Efectos del entrenamiento cluster sobre la hipertrofia muscular: una revisión sistemática / Effects of cluster training on muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review / Efeitos do treinamento em cluster na hipertrofia muscular: uma revisão sistemática

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de la presente revisión sistemática fue determinar los efectos del entrenamiento cluster sobre la hipertrofia muscular. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las bases de datos electrónicas Pubmed, Scopus y Web of Science, utilizando las siguientes palabras clave: 'cluster training', 'rest Interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' y 'cross sectional area'. Se incluyeron ensayos clínicos que utilizaron el entrenamiento cluster como intervención en personas mayores de 18 años de ambos sexos. Resultados: La revisión sistemática obtenida durante la búsqueda de las bases de datos consultadas arrojó un total de 23 artículos, potencialmente elegibles, de los cuales se tomó una muestra de 9, con los que se podían obtener resultados que respondían al objetivo de esta revisión. La cantidad de participantes de los 9 artículos elegibles fue de 172 sujetos. Los entrenamientos cluster permiten aumentar el volumen de entrenamiento y la intensidad sin provocar elevados niveles de fatiga, favoreciendo así el desarrollo de la hipertrofia muscular. Conclusiones: Los resultados de esta revisión sistemática sugieren que los entrenamientos cluster pueden ser una herramienta eficaz para el desarrollo de la hipertrofia muscular.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to determine the effects of cluster training on muscle hypertrophy. Methodology: A literature search was performed in the electronic databases Pubmed, Scopus and Web of Science, using the following keywords: 'cluster training', 'rest interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' and 'cross sectional area'. We included clinical trials that used cluster training as an intervention in people over 18 years of age of both sexes. Results: The systematic review obtained during the search of the databases consulted yielded a total of 23 potentially eligible articles, of which a sample of 9 was taken from which results could be obtained that responded to the objective of this review. The number of participants from the 9 eligible articles was 172 subjects. Cluster workouts allow for increased training volume and intensity without causing high levels of fatigue, thus favoring the development of muscle hypertrophy. Conclusions: The results of this systematic review suggest that cluster training can be an effective tool for the development of muscle hypertrophy.

Resumo Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi determinar os efeitos do treinamento em cluster na hipertrofia muscular. Metodologia: Realizou-se uma busca na literatura nas bases de dados eletrônicas Pubmed, Scopus e Web of Science, utilizando as seguintes palavras-chave: 'cluster training', 'rest interval', 'rest pause', 'hypertrophy', 'resistance training' e 'cross sectional area'. Foram incluídos ensaios clínicos que utilizaram o treinamento em cluster como intervenção em pessoas com mais de 18 anos de ambos os sexos. Resultados: A revisão sistemática realizada durante a busca nas bases de dados consultadas resultou em um total de 23 artigos potencialmente elegíveis, dos quais uma amostra de 9 foi selecionada para obter resultados que respondessem ao objetivo desta revisão. O número de participantes nos 9 artigos elegíveis foi de 172 indivíduos. Os treinos em cluster permitem um aumento no volume e na intensidade do treinamento sem causar altos níveis de fadiga, favorecendo assim o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia muscular. Conclusões: Os resultados desta revisão sistemática sugerem que o treinamento em cluster pode ser uma ferramenta eficaz para o desenvolvimento da hipertrofia muscular.

Relación entre la percepción de condición física y medidas antropométricas auto reportadas en estudiantes universitarios

La percepción de la condición física en estudiantes universitarios se refiere a cómo se ven a sí mismos en términos de su estado físico y salud. En esta etapa, las variables antropométricas pueden verse afectadas por estrés, cambios en hábitos de sueño y alimentación, y menor participación en actividades físicas, impactando el desempeño académico y salud general. El objetivo fue relacionar la percepción de la condición física con medidas antropométricas auto reportadas en estudiantes universitarios Esta Investigación es de tipo descriptivo-correlacional, de diseño observacional y corte transversal. Fueron evaluados 46 estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Talca. La condición física se midió por medio del International Fitness Scale (IFIS) y las medidas antropométricas por medio de auto reporte. La condición física general se relacionó de manera inversa con la circunferencia de cintura (r=-0,32; p=0,028), la circunferencia de cintura(r=-0,44; p=0,002) y el ICE (r=-0,43; p=0,003). Se observaron correlaciones inversas entre la condición cardiorrespiratoria con el IMC (p=0,008; r=-0,38), circunferencia de cintura e ICE (p=0,008; r=-0,38). La velocidad/agilidad se correlacionó de forma inversa con el índice de masa corporal (IMC) (p=0,001; r=-0,46), circunferencia de cintura (p=0,019; r=-0,34), cadera (p= 0,004; r= -0,40) y el ICE (p=0,004; r=-0,41). La flexibilidad se correlaciono de forma inversa con el IMC (p=0,041; r=-0,30), circunferencia de cintura (p=0,023; r=-0,33), índice cintura cadera (ICC) (p= 0,001; r=-0,45)). Por último, la fuera muscular no se correlaciono con las variables antropométricas. Se concluye que existe correlación inversa entre la percepción de la condición física y algunos autore portes de las medidas antropométricas.

The physical fitness perception of college students refers to how they see themselves in terms of their physical condition and health. In this stage, anthropometric variables may be affected by stress, changes in sleep and eating habits, and decreased participation in physical activities, impacting academic performance and general health. The objective of this study is to relate the perception of physical condition with self-reported anthropometric measures in university students. This is a descriptive-correlational, observational, cross-sectional research. Forty-six university students from the city of Talca were evaluated. Physical condition was measured by means of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS) and anthropometric measures by means of self-report. General physical condition was inversely related to waist circumference (r=-0.32; p=0.028), waist circumference (r=-0.44; p=0.002) and IFIS (r=-0.43; p=0.003). Inverse correlations were observed between cardiorespiratory fitness with BMI (p=0.008; r=-0.38), waist circumference and ECI (p=0.008; r=-0.38). Speed/agility was inversely correlated with body mass index (BMI) (p=0.001; r=-0.46), waist circumference (p=0.019; r=-0.34), hip (p= 0.004; r= -0.40) and ECI (p=0.004; r=-0.41). Flexibility was inversely correlated with BMI (p=0.041; r=-0.30), waist circumference (p=0.023; r=-0.33), waist hip index (WHI) (p= 0.001; r=-0.45)). Lastly, muscle was not correlated with the anthropometric variables. It is concluded that there is an inverse correlation between the perception of physical condition and some anthropometric measures.

A percepção da aptidão física em estudantes universitários refere-se a como eles se veem em termos de sua condição física e saúde. Nessa fase, as variáveis antropométricas podem ser afetadas pelo estresse, por mudanças nos hábitos de sono e alimentação e pela diminuição da participação em atividades físicas, o que afeta o desempenho acadêmico e a saúde em geral. O objetivo foi relacionar a percepção da aptidão física com medidas antropométricas autorreferidas em estudantes universitários. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva, correlacional, transversal e observacional. Foram avaliados 46 estudantes universitários da cidade de Talca. A condição física foi medida por meio da Escala Internacional de Aptidão Física (IFIS) e as medidas antropométricas por meio de autorrelato. A aptidão física geral foi inversamente relacionada à circunferência da cintura (r=-0,32; p=0,028), circunferência da cintura (r=-0,44; p=0,002) e IFIS (r=-0,43; p=0,003). Foram observadas correlações inversas entre a aptidão cardiorrespiratória com o IMC (p=0,008; r=-0,38), a circunferência da cintura e o ECI (p=0,008; r=-0,38). A velocidade/agilidade foi inversamente correlacionada com o índice de massa corporal (IMC) (p=0,001; r=-0,46), circunferência da cintura (p=0,019; r=-0,34), quadril (p= 0,004; r= -0,40) e ECI (p=0,004; r=-0,41). A flexibilidade foi inversamente correlacionada com o IMC (p=0,041; r=-0,30), a circunferência da cintura (p=0,023; r=-0,33), o índice cintura-quadril (WHI) (p= 0,001; r=-0,45). Por fim, a musculatura não foi correlacionada com as variáveis antropométricas. Concluise que há uma correlação inversa entre a percepção da condição física e algumas medidas antropométricas.

