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Resumen Los mitos de violación son actitudes y creencias generalmente falsas, amplias y persistentes, acerca de la violación, la víctima y el agresor, que son utilizadas para negar o justificar la agresión sexual hacia las mujeres. En las últimas dos décadas, los instrumentos más utilizados para medir este constructo corresponden a la escala de aceptación de mitos de violación de Illinois (IRMAS), que utiliza expresiones directas y explícitas mediante un lenguaje clásico, y la escala de aceptación de mitos modernos de agresión sexual (AMMSA) que usa un lenguaje sutil, indirecto y moderno. Se realizó un metaanálisis de generalización de la fiabilidad de 69 estudios empíricos que utilizaron alguna de las dos escalas de mitos de violación. El objetivo fue estimar la fiabilidad media de las puntuaciones combinadas de las escalas IRMAS y AMMSA para obtener un valor aproximado de su fiabilidad general y evaluar el posible efecto moderador de algunas variables de interés. El promedio de la fiabilidad por consistencia interna de las puntuaciones de las escalas para las 98 muestras estudiadas fue de .85, IC95 % [.84, .86]. Se observó una alta heterogeneidad (I. = 96 %), y el número de ítems es la única variable moderadora que explica significativamente la variabilidad de la fiabilidad observada. Estos resultados muestran que ambas escalas presentan índices de consistencia interna aceptables en sus diversas aplicaciones. Por lo tanto, las medidas de aceptación de mitos de violación cumplen con los criterios de fiabilidad adecuados para ser utilizadas en investigaciones empíricas en distintos contextos.
Abstract Rape myths are widespread and persistent attitudes, beliefs, and stereotypes, usually false, about rape, the victim, and the perpetrator. Their function is to deny and justify sexual assaults against women, affecting the victim's attributions of responsibility and the perpetrator's attributions of guilt in rape cases. These myths exert a bias in the processing of information, directing attention and perception toward stimuli that justify the victim's responsibility for sexual aggression. These beliefs can be grouped into several types of myths: Myths that hold the victim responsible by arguing that women should be careful and not expose themselves to avoid sexual aggression, myths that justify and reduce the responsibility of the aggressor by stating that the man could not contain his sexual desire and those myths that deny or normalize sexual aggression, which propose that rape occurs only in very specific contexts. In the last two decades, the instruments most commonly used to measure these beliefs are The Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (IRMAS), which uses direct and explicit expressions through classic language, and the Modern Sexual Assault Myth Acceptance Scale (AMMSA), where its expressions are modern, subtle and indirect. Considering the wide use of these instruments, it is justified to provide empirical evidence showing information on the psychometric properties of these scales. One of the procedures for synthesizing empirical results is meta-analyses (MA). This methodology can synthesize studies of specific variables and analyze the psychometric properties of the measurement instruments, providing relevant information on the quality of a given scale. Within this last type of RM are reliability generalizations (RG), those that study the reliability coefficients obtained in different applications of a scale, providing evidence on the properties of the measures used in measuring a construct. A meta-analysis of the RGs of 69 empirical studies that used any of the rape myth scales was performed. The objective was to estimate the mean reliability of the combined scores of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales to obtain an approximate value of their overall reliability and to assess the possible moderating effect of some variables of interest (e.g., research design, culture, sample type, etc.). The mean internal consistency reliability of the scale scores for the 98 samples studied was .85, 95 % C.I. [.84, .86] and the mean coefficient for each of the IRMAS and AMMSA scales was .84 and .85 respectively. All these values are above .80, a value established as satisfactory reliability of the instrument for general research. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients reported by the studies ranged from .71 to .98, with values considered moderate to excellent. These results show that both scales present acceptable internal consistency indices in various applications. There is high heterogeneity (I. = 96 %), with the number of items being the only moderating variable significantly explaining the observed reliability variability. This result was to be expected, given that the effect of test length on the estimation of reliability indices has a long tradition and is widely known in the psychometric literature.
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A generation of new science has evolved with the development of bioinformatics and computational biology, which have molecular biology as an integrated part. In the past decade, technological advances have promoted a prominent development in expertise and knowledge in the molecular basis of phenotypes. In Bioinformatics, biological data is evaluated by computational science and processed in a more statistical and meaningful way. It includes the collection classification storage and evaluation of biochemical and organic statistics using computers in particular as implemented in molecular genetics and genomics. Computational Biology and Bioinformatics are emerging branches of science and include the use of techniques and concepts from informatics statistics, mathematics, chemistry, biochemistry, physics and linguistics. Therefore, bioinformatics and computational biology have sought to triumph over many challenges of which a few are listed in this overview. This evaluation intends to provide insight into numerous bioinformatics databases and their uses in the analysis of biological records exploring approaches emerging methodologies strategies tools that can provide scientific meaning to the information generated.
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Rapid maxillary expansion is often considered the treatment of choice for the correction of maxillary constriction. Several studies highlight the effect of rapid maxillary expansion in increasing nasal length and volume. The aim of this study is quantifying the volumetric changes of the upper airway, the maximum restricted area of the upper airway and the nostrils area, after the intervention of a rapid maxillary expansion using bimaxillary CBCT. A retrospective study was carried out, in which 14 patients of 12 year old with a diagnosis of unilateral or bilateral crossbite and skeletal maxillary constriction were selected. The treatment was carried out with a Mcnamara-type rapid expansion device and 8 mm of disjunction was planned. An initial bimaxillary CBCT was requested and another 15 days after treatment. Measurements were made at the maxillary level, upper airway and the maximum restricted area and the cross section of the nostril area, using 3D measuring softwares. It was obtained that, for every 1 mm of planned disjunction, 0.65 mm of maxillary disjunction is achieved, an upper airway gain of 0.7 cm3, the maximum restricted area gain of the upper airway of 9 mm2 and a gain in the nostrils area of 7.4 mm2 on average. In conclusion rapid maxillary expansion generates a significant increase in the volume of the upper airway and its narrower area.
