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Objective:To explore the effects of ventilator parameters on the compliances of chest and lung,and arterial blood gas indicators of patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(AECOPD)when biphasic positive airway pressure(BiPAP)ventilation treated AECOPD patients at acute exacerbation period.Method:A total of 78 AECOPD patients who underwent non-invasive ventilation treatment by using BiPAP ventilators in Xinjiang Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Hospital from April 2020 to April 2021 were selected.The common range of inspiratory positive airway pressure(IPAP)was 10-25 cmH2O.Based on the specific situation and adjustment of clinical needs of patients,this study set"<15 cmH2O"as the low IPAP group(n=34),and set"≥15 cmH2O"as the high IPAP group(n=44)to analyze the correlation between IPAP of BiPAP ventilator parameters and the therapeutic effects,chest lung compliances and arterial blood gas indicators of patients.Results:The rate of therapeutic effect of patients in the high IPAP group was 93.48%,which was significantly higher than 71.88%of the low IPAP group,and the difference between the two groups was statistically significant(x2=6.766,P<0.05).Before treatment,there were no statistically significant differences in indicators included chest compliance(CTh),lung compliance(CL)and total compliance(Ct)between the two groups(P>0.05).After treatment,the Ct,CL and CTh of patients in the high IPAP group were significantly higher than those in the low IPAP group,and the differences between the two groups were statistically significant(t=2.508,2.027,2.185,P<0.05),respectively.There was no statistically significant difference in arterial oxygen partial pressure(PaO2)value between the two groups before used mechanical ventilation(P>0.05).The PaO2 values of patients at 2,4,6 and 8h of using mechanical ventilation in the high IPAP group were significantly higher than those in the low IPAP group,and the differences between different groups were statistically significant(t=8.531,5.296,3.264,4.623,P<0.05),respectively.Both two groups of patients showed a significant increase in inflammatory mediators such as matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9)and interleukin-8(IL-8)during occurring disease.After treatment,the levels of the two mediators decreased,and the high IPAP group was significantly lower than that of low IPAP group(t=2.251,5.484,P<0.05),respectively.The incidence of abdominal distension in patients of high IPAP group was 20.45%,which was significantly higher than 5.88%of low IPAP group,and the difference between groups was statistically significant(x2=3.623,P<0.05).Conclusion:The IPAP of BiPAP ventilator parameters has effect on chest lung compliance,arterial blood gas analysis and inflammatory indicators in AECOPD patients.High IPAP can improve therapeutic effect,and improve chest lung compliance and arterial blood gas analysis,but can easily cause adverse reactions such as abdominal distension.
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ObjectiveDirect continuous monitoring of arterial blood pressure is invasive and continuous monitoring cannot be achieved by traditional cuffed indirect blood pressure measurement methods. Previously, continuous non-invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring was achieved by using photoplethysmography (PPG), but it is discrete values of systolic and diastolic blood pressures rather than continuous values constructing arterial blood pressure waves. This study aimed to reconstruct arterial blood pressure wave signal based on CNN-LSTM using PPG to achieve continuous non-invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring. MethodsA CNN-LSTM hybrid neural network model was constructed, and the PPG and arterial blood pressure wave synchronized recorded signal data from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care (MIMIC) were used. The PPG signals were input to this model after noise reduction, normalization, and sliding window segmentation. The corresponding arterial blood pressure waves were reconstructed from PPG by using the CNN-LSTM hybrid model. ResultsWhen using the CNN-LSTM neural network with a window length of 312, the error between the reconstructed arterial blood pressure values and the actual arterial blood pressure values was minimal: the values of mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) were 2.79 mmHg and 4.24 mmHg, respectively, and the cosine similarity is the optimal. The reconstructed arterial blood pressure values were highly correlated with the actual arterial blood pressure values, which met the Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (AAMI) standards. ConclusionCNN-LSTM hybrid neural network can reconstruct arterial blood pressure wave signal using PPG to achieve continuous non-invasive arterial blood pressure monitoring.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism of acute exposure to sodium cyanide(NaCN)on brain nerve damage induced by closed hypoxia in mice.METHODS ① Mice were randomly divided into hypoxia+NaCN 0(hypoxia control group),2.56,3.8,and 5.1 mg·kg-1 groups.After ip adminis-tration of different concentrations of NaCN,the mice were immediately placed into a closed hypoxic tank and the hypoxia survival time was observed.