con el objetivo de identificar y describir las características sociodemográficas y de trabajo del médico con especialización en Psiquiatría, así como elementos de burnout y la percepción del bienestar en Uruguay en el año 2019. Se identificó la influencia del multiempleo y la presencia de burnout en el entorno del 10 % de los profesionales. La mitad de los encuestados trabaja en la capital y área metropolitana del país, contribuyendo a la inhomogeneidad de la asistencia. Aún estando inmersos en el modelo de recuperación en el contexto de la nueva ley de salud mental es escaso el porcentaje de profesionales que se desempeña en el área de rehabilitación de personas con trastornos mentales graves.

Psychiatrists' professional development process renders them specially vulnerable to physical and emotional exhaustion due to the fact that psychiatrists themselves become a treatment tool in the clinical relationship. With the aim of identifying and describing socio-demographic and work features as well as burnout elements and well-being perception, a descriptive crosssectional study was carried out by means of an anonymous electronic survey for psychiatrists and medical doctors specializing in psychiatry in postgraduate courses belonging to the Sociedad Uruguaya de Psiquiatría and the Asociación de Psiquiatras del Interior in 2019. Influence of multi-employment and burnout was identified in 10% of the cases. Half of the assessed psychiatrists work in the capital city and metropolitan area, contributing to non homogeneous care. Only a small percentage work in rehabilitation, even if the new mental health law emphasizes this model of care for severe mental disorders.

Workplace Violence as a Predictor of Work‑Related Stress among Doctors

Introduction: Workplace violence (WPV) toward health‑care workers is increasing. The present study aims to estimate the proportionof resident doctors and interns of a tertiary care hospital who experienced WPV, to find out the perpetrators of WPV, and to ascertain any association between WPV and work‑related stress. Materials and Methods: This observational, institution‑based, cross‑sectional study included resident doctors and interns working in six different departments of a tertiary care hospital. Data collection was done using a predesigned, pretested semi‑structured self‑administered questionnaire adapted and validated from the “WPV in the health sector survey questionnaire” from WHO along with “Perceived occupational stress scale.” Results: Out of 323 participants, 247 (76.47%) experienced some form of WPV, 138 (42.72%) experienced physical violence and 203 (62.85%) experienced psychological violence. Patient relatives were reported as the only perpetrators of physical violence, while seniors of the study subjects were reported as main perpetrators of psychological violence. One hundred and thirty‑four (42%) individuals reported work‑related stress. On multivariate analysis, psychological violence was significantly associated with work‑related stress. Conclusion: WPV was experienced by a high proportion of study subjects. Psychological violence was more frequently experienced, and senior colleagues were deemed responsible in most cases. WPV may be associated with work‑related stress

Assessment of Occupational Stress among High School Teachers of Ahmedabad City, India

Background: Apart from teaching, school teachers are involved in much of the school related work which may eventually affect their psychological wellbeing. It is important to know the psychological impacts of such work related stress among school teachers. Objectives: To find out the prevalence of variables of the occupation stress among high school teachers using scale; To find out association between the selected personal variables with different component of occupational stress as defined in The School Teachers Job Stressor Scale-STJSS; Methods: STJSS was used as a tool for data collection. The sample size was calculated and the data were analyses for components of occupational stress by selecting 36 school teachers from each zone. Statistical analysis was done using proportions, Kurtosis-Skewness and Chi-square test. Results: Among a total of 218 school teachers, Male teachers had significantly higher proportions of anxiety (72.72%) and depression (76.66%) than female counterparts. On the other hand, female teachers (38.88%) were more likely to feel “additional work-load” than the males (21.09%). Depression was more common in overweight (18.51%) and obese (23.07%) participants. Conclusion: Demographic variables like age and gender had significant associations with occupational stressors among the school teachers. The need of psychological improvements among school teachers should be the area of focus including school health.

The mediating role of work-family conflict in the relationship between organizational justice and work-related stress / Rol mediador del conflicto trabajo-familia en la relación entre justicia organizacional y estrés laboral

Abstract Although the effects of overall organizational justice on perceptions of work-related stress have been demonstrated in previous studies, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are not explicit. Current research suggests that supervisors who are perceived as fair enhance employees' ability to balance their work and family roles, positively impacting their stress levels. The aim of this research is to examine the mediating role of work-family conflict in the relationship between perceptions of overall organizational justice and work-related stress in a Latin-American work context; also analyze gender differences in work-family/work-family conflict. 129 workers belonging to a Chilean public institution participated and answered a self-report questionnaire. Analyses were done using bivariate correlations of Pearson, Tau-b of Kendall, Student t-test and structural equation modeling. The results showed the existence of a significant negative correlation between perceptions of overall organizational justice and work-related stress. Furthermore, this relationship was partially mediated by work-family conflict, which means, perceptions of organizational justice were directly and indirectly associated with work-related stress, through work-family conflict. With respect to the gender variable and the work-family, no significant differences were found. This study contributes empirical evidence regarding the importance of perceptions of overall organizational justice and the work-family conflict on work-related stress, and the results obtained guide the diagnosis and the design of more specific models of prevention and intervention from the perspective of occupational health psychology.

