Factores de riesgo relacionados con la evolución intrahospitalaria de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST

Fundamento: el síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST es uno de los principales motivos de consulta e ingresos en servicios de urgencia. Su curso clínico y pronóstico pueden modificarse por diversos factores. Objetivo: analizar los factores de riesgo relacionados con la evolución intrahospitalaria de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del segmento ST ingresados en la sala de cuidados intensivos coronarios del Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico de tipo transversal que incluyó 99 pacientes que con diagnóstico de SCACEST ingresaron en la unidad de cuidados coronarios del Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía cardiovascular, desde junio del 2018 a junio del 2019. Se recogieron las variables sociodemográficas, clínicas y angiográficas Las variables de respuesta fueron las complicaciones y la muerte de causa cardiovascular ocurrida durante el ingreso hospitalario. Se analizó la distribución de frecuencias, se realizó la prueba de Chi Cuadrado y se emplearon las diferencias de medias para muestras independientes. Resultados: predominaron los pacientes mayores de 60 años, con una edad media de 63 años y el sexo masculino. La hipertensión arterial fue el factor de riesgo más frecuente, seguido del tabaquismo. Se constató que la clasificación de Killip Kimball III-IV tuvo una fuerte asociación con una evolución desfavorable con un OR de 41,50 (p=0,000), seguido del infarto agudo de miocardio previo OR de 3,25 (p=0,03). Conclusiones: la clasificación de Killip Kimball II-IV, la escala Grace de riesgo moderado a alto, y los valores de creatinina tuvieron una mayor asociación con la evolución intrahospitalaria desfavorable.

Background: acute coronary syndrome with ST segment elevation is one of the main reasons for consultation and admissions to emergency services. Its clinical course and prognosis can be modified by various factors. Objective: to analyze the risk factors related to the in-hospital evolution of patients with ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome admitted to the coronary intensive care unit of the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery. Methods: a cross-sectional analytical study was carried out that included 99 patients with a diagnosis of STEACS admitted to the coronary care unit of the Institute of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery, from June 2018 to June 2019. Sociodemographic variables were collected, clinical and angiographic. The response variables were complications and death from cardiovascular causes that occurred during hospital admission. The frequency distribution was analyzed, the Chi Square test was performed and the mean differences for independent samples were used. Results: patients older than 60 years predominated, with a mean age of 63 years and the male sex. Arterial hypertension was the most frequent risk factor, followed by smoking. It was found that the Killip Kimball III-IV classification had a strong association with an unfavorable evolution with an OR of 41.50 (p=0.000), followed by previous acute myocardial infarction OR of 3.25 (p=0.03). Conclusions: the Killip Kimball II-IV classification, the Grace scale of moderate to high risk, and creatinine values ​​had a greater association with unfavorable in-hospital evolution.

Factores clínico-ecocardiográficos de terapéutica fallida en síndrome coronario agudo y fibrilación auricular paroxística

Introducción: la fibrilación auricular es la taquiarritmia sostenida más frecuente del ser humano. Su manejo requiere un abordaje holístico para que los resultados sean óptimos, por lo que se considera la epidemia cardiovascular del siglo XXI. Objetivo: establecer las variables ecocardiográficas asociadas al fracaso de la cardioversión en pacientes con diagnóstico clínico de fibrilación auricular y síndrome coronario agudo. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, analítico, no experimental de casos y controles en pacientes con fibrilación auricular y síndrome coronario agudo, durante el período comprendido entre los años 2017 y 2021. Resultados: la cardioversión eléctrica se observó en 55 pacientes (68,8 %) (OR = 0,24; IC 95 %: 0,08-0,7; p = 0,008). La terapia trombolítica se aplicó en 47 pacientes (58,8 %) (OR = 5,03; IC 95 %: 1,67-15,12; p = 0,0026). En cuanto a parámetros ecocardiográficos, la variable volumen de la aurícula izquierda ≥ 34 ml/sc predominó en 50 pacientes (62,5 %) (OR = 3,5; IC 95 %: 1,22-10,04; p = 0,016); la presión de la aurícula izquierda > 15 mmHg en 23 pacientes (OR = 3,61; IC 95 %: 1,23-10,54; p = 0,015), y el diámetro del ventrículo izquierdo > 57 mm en 20 pacientes (OR = 4,33; IC 95 %: 1,35-13,87; p = 0,009). Conclusiones: el volumen de la aurícula izquierda elevada, la presión de aurícula izquierda, el diámetro del ventrículo izquierdo, la terapia eléctrica y trombolítica, se asocian al fracaso de la cardioversión en pacientes con fibrilación auricular e infarto agudo de miocardio.

Introduction: atrial fibrillation is the most frequent sustained tachyarrhythmia in humans. Its management requires a holistic approach for the results to be optimal; it is considered the cardiovascular epidemics of the 21st century. Objective: to establish echo-cardiographic variables associated with cardioversion failure in patients with clinical diagnosis of atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndrome. Materials and methods: a retrospective, analytical, non-experimental study of cases and controls was carried out in patients with atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndrome, during the period between 2017 and 2021. Results: electrical cardioversion was observed in 55 patients (68.8%) (OR = 0.24; CI 95%: 0.08-0.7; p = 0.008). Thrombolytic therapy was applied in 47 patients (58.8%) (OR = 5.03; CI 95%: 1.67-15.12; p = 0.0026). Regarding echocardiographic parameters, the variable left atrial volume ≥ 34 ml/sc predominated in 50 patients (62.5%) (OR = 3.5; CI 95%: 1.22-10.04; p = 0.016); left atrial pressure > 15 mmHg predominated in 23 patients (OR = 3.61; CI 95%: 1.23-10.54; p = 0.015), and left ventricular diameter > 57 mm in 20 patients (OR = 4.33; CI 95%: 1.35-13.87; p = 0.009). Conclusions: elevated left atrial volume, left atrial pressure, and left ventricular diameter, electric and thrombolytic therapy, are all associated to cardioversion failure in patients with atrial fibrillation and acute myocardial infarction.

