ABSTRACT
Acupuncture-moxibustion is remarkably effective on encephalopathy, but its mechanism is unclear. With the continuous development of imaging technology, the in vivo brain imaging technology has been used increasingly in life science research and it also becomes a more effective tool for the basic research of acupuncture-moxibustion in treatment of encephalopathy. The paper summarizes the application of its technology in the basic research of acupuncture-moxibustion for encephalopathy and the characteristics of imaging, as well as the advantages and shortcomings. It is anticipated that the references may be provided for the basic research of acupuncture-moxibustion in treatment of encephalopathy and be conductive to the modernization of acupuncture-moxibustion.
Subject(s)
Humans , Moxibustion , Acupuncture Therapy , Acupuncture , Brain Diseases/therapy , NeuroimagingABSTRACT
@#Objective To analyze the clinical and imaging features of systemic lupus erythematosus associated with acute ischemic stroke (SLE-AIS),and to explore the impact of SLE on the short-term prognosis of AIS patients. Methods A nested case-control study was conducted in The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University between October 1,2019,and May 31,2021.AIS patients complicated with SLE were included in SLE-AIS group,and four AIS patients without SLE were selected as the AIS group for each identified case according to age,sex,and time of onset,comparing baseline indicators and imaging characteristics between the two groups.Patients were divided into the good prognosis group and poor prognosis group according to mRS score,and the effect of SLE on the short-term prognosis of AIS patients was compared. Results Among 140 patients,the mean age was (48.4±15.6) years,and 92.9% were female.Higher levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (P=0.049),D-dimer (DDi) (P=0.02),and C-reactive protein (CRP) (P=0.002) concentrations were significantly higher in the SLE-AIS group.The imaging revealed simultaneous involvement of the anterior and posterior circulation (P=0.004),multiple infarcts (P=0.008),and stroke of other undetermined etiologies (P=0.002) more common in the SLE-AIS group.SLE (P=0.045) was an independent risk factor for a poor short-term prognosis of AIS patients. Conclusion Higher concentrations of LDL-C,CRP,and DDi were found in SLE-AIS patients,and more stringent lipid-lowering,anti-inflammatory,and anticoagulant therapy may be necessary.Simultaneous involvement of the anterior and posterior circulation,multiple infarcts,and stroke of undetermined etiology were the main imaging features of patients with SLE-AIS.Further,SLE was also found as an independent risk factor for AIS patients'poor short-term prognosis,and screening for risk factors associated with AIS and prompt initiation of preventive therapy should be performed at the early stage of SLE diagnosis.
ABSTRACT
RESUMEN Introducción Antecedentes: La anorexia nerviosa (AN) y la bulimia nerviosa (BN) son enfermedades mentales graves y crónicas que afectan a un alto porcentaje de la población. Un número creciente de estudios han informado de alteraciones neuropsicológicas en esta población, que aparentemente contribuyen a la aparición y progresión del trastorno, y que repercuten en la eficacia del tratamiento y la recuperación. Metodología: El objetivo de esta Revisión Narrativa es resumir los hallazgos relativos al perfil neuropsicológico de las mujeres con AN y BN en diferentes fases de tratamiento. Resultados: La evidencia disponible sugiere que las mujeres con AN y BN presentan un perfil de déficits de cognición ejecutiva y social. Estos resultados son consistentes con la evidencia de los hallazgos de neuroimagen de alteraciones cerebrales estructurales en las áreas frontales y en los circuitos frontales-subcorticales. Conclusiones: El conocimiento de los perfiles neuropsicológicos de las mujeres con AN y BN ofrece información clave para entender la presentación clínica de esta población y los retos en la adherencia y beneficio del tratamiento. Los estudios futuros deberían explorar la eficacia de las intervenciones dirigidas a las deficiencias neuropsicológicas y cómo contribuyen al tratamiento habitual.