Body Typology of Lebanese Adults: Initial Cluster Cross-Selection Study / Tipología Corporal de Adultos Libaneses: Estudio Inicial de Selección Cruzada de Grupos

SUMMARY: This study aims to investigate body typologies based on a combination of basic anthropo-morphological characteristics and body composition measured by multichannel bioimpedance in a sample from the adult population of Lebanon. A total of 302 subjects (173 males and 129 females) without acute or chronic health disorders were included in the study. Body composition was measured by the multichannel bioelectrical impedance (BIA) method, using the i30 device (MEDIANA, Korea). The research used 10 variables, including three basic anthropo-morphological variables, three for assessing fat, three for assessing the muscle component, and one index variable. K-means cluster analysis was used to define five specific clusters (5D) of body types based on sex. In light of the results, the study established five distinct clusters representing five different body typologies among Lebanese adults, categorized by sex: Male sample, Group 1 - Obese Endomorph (15.61 %), Group 2 - Balanced Mesomorph (16.76 %), Group 3 - Short Endomorph (30.06 %), Group 4 - Short Mesomorph (34.10 %), and Group 5 - Pathological Obese Endomorph (3.47 %); Female sample, Group 1- Obese Endomorph (2.33 %), Group 2 - Short Endo/Mesomorph (28.68 %), Group 3 - Short Ectomorph (32.56 %), Group 4 - Endomorph (22.48 %), and Group 5 - Balanced Mesomorph (13.95 %). Furthermore, the results indicated that the primary factor contributing to the distinctions among the identified clusters in terms of sex is fat tissue. This leads to the conclusion that eating habits cause the given differences, rather than the level of physical activity, regardless of sex.

Este estudio ttuvo como objetivo investigar tipologías corporales basadas en una combinación de características antropomorfológicas básicas y composición corporal, medidas por bioimpedancia multicanal, en una muestra de la población adulta del Líbano. Se incluyeron en el estudio un total de 302 sujetos (173 hombres y 129 mujeres) sin trastornos de salud agudos o crónicos. La composición corporal se midió mediante el método de impedancia bioeléctrica multicanal (BIA), utilizando el dispositivo i30 (MEDIANA, Corea). La investigación utilizó 10 variables, incluidas tres variables antropomorfológicas básicas, tres para evaluar la grasa, tres para evaluar el componente muscular y una variable índice. Se utilizó el análisis de conglomerados de K-medias para definir cinco conglomerados específicos (5D) de tipos de cuerpo según el sexo. En base a los resultados, el estudio estableció cinco grupos distintos que representan cinco tipologías corporales diferentes entre los adultos libaneses, categorizados por sexo: muestra masculina, grupo 1: endomorfo obeso (15,61 %), grupo 2: mesomorfo equilibrado (16,76 %), grupo 3 - Endomorfo Corto (30,06 %), Grupo 4 - Mesomorfo Corto (34,10 %), y Grupo 5 - Endomorfo Obeso Patológico (3,47 %); Muestra femenina, Grupo 1: Endomorfo obeso (2,33 %), Grupo 2: Endo/mesomorfo corto (28,68 %), Grupo 3: Ectomorfo corto (32,56 %), Grupo 4: Endomorfo (22,48 %) y Grupo 5: Mesomorfo equilibrado (13,95 %). Además, los resultados indicaron que el factor principal que contribuye a las distinciones entre los grupos identificados en términos de sexo es el tejido adiposo. Esto lleva a la conclusión de que las diferencias dadas son causadas por los hábitos alimentarios, más que por el nivel de actividad física, independientemente del sexo.

Body Composition and Aerobic Performance Changes After 8 Weeks of Exposure to Normobaric Intermittent Hypoxia / Cambios en la Composición Corporal y el Rendimiento Aeróbico Después de 8 Semanas de Exposición a Hipoxia Normobárica Intermitente

SUMMARY: To take advantage of altitude, "intermittent hypoxia" methods have been developed that involve shorter exposures to hypoxia. In general, systemic hypoxia can be produced in two ways: (1) by lowering barometric pressure (BP, hypobaric hypoxia) or (2) by reducing the amount of oxygen in inspired air (FiO2) through oxygen filtration or nitrogen dilution (normobaric hypoxia). The objective of this analysis was to observe changes in body composition and aerobic performance after 8 weeks of intermittent hypoxia exposure at rest. A total of 20 male volunteers between the ages of 18-26 participated in the study. Participants were randomly divided into 2 groups (Control Group and Intermittent Hypoxia Group). The Intermittent Hypoxia Group completed the process by being exposed to intermittent hypoxia for 8 weeks. Each intermittent hypoxia session was planned as 3 days a week and for 1 hour. After 8 weeks of experimental process, statistically significant differences were found for lean mass, android lean mass, gynoid lean mass, the relative skeletal muscle mass index, peak lactate, 1mmol lactate threshold, 4mmol lactate threshold, and MaxVo2 variables (p<0,05). After 8 weeks of intermittent hypoxia exposure, an increase in maximal oxygen consumption capacity was observed. The increase in lean mass, especially in the gynoid and android regions, can be explained by the increase in fat burning activities due to oxygen utilization capacity. Almost every study reviewed in the literature used different intermittent hypoxia exposure protocols and different simulated altitudes. The method discussed in this study may be beneficial on the body composition and oxygen utilization capacity of sedentary individuals.

Para aprovechar la altitud, se han desarrollado métodos de «hipoxia intermitente» que implican exposiciones más cortas a la hipoxia. En general, la hipoxia sistémica se puede producir de dos maneras: (1) reduciendo la presión barométrica (PA, hipoxia hipobárica) o (2) reduciendo la cantidad de oxígeno en el aire inspirado (FiO2) mediante filtración de oxígeno o dilución de nitrógeno (hipoxia normobárica). El objetivo de este análisis fue observar cambios en la composición corporal y el rendimiento aeróbico después de 8 semanas de exposición intermitente a hipoxia en reposo. Participaron en el estudio un total de 20 voluntarios varones de entre 18 y 26 años. Los participantes se dividieron aleatoriamente en 2 grupos (grupo control y grupo hipoxia intermitente). El grupo de hipoxia intermitente completó el proceso al estar expuesto a hipoxia intermitente durante 8 semanas. Cada sesión de hipoxia intermitente se planificó 3 días a la semana y durante 1 hora. Después de 8 semanas de proceso experimental, se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas para la masa magra, la masa magra androide, la masa magra ginoide, el índice de masa muscular esquelético relativo, el pico de lactato, el umbral de lactato de 1 mmol, el umbral de lactato de 4 mmol y las variables MaxVo2 (p< 0,05). Después de 8 semanas de exposición intermitente a hipoxia, se observó un aumento en la capacidad máxima de consumo de oxígeno. El aumento de la masa magra, especialmente en las regiones ginoidea y androide, puede explicarse por el aumento de las actividades de quema de grasa debido a la capacidad de utilización de oxígeno. Casi todos los estudios revisados en la literatura utilizaron diferentes protocolos de exposición intermitente a la hipoxia y diferentes altitudes simuladas. El método analizado en este estudio puede ser beneficioso para la composición corporal y la capacidad de utilización de oxígeno de personas sedentarias.

