Caracterización demográfica y clínica de pacientes críticos con neumonía por influenza A H1N1 / Demographic and clinical characterization of critically ill patients with influenza A H1N1 pneumonia

INTRODUCCIÓN. La epidemia de influenza y sus complicaciones profundizaron el estudio de las neumonías virales en cuidados intensivos. En nuestro país hay pocos datos sobre este tema. OBJETIVOS. Realizar una caracterización demográfica y clínica de pacientes críticos con neumonía por Influenza A H1N1 en un hospital de tercer nivel de complejidad. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, analítico, retrospectivo, con análisis univariante y multivariante. Población de 293 y muestra de 44 datos de historias clínicas electrónicas de pacientes diagnosticados con A H1N1 ingresados a la Unidad de cuidados intensivos del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín en el período enero 2016 a diciembre de 2018. Como criterios de inclusión se consideró a todos los pacientes adultos mayores de 18 años que ingresaron a la UCI, con el diagnóstico de neumonía comunitaria grave con confirmación por reacción de cadena de polimerasa en tiempo real para influenza A H1N1 en hisopado nasal o aspirado traqueal. Se excluyó a pacientes embarazadas con diagnóstico de influenza A H1N1, pacientes con más de 48 horas de ingreso hospitalario previo a su ingreso a UCI, pacientes con datos insuficientes en los registros. Los datos se obtuvieron del sistema AS-400. El análisis estadístico se realizó en el programa Statistical Package for Social Sciences, versión 22. El nivel de significación fue una p<0.05. RESULTADOS. La prevalencia en pacientes críticos de neumonía por influenza A H1N1 durante 2016-2018 fue de 16,72%, la mediana de edad fue de 55 años, 25% masculinos, 34% obesos, 34% con hipertensión arterial. Escala "Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II" 23,50, "Simplified Acute Physiologic Score III" 54, "Sepsis related Organ Failure Assessment" 11,50, Lactato deshidrogenasa 99,50, Procalcitonina 0,99; 9 días de ventilación mecánica invasiva, 10,50 días de estancia en la unidad. El 91% presentó shock séptico, 59% lesión renal aguda. El 89% tuvo Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio del Adultos, 69% fue grave, 87% usó ventilación mecánica, 38,50% corticoides, 36% posición prona, Presión parcial de oxígeno/Fracción inspirada de oxígeno 74, volumen tidal/kilogramo de 7 mililitros, presión plateau de 27,50 centímetros de agua. La mortalidad general en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos fue de 38,63% y a los 28 días de 63,60%, en shock séptico fue 42,50% y en Síndrome de Distrés Respiratorio del Adultos del 41,02%. El análisis de regresión logística multivariable identificó como factores independientes asociados a mortalidad el incremento de Lactato deshidrogenasa (OR 2,69, 9% IC 1,090-6,642) y Procalcitonina (OR 2,51, IC 1,005-6,272). CONCLUSIONES. Las características, frecuencia y mortalidad de este grupo de pacientes críticos con neumonía por influenza A H1N1 son similares a lo reportado en la literatura mundial.

INTRODUCTION. The influenza epidemic and its complications deepened the study of viral pneumonias in intensive care. In our country there is little data on this subject. OBJECTIVES. To perform a demographic and clinical characterization of critical patients with pneumonia due to pneumonia due to Influenza A H1N1 in a third level hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, analytical, retrospective study, with univariate and multivariate analysis. We compared the groups of dead patients and survivors. The significance level was p<0,05. RESULTS. The prevalence in critically ill patients of influenza A H1N1 pneumonia during 2016-2018 was 16,72%, 44 cases were collected, median age 55 years, 25% male, 34% obese, 34% with arterial hypertension. APACHE II 23,50, SAPS III 54, SOFA 11,50, LDH 99,50, PCT 0,99, 9 days of invasive mechanical ventilation, 10,50 days of unit stay. 91% presented septic shock, 59% with acute kidney injury 89% had ARDS, 69% were severe, 87% used mechanical ventilation, 38,50% corticosteroids, 36% prone position, PaO2/FiO2 74, tidal volume/kg of 7 ml, plateau pressure of 27,50 cmH2O. Overall mortality in the ICU was 38,63% and at 28 days was 63,60%, in septic shock it was 42,50% and in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome it was 42,50%. was 42,50% and 41,02% in Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. The ultivariate logistic regression analysis identified as independent factors associated with mortality, the increase in LDH (OR 2,69, 9% CI 1,090-6,642) and PCT (OR 2,51, CI 1,005-6,272). CONCLUSIONS. The characteristics, frequency and mortality of this group of critical patients with pneumonia due to influenza A H1N1 are similar to those reported in the world literature.