Background: Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are severe and chronic mental health illnesses that affect a high percentage of the population. A growing number of studies have reported neuropsychological impairments in this population, apparently contributing to the onset and progression of the disorder, and impacting on treatment efficacy and recovery. Methodology: This Narrative Review aimed to summarize findings regarding the neuropsychological profile of women with AN and BN at different treatment phases. Results: Available evidence suggests that women with AN and BN present a profile of executive and social cognition deficits. These results are consistent with evidence from neuroimaging findings of structural brain alterations in frontal areas and frontal-subcortical circuits. Conclusions: Knowledge about the neuropsychological profiles of AN and BN women offers key information to understand the clinical presentation of this population and challenges in adhering and benefiting from treatment. Future studies should explore the efficacy of interventions targeting neuropsychological impairments and how they contribute to treatment as usual.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Feeding and Eating Disorders , Neurocognitive Disorders/diagnosis , Anorexia Nervosa , Neurocognitive Disorders/physiopathology , Bulimia Nervosa , Executive Function , Neuroimaging , Social Cognition , NeuropsychologyABSTRACT
The last four decades have witnessed tremendous growth in research studies applying neuroimaging methods to evaluate pathophysiological and treatment aspects of psychiatric disorders around the world. This article provides a brief history of psychiatric neuroimaging research in Brazil, including quantitative information about the growth of this field in the country over the past 20 years. Also described are the various methodologies used, the wealth of scientific questions investigated, and the strength of international collaborations established. Finally, examples of the many methodological advances that have emerged in the field of in vivo neuroimaging are provided, with discussion of the challenges faced by psychiatric research groups in Brazil, a country of limited resources, to continue incorporating such innovations to generate novel scientific data of local and global relevance.
Subject(s)
Neuroimaging , Mental Disorders/diagnostic imaging , BrazilABSTRACT
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a condition of severe neurodevelopmental disorders that develops in early childhood.Early identification and intervention are recognized as effective strategies for ASD.ASD siblings are the high-risk population of ASD.A cohort study of ASD siblings after birth and construction of a multi-center data sharing mechanism are effective ways to find behavioral and biological markers related to early diagnosis of ASD.This study reviews the early behavior and brain imaging findings of ASD siblings at home and abroad in prospective cohorts, thus exploring the potential value of brain imaging techniques in the early identification and diagnosis of ASD.
ABSTRACT
With the wide application of deep learning technology in disease diagnosis, especially the outstanding performance of convolutional neural network (CNN) in computer vision and image processing, more and more studies have proposed to use this algorithm to achieve the classification of Alzheimer's disease (AD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and normal cognition (CN). This article systematically reviews the application progress of several classic convolutional neural network models in brain image analysis and diagnosis at different stages of Alzheimer's disease, and discusses the existing problems and gives the possible development directions in order to provide some references.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging , Cognitive Dysfunction/diagnosis , Image Processing, Computer-Assisted , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neural Networks, ComputerABSTRACT
The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is involved in diverse brain functions via its extensive projections to multiple target regions. There is a growing understanding of the overall outputs of the OFC at the population level, but reports of the projection patterns of individual OFC neurons across different cortical layers remain rare. Here, by combining neuronal sparse and bright labeling with a whole-brain florescence imaging system (fMOST), we obtained an uninterrupted three-dimensional whole-brain dataset and achieved the full morphological reconstruction of 25 OFC pyramidal neurons. We compared the whole-brain projection targets of these individual OFC neurons in different cortical layers as well as in the same cortical layer. We found cortical layer-dependent projections characterized by divergent patterns for information delivery. Our study not only provides a structural basis for understanding the principles of laminar organizations in the OFC, but also provides clues for future functional and behavioral studies on OFC pyramidal neurons.
ABSTRACT
@#Background: The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) has published guidelines indicating the criteria for brain imaging before lumbar puncture (LP) among patients with community-acquired meningitis (CAM). However, data on adherence to the guidelines and associated outcomes are currently limited. Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study among patients with CAM from January 2018 to March 2019 in the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary-care hospital in Thailand. Physicians’ IDSA guidelines adherence rate for brain imaging before LP was determined. Clinical outcomes were compared between patients undergoing the procedures according and not according to the guidelines. Results: Of the 101 patients screened, 69 were included. The physicians’ guidelines non-adherence rate for brain imaging before LP was 38%. The most common non-adherent practice wasperforming brain imaging despite no indication (96%). By multivariable logistic regression analysis, the only independent factor associated with non-adherence to the guidelines was caring patients with no indications for brain imaging before LP (P<0.001). The patients in the guidelines-adherent group were more-likely than those in the guidelines-non-adherent group to have underlying AIDS and present with seizure, while the 30-day survival rates were not different between the two groups (88% vs. 85%). Conclusions: Our study suggests a significant non-adherence to the guidelines due to the overinvestigation of the physicians in patients with no indications for brain imaging before LP. Interventions to improve physicians’ knowledge about these indications and practice are needed for better care of patients with CAM.