Different Body Partialization Procedures Considering Maximum Strength and Explosiveness: Factorial Analysis Approach / Diferentes Procedimientos de Parcialización Corporal Considerando Fuerza Máxima y Explosividad: Enfoque de Análisis Factorial

SUMMARY: The aim of this study was to determine the sensitivity of different methods of partialization, in terms of different body component indices in relation to indicators of strength and explosiveness. The research involved 187 subjects who were divided into two groups based on sex. This research consisted of measuring body composition characteristics by multichannel bioimpedance analysis (BIA) InBody 720, as well as contractile characteristics of different muscle groups with tenziometric Dinamometry method. Based on the results of the factor analysis we found that regardless of the sex the most sensitive variable for partialization of absolute body isometric strength variable (ABiS) is partialization by allometric scaling (0.964 for females and 0.947 for males explained factor variance). However, in the case of absolute body isometric explosiveness (ABiE), the results of this study have demonstrated that partialization relative to skeletal muscle mass according to the body longitudinality - skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI) is the methodological choice disregarding the sex (0.982 for females and 0.980 for males explained factor variance). The results of the study have shown that for the purpose of scaling the maximal strength relative to body composition, the allometric method can be considered as a choice, while for the partialization of maximal isometric explosiveness skeletal muscle mass index is the best choice insensitive of the sex.

El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la sensibilidad de distintos métodos de parcialización, en términos de diferentes índices de componentes corporales en relación a los indicadores de fuerza y explosividad. En la investigación participaron 187 sujetos que se dividieron según el sexo en dos grupos. Esta investigación consistió en medir las características de composición corporal mediante análisis de bioimpedancia multicanal (BIA) InBody 720, así como las características contráctiles de diferentes grupos musculares con el método de Dinamometría tenciométrica. Con base en los resultados del análisis factorial, encontramos que, independientemente del sexo, la variable más sensible para la parcialización de la variable de fuerza isométrica corporal absoluta (ABiS) fue la parcialización mediante escala alométrica (0,964 para las mujeres y 0,947 para los hombres). Sin embargo, en el caso de la explosividad isométrica corporal absoluta (ABiE), los resultados de este estudio han demostrado que la parcialización relativa a la masa del músculo esquelético según la longitudinalidad del cuerpo - índice de masa del músculo esquelético (SMMI) es la opción metodológica sin tener en cuenta el sexo (0,982 para las mujeres y 0,980 para los hombres). Los resultados del estudio han demostrado que para escalar la fuerza máxima en relación con la composición corporal, el método alométrico puede considerarse como una opción, mientras que para la parcialización de la explosividad isométrica máxima, el índice de masa del músculo esquelético es la mejor opción independiente del sexo.

Physical activity, protein consumption, and loss of muscle mass in older adult participants of the ELSA-Brazil study / Atividade física, consumo de proteínas e perda de massa muscular em idosos do ELSA-Brasil

Objetivo: Objetiva-se avaliar a relação entre consumo de proteínas (CP), atividade física (AF) e massa muscular (MM) em indivíduos com 60 anos ou mais de idade. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo a partir da linha de base e segunda onda do estudo ELSA-Brasil. O CP foi avaliado por meio de um questionário de frequência alimentar semiquantitativo (QFA). A AF foi mensurada pelo International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). A MM foi estimada por meio de equação de predição, e calculada a diferença de MM entre a 2a e a 1a onda. Análises bivariadas foram realizadas adotando o valor de p < 0,05. Para as análises multivariadas, utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson, com quatro modelos distintos, que incluíram as covariáveis com valor de p < 0,20. Utilizou-se o pacote estatístico SPSS versão 21. Resultados: A amostra foi constituída de 2216 idosos, sendo 55,10% de mulheres, com média de idade de 65,20 ± 4,15. Indivíduos com redução de MM entre as duas ondas estão situados no primeiro quartil de consumo de proteína. Além disso, a média de AF mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos e a AF no lazer apenas para as mulheres (p < 0,05). Após ajuste por variáveis sociodemográficas, de saúde e hábitos de vida, indivíduos com menor consumo de proteínas apresentaram risco de 1,45 (1,29 ­ 1,63) de apresentar MM diminuída. Conclusões: O menor CP e AF forte estão associados à MM diminuída, e aqueles com menor CP no primeiro e segundo quartis apresentam maior risco de possuir MM diminuída. (AU)

Objective: The objective was to evaluate the relationship between protein consumption, physical activity, and muscle mass in individuals aged ≥ 60 years. Methods: This prospective study was based on the baseline and second wave of the ELSA Brazil study. Protein consumption was assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. Physical activity was measured using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Muscle mass was estimated using a prediction equation, and the difference in MM between the first and second waves was calculated. Bivariate analyses were performed, with p < 0.05 considered significant. Multivariate analysis consisted of 4 Poisson regression models including covariates with p < 0.20. The statistical analysis was performed in IBM SPSS Statistics 21. Results: The sample included 2216 older adults, 55.10% of whom were women, with a mean age of 65.20 (SD, 4.15). Participants whose muscle mass decreased between the waves were in the first quartile of protein consumption. Mean physical activity significantly differed between the groups, while leisure-time physical activity differed only for women (p < 0.05). After adjusting for sociodemographic, health, and lifestyle variables, participants with lower protein intake had a 1.45 (1.29­1.63) relative risk of muscle mass loss. Conclusions: Lower protein consumption and higher physical activity were associated with decreased muscle mass, and those with protein consumption in the first and second quartiles are at higher risk of muscle mass loss. (AU)

Estado nutricional, composición corporal y conducta alimentaria de estudiantes de primer año de la Escuela de Grumetes "Alejandro Navarrete Cisterna" de Talcahuano, Chile

Introducción: El estado nutricional, la composición corporal y los hábitos alimentarios son relevantes para la elegibilidad, entrenamiento y progresión de la carrera naval, por la influencia que tienen estos factores sobre la salud física, mental y rendimiento deportivo de los reclutas. Objetivo: Describir y evaluar el estado nutricional, la composición corporal y la conducta alimentaria de estudiantes de primer año de la Escuela de Grumetes "Alejandro Navarrete Cisterna" de Talcahuano. Métodos: Estudio no experimental de corte transversal a 781 grumetes. Se realizó evaluación antropométrica y de composición corporal por nutricionistas entrenadas, y se aplicó la Encuesta sobre Hábitos Alimentarios de autorreporte. Resultados: Edad 19,2 ± 1,47 años, 35,7% mujeres. Según el estado nutricional, se observó un mayor porcentaje de sobrepeso y obesidad en mujeres comparado con los hombres. El IMC se relacionó directamente con la composición corporal; las mujeres presentaron una media de IMC de sobrepeso con mayor porcentaje de grasa corporal y menor porcentaje de masa muscular. La conducta alimentaria se relacionó con estado nutricional significativamente, siendo los cumplimientos de: consumo de lácteos, consumo de legumbres, cena diariamente y no consumo de bebidas alcohólicas más altos en reclutas normopeso que en aquellos con sobrepeso y obesidad. Conclusión: Los grumetes presentaron mayor normopeso, menor obesidad y mejor conducta alimentaria que la población general, debido posiblemente a la preparación física y nutricional en el periodo inicial de la instrucción naval.