②Mice were divided into normal control,NaCN 3.8 mg·kg-1,hypoxia(30 and 60 min)and NaCN 3.8 mg·kg-1+hypoxia(30 and 60 min)groups.After grouping,the pH,oxygen saturation(sO2),oxygen tension(pO2)and carbon dioxide partial pressure(pCO2)of arterial blood of mice were detected using an arterial blood gas analyzer.The cortical cerebral blood flow of mice was detected using a laser speckle imager.The dry and wet brain tissue were weighed separately,and the brain moisture content was calculated.The kit was used to detect the activity of total superoxide dismutase(T-SOD)and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)in the hippocampus.TUNEL staining was used to detect the apoptosis rate of cells in the hippocampus.HE staining was used to detect path-ological changes in the hippocampus.RESULTS ①Compared with the hypoxic control group,the sur-vival time of mice in the hypoxic+NaCN groups was significantly prolonged(P<0.01).②Compared with the normal control group,the hypoxia 30 min group showed upregulation of arterial blood p CO2(P<0.05),downregulation of p O2(P<0.05).The hypoxia 60 min group showed upregulation of arterial blood p CO2(P<0.05)and downregulation of cortical cerebral blood flow(P<0.05).In the NaCN 3.8 mg·kg-1 group,arterial blood p O2 and s O2 were significantly downregulated(P<0.05),so was cortical cerebral blood flow(P<0.01),but MDA content and T-SOD activity were significantly upregulated(P<0.01),and the brain moisture content was increased(P<0.01).Compared with the hypoxia 30 min group,s O2 and p O2 of arterial blood in the NaCN+hypoxia 30 min group were significantly upregulated(P<0.05),while p CO2 was significantly downregulated(P<0.05).Compared with the hypoxia group at corresponding time points,the NaCN+hypoxia 30 or 60 min groups showed significant downregulation of cerebral blood flow(P<0.01),significant upregulation of MDA content and T-SOD activity(P<0.01),and signifi-cant upregulation of brain moisture content(P<0.01).HE staining results showed that the NaCN 3.8 mg·kg-1 group and the NaCN+hypoxia group(30 or 60 min)showed significant cell swelling and vacuolization in cells in the hippocampal tissue,a decrease in the number of neurons,nuclear pyknosis and deep staining.TUNEL fluorescence results showed that the NaCN 3.8 mg·kg-1 group significantly increased the apop-tosis rate of the mouse hippocampus compared with the normal control group(P<0.05).The NaCN+ hypoxia 30 and 60 min groups significantly increased the apoptosis rate of the mouse hippocampus compared with the hypoxia group at corresponding time points(P<0.05).CONCLUSION NaCN can exacerbate hypoxia induced decrease in cerebral blood flow,oxidative stress in brain tissue,and neuro-nal apoptosis in mice,thereby reducing oxygen consumption in closed hypoxic tanks and prolonging their survival time.The mechanism is related to reduced utility of cell oxygen,delaying CO2 accumulation and increasing free oxygen in vivo.
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A non-invasive deep learning method is proposed for reconstructing arterial blood pressure signals from photoplethysmography signals.The method employs U-Net as a feature extractor,and a module referred to as bidirectional temporal processor is designed to extract time-dependent information on an individual model basis.The bidirectional temporal processor module utilizes a BiLSTM network to effectively analyze time series data in both forward and backward directions.Furthermore,a deep supervision approach which involves training the model to focus on various aspects of data features is adopted to enhance the accuracy of the predicted waveforms.The differences between actual and predicted values are 2.89±2.43,1.55±1.79 and 1.52±1.47 mmHg on systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure and mean arterial pressure,respectively,suggesting the superiority of the proposed method over the existing techniques,and demonstrating its application potential.
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@#Objective To analyze the application value of uterine artery flow and cerebral placental rate(CPR)in diagnosing fetal growth restriction(FGR).Methods A total of 114 pregnant women with clinically diagnosed late-onset FGR who were hospitalized in Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital from January 2021 to June 2022 were assigned to study group,and 122 pregnant women with normal intrauterine development were assigned to control group.The blood flow parameters of uterine artery(UtA),umbilical artery(UA)and middle cerebral artery(MCA)in two groups were determined by ultrasound,and CPR in two groups was calculated.The blood flow difference and pregnancy outcome of two groups were compared.Receiver operating characteristic(ROC)curve was used to analyze the application value of UtA and CPR alone and combined in the clinical diagnosis of FGR.Results The UtA resistance index(RI)of pregnant women in study group was higher than that of control group,the fetal UA blood flow parameter was higher than that of control group,the MCA blood flow parameter and the CPR value were both lower than those of control group,the differences were statistically significant(P<0.05).The birth weight and 1min Apgar score of study group were lower than those of control group(P<0.001).In addition,the incidence of emergency cesarean section operation,premature delivery and neonates transferred to neonatal intensive care unit(NICU)due to various complications in study group were significantly higher than those in control group(P<0.05).ROC curve showed that in predicting FGR,the area under the curve(AUC)of UtA-RI was 0.82(95%CI:0.77-0.88).The predictive efficiency of CPR was 0.75(95%CI:0.69-0.81).The combination of UtA-RI and CPR parameters had the highest efficiency in predicting FGR,with an AUC of 0.92(95%CI:0.89-0.95).Conclusion CPR combined with UtA-RI monitoring has clinical application value for early detection of FGR,guiding intervention,and improving adverse perinatal outcomes.