ABSTRACT
An ultimate goal of neuroscience is to decipher the principles underlying neuronal information processing at the molecular, cellular, circuit, and system levels. The advent of miniature fluorescence microscopy has furthered the quest by visualizing brain activities and structural dynamics in animals engaged in self-determined behaviors. In this brief review, we summarize recent advances in miniature fluorescence microscopy for neuroscience, focusing mostly on two mainstream solutions - miniature single-photon microscopy, and miniature two-photon microscopy. We discuss their technical advantages and limitations as well as unmet challenges for future improvement. Examples of preliminary applications are also presented to reflect on a new trend of brain imaging in experimental paradigms involving body movements, long and complex protocols, and even disease progression and aging.
ABSTRACT
An ultimate goal of neuroscience is to decipher the principles underlying neuronal information processing at the molecular, cellular, circuit, and system levels. The advent of miniature fluorescence microscopy has furthered the quest by visualizing brain activities and structural dynamics in animals engaged in self-determined behaviors. In this brief review, we summarize recent advances in miniature fluorescence microscopy for neuroscience, focusing mostly on two mainstream solutions - miniature single-photon microscopy, and miniature two-photon microscopy. We discuss their technical advantages and limitations as well as unmet challenges for future improvement. Examples of preliminary applications are also presented to reflect on a new trend of brain imaging in experimental paradigms involving body movements, long and complex protocols, and even disease progression and aging.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To investigate the effect of Shentai Tea Polyphenols on memory and its underlying mechanism in healthy elderly adults.Methods:According to the randomized, double blind and placebo-controlled prospective experimental design, 240 healthy middle-aged or elderly subjects with normal objective cognition were recruited in our hospital from April to December 2019 through advertising, and they were randomly divided into an experimental group ( n=120) and a control group ( n=120). Oral administration of Shentai Tea Polyphenols or placebo capsules (lasting for 90 d, 2 times/d, 2 capsules/time) was given to subjects in the two groups. The neuropsychological scale scores and near-infrared brain imaging data of all subjects were collected before and after intervention, and the mean time from baseline data collection before intervention to follow-up data collection after medication was controlled within 6 months. Results:In patients from the experimental group, as compared with those before intervention, scores of delayed recall and recognition memory in the auditory verbal learning test (Huashan version) and Boston naming test, scores of Montreal cognitive assessment scale (basis version) were significantly higher, and scores of Hamilton anxiety scale, shape trails test A and rapid-eye-movement sleep behavior disorder screening questionnaire were significantly lower after intervention ( P<0.05); however, only scores of delayed recall in the auditory verbal learning test (Huashan version) were significantly increased in the control group ( P<0.05). A total of 23 pairs of differences of brain function connection before and after intervention in the experimental group were significantly higher than those in the control group ( P<0.05), mainly involving the function connection of forehead peak network (FPN), and function connection of FPN-default network, function connection of FPN-somatosensory movement network, function connection of FPN-dorsal attention network and function connection of FPN-visual network, as well as the function connection of default network and somatosensory movement network. Conclusion:Shentai Tea Polyphenols can improve cognitive performances including memory, language and executive function, anxiety mood and sleep quality in healthy middle aged or elderly subjects by affecting the functional connections of the networks in the brain.