Resumen Si bien los efectos de las percepciones de justicia organizacional global sobre las percepciones de estrés laboral han sido demostrados en estudios previos, los mecanismos que subyacen a esta relación no resultan explícitos. La investigación actual plantea que las jefaturas percibidas como más justas potencian la capacidad del trabajador para conciliar sus roles laborales y familiares, impactando positivamente sus niveles de estrés. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar, en un contexto laboral latinoamericano, el rol mediador del conflicto trabajo-familia en la relación entre las percepciones de justicia organizacional global y estrés laboral; y analizar diferencias entre hombres y mujeres respecto al conflicto trabajo-familia. Participaron 129 trabajadores pertenecientes a una institución pública chilena, quienes contestaron un cuestionario de autoreporte. Se efectuaron correlaciones bivariadas de Pearson, Tau-b de Kendall, prueba t de Student y modelamiento de ecuaciones estructurales. Los resultados mostraron la existencia de una correlación negativa y significativa entre las percepciones de justicia organizacional global y el estrés laboral. Además, esta relación estuvo mediada parcialmente por el conflicto trabajo-familia, es decir, las percepciones de justicia organizacional se asociaron de manera directa e indirecta al estrés laboral, a través del conflicto trabajo-familia. Respecto de la variable género y el conflict trabajo-familia, no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Este estudio aporta evidencia empírica sobre la importancia de las percepciones de justicia organizacional global, y sus resultados orientan el diagnóstico y la elaboración de modelos de prevención e intervención más específicos desde el campo de la psicología de la salud ocupacional.

Construction of work-related stress risk management index system for medical personnel in China based on Delphi method / 环境与职业医学

Background Despite the growing occupational stress of medical personnel, there is no occupational stress risk management index system for medical personnel in China, and the related risk management work is unfounded. Objective To construct a work-related stress risk management index system for medical personnel in China based on Delphi method. Methods On the basis of literature review and expert interview, an index pool of work-related stress risk management for medical personnel was preliminarily constructed. Through two-round Delphi method, experts' opinions on the importance, operability, familiarity, and judgment basis of candidate indicators were collected, and an index system for work-related stress risk management of medical personnel was constructed. Results Fifteen expert opinions were collected in each of the two rounds, with a recovery rate of 100%. The expert authority coefficients were all >0.9. In the first round, the importance score was 9.78±0.35, the coefficient of variation was 0-0.22, and the Kendall coordination coefficient was 0.215 (P<0.01); in the second round, the importance score was 9.82±0.26, the coefficient of variation was 0-0.13, and the Kendall coordination coefficient was 0.208 (P<0.01). Finally, the index system of work-related stress risk management for medical personnel was composed of 10 first-level indexes, 28 second-level indexes, and 47 third-level indexes. The 10 first-level indexes were job demand, job control, organizational support, interpersonal relationships, role conflict, doctor-patient conflict and medical disputes, work-life conflict, professional self-identity, workplace environment, and social environment, respectively. Conclusion A preliminary refined work-related stress risk management index system for medical personnel in China has been established, but the indicators will be further modified by verification and application of the indicator system.

Preditores de estresse no trabalho e de uso do álcool entre docentes de uma universidade pública / Predictors of work stress and alcohol use among faculty members at a public university

O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar, entre os docentes de uma universidade pública paulista, fatores associados ao nível de estresse no trabalho e padrão de uso do álcool. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico, transversal e de caráter correlacional-descritivo, desenvolvido em um campus universitário de uma universidade pública localizada no interior paulista. O total de 253 docentes participou do estudo. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos para a coleta online de dados: questionário sobre dados sociodemográficos, econômicos, histórico de saúde, trabalho docente e uso de psicofármacos; a Escala de Estresse no Trabalho (EET) para avaliar o nível de estresse; o Teste para Identificação de Problemas Relacionados ao Álcool (AUDIT) e o Self-Reporting Questionnaire - (SRQ-20) para estimar a prevalência de TMC. Para análise dos dados referentes às variáveis desfecho estresse no trabalho e uso de álcool, foram realizadas análises univariadas e modelos de regressão logística multivariada, sendo consideradas significativas as associações com valor de p <0,05. Os resultados mostraram que 9,1% dos participantes do estudo apresentaram estresse no trabalho de nível alto e, em relação ao padrão de uso do álcool, 9,9% foram classificados na zona II (consumo de risco) e 1,2% zona IV (provável dependência). Na análise univariada, houve associação entre estresse no trabalho de nível alto e sexo, idade, cor da pele, orientação sexual, situação conjugal e carga horária de aula/semana. No modelo de regressão logística para predição de estresse no trabalho, foram identificados como fatores de risco: ser do sexo feminino, idade inferior a 40 anos, orientação homossexual, carga horária de aulas semanais acima de 10 horas, e ser positivo para TMC. Em relação ao uso do álcool, na análise univariada, identificou-se associação entre uso de risco e provável dependência e as variáveis sexo, idade, problemas clínicos de saúde, quantidade de problemas clínicos de saúde, uso de cigarro, problemas de saúde agrupados por sistemas, uso de medicamentos para o trato alimentar e metabolismo, uso de psicofármacos hipnóticos e área de conhecimento do curso em que o docente ministra aula (ciências da saúde e ciências sociais aplicadas). No modelo de regressão logística para predição do uso de risco ou provável dependência do álcool, foram fatores de risco: ser do sexo masculino, idade inferior a 40 anos, uso de tabaco, apresentar problemas de saúde, ministrar aula na área das ciências sociais aplicadas e utilizar medicamentos hipnóticos. Os achados deste estudo apontam para a necessidade de viabilizar intervenções com base nos fatores de risco identificados na presente pesquisa, visando ao êxito nas estratégias de prevenção e redução de estresse no trabalho e uso de álcool entre docentes universitários