Determining the Association between 24-Hour Blood Pressure Variability and Major Adverse Cardiac Events (MACE) in Hospitalized Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Prospective Study

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a challenging cardiovascular disease leading to a high rate of mortality. Some cardiomyocytes in AMI were affected by ischemia and necrosis, resulting in a decrease in myocardial contractility, an acute proinflammatory response, and an increase in sympathetic tone. In the meantime, proinflammation and endothelial dysfunction are induced by high blood pressure variability (BPV), which increases left ventricular workload, heart rate, and myocardial oxygen demand. As a result, a high BPV and the pathological effects it causes are likely to affect the onset of acute cardiac complications in AMI and the physiological function of the heart [1]. Patients Pulse changeability (BPV) has been fundamentally concentrated on through the crystal of congestive cardiovascular breakdown (CHF) and hypertension, yet not in that frame of mind of an intense coronary condition (ACS). This study means to explore the relationship between transient BPV and major unfavorable heart occasions (MACE) in AMI patients. The following order can be used to define MACEs: Death > shock > cerebrovascular stroke > heart failure > hypertensive crisis > life-threatening arrhythmias .This prospective study used the weighted standard deviation of 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring readings to include 74 patients who were hospitalized in the cardiology department at ARRAZI hospital MOHAMED VI, MARRAKECH between September 2022 and February 2023. Results: The average systolic BPV value which was estimated as standard deviation (SD) and average real variability (ARV) was more significant in the MACE group than in the non-MACE group. Systolic SD and systolic ARV in the MACE group were 12,78 mmHg and 11,61 mmHg respectively. In the non-MACE group, systolic SD and systolic ARV were 10.45 mmHg and 7,23 mmHg respectively. There was no significant association between BPV and MACE. However, there were significant differences between systolic ARV in patients with hypertension who experienced MACE and patients without hypertension who experienced MACE, unlike patients who didn’t experienced MACE for whom the ARV was nearly the same for patient with and without HBP. Conclusion: MACE was higher in the group BPV of AMI patients than that of non-MACE AMI patients. There was no significant association between BPV ??and MACE during the acute phase of AMI, however the BPV was significantly more important for HBP patient who experienced MACE, which leads us to think that the screening of BPV in HBP patient may by a predictive factor for the development of MACEs.

Caracterización clinicoepidemiológica, ecocardiográfica y terapéutica de pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio / Clinical, epidemiological, echocardiographic and therapeutic characterization of patients with acute myocardial infarction i: en

Introducción: Aunque la incidencia general de infarto agudo de miocardio ha disminuido en muchos países desarrollados en las últimas décadas, aún genera números elevados de morbilidad y mortalidad en los de bajos ingresos; mostrando cifras mayores en tiempos de la pandemia por coronavirus. Objetivo: Caracterizar a pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio según variables clinicoepidemiológicas, ecocardiográficas y terapéuticas. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva y retrospectiva, desde enero de 2018 hasta noviembre de 2022, de 263 pacientes con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio, atendidos en el Centro de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular de Santiago de Cuba. Entre las variables analizadas figuraron la edad, el sexo, la topografía del infarto, las complicaciones, las alteraciones ecocardiográficas y el tratamiento trombolítico. Resultados: En la serie predominaron el sexo masculino y el grupo etario menor o igual de 65 años. Se observó una mayor frecuencia del infarto en la topografía inferior (177, para 67,3 %); de estos afectados, 52,1 % tuvo complicaciones. Asimismo, la complicación de mayor frecuencia fue la fibrilación auricular paroxística, seguida del infarto de ventrículo derecho; mientras que la fracción de eyección menor de 45 %, el volumen de la aurícula izquierda y la motilidad parietal presentaron significación estadística. Conclusiones: Las características clinicoepidemiológicas, ecocardiográficas y terapéuticas de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba no difieren del contexto epidemiológico mundial.

Introduction: Although the general incidence of acute myocardial infarction has diminished in many developed countries in the last decades, it still generates high numbers of morbidity and mortality in those with low income; showing higher figures in times of coronavirus. Objective: To characterize patients with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction according to clinical, epidemiological, echocardiographic and therapeutic variables. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective investigation was carried out from January, 2018 to November, 2022, of 835 patients with diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, assisted in the Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery Center of Santiago de Cuba. Among the analyzed variables there were age, sex, topography of infarction, complications, echocardiographic disorders and thrombolytic treatment. Results: In the series there was a prevalence of the male sex and the 65 or less age group. A higher frequency of infarction in the lower topography (177, for 67.3 %) was observed; of these patients, 52.9 % had complications. Also, the complication of more frequency was the paroxysmal atrial fibrillation, followed by the infarction of the right ventricle; while the ejection fraction smaller than 45 %, the volume of the left auricle and the parietal motility presented statistical significance. Conclusions: Clinical, epidemiological, echocardiographic and therapeutic characteristics of patients with acute myocardial infarction in Santiago de Cuba province do not differ from the world epidemiological context.

Tendencias del síndrome coronario agudo en el Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández

Introducción: los síndromes coronarios agudos representan la forma aguda de la cardiopatía isquémica. Esta constituye, en Cuba, la primera causa de muerte en los últimos años. La provincia de Matanzas muestra un comportamiento similar. Objetivo: evaluar las tendencias de morbilidad y letalidad de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo en un período de cinco años. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de corte transversal, con 734 pacientes ingresados con síndrome coronario agudo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas, entre enero de 2016 y diciembre de 2020. Se caracterizaron los pacientes según variables clínicas. Los datos se extrajeron de las historias clínicas. Se aplicó el test Chi cuadrado. Resultados: hubo una disminución progresiva y continua del total de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo en los cinco años estudiados. Sobresalió el sexo masculino, con un 53,67 % (p < 0,02). El grupo etario más afectado fue el de 60 a 69 años. El síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST prevaleció en cuatro de los años analizados. Preponderó la instauración del tratamiento trombolítico en el 78,75 % de los pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del ST. El total de fallecidos decreció en el período estudiado. Se demostró la importancia de la aplicación de la trombolisis. Conclusiones: en el quinquenio estudiado, disminuyó gradualmente el total de pacientes con diagnóstico de síndrome coronario agudo, y la letalidad por esta causa, en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos Emergentes del Hospital Universitario Clínico Quirúrgico Comandante Faustino Pérez Hernández, de Matanzas.