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Introducción: El carcinoma de mama triple negativo se asocia a un comportamiento biológico más agresivo y de desfavorable pronóstico. Objetivo: Determinar la incidencia del subtipo molecular triple negativo en carcinomas mamarios y su relación con otras variables clínico-patológicas de valor pronóstico. Método: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo, en el Hospital Universitario Docente «Celestino Hernández Robau» de Villa Clara, en el período comprendido de enero de 2017 a junio de 2019, con el fin de determinar la incidencia de los tumores triples negativos y su relación con las variables edad, talla tumoral, tipo y grado histológicos e índice de proliferación. Resultados: Se determinó la incidencia del subtipo molecular triple negativo en carcinomas mamarios y su relación con las formas histológicas moderada y poco diferenciadas. Conclusiones: El subtipo molecular triple negativo en carcinomas mamarios está asociado con frecuencia a: la edad posmenopáusica, el tipo histológico ductal, el grado histológico alto, altos índices de Ki-67 y talla tumoral mayor de 2 cm.
Introduction: triple-negative breast cancer has a more aggressive biological behaviour and is associated with an unfavourable prognosis. Objective: to determine the incidence of triple- negative breast cancer molecular subtypes and its relationship with other clinical and pathological variables of prognostic value. Methods: a descriptive and retrospective study was carried out at "Celestino Hernández Robau" University Teaching Hospital from Villa Clara between January 2017 and June 2019 in order to determine the incidence of triple- negative tumors and its relationship with the variables: age, tumor size, histological type and grade as well as proliferative index. Results: the incidence of triple- negative breast cancer molecular subtype and its relationship with moderate and poorly differentiated histological forms were determined. Conclusions: triple- negative breast cancer molecular subtype is frequently associated with postmenopausal age, ductal histological type, high histological grade, high Ki-67 indices and tumor size greater than 2 cm.
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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of intrapartum cardiotocography in identifying fetal acidemia by umbilical cord blood analysis in low-risk pregnancies. METHODS: This is a retrospective cohort study of low-risk singleton pregnancies in labor after performing intrapartum cardiotocography categories I, II, and III. The presence of fetal acidemia at birth was identified by analyzing the pH of umbilical cord arterial blood (pH<7.1). RESULTS: No significant effect of the cardiotocography category on the arterial (p=0.543) and venous (p=0.770) pH of umbilical cord blood was observed. No significant association was observed between the cardiotocography category and the presence of fetal acidemia (p=0.706), 1-min Apgar score <7 (p=0.260), hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit (p=0.605), newborn death within the first 48 h, need for neonatal resuscitation (p=0.637), and adverse perinatal outcomes (p=0.373). Sensitivities of 62, 31, and 6.0%; positive predictive values of 11.0, 16.0, and 10.0%; and negative predictive values of 85, 89.0, and 87.0% were observed for cardiotocography categories I, II, and III, respectively. CONCLUSION: The three categories of intrapartum cardiotocography presented low sensitivities and high negative predictive values to identify fetal acidemia at birth in low-risk pregnancies.
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Background & objectives: The World Health Organisation recommended immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in all adult human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients regardless of their CD4 cell count. This study was undertaken to ascertain the cost-effectiveness of implementation of these guidelines in India. Methods: A Markov model was developed to assess the lifetime costs and health outcomes of three scenarios for initiation of ART treatment at varying CD4 cell count <350/mm3, <500/mm3 and test and treat using health system perspective using life-time horizon. A few input parameters for this model namely, transition probabilities from one stage to another stage of HIV and incidence rates of TB were calculated from the data of Centre of Excellence for HIV treatment and care, Chandigarh; whereas, other parameters were obtained from the published literature. Total HIV-related deaths averted, HIV infections averted and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio per quality adjusted life years (QALYs) gained were calculated. Result: Test and treat intervention slowed down the progression of disease and averted 18,386 HIV-related deaths, over lifetime horizon. It also averted 16,105 new HIV infections and saved 343,172 QALYs as compared to the strategy of starting ART at CD4 cell count of 500/mm3. Incremental cost per QALY gained for the immediate initiation of ART as compared to ART at CD4 cell count of 500/mm3 and 350/mm3 was ? 46,599 and 80,050, respectively at reported rates of adherence to the therapy. Interpretation & conclusions: Immediate ART (test and treat) is highly cost-effective strategy over the past criteria of delayed therapy in India. Cost-effectiveness of this policy is largely because of reduction in the transmission of HIV
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Abstract Introduction: Craniofacial growth is modified by chronic mouth breathing. Rapid maxillary expansion leads to separation of the mid-palatal suture, improving the occlusion and the upper airway size. Aim: Systematically evaluate scientific articles on the effects of rapid maxillary expansion on airway dimensions and classify the quality of the evidence of the information. Methods: Searches on PUBMED, LILACS, EMBASE, SCOPUS, WEB OF SCIENCE and COCHRANE, as well as in the grey literature were performed. The articles found were selected and evaluated both for the risk of bias (ROBINS-I) and for the quality of evidence (GRADE). Results: Of the 309 works found, 26 papers were selected for full reading, of which 22 were excluded. Data compilation and analysis were performed in four papers, two being controlled non-randomized clinical trials and two non-randomized and uncontrolled clinical trials. No randomized clinical trial was found. Conclusions: The meta-analysis found an increase in the internasal and inter-zygomatic distances and oropharyngeal volume after rapid maxillary expansion, which, together with clinical findings, makes the recommendation favorable to the intervention. The quality of the evidence for each outcome was considered very low.
Resumo Introdução: O crescimento craniofacial é modificado pela respiração oral crônica. A expansão rápida da maxila promove a separação da sutura palatino mediana, melhora a oclusão e a dimensão da via aérea superior. Objetivo: Avaliar de forma sistematizada os artigos científicos dos efeitos da expansão rápida da maxila sob as dimensões das vias aéreas e classificar a qualidade da evidência das informações. Método: Foi feita a busca nas plataformas Pubmed, Lilacs, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science e Cochrane, bem como a literatura cinzenta. Os artigos foram selecionados e avaliados quanto aos riscos de viés (ROBINS-I), e feita a avaliação da qualidade da evidência (GRADE). Resultados: De 309 estudos encontrados, 26 artigos foram selecionados para leitura completa, dos quais 22 excluídos, restaram 4 artigos para a análise e compilamento de dados, dois ensaios clínicos não randomizados controlados e dois ensaios clínicos não randomizados e não controlados. Nenhum ensaio clínico randomizado foi encontrado. Conclusões: As metanálises mostraram aumento de distância internasal, interzigomática e volume orofaríngeo após a expansão rápida da maxila, o que, juntamente aos achados clínicos, torna a recomendação favorável à intervenção. A qualidade da evidência de cada desfecho foi considerada muito baixa.