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Resumen Introducción : En los inicios de la pandemia por SARS-CoV-2 la insuficiencia respiratoria aguda ha sido la causa más importante de hospitalización inmediata en los pacientes con COVID-19 que acudían a los servicios de urgencias, siendo mayor la gravedad en pacientes con comorbilidades y factores de riesgo preexistentes; en estos escenarios la hipoxemia ha sido asociada a mortalidad. Nuestro objetivo fue identificar parámetros obtenidos de los gases en sangre arterial (GSA) asocia dos a mortalidad en pacientes con COVID-19 al ingreso hospitalario. Métodos : Se estudiaron retrospectivamente muestras de GSA obtenidos respirando aire ambiente (FiO2 21%) procesadas en el laboratorio clínico en un analizador ABL90 flex (Radiometer). Resultados : La alcalosis respiratoria aguda fue el dis turbio ácido base predominante. Considerando aquellos pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria (paO2 < 60 mmHg) se observó hipoxemia "silenciosa" en 11/176 (6%) de los pacientes estudiados. En un análisis multivariado tres parámetros gasométricos al ingreso mostraron asocia ción positiva a mortalidad hospitalaria: paO2 (p = 0.053), índice paO2/pO2e (que expresa la paO2 ajustada a la paO2 esperada para la edad) (p = 0.047) y saturación fraccional de hemoglobina (OxiHb%) (p = 0.028). Discusión : Los GSA generan un aporte clave en la comprensión de la fisiopatología del paciente COVID-19; en la evaluación inicial, seguimiento y pronóstico de esta enfermedad.
Abstract Introduction : At the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, acute respiratory failure has been the most important cause of hospitalization in patients with COVID-19, being more severe in patients with comorbidi ties and risk factors. In these scenarios hypoxemia has been associated with increased mortality. Our objective was to identify parameters obtained from arterial blood gases (ABG) associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19 at hospital admission. Methods : GSA samples obtained by breathing room air (FiO2 21%) processed in the clinical laboratory were retrospectively studied in an ABL90 flex analyzer (Radi ometer). Results : Acute respiratory alkalosis was the predomi nant acid-base disturbance. Considering those patients with respiratory failure (paO2 <60 mmHg), "silent" hypox emia was observed in 11/176 (6%) of studied patients. In a multivariate analysis, three gasometric parameters at admission showed a positive association with hos pital mortality: paO2 (p=0.053), paO2/pO2e index (which expresses the paO2 adjusted to the paO2 expected for age) (p=0.047) and fractional saturation of hemoglobin (OxiHb%) (p=0.028). Discussion : GSA generate a key contribution in un derstanding the pathophysiology of the COVID-19 pa tient: in the initial evaluation, monitoring and prognosis of this disease.
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We describe a case of carbon monoxide poisoning in a 54-year-old male from heavy cigarette smoking presenting as delusions. The patient has a history of methamphetamine-induced schizophrenia now in remission for 2 years, and not on any psychotropics and is drug-free.
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ABSTRACT Background The values of arterial blood gases (ABG) change with altitude above sea level; empirical verification is essential because ventilatory acclimatization varies with ethnicity and a population's adaptation. Objective The aim of the study was to describe ABG in a healthy population residing at 2,240 meters above sea level, to identify the mean level of alveolar ventilation (PaCO2), and to know whether a progressive increase in PaCO2 occurs with age and the impact of increasing body mass index (BMI). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in a referral center for respiratory diseases in Mexico City. Associations among variables with correlation coefficient and regression models of PaO2, SaO2, and P(A-a)O2 as dependent variables as a function of age, BMI, minute ventilation, or breathing frequency were explored. Results Two hundred and seventeen healthy subjects were evaluated with a mean age of 40 ± 15 years, mean of the PaO2 was 71 ± 6 mmHg, SaO2 94% ± 1.6%, PaCO2 30.2 ± 3.4 mmHg, HCO3 20 ± 2 mmol/L, BE-2.9 ± 1.9 mmol/L, and the value of pH was 7.43 ± 0.02. In a linear regression, the main results were PaO2 = 77.5-0.16*age (p < 0.0001) and with aging P(A-a)O2 tended to increase 0.12 mmHg/year. PaCO2 in women increased with age by 0.075 mmHg/year (p = 0.0012, PaCO2 =26.3 + 0.075*age). SaO2 and PaO2 decreased significantly in women with higher BMI 0.14% and 0.52 mmHg per kg/m2, (p = 0.004 and 0.002 respectively). Conclusion Mean PaCO2 was 30.7 mmHg, implying a mean alveolar ventilation of around 30% above that at sea level.