Clinical characteristics and factors associated with acute kidney injury among patients hospitalized with coronavirus disease: an observational retrospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is a multisystemic disease with high incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI). OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics and factors associated with AKI among patients hospitalized with COVID-19. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective cohort conducted at Hospital Civil de Culiacan, Mexico. METHODS: We included 307 patients hospitalized due to COVID-19. AKI was defined and staged based on serum creatinine levels in accordance with the criteria of the Acute Kidney Injury Network (AKIN). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with AKI. RESULTS: The patients' age was 56 ± 15 years (64.5% male). The incidence of AKI was 33.6% (n = 103). Overall, 53.4% of patients had community-acquired AKI, and 46.6% had hospital-acquired AKI. Additionally, 15.5% of them presented AKIN stage 1; 34% had AKIN stage 2; and 50.5% had AKIN stage 3. Hemodialysis was required for 10.7% of the patients. The factors associated with AKI were chronic kidney disease (odds ratio, OR: 10.8; P = 0.04), use of norepinephrine (OR: 7.3; P = 0.002), diabetes mellitus (OR: 2.9; P = 0.03), C-reactive protein level (OR: 1.005; P = 0.01) and COVID-19 severity index based on chest tomography (OR: 1.09; statistical trend, P = 0.07). Hospital stay (11 ± 7 days; P < 0.001) and mortality (83.5 versus 31.4%; P < 0.05) were greater among patients with AKI. CONCLUSION: AKI was a frequent and serious complication in our cohort of patients hospitalized with COVID-19, which was associated with high mortality and long hospital stay.

Instrumento para la estratificación de pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el Departamento de Urgencias: su utilidad en la valoración pronóstica al ingreso / Instrument for the Stratification of Patients with Community-Acquired Pneumonia in the Emergency Department: its Usefulness in the Prognostic Assessment on Admission

Introducción: La estratificación de riesgo del paciente con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye una acción médica de mucho valor en la evaluación integral del enfermo. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de un instrumento para la estratificación de pacientes con neumonía en la valoración pronóstica al momento del ingreso. Material y métodos: Investigación descriptiva, que abarcó 2203 pacientes con diagnóstico de neumonía comunitaria, divididos en cinco series entre los años 2009 y 2020; se calculó la letali dad por clase y por categoría de estratificación. En el análisis estadístico, se utilizó la razón de productos cruzados (Odds Ratio) con su intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: Se observó un incremento progresivo de la letalidad desde la clase ligera hasta la grave, tanto para el total de casos (ligera: 5%; moderada: 17%; grave: 59%), como en cada una de las series. Hubo significación estadística en las diferencias en la letalidad entre la neumonía grave y la neumonía moderada (OR 7[5,6;8,6]). En los pacientes con neumonía moderada y en los pacientes con neumonía grave al ingreso, la letalidad fue mayor en la categoría B que en la A (neumonía moderada: 18% vs. 11%, OR 1,7[1;2,7]; neumonía grave: 68% vs. 29%, OR 5,2[3,4;8]). Conclusiones: Se demostró la utilidad del instrumento empleado en la predicción del curso evolutivo del paciente con neumonía, además de su valor orientador para la toma de decisiones. El comportamiento de la letalidad en los diferentes estratos del instrumento avala la manera en que ha sido concebido.

Background: Risk stratification of patients with community-acquired pneumonia is a very important process for the comprehensive evaluation of the patient. Objective: To determine the usefulness of a tool that was created for the stratifica tion of patients with pneumonia in the prognostic assessment on admission. Materials and Methods: Descriptive research including 2,203 patients diagnosed with community pneumonia, divided in five series between 2009 and 2020; the mortality rate was calcu lated according to the stratification class and category. For the statistical analysis, we used the cross-product ratio (Odds Ratio) with its 95% confidence interval. Results: We observed a progressive increase in mortality from mild to severe class, both in the total number of cases (mild: 5%; moderate: 17%; severe: 59%) and in each one of the series. There was statistical significance in the mortality differences between severe and moderate pneumonia (OR 7[5.6;8.6]). In patients who had moderate and severe pneumonia on admission, the mortality in category B was higher than in cat egory A (moderate pneumonia: 18% vs. 11%, OR 1.7[1;2.7]; severe pneumonia: 68% vs. 29%, OR 5.2[3.4;8]). Conclusions: We have proven the usefulness of the tool in predicting the progression of patients with pneumonia and its importance in guiding the decision-making process. The behavior of the mortality rate in the different strata of the tool supports the purpose envisioned for it.