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La medición de glucosa en caninos es un procedimiento habitual en la clínica diaria, actualmente este valor se puede obtener mediante dispositivos portátiles y pruebas laboratoriales. Se realizó esta investigación con el fin de aportar mayor conocimiento sobre la importancia de la medición de glucosa, ya que en los últimos años ha perdido valor entre las pruebas hematológicas a considerar debido a que solo se relaciona con determinadas patologías como la diabetes u otras enfermedades metabólicas. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo comparar los valores de glucosa en caninos obtenidos mediante un glucómetro portátil de uso humano (Accu-chek® Active, Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Alemania); veterinario (aLcose® Vet Glu, jjPlus Corporation, New Taipei, Taiwán) y la prueba estándar de laboratorio, esto nos indicará la fiabilidad de los resultados obtenidos mediante estos métodos. Se realizó la toma de muestras de sangre de 50 caninos clínicamente sanos, de los cuales se obtuvo el resultado de glucemia mediante estos tres métodos. Los resultados de nuestra investigación evidenciaron que las tres formas de evaluación de la glucosa sanguínea en perros brindaban resultados estadísticamente diferentes (p < 0.05). Se obtuvo valores de glucosa diferentes entre los tres métodos de medición, teniendo como promedios finales 84.14 mg/dL, 101.12 mg/dL y 91.12 mg/dL correspondientes al glucómetro portátil de uso humano, veterinario y a la prueba estándar de laboratorio respectivamente. En conclusión, los glucómetros portátiles de uso humano subestiman los valores reales de glucosa, mientras que los de uso veterinario lo sobreestiman, comparados con la prueba estándar de laboratorio.
A medição de glicose nos cães é um procedimento habitual realizado no atendimento clínico. Atualmente este valor pode ser obtido por meio de dispositivos portáteis e testes laboratoriais. Esta pesquisa foi realizada com a finalidade de destacar a importância da medição de glicose, visto que nos últimos anos esta avaliação não tem sido muito valorada entre os testes hematológicos, sendo considerada relevante apenas em relação a patologias como a diabetes e outras doenças metabólicas. O presente estudo teve como objetivo comparar os valores de glicose em cães obtidos com glicômetro portátil de uso humano; veterinário e o teste padrão de laboratório. Esta comparação poderá indicar a confiabilidade dos resultados obtidos mediante os métodos avaliados. Foi realizada a amostragem do sangue de 50 caninos clinicamente sadios os quais foram submetidos a avaliação de glicose mediante os três métodos. Os resultados de nossa investigação evidenciaram que as três formas de avaliação da glicose sanguínea têm resultados estatisticamente diferentes (p < 0,05). Os valores de glicose tiveram medias finais de 84,14 mg/dL, 101,12 mg/dL e 91,12 mg/dL para o glicômetro portátil de uso humano (Accu-chek® Active, Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Alemanha), veterinário (aLcose® Vet Glu, jjPlus Corporation, Nova Taipei, Taiwan) e o teste padrão de laboratório, respectivamente. Ao concluir, os glicômetros portáteis de uso humano subestimam os valores reais de glicose e os de uso veterinário os superestimam quando comparados com o teste padrão de laboratório.
The measurement of glucose in canines is a common procedure in daily clinical practice. Currently this value can be obtained by use of portable devices and laboratory tests. This research was carried out in order to provide more knowledge about the importance of glucose measurement, since in recent years it has lost value among the hematological tests to be considered because it is only related to certain pathologies such as diabetes or other metabolic diseases. The present study aimed to compare the glucose values in dogs obtained with a portable glucometer for human use, veterinarian use, and the standard laboratory test. This comparison may indicate the reliability of the results obtained through the evaluated methods. A blood sampling of 50 clinically healthy canines was taken and submitted to glucose evaluation using the three methods. Our investigation showed that the three ways of assessing blood glucose have statistically different results (p < 0.05). Glucose values had final averages of 84.14 mg/dL, 101.12 mg/dL, and 91.12 mg/dL for the portable glucometer for human use (Accu-chek® Active, Roche Diagnostic, Mannheim, Germany), veterinary (aLcose® Vet Glu, jjPlus Corporation, New Taipei, Taiwan) and the standard laboratory test, respectively. In conclusion, portable glucometers for human use underestimate the glucose values, and those for veterinary use overestimate them compared to the standard laboratory test.
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Blood Chemical Analysis/veterinary , Blood Glucose/analysis , Blood Glucose Self-Monitoring/veterinary , Dogs/blood , Glucose/analysis , Glucose Tolerance Test/veterinaryABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: las miotonías hereditarias son enfermedades del músculo esquelético, clínica y genéticamente heterogéneas, caracterizadas por presentar miotonía (retraso en la relajación muscular). Se dividen en distróficas y no distróficas, las cuales son causadas por mutaciones en el ADN. Objetivo: describir los hallazgos más relevantes sobre algunas miotonías hereditarias en Costa Rica. Metodología: se realizaron estudios genético-moleculares en individuos afectados con una condición miotónica y sus familiares en riesgo genético. Resultados: la mutación de la distrofia miotónica tipo 1 (DM1) se encontró en 246 individuos. Nuestros estudios contribuyeron a mejorar la correlación entre el tamaño de la mutación y la edad de inicio de los síntomas, además, se demostró el papel modificador de algunos otros factores genéticos en la DM1. De las familias de 18 pacientes negativos para la mutación DM1, en ocho se logró identificar una mutación en genes que proporcionan la información para formar canales iónicos. Los análisis de función ayudaron a mostrar que esas mutaciones ocasionan cambios estructurales y estos modifican las propiedades de los canales, provocando una pérdida o ganancia de su función. Conclusiones: este trabajo permitió la clasificación clínica correcta de muchos pacientes, así como explorar las bases genéticas y moleculares de la variabilidad clínica de estas enfermedades, mediante la búsqueda de factores modificadores de la DM1 y los estudios funcionales de mutaciones causantes de canalopatías hereditarias, aspecto clave para asesorar a pacientes y familias y abordar la enfermedad de la forma más adecuada.