Introduction: acute coronary syndromes represent the acute form of ischemic heart disease. In Cuba, it is the first cause of death in recent years. The province of Matanzas shows similar behavior. Objective: to evaluate morbidity and lethality tendencies of the patients with acute coronary syndrome in a period of five years. Materials and methods: a descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study was carried out with 734 patients admitted with acute coronary syndrome in the Emergency Intensive Care Unit of the Clinical Surgical University Hospital Comandante Faustino Perez, of Matanzas, between January 2016 and December 2020. The patients were characterized according to clinical variables. The data were extracted from clinical records. The Chi-square test was applied. Results: there was a progressive and continuous decrease of the total of patients with acute coronary syndrome in the studied five years. Male gender stood up with 53.67% (p < 0, 02). The most affected age group was the 60-69 years one. The acute coronary syndrome without ST segment elevation prevailed in four of the analyzed years. The establishment of the thrombolytic treatment prevailed in 78.75% of the patients with ST segment elevated acute coronary syndrome. The total of deaths decreased in the studied period. The importance of thrombolysis application was demonstrated. Conclusions: the total of patients with diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome and lethality due to this cause gradually decreased in the studied five-year period in the Emergency Intensive Care Unit of the Clinical Surgical Hospital Comandante Faustino Perez Hernandez, of Matanzas.

A study of serum magnesium levels in acute myocardial infarction and its association with clinical outcome

Background: Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of mortality, morbidity, and increased health-care cost. Magnesium has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and its complications. Magnesium ions are considered essential for the maintenance of functional integrity of myocardium. The serum magnesium concentration was found to have great significance in AMI. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the prognostic value of serum magnesium in AMI. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was (1) to evaluate serum magnesium levels in patients of AMI on 1st and 7th day post-myocardial infarction and (2) to evaluate validity of serum magnesium as prognostic indicator of Ami. Materials and Methods: This observational cross-sectional study was conducted in the Medicine Department, Guru Nanak Dev Hospital attached to Govt. Medical College, Amritsar. A total of 40 patients of AMI were enrolled in this study. Serum magnesium levels were done for all the patients and its correlation with clinical outcome was observed. Results: On day 1, mean serum magnesium levels in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were 1.638 ± 0.19 whereas mean serum magnesium levels in patients with Non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction were 2.315 ± 0.321. Mean serum magnesium levels in patients with arrhythmias were 1.73 ± 0.35 on day 1 and 2.14 ± 0.25 on day 7 (P < 0.05). Mean serum magnesium levels at day 1 in patients having mortality are 1.452 ± 0.078 as compared to 2.105 ± 0.399 in rest of surviving patients. It was inferred from this study that patients with AMI with low serum magnesium levels are more prone to develop complications such as arrhythmias and death as compared to patients of AMI with normal serum magnesium levels. Conclusion: Magnesium is an underestimated cation and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AMI and its complications. Patients of AMI with low serum magnesium levels are found to be more prone to develop arrhythmias as compared to those with normal serum magnesium levels. Hence, it can be concluded that measurement of serum magnesium level is of prognostic significance in AMI.

Dyslipidemia as a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women: An observational study

Objective: This study has evaluated risk factors, especially dyslipidemia, for an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based, observational, single-center study among 100 postmenopausal women admitted to the medicine ward with AMI. They were categorized based on lipid profile groups, viz., dyslipidemic group and non-dyslipidemic group. All clinical parameters were studied between the groups. Results: Among anthropometric profiles, in the comparison of mean height (cm), weight (kg), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2 ), and waist circumference (WC) (cm) for the dyslipidemic group and non-dyslipidemic group, only WC was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Most patients were hospitalized between 6 and 12 h after the onset of symptoms. At the time of hospitalization, most patients from both groups were observed to have diabetes and hypertension with poor control of postprandial blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < 0.05). The dyslipidemic group’s mean C-reactive protein was higher (P < 0.05). The comparison of mean total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol in mg/dL, and TG: high density lipoprotein was significantly increased (P < 0.001), while high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/ dL) was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in the dyslipidemic group. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is standard in both groups. The maximum patient has regional wall motion abnormality in echocardiography after day 3 of admission. Among the dyslipidemic group, ejection fraction was on the lower side, and the predominant complication was in the left ventricular failure (LVF) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: WC has a positive association with patients with AMI who have dyslipidemia and can be used as an indicator of the risk of AMI when BMI is normal. WC is a surrogate marker of abdominal fat mass (subcutaneous and intra-abdominal); increased WC is a significant component marker of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance related to cardiovascular mortality. There was poor glycemic control and blood pressure (mainly DBP) among the dyslipidemic patients. Hypertriglyceridemia is the most common lipid abnormality, followed by hypercholesterolemia among the dyslipidemic group. LVF is the most common complication in dyslipidemic patients.