ABSTRACT
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders. It is characterized by emotional,cognitive,and physical symptoms which can also cause severe disability and dis-ease burden. The current study found that patients with MDD have cognitive impairment in both acute and remission phases,which seriously affect the prognosis of patients. The impairment of visual cognitive function greatly affects the social function of MDD patients and the current researches showed that visual cognitive im-pairment of MDD patients is closely related to the functional connection in the brain,which can be reflected by different degrees of neuroimaging changes in the frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal regions. The change of visual cognitive function in patients with MDD is mainly influenced by the frontal lobe and the oc-cipital lobe,which may be related to the large number of visual cortex in the anatomy of the two brain re-gions. The activation of the frontal lobe may be positively related to the patient's visual cognitive impairment;the reduction of the occipital lobe activity may have an impact on the visual process and may be the starting factor for cognitive impairment. The active enhancement of the parietal region plays an important role in the visual short-term memory. In addition,the temporo-parietal junction is also found to be involved in the pro-cessing of visual and working memory,and the activation of temporal lobe and parietal lobe can be observed. This review summarizes recent researches at home and abroad and reveals the visual perception of MDD pa-tients in different ways in each different brain regions.
ABSTRACT
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is one of the most common psychiatric disorders.It is characterized by emotional, cognitive, and physical symptoms which can also cause severe disability and disease burden. The current study found that patients with MDD have cognitive impairment in both acute and remission phases, which seriously affect the prognosis of patients. The impairment of visual cognitive function greatly affects the social function of MDD patients and the current researches showed that visual cognitive impairment of MDD patients is closely related to the functional connection in the brain, which can be reflected by different degrees of neuroimaging changes in the frontal, occipital, temporal, and parietal regions.The change of visual cognitive function in patients with MDD is mainly influenced by the frontal lobe and the occipital lobe, which may be related to the large number of visual cortex in the anatomy of the two brain regions. The activation of the frontal lobe may be positively related to the patient's visual cognitive impairment; the reduction of the occipital lobe activity may have an impact on the visual process and may be the starting factor for cognitive impairment. The active enhancement of the parietal region plays an important role in the visual short-term memory. In addition, the temporo-parietal junction is also found to be involved in the processing of visual and working memory, and the activation of temporal lobe and parietal lobe can be observed.This review summarizes recent researches at home and abroad and reveals the visual perception of MDD patients in different ways in each different brain regions.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND@#Chemical intolerance (CI) is a chronic condition characterized by recurring and severe symptoms triggered by exposure to low levels of odorous or pungent substances. The etiology of CI has been a controversial subject for a long time. The aim of this review is to summarize findings on the neurological processing of sensory information during and after exposure to low levels of odorous or pungent substances in individuals with CI, focusing on the brain function and networks.@*METHODS@#Scientific studies on CI published between 2000 and 2019 in academic peer-reviewed journals were systematically searched using medical and scientific literature databases. Only peer-reviewed articles reporting original research from experimental human studies directly associated with CI, and involving related neurological responses or brain imaging after exposure to odorous or pungent substances (i.e., in chemical provocation tests), were considered.@*RESULTS@#Forty-seven studies were found to be eligible for a full-text review. Twenty-three studies met the selection criteria and were included in this review. Evidence indicated that differences between subjects with CI and healthy controls were observed by brain imaging during and after exposure to odorous or pungent substances. Differences in brain imaging were also observed between initial exposure and after exposure to these substances. Neurological processing of sensory information after exposure to extrinsic stimuli in the limbic system and related cortices were altered in subjects with CI. A previous documentable exposure event was likely to be involved in this alteration.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This review documents consistent evidence for the altered neurological processing of sensory information in individuals with CI. Further neurophysiological research exploring the processing of extrinsic stimuli and cognition of sensation through the limbic system and related cortices in CI, and the appearance of symptoms in individuals with CI, are required.