Abstract Introduction: Hereditary myotonias are a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of skeletal muscle diseases characterized by myotonia (delayed muscle relaxation). Clinically, they are classified as dystrophic and non-dystrophic myotonias, which are caused by mutations in the DNA. Aim: Describe the most relevant findings on some hereditary myotonias in Costa Rica. Methodology: Genetic-molecular studies of these diseases were carried out in individuals affected with a myotonic condition and their relatives at genetic risk. Results: The mutation for myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) was found in 246 individuals. We have seen an improvement in the correlations between the size of the mutation and the age of onset of symptoms, in addition we have demonstrated the modifying role of some genetic factors in DM1. Of 18 patients who were negative for the mutation causing DM1, in eight families, a mutation was identified in genes, that provide the instructions for producing proteins called ion channels. Analyzes at the functional level helped to show that these mutations cause structural changes that modify the properties of these channels, causing a loss or gain of channel function. Conclusions: Our studies have allowed a correct clinical classification for many patients with these pathologies, in addition to explore the genetic and molecular basis of the clinical variability of these diseases, by searching for DM1 modifying factors and functional studies of new mutations that cause hereditary channelopathies, which is key to provide genetic counseling to patients and families and treating the disease in the most appropriate way.
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Humans , Male , Female , Myotonia Congenita/genetics , Costa Rica , MutationABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: The main purpose of aerobic exercise is to enhance cardiopulmonary endurance, so it is necessary to build cardiopulmonary endurance response models based on different frequencies of aerobic exercise. Objective: To study the cardiopulmonary endurance response of women to different frequencies of aerobic exercise. Methods: Twenty young female desk workers (female teachers and civil servants) who worked out at a fitness club were randomly divided into two groups. Cardiopulmonary function, both before and after 16 weeks of aerobic exercise at different exercise loads, was studied and analyzed. Results: After 16 weeks of aerobic exercise at different exercise loads, all the young women had significantly improved their vital capacity (VC), and their maximum oxygen uptake ability was improved to a certain extent. Compared with the 45-minute aerobic exercise group, the vital capacity (VC)of 90-minute aerobic exercise group was significantly increased (P>0.05). Conclusions: When performed at a consistent frequency level, aerobic exercise with a relatively high exercise load can better develop the body's respiratory system function. This may be due to deep stimulation of the respiratory system from high-load aerobic exercise, and ultimately to the intensive exercising of lung function. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO Introdução: O principal objetivo do exercício aeróbico é aumentar a resistência cardiopulmonar, por isso é necessário construir modelos de resposta de resistência cardiopulmonar baseados em diferentes frequências de exercício aeróbico. Objetivo: Estudar a resposta de resistência cardiopulmonar de mulheres em diferentes frequências de exercício aeróbio. Métodos: Vinte jovens profissionais de escritório (professoras e funcionárias públicas) que frequentavam uma academia foram divididas randomicamente em dois grupos. A função cardiopulmonar foi estudada e analisada antes e depois de 16 semanas de exercício aeróbico com diferentes cargas de exercício. Resultados: Depois de 16 semanas de exercícios aeróbicos com diferentes cargas, todas as jovens tiveram melhora significativa da capacidade vital (CV), sendo que a capacidade máxima de captação de oxigênio melhorou até certo ponto. Comparada com o grupo de exercícios aeróbicos de 45 minutos, a capacidade vital (CV) do grupo de exercícios aeróbicos de 90 minutos foi significativamente maior (P > 0,05). Conclusões: Quando praticado com frequência regular, o exercício aeróbico com carga relativamente alta pode melhorar o desenvolvimento da função respiratória. Isso pode dever-se à estimulação profunda do sistema respiratório a partir de exercícios aeróbicos de alta carga e, em última instância,é devidoao exercício intensivo da função pulmonar. Nível de Evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - Investigação dos resultados do tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: El principal objetivo del ejercicio aeróbico es aumentar la resistencia cardiopulmonar, por lo que es necesario desarrollar modelos de respuesta de resistencia cardiopulmonar basados en diferentes frecuencias de ejercicio aeróbico. Objetivo: Estudiar la respuesta de resistencia cardiopulmonar de mujeres a diferentes frecuencias de ejercicio aeróbico. Métodos: Veinte jóvenes profesionales de oficina (profesoras y funcionarias públicas) que asistían a un gimnasio fueron divididas aleatoriamente en dos grupos. Se estudió y analizó la función cardiopulmonar antes y después de 16 semanas de ejercicio aeróbico con diferentes cargas de ejercicio. Resultados: Después de 16 semanas de ejercicio aeróbico con diferentes cargas, todas las mujeres jóvenes presentaron una mejora significativa de la capacidad vital (CV), siendo que la capacidad máxima de captación de oxígeno mejoró en cierta medida. En comparación con el grupo de ejercicio aeróbico de 45 minutos, la capacidad vital (CV) del grupo de ejercicio aeróbico de 90 minutos fue significativamente mayor (P > 0,05). Conclusiones: Cuando se practica con una frecuencia regular, el ejercicio aeróbico con una carga relativamente alta puede mejorar el desarrollo de la función respiratoria. Ello puede deberse a la profunda estimulación del sistema respiratorio por el ejercicio aeróbico de alta carga y, en última instancia, al ejercicio intensivo de la función pulmonar. Nivel de Evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - Investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.