Eletrocardiograma padrão de 12 derivações para diagnóstico da oclusão coronariana aguda: nova abordagem eletrocardiográfica das síndromes coronarianas / Preservation of anatomical specimens in sodium chloride: a study with fertilization product / Conservación de especímenes anatómicos en cloruro sódico: un estudio con producto de fertilización

Introdução: As síndromes coronarianas agudas decorrem de ruptura de placa coronariana com formação de trombos, embolização e obstrução, dependendo do nível de obstrução, podemos ter infartos e anginas e a nível eletrocardiográfico podemos ter ou não o supra desnivelamento do segmento ST. Para o correto diagnóstico e melhor prognóstico é importante acompanhar suas manifestações clínicas e avaliar as alterações eletrocardiográficas. Objetivo: Estudar uso do eletrocardiograma padrão de 12 derivações, para diagnóstico da oclusão coronariana aguda: uma nova abordagem eletrocardiográfica das síndromes coronarianas. Método: Estudo de revisão integrativa, com dados secundários da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS), base eletrônica de dados da Literatura Latino ­ Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e da biblioteca digital Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). Resultados: Descreveu-se 7 achados eletrocardiográficos sugestivos de oclusão coronariana aguda: padrões como os De Winter, Wellens, IAM posterior, distorção final do QRS, Critérios de Sgarbossa- Smith para IAM associado a BRE ou ritmo de marca-passo ventricular, ondas T's hiperagudas e fórmulas matemáticas para diagnóstico da oclusão da descendente anterior. Conclusão: Embora a abordagem que se vale de tais achados no ECG seja mais acurada na detecção da oclusão coronariana aguda do que os critérios milimétricos do segmento ST, essa nova abordagem precisa de mais estudos para avaliação de seu real poder diagnóstico.

Introduction: As acute coronary syndromes due to coronary plaque rupture, with thrombus formation, embolization and obstruction, depending on the degree of obstruction, we may have infarction and angina at the electrocardiographic level, we may have an unevenness or overdevelopment of the ST interval. For a correct diagnosis and prognosis, it is important to monitor its clinical manifestations and assess electrocardiographic changes. Objective: To study the use of a standard 12- lead electrocardiogram for the diagnosis of acute coronary occlusion: a new electrocardiographic approach to coronary syndromes. Method: Integrative review study, secondary data from the Virtual Health Library (VHL), electronic database of the Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (Lilacs) and the Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo) digital library. Results: Seven electrocardiographic findings suggestive of acute coronary occlusion were described: patterns such as De Winter, Wellen, posterior AMI, terminal QRS distortion, Sgarbossa-Smith criteria for AMI associated with LBBB or ventricular paced rhythm, hyperacute T waves, and mathematical formulas for diagnosing anterior descending occlusion. Conclusion: Although the approach that makes use of such ECG findings is more accurate in detecting acute coronary occlusion than the millimeter ST-segment criteria, this new approach needs further studies to assess its real diagnostic power.

Introducción: Como síndromes coronarios agudos debidos a rotura de placa coronaria, con formación de trombo, embolización y obstrucción, dependiendo del grado de obstrucción, podemos tener infarto y angina a nivel electrocardiográfico, podemos tener un desnivel o sobredesarrollo del intervalo ST. Para un correcto diagnóstico y pronóstico es importante monitorizar sus manifestaciones clínicas y valorar los cambios electrocardiográficos. Objetivo: Estudiar el uso de un electrocardiograma estándar de 12 derivaciones para el diagnóstico de la oclusión coronaria aguda: una nueva aproximación electrocardiográfica a los síndromes coronarios. Método: Estudio de revisión integradora, datos secundarios de la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud (BVS), base de datos electrónica de la Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (Lilacs) y de la biblioteca digital Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo). Resultados: Se describieron siete hallazgos electrocardiográficos sugestivos de oclusión coronaria aguda: patrones como De Winter, Wellen, IAM posterior, distorsión terminal del QRS, criterios de Sgarbossa-Smith para IAM asociado a BRIHH o ritmo ventricular estimulado, ondas T hiperagudas y fórmulas matemáticas para el diagnóstico de oclusión de la descendente anterior. Conclusiones: Aunque el enfoque que hace uso de dichos hallazgos ECG es más preciso en la detección de la oclusión coronaria aguda que los criterios milimétricos del segmento ST, este nuevo enfoque necesita más estudios para evaluar su poder diagnóstico real.

Mortalidade pelo infarto agudo do miocárdio no Brasil: 1996- 2017 / Mortality from acute myocardial infarction in Brazil: 1996-2017 / Mortalidad por infarto agudo de miocardio en Brasil: 1996- 2017

Objetivo: Analisar a mortalidade pelo infarto agudo do miocárdio (IAM) no Brasil nos anos de 1996 a 2017. Método: Estudo epidemiológico, exploratório, descritivo e quantitativo. Os dados foram extraídos junto ao Serviço de Informação sobre Mortalidade (SIM) do Ministério da Saúde (MS). Foi realizada análise estatística descritiva. Resultados: Foi identificado o universo de 1.592.197 registros, com média e desvio padrão de (72.373±12.999,9). O ano de 2016 registrou a maior preponderância com 5,9% (n=94.148) e 1996 a menor com 3,5% (n=55.900). A maior preponderância se constituiu de 59,1% (n=940.552) pessoas do sexo masculino, 25,6% (n=407.340) possuíam entre 70 a 79 anos, 54,7% (n=871.319) possuíam cor/raça branca, 45,5% (n=725.234) eram casados, 20,7% (n=328.981) possuíam de 1 a 3 anos de escolarização, 55,6% (n=885.368) tiveram o registro de óbito no hospital. Conclusão: Foi identificado aumento na frequência de registros de óbito por IAM no recorte geográfico e histórico analisados.

Objective: To analyze mortality from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Brazil from 1996 to 2017. Method: Epidemiological, exploratory, descriptive and quantitative study. Data were extracted from the Mortality Information Service (SIM) of the Ministry of Health (MS). Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. Results: A universe of 1,592,197 records was identified, with mean and standard deviation of (72,373±12,999.9). The year 2016 recorded the highest preponderance with 5.9% (n=94,148) and 1996 the lowest with 3.5% (n=55,900). The greatest preponderance consisted of 59.1% (n=940,552) male, 25.6% (n=407,340) were between 70 and 79 years old, 54.7% (n=871,319) were white , 45.5% (n=725,234) were married, 20.7% (n=328,981) had 1 to 3 years of schooling, 55.6% (n=885,368) had their deaths registered at the hospital. Conclusion: An increase in the frequency of death records due to AMI was identified in the geographical and historical area analyzed.