The objective of this study was to identify, among the professors of a public university in São Paulo, factors associated with the level of stress at work and pattern of alcohol use. This is an epidemiological, cross-sectional, correlational-descriptive study, developed in a university campus of a public university located in the interior of São Paulo. A total of 253 faculty members participated in the study. The following instruments were used for online data collection: a questionnaire about sociodemographic and economic data, health history, teaching work, and use of psychotropic drugs; the Scale of Stress at Work (TSS) to assess stress level; the Test for Identification of Alcohol-Related Problems (AUDIT) and the Self-Reporting Questionnaire - (SRQ-20) to estimate the prevalence of CMT. Univariate analyses and multivariate logistic regression models were performed to analyze the data related to the outcome variables work stress and alcohol use. The results showed that 9.1% of the study participants had high levels of work stress, and, regarding the pattern of alcohol use, 9.9% were classified as zone II (risky drinking) and 1.2% as zone IV (probable dependence). In the univariate analysis there was an association between high levels of job stress and gender, age, skin color, sexual orientation, marital status and class hours/week. In the logistic regression model for predicting job stress, the risk factors identified were being female, younger than 40 years old, homosexual orientation, more than 10 hours of classes per week, and being positive for CMT. Regarding alcohol use, the univariate analysis identified an association between risk use and probable dependence and the variables gender, age, clinical health problems, number of clinical health problems, cigarette use, health problems grouped by systems, use of medications for the alimentary tract and metabolism, use of hypnotic psychotropic drugs, and area of knowledge of the course the professor teaches (health sciences and applied social sciences). In the logistic regression model for predicting risk use or probable alcohol dependence, the risk factors were: being male, younger than 40 years old, tobacco use, health problems, teaching in the area of applied social sciences, and use of hypnotic drugs. The findings of this study point to the need for feasible interventions based on the risk factors identified in this research, aiming at the success of strategies for prevention and reduction of work-related stress and alcohol use among university professors

Condições de trabalho entre diferentes categorias profissionais da área hospitalar / Comparación de las condiciones de trabajo entre diferentes categorías profesionales del área hospitalaria / Working conditions among different professional categories of the hospital area

RESUMO Objetivo comparar as condições de trabalho em relação à demanda, controle e suporte social entre profissionais da enfermagem, nutrição e higiene e limpeza. Método estudo quantitativo com 227 profissionais de um hospital geral do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, por meio da aplicação do Job Content Questionnaire. Para as análises, foi utilizado o software SPSS e testes estatísticos. Resultados os profissionais da limpeza exibiram condições sociais de vida inferiores, com renda até dois salários-mínimos (88,5%); sem ensino superior (98,7%); classe social CDE (78,2%); cor negra ou parda (55,2%). Em relação à demanda, não houve diferenças significativas entre as equipes. Quanto ao controle, a enfermagem apresentou melhores condições e a limpeza as piores. A enfermagem apresentou melhores índices de suporte social e a nutrição os piores. Conclusão salientou-se que é necessária a implementação de estratégias de melhoria das condições de trabalho para minimizar o estresse e o adoecimento.

RESUMEN Objetivo comparar las condiciones de trabajo en relación con la demanda, el control y el apoyo social entre profesionales de Enfermería, Nutrición e higiene y limpieza. Método estudio cuantitativo realizado con 227 profesionales de un hospital general del estado de San Pablo, Brasil, con aplicación del Job Content Questionnaire. Para los análisis se utilizó el software SPSS, además de pruebas estadísticas. Resultados los profesionales del área de Limpieza presentaron condiciones sociales de vida inferiores, con ingresos de hasta dos salarios mínimos (88,5%); sin educación superior (98,7%); clases sociales C/D/E (78,2%); y color de piel negro o pardo (55,2%). En relación con la demanda, no se registraron diferencias significativas entre los equipos. Con respecto al control, las áreas de Enfermería y Limpieza presentaron las mejores y peores condiciones, respectivamente. Los sectores de Enfermería y de Nutrición presentaron los mejores y peores índices de apoyo social, respectivamente. Conclusión se destacó que es necesario implementar estrategias para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo a fin de minimizar el estrés y las enfermedades.

ABSTRACT Objective to compare the working conditions in relation to demand, control and social support among Nursing, Nutrition, and Hygiene and cleaning professionals. Method a quantitative study conducted with 227 professionals from a general hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, by applying the Job Content Questionnaire. The SPSS software and statistical tests were used for the analyses. Results the cleaning professionals presented lower social living conditions, with incomes up to two minimum wages (88.5%); no higher education (98.7%); social classes C/D/E (78.2%); and black or brown skin color (55.2%). There were no significant differences between the teams in relation to the demand. Regarding control, Nursing and Cleaning presented the best and worst working conditions, respectively. Nursing and Nutrition presented the best and worst social support indices, respectively. Conclusion it was emphasized that it is necessary to implement strategies aimed at improving the working conditions in order to minimize stress and illness.