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Resumen: Objetivo: Estimar la supervivencia a cinco años por cáncer cervicouterino y sus factores asociados en pacientes mexicanas, cuya atención fue financiada por el Fondo de Protección contra Gastos Catastróficos (FPGC) del Seguro Popular durante el periodo 2006-2014. Material y métodos: Se analizó la base de datos de las pacientes mencionadas y se vinculó con el Subsistema Epidemiológico y Estadístico de Defunciones. Se hizo un análisis de supervivencia a cinco años por etapa clínica y factores asociados, mediante el método de Kaplan-Meier y los modelos de riesgos proporcionales de Cox. Resultados: La supervivencia global por cáncer cervicouterino a los cinco años fue de 68.5%. Los factores asociados fueron la etapa clínica (locoregional [HR=2.8 IC95% HR: 2.6,3.0] y metastásica [HR=5.4 IC95% HR: 4.9,5.9]) comparada con la etapa temprana y la edad (HR=1.003 IC95% HR:1.001,1.004). Conclusiones: Las mujeres que lograron el acceso a la atención del cáncer cervical financiadas por el FPGC tuvieron una supervivencia ligeramente superior a las reportadas en otros estudios.
Abstract: Objective: Estimate five-year survival from cervical cancer and associated factors in Mexican patients financed by Seguro Popular during the period 2006-2014. Materials and methods: We analyzed the database of patients financed by the Catastrophic Expenses Protection Fund and linked it to the Statistical and Epidemiological System of mortality. We performed a five-year survival analysis by clinical stage and associated factors, using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazards models. Results: Overall survival for cervical cancer at five years was 68.5%. The associated factors were the clinical stage: locoregional (HR=2.8 CI95% HR: 2.6,3.0) and metastatic (HR=5.4 CI95% HR: 4.9,5.9) compared to early stage and age (HR=1.003 CI95% HR:1.001,1.004). Conclusions: Women who gained access to Catastrophic Expenses Protection Fund cervical cancer care had similar survival than that reported in other studies.
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ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the performance of Primary Health Care, according to conglomerates of São Paulo cities that present homogeneous indicators. Methods: This is a descriptive study, based on secondary data extracted from official sources of the Unified Health System, for the year 2018. An analysis matrix was created, with the proposition of performance (access, effectiveness and adequacy) and context indicators (population, health determinants and financing) selected and organized in dimensions and sub-dimensions. Cluster Analysis was used to identify the groups of homogeneous municipalities. Results: 645 municipalities were divided in 6 conglomerates. Clusters 2 and 3 were formed predominantly by small municipalities with greater access to health; cluster 3 has less social vulnerability and greater investment in health. Clusters 1, 4 and 5 were formed by the largest municipalities with less access to health; cluster 4 presents greater social vulnerability, less coverage of private health plans and a greater percentage of health resources; cluster 5 was characterized by greater Gross Domestic Product per capita and greater coverage of private health plans. Cluster 6, formed by the city of São Paulo, was a particular case. Cluster 2 drew attention, as it was shown to have increased coverage, but signaled lower efficacy and adequacy levels. Cluster 3 had the best performance among all clusters. Conclusion: These findings can support regional and municipal management, given the complexity of the territory of São Paulo, pointing to scenarios that demand broader public management initiatives.
RESUMO: Objetivo: Descrever o desempenho da atenção primária à saúde, segundo clusters de municípios paulistas que apresentaram indicadores homogêneos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, com base em dados secundários extraídos de fontes oficiais do Sistema Único de Saúde, referentes ao ano de 2018. Foi elaborada uma matriz de análise, com a proposição de indicadores de desempenho (acesso, efetividade e adequação) e contexto (população, determinantes de saúde e financiamento), selecionados e organizados em dimensões e subdimensões. Para identificar os grupos de municípios homogêneos, foi utilizada a análise de cluster Resultados: Dos 645 municípios, constituíram-se seis clusters. Os clusters 2 e 3 foram formados, predominantemente, por municípios pequenos e com maior acesso; entre eles, o cluster 3 apresentou menor vulnerabilidade social e maior investimento em saúde. Os clusters 1, 4 e 5, em contrapartida, foram formados por municípios maiores e com menor acesso; entre eles, o cluster 4 apresentou maior vulnerabilidade social, menor cobertura de planos privados de saúde e maior percentual de recursos utilizados em saúde; e o cluster 5, maior produto interno bruto per capita e maior cobertura de planos privados de saúde. O cluster 6, formado pelo município de São Paulo, demonstrou ser um caso particular. Ainda, o cluster 2 chamou atenção. Apresentando maior cobertura, sinalizou menor efetividade e adequação. Entre todos os clusters, o cluster 3 alcançou o melhor desempenho. Conclusão: Os resultados podem subsidiar a gestão regional e municipal, diante da complexidade do território paulista, apontando para cenários que demandam maiores inciativas de gestão pública.
ABSTRACT
The Positive Mental Health (PMH) scale has been shown to be a reliable and valid tool for assessing positive mental health and well-being in different languages and cultures. However, the PMH scale has not yet been translated into Arabic and validated for the Saudi Arabian population. Therefore, the current study aimed to translate the English version of the PMH scale into Arabic for the Saudi Arabian context and validate the translated scale. A total of 1148 adult participants from Saudi public universities took part in the study. Based on exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses in different subsamples, the results of the current study revealed that the unifactorial model satisfactorily fits the data. Additionally, the Arabic version of the PMH scale demonstrated sufficient levels of reliability and had a high negative correlation with the Beck Depression Inventory-II, indicating convergent validity. Taken together, the findings of the current study suggest that the Arabic version of the PMH scale has appropriate levels of validity and reliability for the Saudi Arabian population.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Mental Health , Surveys and Questionnaires , Reproducibility of Results , Saudi Arabia , Translating , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Factor Analysis, Statistical , Psychology, PositiveABSTRACT
Heart rate variability (HRV) is a relevant physiological variable for the estimation of cardiac autonomic function. Although the gold standard for HRV registration is the electrocardiogram (ECG), several applications (APPs) have been increasingly developed. The evaluation carried out by these devices must be compatible with ECG standards. The aim of this study was to compare the data obtained simultaneously with ECG and APP with chest heart rate transmitters. Fifty-six healthy individuals (28 men and 28 women) were evaluated at rest through a short simultaneous HRV measurement with both devices. Data from both acquisition systems were analyzed separately using their own analysis software and exported and analyzed using a validated software. Signal recordings were compatible between the two acquisition systems (Pearson r=0.99; P<0.0001). Although a high correlation was found for the HRV variables obtained in the time domain (Spearman r=0.99; P<0.0001), the correlation decreased in the frequency domain (Pearson r=0.85; P<0.0001) when two software programs were used. Comparison of the averages of spectral analysis parameters also showed differences when HRV data were analyzed separately in each device for low-frequency (LF) and high-frequency (HF) bands. Although the portability of these mobile devices allows for optimal HRV evaluation, the direct analysis obtained from these devices must be carefully evaluated with respect to frequency domain parameters.