Objetivo: Analizar la mortalidad por infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) en Brasil de 1996 a 2017. Método: Estudio epidemiológico, exploratorio, descriptivo y cuantitativo. Los datos fueron extraídos del Servicio de Información de Mortalidad (SIM) del Ministerio de Salud (MS). Se realizó análisis estadístico descriptivo. Resultados: Se identificó un universo de 1.592.197 registros, con media y desviación estándar de (72.373±12.999,9). El año 2016 registró la mayor preponderancia con 5,9% (n=94.148) y 1996 la menor con 3,5% (n=55.900). La mayor preponderancia estuvo constituida por 59,1% (n=940.552) del sexo masculino, 25,6% (n=407.340) tenían entre 70 y 79 años, 54,7% (n=871.319) eran blancos, 45,5% (n=725.234) casados, 20,7 El % (n=328.981) tenía de 1 a 3 años de escolaridad, el 55,6% (n=885.368) tenían sus defunciones registradas en el hospital. Conclusión: Se identificó un aumento en la frecuencia de registros de defunción por IAM en el área geográfica e histórica analizada.

Protective Effect of Combined Metoprolol and Atractylenolide I in Rats with Acute Myocardial Infarction via Modulation of the SIRT3/ß-CATENIN/PPAR-γ Signaling Pathway

ABSTRACT Herein, we examined the protective effect of metoprolol combined with atractylenolide I (Atr I) in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) by regulating the SIRT3 (silent information regulator 3)/ß-catenin/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR-γ) signaling pathway. Briefly, 50 rats were randomly divided into the sham operation, model, metoprolol, Atr I, and combination metoprolol with Atr I groups (combined treatment group). The AMI model was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery. After treatment, infarct size, histopathological changes, and cell apoptosis were examined using 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, hematoxylin-eosin staining, and the TUNEL assay. The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular fraction shortening (LVFS), and left ventricular mass index (LVMI) were detected by echocardiography. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels were detected using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Furthermore, we measured lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK) isoenzyme (CK-MB), and CK levels. Western blotting was performed to determine the expression of SIRT3, ß-catenin, and PPAR-γ. Herein, the combined treatment group exhibited increased levels of LVEF, LVFS, and NO, whereas LVMI, ET-1, TNF-α, IL-6, LDH, CK-MB, and CK levels were decreased. Importantly, the underlying mechanism may afford protection against AMI by increasing the expression levels of SIRT3, ß-catenin, and PPAR-γ

Disección coronaria espontánea posterior a envenenamiento por escorpión / Spontaneous coronary artery dissection following scorpion poisoning

Resumen Hombre de 44 años que acude al servicio de urgencias posterior a picadura de escorpión. Presentaba parestesias, dolor toracoabdominal y náuseas. Desde el momento del ingreso presentó dolor torácico atípico, dolor abdominal epigástrico de intensidad leve, asociado a náuseas. Se realizó electrocardiograma que no evidenció alteraciones. La troponina fue elevada, por lo que se llevó a cuidado intensivo y se inició manejo antiisquémico, corroborando posteriormente en la angiografía una disección coronaria tipo 1 en el ramus intermedio como causante de su evento coronario. El paciente recibió un vial de suero antiescorpiónico en primer nivel de atención y posteriormente se indicó manejo con betabloqueante, antiagregación con ácido acetilsalicílico y clopidogrel, con disminución progresiva de sus síntomas. Es egresado asintomático. Se reporta un caso de infarto agudo de miocardio tipo 2 por disección coronaria posterior a una picadura de escorpión, del cual no hay casos reportados previamente en el mundo.

Abstract A 44-year-old man was admitted to the emergency department after a scorpion sting. He presented paresthesia, thoracoabdominal pain and nausea. From the moment of admission, he presented atypical chest pain, epigastric abdominal pain of mild intensity, associated with nausea. An ECG was taken that did not show alterations, troponin was elevated, he was admitted to intensive care unit, management was initiated, subsequently corroborating in the angiography, a type 1 coronary artery dissection in the intermediate ramus as the cause of coronary event. The patient received a vial of antiscorpionic serum in the first level of care, later treatment with beta-blocker, antiaggregation with acetylsalicylic acid and clopidogrel was indicated, with progressive reduction of his symptoms. He is an asymptomatic graduate. A case of type 2 acute myocardial infarction due to coronary dissection after a scorpion sting is reported, there are no previously reported cases in the world.

Study of risk factors associated with acute myocardial infarction: An observational study

Background: Cardiovascular disease has emerged as a major health burden in the developing countries. There are significant differences in the prevalence of coronary artery disease exist with respect to gender, age, and ethnicity. Aims and Objectives: This study was planned with an objective to study risk factors associated with acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Material and Methods: The descriptive present study was carried out at tertiary care hospital, intensive care unit and medicine wards, and cardiology department of tertiary care hospital. A total of 300 cases of acute coronary syndrome were included in the present study. Results: Seventy-four (52.85%) females and 56 (35%) males had hypercholesteremia. The difference was observed to be statistically significant (P = 0.0223). The decreased levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, that is, ?40 mg % were present in 52 (37.14%) females and 32 (20%) males and this difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0197). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels of ?160 mg % were present in more number of females {n = 88 (62.85%)} than males {n = 40 (25%)}. This difference was found to be statistically significant (P = 0.0001). Hypertriglyceridemia was present in 66 (47.14%) females and 44 (27.5%) males. This difference was statistically significant (P = 0.0128). Hence, the lipid profile abnormalities, namely, hypercholesteremia, hypertriglyceridemia, high LDL, and low HDL were significantly present in more numbers of females than in males. Conclusion: Risk factors for AMI such as hypertension, diabetes, family history of premature CAD, obesity, and sedentary lifestyle are more common in females than males. Smoking was risk factor in males only. Hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, and low LDL cholesterol are important risk factors for acute coronary syndrome in females than males.