Condições de trabalho entre diferentes categorias profissionais da área hospitalar / Comparación de las condiciones de trabajo entre diferentes categorías profesionales del área hospitalaria / Working conditions among different professional categories of the hospital area

RESUMO Objetivo comparar as condições de trabalho em relação à demanda, controle e suporte social entre profissionais da enfermagem, nutrição e higiene e limpeza. Método estudo quantitativo com 227 profissionais de um hospital geral do estado de São Paulo, Brasil, por meio da aplicação do Job Content Questionnaire. Para as análises, foi utilizado o software SPSS e testes estatísticos. Resultados os profissionais da limpeza exibiram condições sociais de vida inferiores, com renda até dois salários-mínimos (88,5%); sem ensino superior (98,7%); classe social CDE (78,2%); cor negra ou parda (55,2%). Em relação à demanda, não houve diferenças significativas entre as equipes. Quanto ao controle, a enfermagem apresentou melhores condições e a limpeza as piores. A enfermagem apresentou melhores índices de suporte social e a nutrição os piores. Conclusão salientou-se que é necessária a implementação de estratégias de melhoria das condições de trabalho para minimizar o estresse e o adoecimento.

RESUMEN Objetivo comparar las condiciones de trabajo en relación con la demanda, el control y el apoyo social entre profesionales de Enfermería, Nutrición e higiene y limpieza. Método estudio cuantitativo realizado con 227 profesionales de un hospital general del estado de San Pablo, Brasil, con aplicación del Job Content Questionnaire. Para los análisis se utilizó el software SPSS, además de pruebas estadísticas. Resultados los profesionales del área de Limpieza presentaron condiciones sociales de vida inferiores, con ingresos de hasta dos salarios mínimos (88,5%); sin educación superior (98,7%); clases sociales C/D/E (78,2%); y color de piel negro o pardo (55,2%). En relación con la demanda, no se registraron diferencias significativas entre los equipos. Con respecto al control, las áreas de Enfermería y Limpieza presentaron las mejores y peores condiciones, respectivamente. Los sectores de Enfermería y de Nutrición presentaron los mejores y peores índices de apoyo social, respectivamente. Conclusión se destacó que es necesario implementar estrategias para mejorar las condiciones de trabajo a fin de minimizar el estrés y las enfermedades.

ABSTRACT Objective to compare the working conditions in relation to demand, control and social support among Nursing, Nutrition, and Hygiene and cleaning professionals. Method a quantitative study conducted with 227 professionals from a general hospital in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, by applying the Job Content Questionnaire. The SPSS software and statistical tests were used for the analyses. Results the cleaning professionals presented lower social living conditions, with incomes up to two minimum wages (88.5%); no higher education (98.7%); social classes C/D/E (78.2%); and black or brown skin color (55.2%). There were no significant differences between the teams in relation to the demand. Regarding control, Nursing and Cleaning presented the best and worst working conditions, respectively. Nursing and Nutrition presented the best and worst social support indices, respectively. Conclusion it was emphasized that it is necessary to implement strategies aimed at improving the working conditions in order to minimize stress and illness.

Un llamado a dignificar la labor del personal de salud / A call for dignifying health personnel's work / Um chamado para dignificar o trabalho do pessoal de saúde

Em momentos de crise, são evidentes a magnitude e o impacto tanto das situações que de maneira oculta comprometem o bem-estar, quanto daquelas que se constituem em fatores protetores de saúde e da qualidade de vida. Vários autores (1) apontam as limitações dos modelos de saúde sujeitos à dinâmica do mercado, que, somadas à presença de iniquidades, fazem com que a lacuna para uma assistência oportuna e de qualidade seja cada vez maior. Além disso, exigem o reconhecimento efetivo do direito à saúde.De outro lado, as condições psicossociais caracterizadas pela incerteza do trabalho, a presença de vários tipos de violência, a fragmentação das redes de apoio primárias e institucionais e as atuais condições associadas à pandemia pelo COVID-19 têm um grande impacto em áreas importantes para o ser humano, como a sua vida social, familiar e conjugal, sendo reconhecidas como fatores favoráveis à geração de expressões emocionais e comportamentais de diferente ordem, que dinamizam estratégias de enfrentamento ao nível individual, familiar e comunitário. Tendo em vista que os profissionais de saúde são chamados a ser a primeira linha de cuidado nessas situações, as expressões de enfrentamento podem se consolidar como fator protetor ou de risco para a presença de estresse (2).Embora essa situação ocorra na população em geral, os trabalhadores de saúde vivenciam, por um lado, a satisfação de cuidar da vida e, por outro, níveis mais elevados de estresse (3) que colocam em risco sua saúde mental, por causa do alto grau de exigência e comprometimento com o trabalho, com implementação insuficiente das normas vigentes e condições assistenciais que transgridem os direitos por parte das instituições prestadoras de serviços de saúde.