Introduction: Nutritional status, body composition and eating habits are relevant for eligibility, training, and naval career progression, due to the influence of these factors have on the physical and mental health and sports performance of recruits. Objective: To describe and evaluate the nutritional status, body composition and eating behavior of first-year students of the "Alejandro Navarrete Cisterna" Naval School in Talcahuano. Methods: Non-experimental cross-sectional study of 781 recruits. Anthropometric and body composition evaluation was carried out by trained nutritionists, and the self-report Eating Habits Survey was applied. Results: Age 19.2 ± 1.47 years, 35.7% women. According to nutritional status, a higher percentage of overweight and obesity was observed in women compared to men. BMI was related to body composition; women had a mean BMI of overweight with a higher percentage of body fat and a lower percentage of muscle mass. Eating behavior was significantly related to nutritional status, with compliance of: dairy consumption, legume consumption, daily dinner and non-consumption of alcoholic beverages being higher in normal weight recruits than in those with overweight and obesity. Conclusion: The naval recruits had a higher normal weight, less obesity and better eating behavior than the general population, possibly due to the physical and nutritional preparation in the initial period of naval training.

Anthropometric Characteristics, Training Intensity Distribution, Physiological Profile and Performance of an Elite Trail Runner: A Longitudinal Case Study / Características Antropométricas, Distribución de la Intensidad del Entrenamiento, Perfil Fisiológico y Rendimiento de un Corredor de Montaña de Élite: Un Estudio de Caso Longitudinal

SUMMARY: Trail running (TR), an extreme endurance sport, presents unique challenges due to the variety of terrain and distances, where physiological capacity and body composition have been considered better predictors of performance. This longitudinal case study examines the impact of training intensity distribution (TID) on an elite trail runner's physiological profile and performance over four years. Two TID models were implemented: polarized (POL) and pyramidal (PYR). Physiological assessments included maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max), lactate thresholds (LT1 and LT2), and anthropometric characteristics. The training was classified according to the 3-zone intensity model (zone 1: below the first lactate threshold; zone 2: between the first and second lactate threshold; zone 3: above the second lactate threshold). During the four years, the average TID distribution was 75 % zone 1, 18 % zone 2, and 7 % zone 3. Physiological capacity increased by 7.14 % (14 to 15 km/h) for velocity at LT1 (vLT1) and 8.13 % (16 to 17.3 km/h) for velocity at LT2 (vLT2). The most significant increases were observed during the second year when the percentage of training time in zone 1 was lower (65 %) and in zone 2 greater (30 %) than those reported in other years. Consequently, vLT1 and vLT2 increased by 3.5 % (from 14.1 to 14.6 km/h) and 3.6 % (from 16.5 to 17.1 km/h), respectively. In conclusion, this case study revealed that emphasizing training in zone 2 (moderate intensity) and increasing the training load significantly improved performance at lactate thresholds. Despite modifying body composition, no influence on improving endurance performance was observed. These findings underscore the importance of TID in elite trail runners and highlight the potential to optimize physiological adaptations and performance outcomes.

Trail running (TR), un deporte de resistencia extrema, presenta desafíos únicos debido a la variedad de terrenos y distancias, donde la capacidad fisiológica y la composición corporal se han considerado mejores predictores del rendimiento. Este estudio de caso longitudinal examina el impacto de la distribución de la intensidad del entrenamiento (TID) en el perfil fisiológico y el rendimiento de un corredor de montaña de élite durante cuatro años. Se implementaron dos modelos TID: polarizado (POL) y piramidal (PYR). Las evaluaciones fisiológicas incluyeron el consumo máximo de oxígeno (VO2max), los umbrales de lactato (LT1 y LT2) y las características antropométricas. El entrenamiento se clasificó según el modelo de intensidad de 3 zonas (zona 1: por debajo del primer umbral de lactato; zona 2: entre el primer y segundo umbral de lactato; zona 3: por encima del segundo umbral de lactato). Durante los cuatro años, la distribución TID promedio fue 75 % zona 1, 18 % zona 2 y 7 % zona 3. La capacidad fisiológica aumentó un 7,14 % (14 a 15 km/h) para la velocidad en LT1 (vLT1) y un 8,13 % (16 a 17,3 km/h) para velocidad en LT2 (vLT2). Los incrementos más significativos se observaron durante el segundo año cuando el porcentaje de tiempo de entrenamiento en la zona 1 fue menor (65 %) y en la zona 2 mayor (30 %) que los reportados en otros años. En consecuencia, vLT1 y vLT2 aumentaron un 3,5 % (de 14,1 a 14,6 km/h) y un 3,6 % (de 16,5 a 17,1 km/h), respectivamente. En conclusión, este estudio reveló que enfatizar el entrenamiento en la zona 2 (intensidad moderada) y aumentar la carga de entrenamiento mejoró significativamente el rendimiento en los umbrales de lactato. A pesar de modificar la composición corporal, no se observó influencia en la mejora del rendimiento de resistencia. Estos hallazgos subrayan la importancia del TID en los corredores de trail de élite y resaltan el potencial para optimizar las adaptaciones fisiológicas y los resultados de rendimiento.

Study on Body Composition of Patients with Diabetes Mellitus by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry: A Morphological Study / Estudio sobre la Composición Corporal de Pacientes con Diabetes Mellitus Mediante Absorciometría de Rayos X de Energía Dual: Un Estudio Morfológico

SUMMARY: Diabetes is a form of endocrine disease. Dual-energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA) provides a detailed view of the body composition to find out what makes people with diabetes different from those with other diseases. We scanned 371 patients with DXA to analyze their body composition parameters. Three hundreds and seventy one patients (178 women/193 men), who with different diseases, with a mean±SD Body Mass Index (BMI) of 25.32±8.3 kg/m2 were included. The body composition of 371 patients was assessed. Bone Mineral Density (BMD), Fat Weight, Lean Weight, waist-to-hip ratio, Lean Mass Index (LMI), Fat Mass Index (FMI), the relationship between Fat percentage and BMI were analyzed. The 371 patients included 156 diabetics and 215 non-diabetics. Non-diabetic patients also included 5 obesity patients, 9 patients with fatty liver, 39 patients with hypertension, 22 patients with hyperlipidemia, 18 patients with cardiovascular disease, 11 patients with chest and lung disease, 4 patients with chronic disease, 14 patients with brain disease and 93 patients with other diseases. Among 156 diabetic patients, 129 had VAT > 100 cm2 and 27 had VAT ≤100 cm2. The lean weight (LW) of male diabetic patients was significantly higher than that of female diabetic patients. The fat weight (FW) of female patients with diabetes was significantly higher than that of male patients. The waist-hip ratio (WHR) was 1.37 ± 0.25 in male diabetic patients and 1.18 ± 0.21 in female diabetic patients. Among the 215 non-diabetic patients, the obese and fatty liver patients, which the weight (WT) (obesity: 83.87 ± 8.34 kg fat liver: 85.64±28.60 kg), FW (obesity: 28.56 ± 4.18 kg fat liver: 28.61 ± 10.79 kg), LW (obesity: 52.62 ± 9.64 kg fat liver: 54.29±17.58 kg), BMI (obesity: 28.76 ± 1.88 kg/m2 fat liver: 29.10 ± 5.95 kg/m2), was much higher than other patients. Diabetes patients had less fat mass than non- diabetic patients; the difference was around 2 kg. BMI is also a modest number. BMD doesn't differ all that much. Non-diabetic patients with fatty liver obesity and cardiovascular disease had higher fat mass and BMI than patients with other illnesses. Body composition can provide precise information on the makeup of different body areas, but further in-depth exams are required to ascertain the body's endocrine profile.