Síndrome de Wellens: un patrón electrocardiográfico de alto riesgo / Wellens syndrome: A high-risk electrocardiographic pattern

Resumen Se presenta el caso de un varón de 40 años sin antecedentes cardiovasculares, que ingresó a nuestro centro por dolor precordial. En el electrocardiograma se evidenció un patrón típico, ya des crito, conocido como síndrome de Wellens tipo 1 o A, caracterizado por supradesnivel del ST < 1 mm y onda T bifásica en la derivación V3. Se diagnosticó infarto agudo de miocardio sin elevación del ST, TIMI 3 y GRACE score 66 puntos. Este patrón electrocardiográfico es de alto riesgo, más allá de los puntajes estratificadores, dado que se correlaciona con lesión grave en la arteria descendente an terior a nivel proximal y requiere intervención percutánea sin demoras. En la coronariografía se eviden ciaron 3 lesiones graves: tercio proximal y medio de la arteria descendente anterior y primera diagonal. Destacamos la vigencia de este patrón electrocardiográfico, descrito hace más de 40 años, para identificar y estratificar a pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo.

Abstract We present the case of a 40-year-old male without cardiovascular risk factors, who was admit ted to our hospital due to chest pain. The electrocardiogram showed a typical pattern, already described, known as Wellens syndrome type 1 or A, characterized by ST segment elevation <1 mm and biphasic T wave in lead V3. Was diagnosed of acute myocardial infarction without ST elevation, TIMI 3 and GRACE score 66 points. This electrocardiographic pattern is of high risk, beyond the stratifying scores, since it correlates with severe injury to the anterior descending artery at the proximal level and requires percutaneous interven tion without delay. The coronary angiography revealed 3 severe lesions: the proximal and middle thirds of the left anterior descending artery and the first diagonal. We highlight the validity of this electrocardiographic pattern, described more than 40 years ago, to identify and stratify patients with acute coronary syndrome.

Preditores de Mortalidade Hospitalar nos Pacientes Tratados por Angioplastia Primária: Um Estudo de Caso-Controle Multicêntrico / Predictors of Hospital Mortality Based on Primary Angioplasty Treatment: A Multicenter Case-Control Study

Resumo Fundamento A estratificação do risco de morte dos pacientes no contexto da angioplastia primária (ATC) é fundamental. Objetivo Identificar os fatores relacionados ao desfecho morte em pacientes submetidos a ATC. Métodos Estudo de caso-controle, utilizando como fonte de dados um registro brasileiro. A associação entre cada variável e o desfecho óbito foi avaliada via modelo de regressão logística binária. Consideramos significativo p<0,05. Resultados Foram analisados 26.990 registros, sendo 18.834 (69,8%) do sexo masculino, com idade mediana de 61 (17) anos. Na análise multivariada, as principais variáveis relacionadas ao desfecho óbito com seus respectivos odds ratio e intervalos de confiança (IC) com nível de significância de 95% foram a idade avançada 70 - 79 anos (2,46; 1,64 - 3,79) e ≥ 80 anos (3,68; 2,38 - 5,81), p<0,001, classificação de Killip II (2,71; 1,92 - 3,83), Killip III (8,14; 5,67 - 11,64), Killip IV (19,83; 14,85 - 26,69), p<0,001, disfunção global acentuada do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) (3,63; 2,39 - 5,68), p<0,001 e ocorrência de infarto após a intervenção (5,01; 2,57- 9,46), p<0,001. O principal fator protetor foi o fluxo TIMI III pós-intervenção (0,18; 0,13 - 0,24), p<0,001, seguido do TIMI II (0,59; 0,41 - 0,86), p=0,005, sexo masculino (0,79; 0,64 - 0,98), p= 0,032, dislipidemia (0,69; 0,59 - 0,85), p<0,001 e número de lesões tratadas (0,86; 0,9 - 0,94), p<0,001. Conclusão Os preditores de mortalidade nos pacientes submetidos a ATC foram: classificação de Killip, reinfarto, idade, disfunção global acentuada do VE, sexo feminino e fluxo TIMI 0/I pós-intervenção.

Abstract Background Identification of high-risk patients undergoing primary angioplasty (PCI) is essential. Objective Identify factors related to the causes of death in PCI patients. Methods This work consisted of a multicenter case-control study using a Brazilian registry of cardiovascular interventions as the data source. The association between each variable and death was assessed using a binary logistic regression model, p <0.05 was considered significant. Results A total of 26,990 records were analyzed, of which 18,834 (69.8%) were male patients, with a median age of 61 (±17) years. In the multivariate analysis, the main variables related to the causes of death with their respective odds ratios and 95%confidence intervals (CI) were advanced age, 70-79 years (2.46; 1.64-3.79) and ≥ 80 years (3.69; 2.38-5.81), p<0.001; the classification of Killip II (2.71; 1.92-3.83), Killip III (8.14; 5.67-11.64), and Killip IV (19.83; 14.85-26.69), p<0.001; accentuated global dysfunction (3.63; 2,39-5.68), p<0.001; and the occurrence of infarction after intervention (5.01; 2.57-9.46), p<0.001. The main protective factor was the post-intervention thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) III flow (0.18; 0.13-0.24), p<0.001, followed by TIMI II (0.59; 0.41 -0.86), p=0.005, and male (0.79; 0.64-0.98), p = 0.032; dyslipidemia (0.69; 0.59-0.85), p<0.001; and number of lesions treated (0.86; 0.9-0.94), p<0.001. Conclusion The predictors of mortality in patients undergoing PCI were Killip's classification, reinfarction, advanced age, severe left ventricular dysfunction, female gender, and post-intervention TIMI 0 / I flow.