Instrument for the Stratification of Patients with Community- Acquired Pneumonia in the Emergency Department: its Usefulness in the Prognostic Assessment on Admission / Instrumento para la estratificación de pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el Departamento de Urgencias: su utilidad en la valoración pronóstica al ingreso

ABSTRACT Background: Risk stratification of patients with community-acquired pneumonia is a very important process for the comprehensive evaluation of the patient. Objective: To determine the usefulness of a tool that was created for the stratifica tion of patients with pneumonia in the prognostic assessment on admission. Materials and Methods: Descriptive research including 2,203 patients diagnosed with community pneumonia, divided in five series between 2009 and 2020; the mortality rate was calcu lated according to the stratification class and category. For the statistical analysis, we used the cross-product ratio (Odds Ratio) with its 95% confidence interval. Results: We observed a progressive increase in mortality from mild to severe class, both in the total number of cases (mild: 5%; moderate: 17%; severe: 59%) and in each one of the series. There was statistical significance in the mortality differences between severe and moderate pneumonia (OR 7[5.6;8.6]). In patients who had moderate and severe pneumonia on admission, the mortality in category B was higher than in cat egory A (moderate pneumonia: 18% vs. 11%, OR 1.7[1;2.7]; severe pneumonia: 68% vs. 29%, OR 5.2[3.4;8]). Conclusions: We have proven the usefulness of the tool in predicting the progression of patients with pneumonia and its importance in guiding the decision-making process. The behavior of the mortality rate in the different strata of the tool supports the purpose envisioned for it.

RESUMEN Introducción: La estratificación de riesgo del paciente con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad constituye una acción médica de mucho valor en la evaluación integral del enfermo. Objetivo: Determinar la utilidad de un instrumento para la estratificación de pacientes con neumonía en la valoración pronóstica al momento del ingreso. Material y métodos: Investigación descriptiva, que abarcó 2203 pacientes con diagnóstico de neumonía comunitaria, divididos en cinco series entre los años 2009 y 2020; se calculó la letali dad por clase y por categoría de estratificación. En el análisis estadístico, se utilizó la razón de productos cruzados (Odds Ratio) con su intervalo de confianza de 95%. Resultados: Se observó un incremento progresivo de la letalidad desde la clase ligera hasta la grave, tanto para el total de casos (ligera: 5%; moderada: 17%; grave: 59%), como en cada una de las series. Hubo significación estadística en las diferencias en la letalidad entre la neumonía grave y la neumonía moderada (OR 7[5,6;8,6]). En los pacientes con neumonía moderada y en los pacientes con neumonía grave al ingreso, la letalidad fue mayor en la categoría B que en la A (neumonía moderada: 18% vs. 11%, OR 1,7[1;2,7]; neumonía grave: 68% vs. 29%, OR 5,2[3,4;8]). Conclusiones: Se demostró la utilidad del instrumento empleado en la predicción del curso evolutivo del paciente con neumonía, además de su valor orientador para la toma de decisiones. El comportamiento de la letalidad en los diferentes estratos del instrumento avala la manera en que ha sido concebido.

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Clinical Practice Guideline for the management of community-acquired pneumonia

Resumen La neumonía sigue siendo una de las principales causas de consulta y de hospitalización a la que, además de su un alto impacto en términos de morbilidad y mortalidad, se suma la actual problemática de resistencia a los antimicrobianos, por lo que establecer directrices que permitan su adecuado diagnóstico y tratamiento es de gran importancia para obtener mejores desenlaces clínicos y promover un uso racional de antibióticos en estos pacientes. La presente guía de práctica clínica (GPC) contiene recomendaciones basadas en la evidencia para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en adultos, las cuales fueron realizadas mediante el proceso de adaptación de GPC basadas en la evidencia para el contexto colombiano.