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a debilitating syndrome with cognitive decline and impairment in daily activities. Although clinical assessment forms the basis for diagnosing AD, structural and functional brain imaging tools have been known to enhance accuracy of differential diagnosis and prognosis prediction by presenting structural and functional signatures for AD. Associated with the important role of brain imaging in diagnosing and treating AD, brain imaging has been recommended in the current diagnostic guidelines of AD. Visual rating scales, a cost-effective diagnostic tool, have been known to assess atrophy and functional changes in patients with cognitive impairment as accurate as quantitative assessment. In this regard, visual rating scales for brain imaging interpretation could be useful in clinical settings. In this review, we interpret structural and functional brain imaging results with standardized visual rating scales, and review recent findings concerning brain imaging tools for differential diagnosing and predicting prognosis of AD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Alzheimer Disease , Atrophy , Brain , Cognition Disorders , Diagnosis, Differential , Functional Neuroimaging , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Neuroimaging , Positron-Emission Tomography , Prognosis , Weights and MeasuresABSTRACT
In recent five years,brain imaging studies suggested that internet addicts' neural pathway have abnormalities in reward circuits,executive control system,and decision-making system when they are in resting state or induced state.For internet addicts,in the aspect of reward circuits,they showed decreased metabolism level when undergoing a resting-state fMRI scan,and enhanced reward sensitivity as well as decreased loss sensitivity when functioning.In the aspect of executive control system,the related brain areas were associated with reduced white matter integrity and disrupted functional comnectivity in resting-state.When the task was internet-related,internet addicts showed enhanced executive control function.However,when the task was not internet-related,they showed reduced executive control function.In the aspect of decision-making system,reduced cortical thickness in related brain areas was found when internet addicts are in resting-state,and they possess high impulsivity and high risk tendency when they are in induced state.These findings are consistent with the conclusions of substance addicts which are based on the research of brain imaging,therefore,we preliminary think the internet addiction is a new type of addictive mental disorder.
ABSTRACT
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementi a.PET probes can specifically detect the in vivo amyloid β peptide(Aβ) and Tau protein in AD inpatients' brain.The application of PET probes in AD is important for its early diagnosis and early intervention.US FDA has approved three PET probes for Aβ imaging while probes for Tau are still under research and development.This review summarizes current development of Aβ and Tau PET probes used for AD.
ABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder (BD) is often misdiagnosed as unipolar depression (UD), leading to mistreatment and poor clinical outcomes. However, little is known about the similarities and differences in subcorticalgray matter regions between BD and UD. METHODS: Thirty-five BD patients, 30 UD patients and 40 healthy controls underwent diffusional kurtosis imaging (DKI) and three dimensional arterial spin labeling (3D ASL). The parameters including mean kurtosis (MK), axial kurtosis (Ka), radial kurtosis (Kr), fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (Da), radial diffusivity (Dr) and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were measured by using regions-of-interest analysis in the caudate, putamen and thalamus of the subcortical gray matter regions. RESULTS: UD exhibited differences from controls for DKI measures and CBF in the left putamen and caudate. BD showed differences from controls for DKI measures in the left caudate. Additionally, BD showed lower Ka in right putamen, higher MD in right caudate compared with UD. Receiver operating characteristic analysis revealed the Kr of left caudate had the highest predictive power for distinguishing UD from controls. CONCLUSION: The two disorders may have overlaps in microstructural abnormality in basal ganglia. The change of caudate may serve as a potential biomarker for UD.
Subject(s)
Humans , Anisotropy , Basal Ganglia , Bipolar Disorder , Cerebrovascular Circulation , Depressive Disorder , Diffusion , Gray Matter , Perfusion Imaging , Perfusion , Putamen , ROC Curve , ThalamusABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation (NBIA) represents a heterogeneous and complex group of inherited neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by excessive iron accumulation, particularly in the basal ganglia. Common clinical features of NBIA include movement disorders, particularly parkinsonism and dystonia, cognitive dysfunction, pyramidal signs, and retinal abnormalities. The forms of NBIA described to date include pantothenase kinase-associated neurodegeneration (PKAN), phospholipase A2 associated neurodegeneration (PLAN), neuroferritinopathy, aceruloplasminemia, beta-propeller protein-associated neurodegeneration (BPAN), Kufor-Rakeb syndrome, mitochondrial membrane protein-associated neurodegeneration (MPAN), fatty acid hydroxylase-associated neurodegeneration (FAHN), coenzyme A synthase protein-associated neurodegeneration (CoPAN) and Woodhouse-Sakati syndrome. This review is a diagnostic approach for NBIA cases, from clinical features and brain imaging findings to the genetic etiology.