Ventricular tachycardia and acute myocardial infarction induced by coronary artery spasm in patient without coronary artery disease

Coronary artery spasm, marked by coronary vasoconstriction, is one of the etiologies of myocardial ischemia, often presenting as vasospastic angina. Vasospastic angina is diagnosed when angina which predominantly occurs at rest, is accompanied by ST-segment changes in ECG, or in the setting of borderline ECG changes, a positive provocation test through coronary angiography is required. Although coronary artery spasms could manifest in wide clinical settings, the occurrence of ventricular arrhythmias and acute myocardial infarction solely caused by spasms without evidence of prior coronary artery disease is rare. This case report is about a 46-year-old man who presented with ventricular tachycardia and acute myocardial infarction that later was found to be secondary to coronary vasospasm observed directly through coronary angiography. We aim to emphasize the importance of coronary artery spasms as the etiology of malignant ventricular arrhythmias and acute myocardial infarction manifestation. Optimization in treatment and prevention shall reduce future life-threatening complications of coronary artery spasms.

Predictive Value of TIMI Risk Index for Angiographic No-reflow after Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Objective: In patients with acute coronary artery disease, the TIMI risk index (TRI), the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) risk score, and the global registry of acute coronary events (GRACE) risk score (GRS) have all been documented. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between no-reflow (NRF) and admission TRI, major cardiac events (MACE), and in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (P-PCI). Methods: Between March and December 2019, 100 consecutive patients diagnosed with STEMI and treated with PPCI at Tanta Main University Hospital in Tanta, Egypt, were included in the research population. Each patient consented following a thorough history taking, evaluation of coronary risk factors, clinical examination, and electrocardiogram analysis. Additionally, all instances were classified using the Killip method. The GRS, TRS, and TRI values were examined. Results: The GRS, TRS, and TRI scores were significantly associated with increased NRF, MACE, and hospital mortality in STEMI patients treated with P-PCI, suggesting that TRI is a straightforward indicator with fewer parameters that accurately reflects P-PCI success. Conclusion: TRI has been demonstrated to enhance the risk of in-hospital mortality and MACE. TRI uses straightforward and cost-effective ways to test patients who have experienced a STEMI. Additionally, a high TRI may assist in identifying high-risk individuals and developing suitable treatment solutions.

Troponina I de alta sensibilidad para el descarte temprano del infarto agudo de miocardio / High sensitivity troponin I to early rule out for acute myocardial infarction

Resumen Introducción: La mayor utilidad de las troponinas de alta sensibilidad (Tn-hs) es descartar tempranamente el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). El algoritmo recomendado por la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) del Ministerio de Salud de Colombia para descartar el IAM es respaldado por evidencia de baja calidad y no ha sido validado en población colombiana. Objetivo: evaluar la capacidad de este algoritmo empleando troponina I de alta sensibilidad (TnI-hs) para descartar el IAM sin elevación del segmento ST (IAMSEST). Métodos: se analizaron pacientes con sospecha de síndrome coronario agudo (SCA) atendidos en un servicio de urgencias de un centro de alta complejidad. El desenlace primario fue el diagnóstico de IAMSEST tipo 1 y tipo 4b. Se determinaron las características operativas para los puntos de corte del algoritmo para el desenlace primario, reingreso hospitalario y muerte a 30 días. Resultados: se incluyeron 2.282 pacientes en los que el desenlace primario ocurrió en 389. El algoritmo de la GPC colombiana tuvo S del 90,9% (IC 95%: 74-100) y VPN del 99% (IC 95%: 99-100) utilizando el percentil 99 (p99) no discriminado por sexo, pero tanto la S como el VPN mejoraron al 100% cuando se utilizó el p99 por sexo. Conclusión: el algoritmo recomendado por la GPC colombiana utilizando TnI-hs y con el p99 ajustado por sexo tiene excelente capacidad para descartar de manera temprana y segura el diagnóstico de IAMSEST.

Abstract Introduction: The greatest utility of high-sensitivity troponins (Tn-hs) is to rule out acute myocardial infarction (AMI) early. The algorithm recommended by the Colombian practice guideline clinical (CPG) of Health’s Ministry to rule out AMI is supported by low-quality evidence and has not been validated in the Colombian population. This research aims to evaluate the ability of this algorithm using high sensitivity troponin I (TnI-hs) to rule out AMI without ST segment elevation (STEMI). Methods: Patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated in an emergency department of a highly complex center were analyzed. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of STEMI type 1 and type 4b. The operativing characteristics for the algorithm cut-off points were determined for the primary outcome, hospital readmission death at and 30 days. Results: 2282 patients were included in whom the primary outcome occurred in 389. The Colombian CPG algorithm had S of 90.9% (95% CI 74-100) and NPV of 99% (95% CI 99-100) using the 99th percentile (p99) not discriminated by sex, but both S and NPV improved 100% when p99 was used by sex. Conclusion: The algorithm recommended by the Colombian CPG using TnI-hs and with the p99 adjusted for sex has an excellent capacity to rule out early and safely the diagnosis of STEMI.

Estrategias Regionales de Optimización de Manejo del Infarto Agudo al Miocardio con Elevación del Segmento ST. Necesidad de "Código Infarto Costa Rica"

La principal causa de muerte en Costa Rica desde 1970 en adelante históricamente ha sido el infarto agudo al miocardio previo a la pandemia por COVID-19. Está demostrado que las estrategias regionales de optimización del manejo del Infarto Agudo al Miocardio con Elevación del Segmento ST, mejoran el cumplimiento de las metas establecidas para la reperfusión coronaria; su implementación se traduce con múltiples beneficios para los diferentes sistemas de salud a nivel mundial. Estas estrategias deben ser comprendidas por equipos multidisciplinarios del sector prehospitalario, centros con y sin capacidad de Intervención Coronaria Percutánea (ICP), como protocolización, capacitación y retroalimentación constante. La inclusión de una estrategia Código Infarto ofrece potenciales beneficios adicionales al sistema de salud costarricense.