In times of crisis, the magnitude and impact of situations that concealingly undermine well-being and situations that constitute protective factors for health and quality of life become evident. Several authors (1) point out the limitations of health models subjected to market dynamics, which, added to inequities, widen the gap for timely and quality care. Besides, they demand the effective recognition of the right to health.On the other hand, psychosocial conditions characterized by job uncertainty, presence of different types of violence, primary and institutional support networks fragmentation, and current conditions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have a great impact on important areas for human beings such as social, family, and couple life, factors conducive to allow different kinds of emotional and behavioral expressions, which activate coping strategies in the individual, family, and community. Moreover, considering that health professionals are called to be the first line of care in these situations, coping expressions can be consolidated as a protective or risk factor for stress (2).Although this situation is present in the general population, health care workers experience the satisfaction of caring for life on the one hand, and higher levels of stress on the other hand (3), putting their mental health at risk due to the high demands of and commitment to their work, with the insufficient implementation of current regulations, and care conditions that violate the rights by health care providers.Unprecedented events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, going on for more than a year now, have uncovered the "humanity" and actual value of health personnel in society. This health emergency soon led to developing strategies to deal with what was seen as a threat to health systems without solid foundations. Initially, chaos ensued, and health personnel was on a two-way street:

En momento de crisis se evidencia la magnitud y el impacto tanto de situaciones que de manera soterrada menoscaban el bienestar, como de aquellas que constituyen factores protectores de la salud y la calidad de vida. Diversos autores (1) señalan las limitaciones de los modelos de salud sujetos a la dinámica del mercado que, sumadas a la presencia de inequidades, hacen cada vez mayor la brecha para una atención oportuna y con calidad. Ademas, reclaman el efectivo reconocimiento del derecho a la salud.De otra parte condiciones psicosociales caracterizadas por la incertidumbre laboral, la presencia de diversos tipos de violencia, la fragmentación de las redes de apoyo primarias e institucionales y las condiciones actuales asociadas a la pandemia por COVID-19 tienen un gran impacto en áreas importantes para los seres humanos como son su vida social, familiar y de pareja, reconociéndose como factores propicios para la generación de expresiones emocionales y comportamentales de diverso orden, que dinamizan estrategias de afrontamiento a nivel individual, familiar y comunitario. Teniendo en cuenta que los profesionales de la salud están llamados a ser primera línea de atención en estas situaciones, las expresiones de afrontamiento pueden consolidarse como factor protector o de riesgo para la presencia de estrés (2).Si bien esta situación se presenta en la población en general, los trabajadores de la salud experimentan, por un lado, la satisfacción de cuidar la vida y, por otro, mayores niveles de estrés (3) que ponen en juego su salud mental, a causa del alto grado de exigencia y compromiso con la labor, con una implementación insuficiente de la normatividad vigente y unas condiciones asistenciales que vulneran los derechos por parte de las instituciones prestadoras de servicios en salud.

Factors associated with occupational stress among nursing professionals in health services of medium complexity / Factores asociados al estrés laboral entre profesionales de enfermería en servicios de salud de mediana complejidad / Fatores associados ao estresse ocupacional entre profissionais de enfermagem em serviços de saúde de média complexidade

ABSTRACT Objective: To analyze the factors associated with occupational stress among nursing workers in health services of medium complexity. Methods: Epidemiological, cross-sectional, exploratory study. A randomly selected sample of 126 nursing professionals from medium complexity services in three cities in the state of Bahia (Santo Antônio de Jesus, Feira de Santana and Itabuna) was investigated. Data were collected in 2011 and 2012. The demand-control model proposed by Karasek was used to assess occupational stress. Simultaneous analysis of occupational stressors was performed using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: The prevalence of occupational stress among nursing professionals was 77%. Occupational stress was associated with the professional category of nursing technician (p=0.01). Conclusion: The data indicates a concerning situation of exposure to occupational stressors, which requires coping strategies in order to protect the health of the worker.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar los factores asociados al estrés laboral entre trabajadores de enfermería de servicios de salud de mediana complejidad. Métodos: estudio epidemiológico, de diseño transversal y exploratorio. Se investigó una muestra de 126 profesionales de enfermería en tres municipios de Bahía. Los datos se recogieron durante los años 2011 y 2012. Para evaluar el estrés laboral, se utilizó el modelo demanda-control propuesto por Karasek. El análisis simultáneo de los factores laborales estresores se llevó a cabo mediante la regresión de Poisson con variancia robusta. Resultados: La prevalencia del estrés laboral entre profesionales de enfermería era del 77%. Dicho estrés estaba asociado a la categoría profesional de técnico/a de enfermería (p=0,01). Conclusión: Los datos demuestran la existencia de una situación preocupante en ese grupo, con exposición a estresores laborales, haciéndose necesario la adopción de estrategias de enfrentamiento a fin de garantizar una protección integral para la salud de los trabajadores.

RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar os fatores associados ao estresse ocupacional entre trabalhadores de enfermagem dos serviços de saúde de média complexidade. Métodos: Estudo epidemiológico, transversal, exploratório. Investigou-se amostra, aleatoriamente selecionada, de 126 profissionais de enfermagem dos serviços de média complexidade de três municípios na Bahia: Santo Antônio de Jesus, Feira de Santana e Itabuna. Os dados foram coletados nos anos de 2011 e 2012. Para avaliar o estresse ocupacional, utilizou-se o modelo demanda-controle, proposto por Karasek. A análise simultânea dos fatores ocupacionais estressores foi feita com emprego de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Resultados: A prevalência de estresse ocupacional entre profissionais de enfermagem foi de 77%. Estresse ocupacional associou-se à categoria profissional de técnico/a de enfermagem (p=0,01). Conclusão: Os dados evidenciam situação preocupante de exposição desse grupo a estressores ocupacionais, sendo necessária a adoção de estratégias de enfrentamento a fim de garantir proteção integral à saúde do/a trabalhador/a.