RESUMO A neurodegeneração com acúmulo cerebral de ferro (sigla em inglês NBIA) representa um grupo heterogêneo e complexo de doenças neurodegenerativas hereditárias, caracterizada pelo acúmulo cerebral de ferro, especialmente nos núcleos da base. O quadro clínico das NBIAs em geral inclui distúrbios do movimento, particularmente parkinsonismo e distonia, disfunção cognitiva, sinais piramidais e anormalidades da retina. As formas de NBIA descritas até o momento incluem neurodegeneração associada a pantothenase kinase (PKAN), neurodegeneração associada a phospholipase A2 (PLAN), neuroferritinopatia, aceruloplasminemia, neurodegeneração associada a beta-propeller protein (BPAN), síndrome de Kufor-Rakeb, neurodegeneração associada a mitochondrial membrane protein (MPAN), neurodegeneração associada a “fatty acid hydroxylase” (FAHN), neurodegeneração associada a coenzyme A synthase protein (CoPAN) e síndrome de Woodhouse-Sakati. Esta revisão é uma orientação para o diagnóstico das NBIAs, partindo das características clínicas e achados de neuroimagem, até a etiologia genética.
Subject(s)
Humans , Neuroaxonal Dystrophies/genetics , Neuroaxonal Dystrophies/diagnostic imaging , Iron Metabolism Disorders/genetics , Iron Metabolism Disorders/diagnostic imaging , Neuroimaging/methods , Mutation , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics , Arrhythmias, Cardiac/diagnostic imaging , Basal Ganglia Diseases/genetics , Basal Ganglia Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Ceruloplasmin/deficiency , Ceruloplasmin/genetics , Coenzyme A Ligases/genetics , Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System/genetics , Heredodegenerative Disorders, Nervous System/diagnostic imaging , Diabetes Mellitus/genetics , Diabetes Mellitus/diagnostic imaging , Alopecia/genetics , Alopecia/diagnostic imaging , Hypogonadism/genetics , Hypogonadism/diagnostic imagingABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Objectives: The goal of this article is to provide an account of language development in the brain using the new information about brain function gleaned from cognitive neuroscience. By addressing the evidence obtained from non-invasive brain imaging in the light of prediction, this account goes beyond describing the association between language and specific brain areas to advocate the importance and possibility of predicting language outcomes using brain-imaging data. The goal is to address the current evidence about language development in the brain and the possibility of prediction of language outcomes. Sources: Recent studies will be discussed in the light of the evidence generated for predicting language outcomes and using new methods of analysis of brain data. Summary of the data: The present account of brain behavior will address: (1) the development of a hardwired brain circuit for spoken language; (2) the neural adaptation that follows reading instruction and fosters the “grafting” of visual processing areas of the brain onto the hardwired circuit of spoken language; and (3) the prediction of language development and the possibility of translational neuroscience. Conclusions: Brain imaging has allowed for the identification of neural indices (neuromarkers) that reflect typical and atypical language development; the possibility of predicting risk for language disorders has emerged. A mandate to develop a bridge between neuroscience and health and cognition-related outcomes may pave the way for translational neuroscience.
RESUMO Objetivos: Apresentar um relato sobre o desenvolvimento da linguagem no cérebro com as novas informações sobre função cerebral obtidas na neurociência cognitiva. Com o uso das evidências obtidas de imagens cerebrais não invasivas em face da predição, o relato vai além da descrição da associação entre linguagem e áreas específicas do cérebro e defende a importância e a possibilidade de predizer os resultados de linguagem por meio de dados de imagens cerebrais. E tratar das evidências atuais sobre desenvolvimento da linguagem no cérebro e abordar a possibilidade de predição de resultados de linguagem. Fontes: Estudos recentes serão discutidos em face das evidências geradas pela predição de resultados de linguagem e pelo uso de novos métodos de análise de dados cerebrais. Resumo dos dados: Este relato de comportamento cerebral abordará: (1) o desenvolvimento de um circuito cerebral de linguagem falada; (2) a adaptação neural que segue a instrução da leitura e incentiva a “inserção” de áreas de processamento visual do cérebro no circuito de linguagem falada; e (3) a predição do desenvolvimento da linguagem e a possibilidade de uma neurociência translacional. Conclusões: As imagens cerebrais permitiram a identificação de índices neurais (neuromarcadores) que refletem o desenvolvimento da linguagem típico e atípico; surge a possibilidade de prever o risco de disfunções de linguagem. A responsabilidade de desenvolver uma ligação entre neurociência e resultados relacionados a saúde e cognição pode abrir o caminho para a neurociência translacional.