La diabetes es una enfermedad endocrina. La absorciometría de rayos X de energía dual (DXA) proporciona una vista detallada de la composición corporal para descubrir qué diferencia a las personas con diabetes de aquellas con otras enfermedades. Escaneamos a 371 pacientes con DXA para analizar sus parámetros de composición corporal. Se incluyeron 371 pacientes (178 mujeres/193 hombres), con diferentes enfermedades, con un Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) medio ± DE de 25,32 ± 8,3 kg/m2. Se evaluó la composición corporal de 371 pacientes. Se analizaron la densidad mineral ósea (DMO), el peso graso, el peso magro, la relación cintura-cadera, el índice de masa magra (LMI), el índice de masa grasa (FMI), y la relación entre el porcentaje de grasa y el IMC. De los 371 pacientes 156 eran diabéticos y 215 no diabéticos. Los pacientes no diabéticos también incluyeron 5 con obesidad, 9 con hígado graso, 39 con hipertensión, 22 con hiperlipidemia, 18 con enfermedad cardiovascular, 11 con enfermedad torácica y pulmonar, 4 con enfermedad crónica, 14 con enfermedad cerebral y 93 pacientes con otras enfermedades. Entre los 156 pacientes diabéticos, 129 tenían un IVA > 100 cm2 y 27 tenían un IVA ≤100 cm2. El peso magro (PV) de los hombres diabéticos fue significativamente mayor que el de las mujeres diabéticas. El peso graso (FW) de las mujeres diabéticas fue significativamente mayor que el de los hombres diabéticos. El índice cintura-cadera (ICC) fue de 1,37 ± 0,25 en hombres diabéticos y de 1,18 ± 0,21 en mujeres diabéticas. Entre los 215 pacientes no diabéticos, los pacientes obesos y con hígado graso, cuyo peso (WT) (obesidad: 83,87 ± 8,34 kg hígado graso: 85,64 ± 28,60 kg), FW (obesidad: 28,56 ± 4,18 kg hígado graso: 28,61 ± 10,79 kg), PV (obesidad: 52,62 ± 9,64 kg, hígado graso: 54,29 ± 17,58 kg), IMC (obesidad: 28,76 ± 1,88 kg/m2, hígado graso: 29,10 ± 5,95 kg/m2), fue mucho mayor que otros pacientes. Los pacientes diabéticos tenían menos masa grasa que los pacientes no diabéticos; la diferencia fue de alrededor de 2 kg. La DMO no difiere mucho. Los pacientes no diabéticos con obesidad debido al hígado graso y enfermedades cardiovasculares tenían mayor masa grasa e IMC que los pacientes con otras enfermedades. La composición corporal puede proporcionar información precisa sobre la composición de diferentes áreas del cuerpo, pero se requieren exámenes más profundos para determinar el perfil endocrino del cuerpo.

Capacidades Físicas y Composición Corporal de los Practicantes Recreativos de Tang Soo Do y de Karate: Una Revisión Sistemática / Physical Abilities and Body Composition of Recreational Practitioners of Tang Soo Do and Karate: A Systematic Review

El Tang Soo Do es un arte marcial versátil que destaca por el uso de la cadera para sus gestos técnicos. El karate es una de las artes marciales más atractivas alrededor del mundo. Tanto karate como Tang Soo Do comparten un estilo firme en sus técnicas y combate. Sin embargo, algunas de las formas en Tang Soo Do poseen un estilo suave similar al kung fu y al tai chi. Por ello, es interesante describir y comparar las capacidades físicas y la composición corporal de los practicantes de Tang Soo Do y karate a nivel recreativo. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en Medline® y Web of Science® durante enero de 2021. Se escogieron 10 estudios, organizando sus datos según composición corporal, fuerza muscular, resistencia muscular, flexibilidad y VO2max. Se encontraron 2 estudios en practicantes recreativos de Tang Soo Do y 8 en karate a nivel mundial, por lo que no existen suficientes estudios que permitan describir y comparar adecuadamente las capacidades físicas y la composición corporal entre sus practicantes a nivel recreativo; sin embargo, los resultados encontrados indican que es importante realizar más investigaciones que midan estas variables, con la finalidad de considerar en base a la evidencia alTang Soo Do como una importante opción para el bienestar físico y mental de sus practicantes. Las investigaciones futuras pueden evaluar estos datos en distintos grupos etarios, localización, tiempo de entrenamiento o tipos de competiciones según formas, combate o mixto. Además, se pueden realizar estudios comparativos en los practicantes de Tang Soo Do que permita a este arte marcial ser desde la evidencia una importante opción de práctica en colegios y universidades, así como un estilo de vida para sus practicantes.

SUMMARY: Tang Soo Do is a versatile martial art that stands out for the use of the hip for its technical gestures. Karate is one of the most attractive martial arts around the world. Both karate and Tang Soo Do share a firm style in their techniques and combat. However, some of the forms in Tang Soo Do possess a gentle style similar to Kung Fu and Tai Chi. Therefore, it is interesting to describe and compare the physical abilities and body composition of recreational Tang Soo Do and karate practitioners. A search was carried out in Medline® and Web of Science® during January 2021. Following the search 10 studies were chosen, organizing their data according to body composition, muscular strength, muscular resistance, flexibility and VO2max. Two studies were found on recreational Tang Soo Do practitioners and eight on karate worldwide, hence, there are not enough studies to adequately describe and compare physical abilities and body composition among recreational practitioners; However, the results found, indicate that it is important to conduct further research to measures these variables, in order to consider Tang Soo Do as an important option for the physical and mental well-being of its practitioners. Future research can evaluate these data can be evaluated in different age groups, location, training time or types of competitions according to forms, combat or mixed. In addition, comparative studies can be carried out on Tang Soo Do practitioners that allow this martial art to become an important option for practice in schools and universities, as well as a lifestyle for its practitioners.

Composición Corporal y Capacidad Física en Pacientes con COVID-19 Hospitalizados en una Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos / Body Composition and Physical Capacity in Patients with COVID-19 Hospitalized in a Intensive Care Unit

Las unidades de cuidados intensivos (UCI) y agudos han sido los contenedores del avance de la pandemia por COVID-19. Sin embargo, la estadía prolongada en esta unidad puede repercutir sobre la composición corporal (CC) y la capacidad derealizar ejercicio de los pacientes. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar si existe relación entre composición corporal (CC) y la prueba de caminata en 6 minutos (PC6m). Se reclutaron 17 personas (8 mujeres y 9 hombres). Se tomaron las siguientes medidas: PC6m, se consideró su distancia recorrida (DRPC6m) y su velocidad (VelPC6m). Las variables de CC medidas fueron índice de masa corporal (IMC), masa grasa (MG), masa libre de grasa (MLG) y masa magra (MM). La DRPC6m sólo mostró relación significativa con la MM corporal (MMC). Por otra parte, la VelPC6m tuvo una relación significativa con la MMC. Además de esto, la MLG del miembro inferior derecho y la MLG del miembro inferior izquierdo mostraron una relación con la VelPC6m (r=0,422; p=0,041 y r=0,417; p=0,025, respectivamente). También la MM del miembro inferior derecho y la MM del miembro inferior izquierdo se relacionaron significativamente con la VelPC6m (r=0,422; p=0,030 y r=0,420; p=0,042). En conclusión, existe relación entre composición corporal y VelPC6m. Esto permitiría aproximarse de manera rápida al nivel de funcionalidad con la que ingresa un paciente a un programa de rehabilitación.