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ObjectiveTo compare the clinical effect of heat-sensitive moxibustion before menstruation and since the first day of menstruation on primary dysmenorrhoea (PD), thereby optimizing the clinical treatment plan. MethodsSixty patients with PD were randomly divided into pretreatment group (treated before menstruation) and conventional treatment group (treated since the first day of menstruation) of 30 cases each. For all patients, the area surrounded by bilateral Zigong (EX-CA1) and bilateral Guilai (ST 29) in the supine position, and that formed by bilateral Shenshu (BL 23) and Ciliao (BL 32) in the prone position were selected for circling moxibustion (2 min), sparrow-pecking moxibustion (1 min), and then moxibustion along the channels to stimulate the moxibustion sensation and obtain two heat-sensitive points with the best sensation for treatment. In the pretreatment group, moxibustion was applied 3-7 days before the onset of menstruation, and in the conventional treatment group, moxibustion was applied on the day of menstruation. Both groups were treated once daily for 7 days per menstrual cycle for 3 consecutive cycles. The clinical outcomes of the two groups were measured before and after treatment in terms of the COX menstrual pain symptom scale (CMSS) scores, visual analogue scale for pain (VAS) scores, and uterine artery hemodynamic indicators including blood pulsation index (PI) and resistance index (RI), and the clinical effect was compared. ResultsAfter treatment, the CMSS scores, VAS scores, PI and RI in the two groups decreased, and lower scores were found in the pretreatment group (P<0.05 or P<0.01). The total effective rate after treatment was 93.3% (28/30) in the pretreatment group, which was better than 73.3% (22/30) in the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). ConclusionThe clinical effect of heat-sensitive moxibustion before the menstruation for PD was better than that implemented since the first day of menstruation, by significantly improving the patients' dysmenorrhoea symptoms and uterine artery blood flow index.
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Objective:To explore the application effect of online and offline blended learning combined with Jigsaw teaching in arterial blood specimen collection of undergraduate nursing interns.Methods:A total of 135 undergraduate nursing interns were randomly divided into the experimental group ( n=66) and the control group ( n=69). The experimental group used the blended learning combined with Jigsaw teaching, while the control group adopted the blended learning combined with PBL teaching. The theoretical examination before and after class, the skill assessment after training, the nursing clinical decision-making consciousness scale, and the teaching satisfaction survey were conducted in the two groups. SPSS 28.0 was used for t-test and Chi-square test. Results:After teaching, the total score of courses and the score of theoretical examination and skill assessment of the experimental group were higher than those of the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The total score and the multi-dimension scores of the nursing clinical decision-making consciousness scale in the experimental group were higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The teaching satisfaction of the experimental group was 92.42% (61/66), which was significantly higher than that of the control group [69.57% (48/69)], and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusion:Blended learning combined with Jigsaw teaching is applied to collect arterial blood specimens for undergraduate nursing interns, which is beneficial to improve the academic performance and clinical decision-making ability of nursing students.
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Objective:To figure out the timing of zeroing and the location of the zero line in the central venous pressure (CVP) monitoring and invasive arterial blood pressure (IBP) monitoring, and to provide scientific and accurate data for patients management.Methods:The liquid vessel models were used to simulate the pressure measurement process of the continuous pressure monitoring system. Based on the theory of fluid mechanics and the knowledge of blood pressure physiology and cardiovascular anatomy, the composition and influencing factors of the pressure in the fluid-filled catheter system during the zeroing and placing the transducer in the zero line of CVP and IBP, were analyzed.Results:The pressure in the liquid-filled catheter system was composed of atmospheric pressure, the pressure of pumping bag, the gravity of the water column (the vertical distance between the liquid level of Murphy's dropper and pressure transducer, ΔH), and the resistance of tube wall. This pressure value is set as a pressure of 0 mmHg (1 mmHg ≈ 0.133 kPa). In the process of pressure measurement, when the pressure transducer was placed at a horizontal position of 10 cm below the highest liquid level of the vessel, the pressure measured at different catheter tip positions was all 10 cmH 2O (1 cmH 2O ≈ 0.098 kPa); When the pressure transducer was placed at the horizontal position of the highest liquid level of the vessel, the measured pressure is 0 mmHg. Conclusion:Zeroing should repeatedly be performed only when one or more conditions (atmospheric pressure, pressure of pumping bag, gravity of ΔH water column and resistance of tube wall) are changed. In the measurement process, the pressure transducer should be placed at the zero line position at any time to eliminate the influence of hydrostatic pressure and to ensure the objective and accurate value.
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Objective@#To analyze the prognosis of neonates with severe asphyxia, so as to provide insights into improvements of prognosis among neonates with severe asphyxia. @*Methods@#Neonates with severe asphyxia born in Hangzhou Women's Hospital from 2016 to 2021 were recruited, and neonates' birth weight, gender, Apgar score, arterial blood pH value within 30 minutes after birth and maternal delivery data were collected. Outpatient follow-up was performed among neonates one year after birth, and the prognosis was evaluated with the Gesell Developmental Scale. Death or development quotient (DQ) of <75 was defined poor prognosis, and the clinical characteristics were compared between the good prognosis group and the poor prognosis group.@*Results@#A total of 55 neonates with severe asphyxia were enrolled, including 26 boys and 29 girls, with a median birth weight of 2 845.00 g (interquartile range, 1 948.00 g). There were 52 lying-in women (3 women had twins), with a mean age of (30.56±4.08) years, including 35 women with dystocia (67.31%) and 37 primiparas (71.15%). Of 55 neonates with severe asphyxia, there were 40 neonates with good prognosis (72.73%) and 15 neonates with poor prognosis (27.27%), including 13 deaths and 2 cases with DQ of <75. The incidence of abnormal fetal position was higher in the good prognosis group than in the poor prognosis group (36.84% vs. 0%; P<0.05), and the incidence of uterine torsion or uterine rupture was higher in the poor prognosis group than in the good prognosis group (21.43% vs. 0%; P<0.05). The median Apgar score at 5 min after birth and arterial blood pH within 30 min after birth were lower in the poor prognosis group [3.00 (interquartile range, 4.00) points and (6.93±0.23)] than in the good prognosis group [6.00 (interquartile range, 4.00) points and (7.23±0.15)] (P<0.05).@*Conclusion@#Maternal uterine torsion or uterine rupture, low Apgar score at 5 min after birth, and low arterial blood pH within 30 min after birth may aggravate the poor prognosis among neonates with severe asphyxia.