Abstract Pneumonia continues to be one of the main causes of consultation and hospitalization to which, besides its high impact on morbidity and mortality, the current problem of antimicrobial resistance is added; thus, establishing guidelines that allow its adequate diagnosis and treatment is of great importance to obtain better clinical outcomes and promote a rational use of antibiotics in these patients. This clinical practice guideline (CPG) contains evidence-based recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adult population; these recommendations were made by means of the process of adaptation of evidence-based CPGs for the Colombian context.

Resistência antimicrobiana em uroculturas de moradores das Zonas Norte e Nordeste de Porto Alegre / Antimicrobial resistance in urine cultures of residents of North and Northeast Porto Alegre / Resistencia a los antimicrobianos en urocultivos de residentes de las Zonas Norte y Noreste de Porto Alegre

Introdução: Infecção urinária é motivo comum de consulta na Atenção Primária, requerendo tratamento empírico. Para a seleção do antimicrobiano, é necessário conhecer o perfil de resistência dos uropatógenos na comunidade. Objetivo: Analisar o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana em uroculturas realizadas em pacientes da Atenção Primária à Saúde do Serviço de Saúde Comunitária do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, de julho de 2017 a junho de 2019. Métodos: Estudo transversal, observacional e descritivo com uroculturas de pacientes ambulatoriais das Unidades de Saúde do Serviço de Saúde Comunitária do Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, nas Zonas Norte e Nordeste de Porto Alegre, de julho de 2017 a junho de 2019. Os dados das uroculturas foram fornecidos pelo laboratório do Grupo Hospitalar e analisados por meio das proporções, por sexo, micro-organismo e resistência antimicrobiana. Resultados: Encontraram-se 2.000 uroculturas positivas no período, principalmente por Escherichia coli (75,50%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7,80%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4,95%), Enterococcus specie (3,35%) e Proteus mirabilis (2,85%). Entre os antibióticos orais testados, a maior resistência foi para ampicilina (48,95%), seguida por sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima (25,85%), norfloxacino (18,05%), ciprofloxacino (18,00%), amoxicilina+clavulanato (11,05%) e nitrofurantoína (8,60%). Considerando-se apenas E. coli, as resistências foram 47,75% para ampicilina, 29,74% para sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima, 19,74% para norfloxacino e ciprofloxacino, 8,08% para amoxicilina+clavulanato e 1,99% para nitrofurantoína. Conclusões: O perfil de resistência antimicrobiana nas Zonas Norte e Nordeste de Porto Alegre sugere que sejam utilizados para tratamento empírico de infecção do trato urinário nessa localidade nitrofurantoína ou amoxicilina+clavulanato.

Introduction: Urinary tract infection is a common reason for consultation in primary care, requiring empirical treatment. For the selection of the antimicrobial, it is necessary to know the resistance profile of uropathogens in the community. Objective: To analyze the profile of antimicrobial resistance in urine cultures performed on primary health care patients from the Community Health Service of Grupo Hospitalar Conceição from July 2017 to June 2019. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational and descriptive study with urine cultures of outpatients from the Health Units from the Community Health Service of Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, in North and Northeast Porto Alegre, Brazil, from July 2017 to June 2019. The data on urine cultures were provided by the Grupo Hospitalar laboratory and analyzed through proportions, by sex, microorganism, and antimicrobial resistance. Results: Two thousand positive urine cultures were found in the period, mainly for Escherichia coli (75.50%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7.80%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4.95%), Enterococcus specie (3.35%) and Proteus mirabilis (2.85%). Among the oral antibiotics tested, the most frequent resistance was to ampicillin (48.95%), followed by trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole (25.85%), norfloxacin (18.05%), ciprofloxacin (18.00%), amoxicillin-clavulanate (11.05%) and nitrofurantoin (8.60%). Considering only E. coli, resistance was 47.75% to ampicillin, 29.74% to trimethoprim+sulfamethoxazole, 19.74% to norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin, 8.08% to amoxicillin-clavulanate and 1.99% to nitrofurantoin. Conclusions: The profile of antimicrobial resistance in the North and Northeast Zones of Porto Alegre suggests that nitrofurantoin or amoxicillin-clavulanate should be used for empirical treatment of urinary tract infection in this locality.