Regional management optimization strategies for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction. Need for "Costa Rica Heart Attack Code" In recent years Costa Rica's leading cause of death has been myocardial infarction before COVID-19 pandemic. Regionalized strategies focused on the optimization of STEMI treatment improves guideline's recommendations adherence and their application is associated with better coronary reperfusion outcomes that tracks multiple benefits for the healthcare systems involved. These strategies are constituted by multidisciplinary teams from prehospital settings as well as centers with and without PCI capability that include proper protocolization, practical application of evidence based medicine. The incorporation of a STEMI Code strategy may offer potential additional benefits to Costa Rica healthcare.

Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) Diagnosis; Impact of Technology in Developing Highly Sensitive Biomarkers and Assays

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a cardiovascular disease have been known to cause high morbidity and mortality rate in several countries. Hence, several serum biomarkers have evolved as a standard and bedrock for its diagnosis one of which is, cardiac troponin. This cardiac biomarker's accurate and rapid detection is critical in reducing the risk of heart attack-related complications. However, the delay experienced in the determination of a patient’s clinical state, coupled with the time of admitting them to the hospital depicts the need for improving diagnosing AMI by developing a highly sensitive biomarker. In this review we discuss, biomarkers and immunoassays employed in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction. Specifically, we reviewed and discussed cardiac troponin, a widely used biomarker. Subsequently, we discuss various methods used in assessing its performance and how technology has helped in developing more sensitive cardiac troponin to fast track its rate of diagnosis. At the end, we propose the integration of several disciplines from nanotechnology to biotechnology to develop a robust medical diagnostic system to facilitate disease diagnosis and help save lives.

Dispositivos de asistencia ventricular en el shock cardiogénico posinfarto: importancia del soporte hemodinámico: reporte de caso / Ventricular assist devices in post-infarction cardiogenic shock: importance of hemodynamic support: case report / Dispositivos de assistência ventricular no choque cardiogênico pós-infarto: importância do suporte hemodinâmico: relato de caso

El shock cardiogénico posinfarto caracterizado por un estado de insuficiencia circulatoria sistémica requiere de un tratamiento precoz en vistas a restablecer la estabilidad hemodinámica y la función ventricular. Este consta de la reperfusión coronaria mediante revascularización miocárdica; en algunos casos es necesaria la utilización de dispositivos de asistencia ventricular. El ECMO venoarterial es un sistema de circulación extracorpórea que permite un soporte biventricular oxigenando la sangre y reintroduciéndola mediante un flujo continuo hacia la circulación arterial sistémica. El uso de dicho dispositivo en pacientes con shock cardiogénico ha mostrado una mejoría significativa de la sobrevida a 30 días en comparación con el uso del balón de contrapulsación intraaórtico. No obstante, sus potenciales complicaciones, como dificultad en el vaciamiento ventricular izquierdo, síndrome de Arlequín, sangrados e infecciones, hacen fundamental la formación y el trabajo en equipo del heart team. Un porcentaje no menor de estos pacientes presentarán una severa disfunción ventricular permanente, por lo que podrían ser candidatos a dispositivos de asistencia ventricular izquierda de larga duración tipo Heartmate III como puente al trasplante cardíaco, el cual ha mostrado resultados satisfactorios con una excelente sobrevida a mediano plazo.

Post-infarction cardiogenic shock characterized by a state of systemic circulatory failure requires early treatment in order to restore hemodynamic stability and ventricular function. This consists of coronary reperfusion through myocardial revascularization, requiring in some cases the use of ventricular assist devices. Veno-arterial ECMO is an extracorporeal circulation system that allows biventricular support by oxygenating the blood and reintroducing it through a continuous flow towards the systemic arterial circulation. The use of this device in patients with cardiogenic shock has shown a significant improvement in survival at 30 days compared to the use of intra-aortic balloon pump. However, its potential complications, such as difficulty in left ventricular emptying, Harlequin syndrome, bleeding and infections, make the training and teamwork of the heart team essential. A great percentage of these patients will present a severe permanent ventricular dysfunction, so they could be candidates for long-term mechanical circulatory support devices like Heartmate III as a bridge to transplant or myocardial recovery, or destination therapy, which has shown satisfactory results with excellent medium-term survival.

O choque cardiogênico pós-infarto caracterizado por um estado de insuficiência circulatória sistêmica requer tratamento precoce para restabelecer a estabilidade hemodinâmica e a função ventricular. Esta consiste na reperfusão coronariana por meio de revascularização miocárdica, necessitando, em alguns casos, do uso de dispositivos de assistência ventricular. A ECMO venoarterial é um sistema de circulação extracorpórea que permite o suporte biventricular oxigenando o sangue e reintroduzindo-o através de um fluxo contínuo para a circulação arterial sistêmica. O uso desse dispositivo em pacientes com choque cardiogênico mostrou melhora significativa na sobrevida em 30 dias em relação ao uso de contrapulsação com balão intra-aórtico. No entanto, suas potenciais complicações, como dificuldade de esvaziamento ventricular esquerdo, síndrome de Harlequin, sangramentos e infecções, tornam imprescindível o treinamento e o trabalho em equipe do time do coração. Não uma pequena porcentagem desses pacientes apresentará uma condição ventricular permanente grave, podendo ser candidatos a dispositivos de assistência ventricular esquerda de longa duração do tipo Heartmate III como ponte para o transplante cardíaco, que tem demonstrado resultados satisfatórios com excelente sobrevida em médio prazo.