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Objective:To investigate the relationship between central venous-arterial blood carbon dioxide partial pressure difference (Pcv-aCO 2) and left ventricular ejection fraction(LVEF) in acute myocardial infarction. Methods:Clinical data of patients with acute myocardial infarction admitted to the Intensive Care Unit of Fujian Provincial Hospital from November 2019 to October 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. LVEF was measured by bedside echocardiogram. The patients were divided into the normal LVEF group (LVEF ≥ 52%) and decreased LVEF group (LVEF < 52%) according to LVEF. The differences in general information and hemodynamic parameters between the two groups were compared. The normality of the above data was tested by the Jarque-Bera test. Correlation analysis of hemodynamic indices with LVEF was performed. Binary logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors associated with the decrease in LVEF. The feasibility of diagnosing LVEF decline with Pcv-aCO 2 was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results:Seventy-two patients with acute myocardial infarction were included for analysis, including 25 patients in the normal LVEF group and 47 patients in the decreased LVEF group. Pcv-aCO 2 was significantly higher in the decreased LVEF group than that in the normal LVEF group [(7.13±1.19) mmHg vs. (5.41±1.23) mmHg, P<0.01]. There was a negative correlation between LVEF and Pcv-aCO 2 ( rs= -0.740, P<0.01). The area under the ROC curve for Pcv-aCO 2 was 0.849 (95% CI: 0.758-0.939, P<0.01). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that Pcv-aCO 2 was an independent risk factor for decreased LVEF ( OR=2.251, 95% CI: 1.326-3.820). Conclusions:To a certain extent, the increase of Pcv-aCO 2 can predict the decrease of LVEF in acute myocardial infarction.
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Objective:To investigate changes in arterial acid-base and electrolytes after repeated episodes of ventricular fibrillation (VF) and defibrillation in a swine model.Methods:Sixteen Peking white swine, weighting (32±2.5) kg, were placed with temporary pacemaker electrodes via the left femoral vein into the right ventricle after anesthesia. Then VF was electrically induced by using a programmed electrical stimulation instrument. An arterial cannula was inserted into the left femoral artery to measure mean arterial blood pressure and cardiac output using a PiCCO monitor, with blood samples collected. The pigs were randomly divided into two group: the manual defibrillation group (MD, n=8) and the automated external defibrillation group (AED, n=8). The first defibrillation was attempted with the manufacturer’s dose (150 J) for 15 s after the successful induction of VF in the MD group. If spontaneous circulation was not recovered, 2-min chest compression and subsequent defibrillation (200 J) were attempted. For the AED group, the defibrillation was delivered following voice prompts of the AED. After the return of spontaneous circulation, the pig was allowed to stabilize for 30 min, followed by the induction of the next episode of VF. The above process was repeated five times. Arterial blood gas, cardiac biomarkers, and hemodynamic variables were measured at 30 min after the return of spontaneous circulation. Results:All pigs were successfully induced VF five times and defibrillated successfully. There were no significant changes in heart rate and mean arterial blood pressure between the two groups after repeated episodes of VF and defibrillation. Compared with baseline measurements, cardiac output tended to decrease after repeated episodes of VF and defibrillation but was not statistically significant (all P>0.05). There were no significant differences in arterial pH, HCO 3-, sodium, and lactic acid in the two groups between each measurement time point and baseline values after repeated VF (all P>0.05), but potassium levels in the two groups decreased with time, and the difference was statistically significant compared with the baseline measurement (all P<0.05). There were no significant differences in myoglobin, creatine kinase isoenzyme-MB, and cardiac troponin I for the two groups compared with baseline values after repeated episodes of VF and defibrillation or various episodes of VF between the two groups (all P > 0.05). Conclusions:Repeated episodes of VF and defibrillation have no significant effect on pH balance, but significantly decrease blood potassium. Clinical approaches (MD vs. AED) do not affect defibrillation effect, with no significant differences in hemodynamic variables and myocardial injuries.