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Understanding the genetic diversity and overcoming genotype-by-environment interaction issues is an essential step in breeding programs that aims to improve the performance of desirable traits. This study estimated genetic diversity and applied genotype + genotype-by-environment (GGE) biplot analyses in cotton genotypes. Twelve genotypes were evaluated for fiber yield, fiber length, fiber strength, and micronaire. Estimation of variance components and genetic parameters was made through restricted maximum likelihood and the prediction of genotypic values was made through best linear unbiased prediction. The modified Tocher and principal component analysis (PCA) methods, were used to quantify genetic diversity among genotypes. GGE biplot was performed to find the best genotypes regarding adaptability and stability. The Tocher technique and PCA allowed for the formation of clusters of similar genotypes based on a multivariate framework. The GGE biplot indicated that the genotypes IMACV 690 and IMA08 WS were highly adaptable and stable for the main traits in cotton. The cross between the genotype IMACV 690 and IMA08 WS is the most recommended to increase the performance of the main traits in cotton crops.
Compreender a diversidade genética e contornar os problemas causados pela interação genótipos por ambientes é uma etapa importante em programas de melhoramento. Este estudo teve como objetivo estimar a diversidade genética e aplicar a metodologia de biplot genótipo + genótipo por ambiente (GGE biplot) em doze genótipos de algodão avaliados quanto ao rendimento da fibra, comprimento da fibra, resistência da fibra e micronaire. A estimativa dos componentes de variância e dos parâmetros genéticos foi feita através do método da máxima verossimilhança restrita e a predição dos valores genotípicos por meio da melhor predição linear não enviesada. Os métodos de Tocher modificado e análise de componentes principais (PCA) foram utilizados para quantificar a diversidade genética entre os genótipos. O método GGE biplot foi conduzido para encontrar os melhores genótipos em relação à adaptabilidade e estabilidade. As técnicas de Tocher e PCA permitiram a formação de clusters de genótipos semelhantes com base em uma estrutura multivariada. O GGE biplot indicou que os genótipos IMACV 690 e IMA08 WS foram altamente adaptáveis e estáveis para as principais características do algodão. O cruzamento dentre os genótipos IMACV 690 e IMA08 WS é o mais recomendado para aumentar o desempenho das principais características na cultura do algodão.
Subject(s)
Gossypium/genetics , Cotton Fiber/analysis , Gene-Environment Interaction , Genotype , Plant Breeding/methodsABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE@#To compare the retentions of different designs of cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr), pure titanium (CP Ti), and titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-4V) removable partial denture (RPD) circumferential clasps manufactured by selective laser melting (SLM) and to analyze the stress distribution of these clasps during the removal from abutment teeth.@*METHODS@#Clasps with clasp arm size A (1.9 mm width/1.1 mm thickness at the body and 0.8-taper) or B (1.2 times A) and 0.25 mm or 0.50 mm undercut engagement were modeled on a prepared first premolar die, named as designs A1, A2, A3, and A4, respectively. The density and elastic modulus of SLM-built Co-Cr, CP Ti, and Ti-6Al-4V were measured and given to different groups of clasps. The density, elastic modulus, and Poisson ' s ratio of enamel were given to the die. The control group was the cast Co-Cr clasp with design A1, to which the density and elastic modulus of cast Co-Cr alloy were given. The Poisson's ratio of all metals was 0.33. The initial 5 N dislodging force was applied, and the maximum displacement of the clasp along the insertion path was computed. The load was reapplied with an increment of 5 N than in the last simulation until the clasp was completely dislodged. The retentive force range of different groups of clasps was obtained. The retentive forces of the SLM-built Co-Cr, CP Ti, and Ti-6Al-4V clasps with equivalent computed retentive force range to the control group were validated through the insertion/removal experiment. The von Mises stress distributions of these three groups of SLM-built clasps under 15 N loads were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#SLM-built Co-Cr, CP Ti, and Ti-6Al-4V clasps with designs B1 or B2, and Co-Cr clasps with design A2 had higher retentive forces than those of the control group. SLM-built CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V clasps with design A1 had lower retentive forces than those of the control group. SLM-built Co-Cr clasp with design A1 and SLM-built CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V clasps with design A2 had equivalent retentive forces to those of the control group. The insertion/removal experiment showed that the measured retentive forces of these three groups of SLM-built clasps were (21.57±5.41) N, (19.75±4.47) N, and (19.32±2.04) N, respectively. No statistically significant measured retentive force difference was found among these three groups of SLM-built clasps (P>0.05). The maximum von Mises stress of these three groups of SLM-built clasps exceeded their responding yield strength except for the Ti-6Al-4V one.@*CONCLUSION@#SLM-built Co-Cr circumferential clasps had higher retention than CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V ones with the same clasp arm size and undercut engagement. The retention of SLM-built circumferential clasps could be adjusted by changing the undercut engagement and clasp arm size. If SLM-built circumferential clasps are used in clinical practice, the Ti-6Al-4V clasp with clasp arm size A and 0.50 mm undercut engagement is recommended considering the long-term use of RPD in the patient's mouth.