SUMMARY: The intensive care units (ICU) and acute care units have been the containers for the advance of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, prolonged stay in this unit can impact patients' body composition (WC) and ability to exercise. This research aimed to determine if there is a relationship between body composition (BC) and the 6-minute walk test (6mWT). 17 people were recruited (8 women and 9 men). The following measurements were taken: 6mWT, its distance traveled (6mWTDT) and its speed (6mWTS) were considered. The WC variables measured were body mass index (BMI), fat mass (FM), fat-free mass (FFM), and lean mass (LM). 6mWTDT only showed a significant relationship with body LM (BLM). On the other hand, 6mWTS had a significant relationship with BLM. In addition to this, the FFM of the right lower limb and the FFM of the left lower limb showed a relationship with 6mWTS (r=0.422; p=0.041 and r=0.417; p=0.025, respectively). Also, the LM of the right lower limb and the LM of the left lower limb were significantly related to the 6mWTS (r=0.422; p=0.030 and r=0.420; p=0.042). In conclusion, there is a relationship between body composition and 6mWTS. This would allow us to quickly approach the level of functionality with which a patient enters a rehabilitation program.

Obesity versus underweight: the prognostic impact of body mass phenotypes in hospitalized older patients / Obesidade versus baixo peso: o impacto prognóstico de fenótipos de massa corporal em pacientes idosos hospitalizados

Objective: To compare the frequency of underweight and obesity among previously hospitalized older adults and analyze their association with malnutrition, sarcopenia, frailty, inflammatory markers, and adverse outcomes both during hospitalization and after discharge. Methods: This secondary analysis of a prospective study, conducted at Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Brazil, included hospitalized older patients (age ≥ 60 y). Nutritional status, body composition, sarcopenia, frailty, and outcomes were assessed. Cox regression was performed to evaluate the impact of the body mass phenotypes on clinical outcomes. Results: This secondary analysis included one hundred patients. The prevalence of obesity was 22.10%, while that of underweight was 34.60%. Individuals with underweight had a higher frequency of weaker immune response, worse inflammatory profile, higher nutritional risk, higher frequency of sarcopenia and malnutrition, longer hospital stay, and a higher incidence of mortality when compared to those with obesity. Being underweight was independently associated with higher mortality rates, even after adjustment for age, sex, muscle mass, malnutrition, and diagnosis of malignancy [adjusted HR = 2.82 (95% confidence interval 1.03 ­ 7.72), p = 0.044]. Conclusion: The underweight phenotype represented a worst-case scenario in hospitalized older patients. (AU)

Intervention effect of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on body composition and glycolipid metabolism in obese adults / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To explore the intervention effect of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on body composition and glycolipid metabolism in obese adults.Methods:This was a self-controlled study, which enrolled 280 obese adults who received weight loss treatment in the Health Management Institute of the Chinese PLA General Hospital from November 2017 to March 2018 and performed a 12-week precise aerobic exercise intervention (40%-60% of heart reserved rate) based on an independently developed aerobic exercise intervention system for chronic diseases. The following requirements also need to be met as effective exercise time of ≥40 minutes every time, total exercise time of ≤100 minutes per day, effective exercise time of ≥200 minutes per week, exercise frequency of ≥4 times per week, and an interval of ≤48 hours between two exercises. During the research, 77 subjects were excluded due to illness, sports injuries, work reasons, etc., and 203 subjects were included in the analysis. These patients were divided into three groups based on weekly exercise duration, including 97 cases in short-term group (weekly exercise time <300 minutes), 63 cases in medium-term group (weekly exercise time of 300-400 minutes), and 43 cases in long-term group (weekly exercise time >400 minutes). Paired t-tests were used to compare the differences in indicators before and after intervention, and covariance analysis was used to compare the differences in indicators among three groups. The intervention effect of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on the body composition and glucose and lipid metabolism in obese adults was analyzed. Results:The resting heart rate, body weight, body mass index, body fat rate, body fat mass, muscle mass, visceral fat area, subcutaneous fat area, fasting insulin, insulin resistance index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol were all decreased significantly in the 203 patients after the intervention [(66.67±9.38) vs (71.48±10.13)/min, (86.02±13.13) vs (90.16±13.93) kg, (30.33±3.08) vs (31.80±3.27) kg/m 2, 35.64%±7.19% vs 37.87%±7.21%, (30.78±8.14) vs (34.30±8.73) kg, (52±10.30) vs (52.74±10.61) kg, (100.82±38.63) vs (119.53±43.08) cm 2, (270.14±74.19) vs (305.24±77.12) cm 2, (12.33±6.92) vs (17.86±14.23) mmol/L, 3.08±2.22 vs 4.52±4.09, (4.42±0.78) vs (4.62±0.89) mmol/L, (1.46±0.82) vs (1.71±1.11) mmol/L, (2.93±0.70) vs (3.08±0.80) mmol/L] (all P<0.05). The reduction degree of indicators including body weight, body mass rate, body fat rate, and body fat mass were all significantly higher in long-term group when compared with those in medium-term and short-term group [(5.56±0.62) vs (3.97±0.51) vs (3.63±0.41) kg, (1.98±0.21) vs (1.39±0.17) vs (1.31±0.14) kg/m 2, 3.38%±0.40% vs 2.27%± 0.33% vs 1.69%±0.27%, (4.90±0.53) vs (3.54±0.43) vs (2.89±0.35) kg]. Besides, patients in long-term group had significantly higher reduction degree of fasting insulin and higher rising degree of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [(7.38±0.94) vs (4.54±0.62) mmol/L, (0.07±0.02) vs (0.01±0.02) mmol/L] and higher reduction degree of visceral fat area [(28.45±4.53) vs (12.55±3.67) cm 2] than medium-term group (all P<0.05). Conclusions:Moderate intensity aerobic exercise can be an effective intervention for the body composition and glycolipid metabolism in obese adults. If the weekly exercise time is greater than 400 minutes, the potential benefits of improvement may be more evident.

Correlation between grip strength promotion and improvement of body composition and metabolic disorders in health examination population of different genders / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To explore the correlation between grip strength promotion and improvement of body composition and metabolic disorders in health examination population of different genders.Methods:In this retrospective cohort study, clinical data of 600 people who received health examination and grip strength check-up two times or more in the Medical Examination Center of Peking University Third Hospital from January 2018 to November 2022 were selected. The general data, physical examination, biochemical parameters, body composition and grip strength results were collected. After the first physical examination, the grip strength test was conducted, appropriate resistance strength exercises were given based on individual evaluation results. A health lecture was held, and the information related to health exercise was pushed through WeChat official account every week. The grip strength test was completed at the same time at the second physical examination, and the difference between the two test results was calculated before and after the second physical examination. The generalized estimation equation was used to analyze the correlation between the improvement of grip strength and the improvement of body composition and metabolic disorders in different gender health-check population.Results:In man and women, the body mass index [(25.50±3.66) vs (25.33±3.74) kg/m 2, (22.41±3.55) vs (22.25±3.46) kg/m 2] and grip strength [(42.71±7.30) vs (41.77±7.36) kg, (25.28±5.30) vs (23.98±4.87) kg] at the second health check-up were all significantly higher than those at the first time, and the diastolic blood pressure [(72.79±10.30) vs (74.47±9.85) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), (66.93±8.90) vs (68.92±9.42) mmHg] and serum homocysteine [(17.96±14.09) vs (19.27±14.26) μmol/L, (9.47±3.91) vs (10.26±3.90) μmol/L] were all significantly lower than those at the first time (all P<0.05). Among man, the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) at the second physical examination was significantly lower than that at the first time [(2.94±0.78) vs (3.00±0.69) mmol/L] (all P<0.05). Among women, the systolic blood pressure and uric acid at the second health check-up were both significantly lower than those at the first time [(109.34±12.85) vs (110.54±12.32) mmHg, (276.91±62.46) vs (287.16±68.78) μmol/L], and the waist-hip ratio was significant higher (85.8%±5.1% vs 85.4%±5.0%) (all P<0.05). In males, the decreased aspartate aminotransferase ( OR=0.932, 95% CI: 0.888-0.978) and the increased skeletal muscle index ( OR=75.370, 95% CI: 29.012-195.806) were both positively correlated with the elevation of grip strength (all P<0.05); and in females, the decreased homocysteine ( OR=0.876, 95% CI: 0.782-0.982) and glycosylated hemoglobin ( OR=0.423, 95% CI: 0.222-0.805) and increased skeletal muscle index ( OR=22.918, 95% CI: 11.114-47.256) were all positively correlated with the elevation of grip strength (all P<0.05). Conclusion:There is a positive correlation between the improvement of grip strength and the improvement trend of body composition and metabolic disorders in in health examination population of different genders.