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Resumen: Introducción: el choque séptico es un subconjunto de sepsis en el que las anomalías circulatorias, celulares y metabólicas subyacentes son lo suficientemente profundas para aumentar de manera sustancial la mortalidad. Estos pacientes pueden ser identificados en un contexto clínico de choque séptico con hipotensión persistente. La importancia de vigilar valores de delta de pCO2 (presión parcial de dióxido de carbono) de 6 mmHg sirve como herramienta complementaria para evaluar el flujo sanguíneo adecuado hacia la demanda metabólica global. Objetivo: demostrar que el delta de pCO2 es útil en el manejo integral del paciente con choque séptico en la unidad de cuidados intensivos para dirigir el tratamiento de acuerdo con este biomarcador, que se registró al ingreso y a las 24 horas, se relacionaron al pronóstico y a la mortalidad en choque séptico. Material y métodos: estudio descriptivo, ambispectivo, longitudinal y analítico. El universo se compuso de los pacientes que ingresaron a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General «La Villa¼ y del Hospital General «Dr. Rubén Leñero¼. Diseño de la maniobra: se tomaron gasometrías arterial y venosa de los pacientes que ingresaron a la UCI, se calculó el delta de pCO2 para ver si los valores de este biomarcador estaban por arriba o debajo de 6 mmHg, ya que un delta de pCO2 se relaciona con mortalidad; sin embargo, el delta de pCO2 se comparó contra el lactato para correlacionar niveles mayores de lactato de 2 mmol/L con la mortalidad. y finalmente observar cuál de los dos biomarcadores es más útil. Se utilizó estadística descriptica para los resultados. Conclusión: de acuerdo a los resultados encontrados en este estudio, se puede decir que el delta de pCO2 y el lactato predijeron el fallecimiento de 15%, lo cual tiene una significancia positiva débil (p = 0.245).
Abstract: Introduction: septic shock is a subset of sepsis in which underlying circulatory, cellular, and metabolic abnormalities are profound enough to substantially increase mortality. These patients can be identified in a clinical setting of septic shock with persistent hypotension. The importance of monitoring delta pCO2 values of 6 mmHg serves as a complementary tool to assess adequate blood flow towards global metabolic demand. Objective: to demonstrate that the pCO2 delta is useful in the comprehensive management of patients with septic shock in the Intensive Care Unit to direct the treatment according to this biomarker (pCO2 delta) that was recorded at admission and at 24 hours, were related to prognosis and mortality in septic shock. Material and methods: descriptive, ambispective, longitudinal and analytical study. The universe was made up of patients admitted to the ICU of the La Villa and Rubén Leñero General Hospitals. Maneuver design: arterial and venous blood gases were taken from the patients admitted to the ICU, the pCO2 delta was calculated to see if the values of this biomarker were above or below 6 mmHg, since a pCO2 delta is related to with mortality; however, delta pCO2 was compared against Lactate to correlate lactate levels greater than two with mortality and finally see which of the two biomarkers is more useful. Descriptive statistics were used for the results. Conclusion: according to the results found in this study, it can be said that delta pCO2 and lactate predicted the death of 15%, which has a weak positive significance (p = 0.245).
Resumo: Introdução: choque séptico é um subconjunto de sepse em que anormalidades circulatórias, celulares e metabólicas subjacentes são profundas o suficiente para aumentar substancialmente a mortalidade, esses pacientes podem ser identificados em um cenário clínico de choque séptico com hipotensão persistente. A importância do monitoramento de valores Delta de pCO2 de 6 mmHg serve como ferramenta complementar para avaliar o fluxo sanguíneo adequado à demanda metabólica global. Objetivo: demonstrar que o Delta pCO2 é útil no manejo integral de pacientes com choque séptico na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva para direcionar o tratamento de acordo com este biomarcador (Delta pCO2) que foi registrado na admissão e em 24 horas, relacionado ao prognóstico e mortalidade no choque séptico. Material e métodos: estudo descritivo, ambispectivo, longitudinal e analítico. O universo foi constituído pelos pacientes internados na UTI dos Hospitais Gerais La Villa e Rubén Leñero. Desenho da estratégia: foram coletadas gasometrias arteriais e venosas dos pacientes internados na UTI, o Delta pCO2 foi calculado para ver se os valores desse biomarcador estavam acima ou abaixo de 6 mmHg, pois um Delta pCO2 está relacionado com mortalidade; entretanto, Delta pCO2 foi comparado com Lactato para correlacionar níveis de lactato maiores que 2 com mortalidade e finalmente observar qual dos dois biomarcadores é mais útil. Foram usadas estatísticas descritivas para os resultados. Conclusão: de acordo com os resultados encontrados neste estudo, pode-se dizer que Delta pCO2 e Lactato predizem óbito em 15%, o que tem uma fraca significância positiva (p = 0.245).
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Background: Arterial blood gas study (ABG) is a point-of-care testing (POCT) diagnostic tool that can furnish metabolic and respiratory aberrations. This study was conducted systematically, to assess the metabolic and respiratory aberrations quickly and the scope for corrective treatment so that metabolic and respiratory abnormalities get corrected. Materials and Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was done among 150 cases admitted to the Department of Emergency Medicine during a three-month period where the study on ABG was done. Data was collected in the prescribed format and a stepwise interpretation of the ABG was done. The four primary disorders taken into consideration are metabolic acidosis, metabolic alkalosis, respiratory alkalosis, and respiratory acidosis Results: Out of 150 cases 82 had respiratory alkalosis, 51 had metabolic acidosis, ten had respiratory acidosis, and seven had metabolic alkalosis as a primary disorder. Conclusion: ABG analysis is a POCT diagnostic tool for analyzing various metabolic and respiratory aberrations and can also guide us in the scope for correction of the disorder.