Clima ético, estrés de conciencia y laboral de enfermeras y médicos que laboran en cuidados intensivos neonatal / Ethical Climate, Stress of Conscience and Work-Related Stress in Nurses and Doctors Working in Neonatal Intensive Care / Clima ético, estresse de consciência e de trabalho em enfermeiros e médicos que trabalham em terapia intensiva neonatal

Resumen: El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la relación entre la percepción del clima ético, el estrés moral y el relacionado con el trabajo. El diseño fue descriptivo correlacional y el muestreo fue tipo censo con un total de muestra de 106 participantes (80 profesionales de enfermería y 26 médicos). Los resultados mostraron que existe una relación negativa y significativa del clima ético con el estrés laboral (r s =-.326, p<.01). Además, se identificó como hallazgo adicional que el clima ético predice el estrés relacionado con el trabajo, tanto en médicos como en enfermeras (R2=7.9, p=.004). La evidencia científica del presente estudio confirma que la bioética como ciencia debe ser competencia de todos los profesionales de la salud y, en particular, de la enfermería, debido a los desafíos éticos y morales de su práctica profesional, especialmente en áreas críticas debido a las políticas, la normatividad y los recursos con los que cuentan el lugar de trabajo. Tanto el clima ético como el estrés moral y laboral deben ser considerados por las Instltuclones de salud, tenlendo en cuenta que pueden Influir negativamente en la salud de los médicos y enfermeras que brlndan los cuidados, lo cual limita la calldad de la atenclón.

Abstract: The objective of this study is to determine relationship between the perception of ethical climate, moral stress and work-related stress. The design was descriptive correlational, and the sampling was census-type with a total sample of 106 participants (80 nursing professionals and 26 doctors). Results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between the ethical climate and work-related stress (r s =-.326, p<.01). An additional finding was that the ethical climate predicts work-related stress, both in doctors and in nurses (R2=7.9, p=.004). Scientific evidence found in this study confirms that bioethics as a science should be a competence required for all health professionals and ,in particular nurses due to the ethical and moral challenges faced in their professional practice, especially in critical areas due to the policies, regulations and resources they count on at the workplace. The ethical climate as well as the moral and work stress have to be considered by the health institutions, taking into account that they can have a negative effect on the doctors and nurses' health, which limits the quality of health care they provide.

Resumo: O objetlvo deste estudo foi determinar a relação entre a percepção do clima ético, do estresse moral e do estresse no âmbito do trabalho. O desenho foi correlacional descritivo e a amostra foi do tipo censo, com uma amostra total de 106 participantes (80 profissionais de enfermagem e 26 médicos). Os resultados mostraram que existe uma relação negativa e significativa entre o clima ético e o estresse no trabalho (rs =-.326, p<.01). Adicionalmente, chegamos à conclusão de que o clima ético prediz o estresse relacionado ao trabalho, tanto em médicos quanto em enfermeiras (R2=7.9, p=.004). As evidências científicas do presente estudo confirmam que a bioética, como ciência, deve ser competência de todos os profissionais de saúde e, em particular, dos enfermeiros, devido aos desafios éticos e morais de sua prática profissional, principalmente em áreas críticas, por causa das políticas, regulamentos e recursos disponíveis no local de trabalho. As instituições de saúde devem considerar tanto o clima ético quanto o estresse moral e ocupacional, já que eles podem influenciar negativamente a saúde dos médicos e enfermeiros que prestam assistência, o que limita a qualidade da atenção.

Psychological stress among post-graduate medical resident doctors: A cross-sectional study in a tertiary care hospital in Central India

Background: Medical residents are exposed to numerous stressors during their post-graduate training which affects them both physically and emotionally. This stress can have a profound impact on the resident’s ability to work and perform activities of daily living. Objectives: The goals of this study are to (1) estimate the psychological stress in medical post-graduate doctors and (2) study the sociodemographic factors associated with stress in post-graduate doctors. Materials and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of resident doctors in a tertiary care hospital in Central India. A total of 130 medical residents at a tertiary hospital in Central India were surveyed anonymously using the Kessler psychological distress reporting scale questionnaire (K10) + self-reporting measure. Descriptive statistics as well as Pearson’s Chi-square test (χ2) and odds ratios were used to quantify the associations between categorical variables using SPSS v24.0 software. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: A total of 131 (of 138, with a response rate of 95%) medical post-graduate residents were participated in this study. The mean age of study participants was 27 years. The results showed that there was no statistical gender difference when it came to reports of stress among the residents. Moderate amounts of stress were reported by the residents, with some of this stress requiring time off from the residency and/or medical care. Conclusions: This study has shown that postgraduate medical residents at a tertiary care hospital in Central India experience increased amounts of stress during their residency training.