Subject(s)
Humans , Chromium Alloys , Dental Clasps , Denture Retention , Denture, Partial, Removable , Finite Element Analysis , Lasers , TitaniumABSTRACT
Objective:A case-control association analysis was performed to investigate if the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of N-cadherin(CDH2) gene is implicated in schizophrenia in a Han Chinese population.Methods:A total of 528 patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 528 healthy controls were recruited from northern Henan province to analyze 25 SNPs located in CDH2 gene.The clinical symptoms of 267 first-episode schizophrenia patients were evaluated with positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS), and the correlation between CDH2 gene and clinical symptoms was analyzed by SNPStats software online.Results:Allele frequencies of rs9951577 and rs1231268 were significantly correlated with schizophrenia( P<0.05), genotype frequency of rs1639387 was significantly correlated with schizophrenia( P=0.044). After gender classification, SNPs rs1789470 and rs28365328 were found to be significantly correlated with schizophrenia in female patients ( P=0.044, 0.019). In addition, the study found that CDH2 was correlated with the clinical characteristics of schizophrenia( P<0.05), and the negative factor score of patients between GG type rs1231268 and the other two genotypes (AG+ AA) ((21.12±8.41) vs (18.87±7.52)) was statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:CDH2 gene may be one of the susceptibility genes to SZ, and has definite correlation with clinical negative symptoms.
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OBJECTIVE To study the spectru m-toxicity relationship of in vitro hepatotoxicity of aqueous extract from Euodia rutaecarpa. METHODS The aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa from different habitats were prepared. The fingerprints of aqueous extract from E. rutaecarpa were established by ultra high performance liquid chromatography （UPLC） method and Similarity Evaluation System of TCM Fingerprint （2012A edition ），and common peaks were identified and the similarity was evaluated. Using normal human hepatocytes L 02 as subject ，inhibitory effect of aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa to them were investigated. The spectrum-toxicity relationship of UPLC fingerprint of aqueous extract from E. rutaecarpa with the hepatotoxicity of hepatocytes L 02 was analyzed by grey relational analysis （GRA）and partial least squares regression analysis （PLSR）. The corresponding compound of the chromatographic peak with the greatest correlation with the in vitro hepatotoxicity of E. rutaecarpa were isolated ，prepared and identified. RESULTS There were 27 common peaks in UPLC fingerprints of aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa ，with similarity of 0.375-0.995. Totally 9 peaks were confirmed ，i.e. neochlorogenic acid （peak 5），chlorogenic acid （peak 9），cryptochlorogenic acid （peak 10），caffeic acid （peak 12），rutin （peak 16），hyperin（peak 17），dehydroevotarine（peak 19），evotarine（peak 24），rutecarpine（peak 25）. The aqueous extract from 16 batches of E. rutaecarpa showed significant inhibitory effect on the growth of L 02 cells（P＜0.05 or P＜0.01），and the inhibitory rate ranged from 6.68％ to 67.95％. GRA showed that there were 18 common peaks with correlation degree greater than 0.8，which were peak 8＞peak 3＞peak 23＞peak 7＞peak 4＞peak 9＞peak 12＞peak 2＞peak 19＞peak 6＞ 4928381。E-mail：799247687@qq.com peak 15＞peak 5＞peak 1＞peak 17＞peak 21＞peak 26＞ peak 20＞peak 14 in descending order of correlation degree. PLSR showed that there were 14 peaks with regression coefficient＞0 and variable importance projection value ＞1，and the order of regression coefficient was peak 8＞peak 3＞peak 23＞ peak 2＞peak 7＞peak 4＞peak 12＞peak 9＞peak 19＞peak 5＞peak 17＞peak 26＞peak 10＞peak 15. Peak 8 had the greatest correlation with in vitro hepatotoxicity，and the corresponding compound of this peak was identified as 6-O-trans caffeoyl gluconic acid. CONCLUSIONS The in vitro hepatotoxicity of aqueous extract from E. rutaecarpa is the result of multiple component interaction，among which 6-O-trans caffeoyl gluconic acid shows closest relation with in vitro hepatotoxicity.
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ABSTRACT Objective. In 2021, Mexico launched the HEARTS program to improve the prevention and control of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in 20 primary care facilities in the states of Chiapas and Yucatán. This study projects the annual cost of program implementation and discusses budgetary implications for scaling up the program. Methods. We obtained district-level data on treatment protocols, medication costs, and other resources required to prevent and treat CVD. We used the HEARTS Costing Tool to estimate total and per-patient costs. A "partial implementation" scenario calculated the costs of implementing HEARTS if existing pharmacological treatment protocols are left in place. The second scenario, "full implementation," examined costs if programs use HEARTS pharmacological protocol. Results. Respectively in the partial and full implementation scenarios, total annual costs to implement and operate HEARTS were $260 023 ($32.1 per patient/year) and $255 046 ($31.5 per patient/year) in Chiapas, and $1 000 059 ($41.3 per patient/year) and $1 013 835 ($43.3 per patient/year) in Yucatán. In Chiapas, adopting HEARTS standardized treatment protocols resulted in a 9.7 % reduction in annual medication expenditures relative to maintaining status-quo treatment approaches. In Yucatán, adoption was $12 875 more expensive, in part because HEARTS hypertension treatment regimens were more intensive than status quo regimens. Conclusion. HEARTS in the Americas offers a standardized strategy to treating and controlling CVD risk factors. In Mexico, approaches that may lead to improved program affordability include adoption of the recommended HEARTS treatment protocols with preferred medications and task shifting of services from physicians to nurses and other providers.