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RESUMEN Introducción: el portador de insuficiencia renal crónica puede presentar diversas alteraciones del estado ácido básico, siendo la acidosis metabólica la más frecuente. Objetivos: describir las características demográficas y clínicas y las alteraciones del estado ácido básico de pacientes adultos que ingresan con insuficiencia renal crónica en dos centros hospitalarios del Paraguay. Metodología: se aplicó un diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal. Se incluyó a sujetos adultos de ambos sexos, portadores de insuficiencia renal crónica, que acudieron al Hospital Nacional (Itauguá) y Hospital Militar (Asunción) entre abril y noviembre del 2021. Se midieron variables antropométricas, clínicas y laboratoriales al ingreso. Los datos se sometieron a estadística descriptiva con el programa Epi Info 7™. El estudio contó con la aprobación del Comité de Ética de la Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Resultados: se incluyó a 148 sujetos, siendo 78 (52,7 %) varones con edad media 58 ± 16 años y 70 (47,3 %) mujeres con edad media 54 ± 17 años. Las etiologías más frecuentes de la insuficiencia renal crónica fueron la diabetes mellitus e hipertensión arterial (44,5 %). Se detectó 12 sujetos (8,1 %) con gasometría normal. La alteración del estado ácido básico más frecuente fue la acidosis metabólica (87,2 %), predominando en este grupo los casos con brecha aniónica normal. Conclusiones: las alteraciones del estado ácido básico predominantes en pacientes con insuficiencia renal crónica fue la acidosis metabólica con brecha aniónica normal. Se sugiere aplicar los cálculos de los mecanismos compensadores para llegar al diagnóstico certero de estas alteraciones metabólicas.
ABSTRACT Introduction: the carrier of chronic renal failure can present various alterations of the basic acid state, being the metabolic acidosis the most frequent. Objectives: to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics and alterations in the acid-base status of adult patients admitted with chronic renal failure in two hospitals in Paraguay. Methodology: an observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design was applied. Adult subjects of both sexes, carriers of chronic renal failure, who attended the National Hospital (Itauguá) and the Military Hospital (Asunción) between April and November 2021 were included. Anthropometric, clinical and laboratory variables were measured at admission. The data was submitted to descriptive statistics with the Epi Info 7™ program. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Universidad Privada del Este, Paraguay. Results: 148 subjects were included, being 78 (52.7 %) men with a mean age of 58 ± 16 years and 70 (47.3 %) women with a mean age of 54 ± 17 years. The most frequent etiologies of chronic renal failure were diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension (44.5 %). 12 subjects (8.1 %) with normal blood gases were detected. The most frequent alteration of the acid-base status was metabolic acidosis (87.2 %), with cases with normal anion gap predominating in this group. Conclusions: the predominant acid-base status alterations in patients with chronic renal failure was metabolic acidosis with normal anion gap. It is suggested to apply the calculations of the compensatory mechanisms to arrive at the accurate diagnosis of these metabolic alterations.
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Objective:To evaluate the effect of invasive arterial blood pressure (IBP) monitoring on the prognosis of patients with sepsis.Methods:Patients with sepsis from the MIMIC-Ⅳ database were collected and divided into IBP and non-invasive blood pressure monitoring (NIBP) groups according to whether IBP monitoring was performed. Baseline variables that were considered clinically relevant or showed a univariate relationship with the outcome were entered into a multivariate logistic regression model as covariates.Propensity score matching(PSM) and inverse probability of treatment weighing(IPTW) were used to adjust confounders to ensure the robustness of findings.Subgroup analysis were conducted to evaluate the effect of differences in IBP onset and duration on outcome.Results:The 28-day mortality is lower in IBP group compared with NIBP group( OR=0.54, 95% CI 0.46-0.62, P<0.001), the conclusion maintain robust after PSM and IPTW.Then we conducted a series of logistic regression regarding to different initial IBP time(<24 h,24 h-48 h,>48 h) and the initial IBP time within 24 h showed the same results compared to primary outcoms( OR=0.42, 95% CI: 0.36-0.49, P<0.001). IBP duration varied (≤1day, ≤2days, ≤3days, ≤4days, >4days) all showed a statistically significant association with decreased 28-day mortality in the IBP group. Conclusions:IBP is associated with decreased 28-day mortality in patients with sepsis, and the optimal time of IBP is within 24 hours.
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Objective:To study the effect of excessive torsion of the umbilical cord on fetal or neonatal outcomes.Methods:The observation group was selected from the puerperae who delivered in Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital from July 2016 to June 2020 with excessive torsion of the umbilical cord. In the same period, the puerperae without excessive torsion of the umbilical cord were selected as the control group with a ratio of 1∶1. The general condition, mode of delivery, perinatal outcomes, and the effect of different umbilical coiling index (UCI) [twisted umbilical cord weeks/umbilical cord length (cm)] on fetal and neonatal outcomes were retrospectively analyzed between two groups.Results:Compared with the control group, the observation group (1 780 cases) had smaller neonatal gestational age [(37.9±3.2) weeks vs. (38.4±2.9) weeks], birth weight [(3 007±726) g vs. (3 354±616) g] and length [(48.5±4.3) cm vs. (49.6±4.1) cm], but higher incidence of fetal distress [34.9% (622/1 780) vs. 12.9% (230/1 780)], neonatal asphyxia [1.5% (26/1 780) vs. 0.7% (13/1 780)], and cord blood pH<7.20 [4.2% (75/1 780) vs. 2.8% (49/1 780)], the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The UCI≥0.73 group had lower neonatal gestational age, birth weight and length, but higher incidence of cord blood pH<7.20 and neonatal asphyxia than the UCI<0.73 group, with statistically significant differences ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Excessive torsion of the umbilical cord increases the incidence of fetal hypoxia and neonatal asphyxia and has a significant effect on neonatal gestational age, birth weight and length. The higher the UCI, the greater the impact on fetus and neonate.