The result of the changes of the work-related stress of physicians and nurses with the critical ill patient units / Монголын эм зүй, эм судлал

Background@#The career and work of medical workers are considered to be the occupation of the highly responsible job of the worldwide. @*Goal@#To identify the percentage of the work-related stress, the burnout, and the symptoms of work-related stress of the physicians and nurses who is working at the critical and intensive care units of UB hospitals. @*Materials and methodology@#The survey was done by quantitative methods and cross sectional design. The study data was collected using the validated questionnaire for the work related stress. The results of the study were analyzed by the Microsoft Excel and SPSS 20 program. @*Results@#The response rate was 97.3% The study found that 78.7% of respondents reported having regular stress; and 89.4% of all participants in the survey had a personal burnout, 90.4% had work-related burnout and 94.5% had a high level of client-related burnout.</br> Physical symptoms include the insomnia 76.7%; psychological symptoms - the headaches 65%; behavioral symptoms as like forgetfulness and annoyance 53.3%; cognitive symptoms as like an increase in sick days or absenteeism by 40% for all physicians and nurses.

Work-related stress dimensions among a subsidiary company workers of Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company

Background: Work-related stress and its causes are among the most important issues which can seriously challenge organizational efficiency and employees' health. Different occupational environments and groups have different levels of job stress. The present study aimed to investigate relationships between job stress and its dimensions with three occupational groups (administrative, administrative-operational, and operational) among a subsidiary company workers of Iranian Oil Refining and Distribution Company.Methods: The present study had descriptive-analytical and cross-sectional type and was conducted among 468 out of 503 employees (with entry condition of a year of work experience as well as an official and contractual membership) volunteered to participate in research. Data collection tools included demographic questions and job stress questionnaire as well as human resource department information to determine occupational group of employees. Descriptive statistics, statistical tests, Independent test, and one-way ANOVA in addition to SPSS 21 software were used for data analysis.Results: There were significant relationships between age, education levels, work experience and smoking with mean score of job stress (P-value 0.05).Conclusion: Exposure to different occupational harmful agents, facing with different safety risks, being far from family, heavy workload, and uncertain employee roles have significantly increased job stress in both operational and executive occupation groups compared to other two occupational groups; hence, there is a positive correlation between high job stress and operational jobs.

Shift work and work- related stress symptoms in health care workers in a tertiary hospital in Medellín, Colombia: A cross-sectional study / Síntomas de estrés laboral y trabajo por turnos en trabajadores de la salud en una institución de tercer nivel en Medellín, Colombia: un estudio transversal

Abstract Background: Shift work is a very common characteristic in healthcare and has been associated with work-related stress. Objective: This study aimed to research about the relationship between current shift work and work-related stress symptoms presented in healthcare workers in a clinical setting in Medellin, Colombia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January to July in 2014. A total of 50.5 % of participants performed their work activities in rotating shifts and 49.5% worked only during the day. Most of the professionals who participated in the survey were nurses and administrative staff. Participants completed demographic, occupational and lifestyle questionnaire, and a self-reported work-related stress symptoms instrument. Results: The study sample consisted of 160 (80%) females and 40 (20%) males. The average age was 35.1 ± 9.1. Generally, no significant differences were found in relation to psychological and emotional symptoms of social, intellectual and occupational behavior in shift workers compared to daytime workers. In a stratified analysis, among the nurses and nursing assistants group, those engaging in shift work reported significantly lower/fewer physiological symptoms and higher/more intense psycho emotional symptoms than the daytime workers (p=0.030 and p=0.047 respectively). Conclusions: In the stratified analysis, this cross-sectional study found a difference in work-related stress between daytime workers and shift workers in regards to nurses and nursing assistants. It was noticed that nurses and nursing assistants engaging in shift work reported higher psycho emotional and lower physiological stress symptoms compared to their daytime working counterparts. Probably, this corresponds to the numerous job demands during shift working or the different coping mechanisms.

Resumen Antecedentes: El trabajo por turnos es una característica muy común en la asistencia sanitaria y se ha asociado con el estrés relacionado con el trabajo. Objetivo: En este estudio, se investigó la relación entre el trabajo por turnos actual y los síntomas de estrés relacionados con el trabajo entre los trabajadores de la salud de un entorno clínico en Medellín, Colombia. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal entre enero y julio de 2014. Un total de 50,5% de los participantes llevaban a cabo sus actividades de trabajo en turnos rotativos y 49,5% trabajaban sólo durante el día. La mayoría de los profesionales que completaron la encuesta eran enfermeras y personal administrativo. Los participantes completaron información demográfica ocupacional y acerca de su estilo de vida, y un instrumento de auto-reporte sobre síntomas de estrés relacionado con el trabajo. Resultados: La muestra del estudio consistió de 160 (80%) mujeres y 40 (20%) hombres. La edad media era de 35,1 ± 9,1. En general, no se observaron diferencias significativas en los síntomas emocionales, fisiológicos, de comportamiento social, intelectual y ocupacionales en los trabajadores por turnos en comparación con los trabajadores diurnos. En un análisis estratificado, en el grupo de enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería, quienes realizaban trabajo por turnos se observaron significativamente menores síntomas fisiológicos y emocionales y mayores síntomas psicoemocionales que los trabajadores de día (p = 0,030 y p = 0,047, respectivamente). Conclusiones: Este estudio transversal encontró una diferencia en el estrés relacionado con el trabajo entre los trabajadores por turnos y los trabajadores diurnos en el análisis estratificado y sólo para enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería. Se observó que las enfermeras y auxiliares de enfermería que participan en el trabajo por turnos informaron de síntomas de estrés psicoemocionales más elevados mientras que los síntomas fisiológicos fueron más bajos en comparación con sus homólogos que laboraban durante el día. Esto podría ser debido a las diferentes demandas del trabajo entre los turnos o los diferentes mecanismos de afrontamiento.