Correlation between serum uric acid level and body composition, exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary function in medical examination population / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlation between blood uric acid level and body composition, exercise capacity, and cardiopulmonary function in medical examination population.Methods:In this cross-sectional study, 83 individuals who underwent physical examinations at Peking University Third Hospital from June 1, 2023, to October 1, 2023, and met the inclusion criteria were included. According to whether they had hyperuricemia (HUA), the participants were divided into HUA group (53 cases) and non-HUA group (30 cases). Body composition parameters, such as body mass index and visceral fat area, were measured with a body composition analyzer. Exercise capacity indicators, including grip strength, vertical jump, back strength, and sit-and-reach test, were measured using specific monitoring devices. Cardiopulmonary function was assessed using the stair index test. The clinical characteristics of the two groups were compared with t-tests or chi-square tests, and the correlation between uric acid levels and body composition, exercise capacity, and cardiopulmonary function was analyzed. Results:The HUA group had significantly higher skeletal muscle mass, body fat mass, body mass index, and visceral fat area when compared with the non-HUA group [(31.92±5.60) vs (26.11±6.19) kg, (23.66±9.33) vs (17.19±5.00) kg, (26.53±3.68) vs (23.27±3.59) kg/m2, 91.20 (74.25, 123.90) vs 68.25 (56.25, 90.48) cm 2, respectively] (all P<0.05). The grip strength, vertical jump, and back pull strength were all lower in the HUA group [32.70 (25.25, 40.30) vs 42.35 (35.95, 48.10) kg, 30.30 (24.10, 36.48) vs 40.55 (33.06, 45.10) kg, 24.20(20.60, 32.23) vs 29.90 (25.20, 35.50) cm, 65.60 (51.75, 78.00) vs 91.00 (67.25, 111.50) kg, respectivley] (all P<0.05). The increased step index was positively correlated with reduced risk of hyperuricemia ( OR=0.875, 95% CI: 0.793-0.966) ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Blood uric acid level is correlated with cardiopulmonary function in medical examination population. Individuals with better cardiopulmonary function have a lower risk of developing HUA. However, the relationship between blood uric acid level and body composition and exercise capacity is not clear.

Association between quantitative CT-measured body composition and metabolic syndrome components in obese patients before bariatric surgery / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To investigate the association between quantified CT (QCT)-measured body composition and metabolic syndrome (MS) components in obese populations before bariatric surgery.Methods:A cross-sectional study. A retrospective analysis was conducted on a cohort of 97 obese patients scheduled for weight-loss surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College from January 2021 to March 2023. The patients′ body mass index (BMI), biochemical parameters and body composition measurements obtained by QCT were recorded. The patients were stratified into groups based on gender, obesity severity and the number of MS components. Differences in body composition among the groups were compared. Additionally, the correlations between each body composition parameter and metabolic indicators were analyzed. The diagnostic efficacy of each body composition parameter for identifying obese individuals with different MS components was assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.Results:There were 75 females (77.3%). Male obese patients had higher total abdominal fat area [(693.23±148.90) vs (574.99±114.89) cm 2, t=-3.958, P<0.001], visceral fat area [(289.65±57.67) vs (195.60±57.37) cm 2, t=-6.753, P<0.001], fat content of pancreatic head [27.45%(21.65%, 45.48%) vs 21.60%(17.6%, 26.9%), Z=-2.675, P=0.007], and skeletal muscle index [73.36(68.74, 81.26) vs 61.52(55.74, 66.41) cm 2/m 2, Z=-5.246, P<0.001]. With the increase of obesity, abdominal fat mainly increases in subcutaneous fat. With the increase of MS components (MS2 group, MS3 group, MS4 group, MS5 group), the abdominal fat area, abdominal fat/subcutaneous fat, liver fat content, pancreatic head fat content, and skeletal muscle index of patients all increased accordingly. In diagnosing the presence of two components of MS, area under the curve of visceral fat area was the largest (AUC=0.706, 95% CI=0.577-0.834). For diagnosing the presence of three, four and five components of MS, area under curve of liver fat content were all the largest (MS3=0.712, 95% CI=0.605-0.818; MS4=0.652, 95% CI=0.537-0.766; MS5=0.706, 95% CI=0.576-0.836). Conclusion:There are differences in QCT body composition among obese patients with different MS components, and there is a correlation between each body composition and MS component. Among them, intra-abdominal fat area and liver fat content are of great value in evaluating obese patients with different MS components.