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Resumen: Introducción: la asociación del nivel de lactato con la mortalidad en pacientes con sospecha de infección y sepsis está bien establecida. La sensibilidad es entre 66 y 83%, con especificidad de 80 y 85%. Sin embargo, el lactato no es sensible ni lo suficientemente específico para detectar o descartar el diagnóstico por sí solo, ya que el lactato sérico es un biomarcador importante de la hipoxia y disfunción tisular, pero no es una medida directa de la perfusión tisular. El lactato y la base estándar medidos al ingreso a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) son de utilidad pronóstica en los pacientes críticamente enfermos, pues sus niveles séricos predicen mortalidad a través de la puntuación en sí misma. Pero la importancia real va más allá de un valor absoluto, pues es mejor medir su aclaramiento a través de un tiempo determinado. Objetivo: demostrar que el aclaramiento de lactato y déficit de base estándar registrados al ingreso y a las 24 h se relacionan con mejor pronóstico y disminución de mortalidad en choque séptico. Material y métodos: se utilizó estadística descriptiva (medidas de tendencia central y dispersión; así como frecuencias y porcentajes). Asimismo, se ocupó estadística inferencial con la prueba t de Student, χ2, curva ROC, área bajo la curva e índice de Youden, con un intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: la asociación estadística con la mortalidad se presentó en el aclaramiento de déficit de base estándar y en aclaramiento de lactato. Conclusión: se demostró que el aclaramiento de lactato y déficit de base estándar registrados al ingreso y a las 24 h se relacionaron con mejor pronóstico y disminución de mortalidad en pacientes con choque séptico.
Abstract: Introduction: the association of lactate level with mortality in patients with suspected infection and sepsis is well established. Sensitivity is between 66 and 83%, with specificity between 80 and 85%. However, lactate is neither sensitive nor specific enough to detect or rule out the diagnosis on its own as serum lactate is an important biomarker of tissue hypoxia and dysfunction but is not a direct measure of tissue perfusion. Lactate and standard base measured on admission to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) are useful for prognosis in critically ill patients since their serum levels predict mortality through the score itself. But the real importance goes beyond an absolute value, since it is better to measure its clearance over a given time. Objective: to demonstrate that lactate clearance and standard base deficit recorded at admission and at 24 hours are related to a better prognosis and decreased mortality in septic shock. Material and methods: descriptive statistics were used (measures of central tendency and dispersion, as well as frequencies and percentages). Likewise, inferential statistics were used with the Student's t test, χ2, ROC curve, area under the curve and Youden index, with a confidence interval of 95%. Results: the statistical association with mortality was presented in the clearance of standard base deficit and in lactate clearance. Conclusion: it was shown that lactate clearance and standard base deficit recorded at admission and at 24 hours were related to a better prognosis and decreased mortality in patients with septic shock.
Resumo: Introdução: a associação do nível de lactato com mortalidade em pacientes com suspeita de infecção e sepse está bem estabelecida. A sensibilidade está entre 66 e 83%, com especificidade de 80 e 85%. No entanto, o lactato não é sensível nem específico o suficiente para detectar ou descartar o diagnóstico por si só, uma vez que o lactato sérico é um importante biomarcador de hipóxia e disfunção tecidual, mas não é uma medida direta da perfusão tecidual. O lactato e a base padrão medidos na admissão na UTI são de utilidade prognóstica em pacientes críticos, uma vez que seus níveis séricos predizem a mortalidade pelo próprio escore. Mas a real importância vai além de um valor absoluto, pois é melhor medir sua depuração em um determinado tempo. Objetivo: demonstrar que a depuração de lactato e o déficit de base padrão registrados na admissão e em 24 horas estão relacionados a um melhor prognóstico e diminuição da mortalidade no choque séptico. Material e métodos: foi utilizada estatística descritiva (medidas de tendência central e dispersão, bem como frequências e percentagens). Da mesma forma, foi utilizada estatística inferencial com teste t de Student, χ2, curva ROC, área sob a curva e índice de Youden, com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: a associação estatística com a mortalidade foi apresentada na depuração do déficit de base padrão e na eliminação do lactato. Conclusão: foi demonstrado que a depuração de lactato e o déficit de base padrão registrados na admissão e em 24 horas foram relacionados a um melhor prognóstico e diminuição da mortalidade em pacientes com choque séptico.