Effects of Work-Related Stress on Work Ability Index among Iranian Workers

BACKGROUND: Work Ability Index (WAI) is a well-known and valid self-report tool that has been widely used in various studies to identify and avoid early retirement and work-related disability. Nevertheless, very few studies have been carried out to evaluate work ability in Iran. We aimed to investigate the WAI and the effect of work-related stress on it among Iranian workers. METHODS: A cross-sectional, descriptive and analytic study was carried out among 449 workers from five working sectors in three big cities of Iran. Work ability and work-related stress were measured using the Persian version of WAI and the Persian version of Health and Safety Executive Stress Indicator Tool. RESULTS: More than a third of the workers surveyed (34.70%) did not have an appropriate level of work ability (WAI < 37). There was a significant correlation between subscales of work-related stress and the mean score of WAI. Furthermore, the variables of body mass index, sleep quality, exercise activity, job tenure, and three subscales of work-related stress including demands, supervisor support, and role were significant predictors of WAI. CONCLUSION: According to the results of this study, the interventional programs must be focused on improving supervisors support, eliminating ambiguity and conflicts in the role of workers in their job and organization, reducing job demands, improving sleep quality, and increasing exercise activity.

Síndrome de burnout en médicos de Terapias Intensivas de General Roca y Cipolletti / Burnout syndrome in doctors of Intensive Therapies General Roca and Cipolletti

Objetivo: Conocer la existencia del síndrome de burnout en médicos intensivistas de General Roca y Cipolletti, y correlacionarlo con factores de estrés laboral. Diseño: Encuesta a los médicos intensivistas de adultos, pediátricos y neonatólogos, de General Roca y Cipolletti, utilizando el Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (MBI), la encuesta hospitalaria de estrés/satisfacción laboral (HCJSSQ) y una autoevaluación del nivel de estrés/satisfacción. Se identificaron los profesionales que están por encima de la mediana en agotamiento emocional y despersonalización, y por debajo en realización personal. La presencia de las tres dimensiones definió la existencia del síndrome. Se correlacionaron las encuestas con el coeficiente de Pearson, vinculando el burnout con los factores que provocan estrés. Resultados: Respondieron 52 intensivistas (92% del total); 12 presentaron burnout (21,4%), en su mayoría, mujeres (58,33%). Cinco (41,7%) de ellos consideraron al estrés intenso; 6 (50%), moderado y uno (8,33%), leve. Casi el 60% de los afectados no reconoció su existencia. Los intensivistas de instituciones públicas, de terapias pediátricas/neonatoló- gicas y de Cipolletti manifestaron más afectación. Los factores que provocan estrés fueron: falta de tiempo, mayor complejidad tecnológica, necesidad de cubrir guardias y dar malas noticias, amenaza de litigio, restricciones institucionales, conflictos con el equipo de trabajo, falta de autonomía, exceso de responsabilidad y sensación de no hacer bien la tarea. Un factor de satisfacción fue el trabajo en equipo. Conclusión: Se evidenció el rol institucional en la prevención, el reconocimiento y el empleo de estrategias de abordaje orientadas al afectado y a mejorar el clima organizacional, las condiciones laborales, la comunicación y el trabajo en equipo.(AU)

Objective: To establish the occurrence of burnout syndrome in critical care physicians from General Roca and Ciplolletti, and correlate it with factors found in work-related stress. Design: A survey involving all adult, pediatric and neonatal critical care physicians in General Roca and Cipolletti. The Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual (MBI) questionnaire, the Hospital Consultants Job Stress & Satisfaction questionnaire (HCJSSQ) and an auto-evaluation of stress and satisfaction levels were used. The investigation identified professionals of above-average emotional exhaustion and depersonalisation, and below-average personal achievement. The presence of these three indicators defined the existence of the syndrome. The questionnaires were correlated using the Pearson coefficient to link burnout with factors causing stress. Results: Fifty-two critical care physicians responded to the survey (92% of the target group): 12 presented burnout (21.4%), the majority being women (58.33%). Five (41.7%) of them considered their stress to be "severe", 6 (50%) "moderate" and 1 (8.33%) "mild". Almost 60% of those affected were unaware of its presence. Critical care physicians working in public institutions, in pediatric/neonatal care and in Cipolletti were the most affected. Correlating stress-inducing factors: lack of time, high levels of technological complexity, need to cover ER/A&E and deliver bad news, threat of litigation, institutional restrictions, conflicts within a team, lack of autonomy, excess responsibility and the feeling of underperforming. Teamwork was a factor in deriving satisfaction. Conclusion: The role played by the institution was identified as a factor in the prevention and recognition, and the use of hands-on strategies aimed at the sufferer and at improving the organisational climate, working conditions, communication and teamwork(AU)