Analysis of body composition and influencing factors of lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in population receiving health examination / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the body composition and influencing factors of lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in population receiving health examination.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study. Between January 2020 and December 2021, 1 342 individuals who had complete and reliable results of liver transient elastography and body composition testing, with a body mass index (BMI)<24 kg/m 2 and who met the inclusion criteria, were selected from the physical examination population at the Health Management Center of Jiangsu Provincial People′s Hospital. The results of body composition analysis, blood biochemical indexes and liver examination were collected from the subjects for analysis. Method of inter-group comparison: quantitative data that conform to normal distribution were tested using independent sample t-test, while non-conforming data were tested using rank sum test; count data were tested using chi-square test. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of body composition in lean non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in health examinees. Results:The detection rate of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease was 13.3% in all participants, and it was significantly higher in men than that in women (23.3% (125/537) vs 6.6% (53/805)). The fasting blood glucose (5.15, 5.08 mmol/L), hemoglobin A1c (HbA 1c)(5.5%, 5.6%), triglyceride (TG)(1.70, 1.64 mmol/L), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C)(3.37, 3.27 mmol/L), alanine aminotransferase (ALT)(27.0, 21.9 U/L), aspartate aminotransferase (AST)(24.1, 24.0 U/L), gamma-glutamyltransferase (31.4, 21.1 U/L), uric acid (UA)(391, 296 μmol/L), body fat percentage (23.9%, 33.7%), waist-to-hip ratio(0.90, 0.89) and visceral fat area (70.3, 97.0 cm 2) in men and women with lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were all higher than those in the population without fatty liver, while the density lipoprotein cholesterol (1.25, 1.32 mmol/L) was lower. Logistic regression analysis showed that BMI, HbA 1c, TG, UA and waist-to-hip ratio were risk factors for lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in men, while BMI, HbA 1c, TG, UA and body fat percentage were risk factors for lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in women (all P<0.05). Conclusion:BMI, HbA 1c, TG, UA, body fat percentage and waist-to-hip ratio are associated with the development of lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Current status of physical composition in medical workers and the evaluation effects of each indicator on nutritional status / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective:To analyze the current status of physical composition in medical workers and the evaluation effects of each indicator on nutritional status.Methods:It was a cross-sectional study. A total of 313 medical workers from one hospital in Beijing were recruited from May 21st to June 22nd in 2021 for body composition measurement. Variance analysis was used to compare the age and gender distribution differences in total body fat, fat-free body weight, body fat percentage, skeletal muscle, protein, water, mineral, and basal metabolic rate indicators among the medical workers. Protein content, body fat percentage, and body mass index (BMI) were used to evaluate the nutritional status of medical workers, and the evaluation effects were analyzed too.Results:Of the 313 medical workers included in this study, there were 221 females and 92 males. In females, total body fat, fat-free body weight, skeletal muscle mass, and basal metabolic rate were all positively correlated with age ( F=19.823, 6.745, 6.561, 6.707) (all P<0.001). There was no significant differences in body composition indicators among male participants of different age groups (all P>0.05). The total body fat in female medical workers was significantly higher than that in males (17.58 kg vs 17.08 kg). Total water, protein, minerals, fat-free body weight, skeletal muscle mass, and basal metabolic rate were all significantly lower in female medical workers when compared with those in males [30.40 kg vs 41.78 kg, 8.07 kg vs 11.26 kg, 2.96 kg vs 3.88 kg, 41.43 kg vs 56.92 kg, 22.37 kg vs 31.98 kg, 1 264.86 kcal (1 kcal=4.184 kJ) vs 1 599.39 kcal] (all P<0.05). Among the medical workers, 190 cases (60.7%) had normal protein levels, 103 cases (32.9%) had protein deficiencies, and 20 cases (6.3%) had protein levels exceeding the standard. Additionally, 110 cases (35.1%) had normal body fat ratios, 193 cases (61.6%) had excessive body fat ratios, and 10 cases (3.2%) had insufficient body fat ratios. Concerning body mass index (BMI), 198 cases (63.2%) had normal BMI. Among them, 145 cases (73.2%) had normal body fat ratios, 53 cases (26.7%) had excessive body fat ratios, 108 cases (54.5%) had normal protein levels, 89 cases (44.9%) had insufficient protein levels, and 1 case (0.5%) had excessive protein levels. Furthermore, 103 cases (32.9%) had excessive BMI, with 20 cases (19.4%) having normal body fat ratios indicating the muscle/bone strength type, and 83 cases (80.6%) having normal protein levels indicating the muscular type. Lastly, 12 cases (3.8%) had insufficient BMI, including 6 cases (50.0%) with normal body fat ratios. Conclusion:There are significant gender differences in body composition distribution among healthcare workers. In females, total body fat, lean body mass, skeletal muscle, and basal metabolic rate are all correlated with age. Evaluating individual nutrition status based solely on BMI would underestimate the obesity rate. Individuals with low or high protein/muscle content should not be assessed using BMI.

Study on the Correlation Between TCM Constitution and Body Composition in Patients with Overweight/Obesity / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To study the traditional Chinese medicine(TCM)constitution characteristics of overweight/obese patients in Shanghai region and to investigate the correlation of TCM constitution with body composition.Methods Relevant data were collected from the patients with complete information of TCM constitution and human body composition analysis who visited the specialized outpatient clinic of acup-moxibustion catgut embedding therapy in the Department of Endocrinology,Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital from August 2020 to December 2022.The patients were divided into a normal body mass group(BMI＜24 kg/m2),an overweight group(24 kg/m2≤BMI＜28 kg/m2)and obesity group(BMI≥28 kg/m2),and then the distribution of TCM constitution types in the three groups of patients were analyzed.After that,the correlation between TCM constitution and body composition were explored with multiple regression analysis.Results(1)A total of 315 patients were included,of which 43 patients had normal body mass,85 patients were overweight and 187 patients were obese.(2)The TCM constitution types in descending order of the composition ratio in the normal body mass group and in the overweight group were spleen deficiency constitution,liver stagnation constitution,damp-heat constitution,yang deficiency constitution,and yin deficiency constitution,in the obese group were spleen deficiency constitution,yang deficiency constitution,damp-heat constitution,liver stagnation constitution,and yin deficiency constitution,and in the overweight/obese group were spleen deficiency constitution,damp-heat constitution,yang deficiency constitution,liver stagnation constitution,and yin deficiency constitution.No statistically significant differences of the distribution of TCM constitution types were shown between normal body bass population and overweight/obese population(P＞0.05).In both normal body mass population and overweight/obese population,the single body constitution type was common,and biased constitution was rare,and there was no statistically significant difference when comparing between the two groups(P＞0.05).(3)The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the basal metabolism of all patients was positively correlated with yang deficiency constitution and was negatively correlated with damp-heat constitution,and the differences were statistically significant(P＜0.01).It is indicated that if the score of yang deficiency constitution rose by one point,the basal metabolism would increase by 0.54 kcal,and if the score of damp-heat constitution decreased by one point,the basal metabolism would decrease by 1.005 kcal.Conclusion In Shanghai region,obesity may be the main indication of the variation of the body constitution.In addition to spleen deficiency constitution,the proportions of yang deficiency constitution,damp-heat constitution and liver stagnation constitution are also higher in obese patients.In terms of the correlation between TCM constitution and body composition,basal metabolism is positively correlated with yang deficiency constitution and is negatively correlated with damp-heat constitution.Therefore,for the patients with yang deficiency constitution and damp-heat constitution,the influence of the basal metabolism level on the development of the disease should be taken into account.

Correlation between body compositions and cardiopulmonary fitness in patients with coronary heart disease / 上海交通大学学报（医学版）

Objective·To explore the correlation between body compositions and cardiovascular fitness(CRF)in patients with coronary heart disease(CHD).Methods·The CHD patients(CHD group)who underwent elective percutaneous coronary intervention treatment at Renji Hospital,Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine from October 2022 to June 2023 as well as healthy people(control group)were selected.All the participants completed cardiopulmonary exercise testing(CPET)to determine CRF and bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA)to determine body compositions on the same day.Results·A total of 191 patients with coronary heart disease and 188 healthy individuals were included.There was no statistically significant difference in baseline characteristics between the two groups.Compared with the control group,the CRF indicators of the CHD group were significantly reduced(all P<0.05).In terms of body composition indicators,the trunk muscle mass(TMM)of the CHD group was significantly lower than that of the control group(P<0.01),and the trunk fat mass(TFM)was significantly higher than that of the control group(P<0.01).Correlation analysis showed that TMM(R=0.538),lower limbs muscle mass(LMM)(R=0.754),and lower limbs fat mass(LFM)(R=0.593)were positively correlated with peak oxygen uptake per kilogram of bodyweight(VO2peak/kg)in the CHD group(all P<0.01),while TFM(R=-0.563)was negatively correlated with VO2peak/kg(P<0.01).There was no statistically significant correlation between other body composition indicators and VO2peak/kg.According to VO2peak/kg,the CHD patients were divided into low CRF group,medium CRF group,and high CRF group.The results showed that there were statistically significant differences in LMM,TMM,LFM,and TFM among the three groups of patients(all P<0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis suggested that age,gender,TMM,TFM,LMM,and LFM were related factors of VO2peak/kg in the patients with CHD.The VO2peak/kg of CHD patients increased with the increase of TMM,LMM,and LFM and the decrease of age and TFM;the female patients had lower VO2peak/kg compared to the males.Conclusion·The CRF of CHD patients is significantly lower than that of the healthy population,with higher TFM and lower TMM;in the CHD patients,CRF is negatively correlated with TFM and positively correlated with TMM,LMM,and LFM.