RESUMEN Objetivo. En el año 2021, México puso en marcha el programa HEARTS para mejorar la prevención y el control de los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares en 20 centros de atención primaria en los estados de Chiapas y Yucatán. En este estudio se estima el costo anual de la ejecución del programa y se abordan las implicaciones presupuestarias para su ampliación. Métodos. Se obtuvieron datos a nivel de distrito sobre los protocolos de tratamiento, los costos de los medicamentos y otros recursos necesarios para prevenir y tratar las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Se empleó la herramienta HEARTS para el cálculo de costos con el fin de estimar los costos totales y por paciente. En una situación de "implementación parcial", se calcularon los costos de ejecutar HEARTS si se mantienen los protocolos de tratamiento farmacológico existentes. En un segundo escenario de "implementación completa", se examinaron los costos de los programas que emplean el protocolo farmacológico de HEARTS. Resultados. En los escenarios de implementación parcial y total, respectivamente, los costos anuales totales para implementar y poner en marcha el paquete de medidas HEARTS fueron de US$ 260 023 (US$ 32,1 por paciente al año) y US$ 255 046 (US$ 31,5 por paciente al año) en Chiapas, y US$ 1 000 059 (US$ 41,3 por paciente al año) y US$ 1 013 835 (US$ 43,3 por paciente al año) en Yucatán. En Chiapas, la adopción de los protocolos de tratamiento estandarizados de HEARTS supuso una reducción de 9,7% en los gastos anuales de medicamentos en comparación con el mantenimiento de los enfoques de tratamiento ya establecidos. En Yucatán, la adopción fue US$ 12 875 más cara, en parte porque los esquemas de tratamiento para la hipertensión que se proponen en HEARTS fueron más intensivos que los esquemas ya establecidos. Conclusiones. El programa HEARTS en la Región de las Américas ofrece una estrategia estandarizada para tratar y controlar los factores de riesgo de las enfermedades cardiovasculares. En México, los enfoques que pueden conducir a una mayor asequibilidad del programa incluyen la adopción de los protocolos de tratamiento recomendados de HEARTS con medicamentos de preferencia y la distribución de tareas de los servicios para que pasen del personal médico al personal de enfermería y otros prestadores de atención de salud.
RESUMO Objetivo. Em 2021, o México lançou o programa HEARTS para melhorar a prevenção e o controle dos fatores de risco de doenças cardiovasculares (DCV) em 20 unidades básicas de saúde nos estados de Chiapas e Yucatán. Este estudo projeta o custo anual de implementação do programa e discute as implicações orçamentárias para sua expansão. Métodos. Foram obtidos dados de nível distrital sobre protocolos de tratamento, custos de medicamentos e outros recursos necessários para prevenir e tratar a DCV. A ferramenta de cálculo de custos do HEARTS foi usada para estimar os custos totais e por paciente. Um cenário de "implementação parcial" calculou os custos de implementação do HEARTS se os protocolos de farmacoterapia existentes forem mantidos em vigor. O segundo cenário, "implementação plena", examinou os custos se os programas utilizassem o protocolo de farmacoterapia do HEARTS. Resultados. Respectivamente nos cenários de implementação parcial e plena, os custos anuais totais para implementar e operar o HEARTS foram de US$ 260 023 (US$ 32,1 por paciente/ano) e US$ 255 046 (US$ 31,5 por paciente/ano) em Chiapas, e $1 000 059 (US$ 41,3 por paciente/ano) e US$ 1 013 835 (US$ 43,30 por paciente/ano) em Yucatán. Em Chiapas, a adoção de protocolos de tratamento padronizados do HEARTS resultou em uma redução de 9,7% nos gastos anuais com medicamentos em relação à manutenção das condutas atuais (status quo). Em Yucatán, a adoção foi US$ 12 875 mais cara, em parte porque os regimes de tratamento de hipertensão do HEARTS eram mais intensivos do que os regimes atuais. Conclusão. A HEARTS nas Américas oferece uma estratégia padronizada para tratar e controlar os fatores de risco de DCV. No México, abordagens que podem levar a uma melhor acessibilidade do programa incluem a adoção dos protocolos de tratamento recomendados do HEARTS com medicamentos preferidos e a realocação de tarefas de médicos para enfermeiros e outros profissionais.
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Resumo Este estudo apresenta a análise da literatura científica quanto à aplicação de modelos de apoio à decisão multicritério na priorização de projetos de recursos hídricos, por meio de uma revisão sistemática. Metodologicamente, a pesquisa caracteriza-se como diagnóstico-descritiva. Para a realização da revisão sistemática, seguiu-se o protocolo Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses. No que tange à análise dos dados, após o levantamento do portfólio bibliográfico, realizou-se uma bibliometria com o auxílio dos softwares VOSviewer e UCINET 6 em conjunto com o NetDraw, e posteriormente se procedeu à metassíntese. Como principais resultados, percebeu-se: (i) uma carência na produção científica sobre o tema investigado (23 artigos); (ii) a recorrente aplicação de métodos de apoio à decisão multicritério na priorização de projetos de recursos hídricos; (iii) o destaque para o governo e companhias de saneamento com setores de maior interesse em projetos de recursos hídricos; (iv) a falta de informação sobre os atores envolvidos na priorização dos projetos e as técnicas que apoiam o consenso da decisão; e (v) além da preocupação econômica, a importância que vem sendo dada às dimensões social e ambiental. A contribuição prática deste estudo é dada pelo conhecimento gerado para as companhias e instituições que desejem realizar a priorização de projetos de recursos hídricos, uma vez que são exibidas metodologias, técnicas, dimensões e critérios que vêm sendo considerados cientificamente na priorização de projetos no setor de recursos hídricos. Já a contribuição teórica é realizada por meio da apresentação de um panorama atual do tema objeto de estudo, de forma a permitir a identificação de lacunas e apontando áreas em desenvolvimento para pesquisas futuras.
Abstract This study presents the analysis of the scientific literature on the application of multicriteria decision aid models in the prioritization of water resources projects through a systematic review. Methodologically, the research is characterized as descriptive diagnosis. For the systematic review, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol was followed. Regarding data analysis, after surveying a bibliographic portfolio, a bibliometry was carried out with the aid of VOSviewer and UCINET 6 software, in addition to NetDraw software; subsequently, a metasynthesis was performed. As main results, the following aspects were observed: (i) lack of scientific production on the investigated topic (23 articles); (ii) recurring application of multicriteria decision aid methods in prioritizing water resource projects; (iii) emphasis on the government and sanitation companies with sectors of greatest interest in water resources projects; (iv) lack of information about the actors involved in the prioritization of projects and the techniques that support the decision consensus; and (v) in addition to the economic concern, the importance that has been given to social and environmental dimensions. The practical contribution of this study consists in the knowledge generated for companies and institutions that intend to prioritize water resource projects, as this study presents the methodologies, techniques, dimensions, and criteria that have been scientifically considered in the prioritization of projects in the water resources sector. The theoretical contribution consists in the presentation of a current overview of the topic under study, in such a way to allow the identification of gaps and indicating areas under development for future research.