Introducción: La infección del tracto urinario es un motivo frecuente de consulta en atención primaria, requiriendo tratamiento empírico. Para la selección del antimicrobiano, es necesario conocer el perfil de resistencia de los uropatógenos en la comunidad. Objetivo: Analizar el perfil de resistencia antimicrobiana en urocultivos realizados en pacientes de atención primaria de salud de Serviço de Saúde Comunitária de Grupo Hospitalar Conceição de julio de 2017 a junio de 2019. Métodos: Estudio transversal, observacional y descriptivo con urocultivos de pacientes ambulatorios de las Unidades de Salud de Serviço de Saúde Comunitária de Grupo Hospitalar Conceição, en las Zonas Norte y Nordeste de Porto Alegre, de julio de 2017 a junio de 2019. Los datos de urocultivos fueron proporcionados por el laboratorio de Grupo Hospitalar y analizados a través de proporciones, por sexo, microorganismos y resistencia a los antimicrobianos. Resultados: En el período se encontraron 2.000 urocultivos positivos, principalmente por Escherichia coli (75,50%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (7,80%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (4,95%), Enterococcus especie (3,35%) y Proteus mirabilis (2,85%). Entre los antibióticos orales probados, la mayor resistencia fue para la ampicilina (48,95%), seguida de sulfametoxazol+trimetoprima (25,85%), norfloxacina (18,05%), ciprofloxacina (18,00%), amoxicilina+clavulanato (11,05%) y nitrofurantoína (8,60%). %). Considerando solo a E. coli, la resistencia fue del 47,75% para ampicilina, 29,74% para sulfametoxazol + trimetoprima, 19,74% para norfloxacina y ciprofloxacina, 8,08% para amoxicilina + clavulanato y 1,99% para nitrofurantoína. Conclusiones: El perfil de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en las regiones Norte y Nordeste de Porto Alegre sugiere que se utilizan para el tratamiento empírico de la infección del tracto urinario en esta localidad nitrofurantoína o amoxicilina+clavulanato.

Diferencias y similitudes clínicas y epidemiológicas de la neumonía viral en dos pandemias

Background: In a decade, we faced two pandemic viruses, influenza A H1N1pdm09 and SARS CoV-2, whose most serious manifestation is pneumonia. Aim: To compare the clinical, epidemiological and management aspects of pneumonias caused by each pandemic virus in adults requiring hospitalization. Material and Methods: Comparative, observational study carried out at a regional Chilean hospital, including 75 patients with influenza A H1N1pdm09 prospectively studied in 2009 and 142 patients with SARS-CoV-2 studied in 2020. Results: Patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia were older (56 and 39.7 years respectively, p < 0.01) and had significantly more comorbidities. Cough, fever and myalgias were more frequent in influenza. Dyspnea was more frequent in COVID-19. Patients with COVID-19 had more extensive lung involvement and a longer hospitalization (13.6 and 8.6 days respectively, p = 0.01). There was no difference on ICU admission requirements and mortality attributable to pneumonia. Patients with influenza had greater APACHE scores and a higher frequency of a PaO2/FiO2 ratio ≤ 200. During COVID-19pandemic chest sean replaced x-ray examination. Also high-flow nasal cannulas and awake prone position ventilation were added as treatments. Conclusions: COVID-19 patients were older, had fewer classic flu symptoms but more dyspnea and longer hospitalization periods than patients with influenza.

The application of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy guided by endobronchial ultrasound sheath in diagnosis of nonresolving pneumonias / 中国医师进修杂志

Objective:To explore the application of transbronchial lung cryobiopsy guided by endobronchial ultrasound sheath (EBUS-GS-TBCB) in diagnosis of nonresolving pneumonias.Methods:Sixty patients with nonresolving pneumonias from March 2019 to July 2020 in Dalian Municipal Central Hospital were selected. The patients were divided into EBUS-GS-TBCB group (31 cases) and transbronchial forcep lung biopsy guided by endobronchial ultrasound sheath(EBUS-GS-TBLB) group (29 cases) by random digits table method.Results:The diagnostic rate of nonresolving pneumonias in EBUS-GS-TBCB group was significantly higher than that in EBUS-GS-TBLB group: 87.10% (27/31) vs. 65.52% (19/29), and there was statistical difference ( χ2 = 3.90, P = 0.048). There were no statistical difference in sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive predictive value and negative predictive value between 2 groups ( P>0.05). There were no statistical difference inthe shortest distance from lesions to pleura, incidence of pneumothorax and incidence of bleeding between EBUS-GS-TBCB group and EBUS-GS-TBLB group: (27.42 ± 2.88) mm vs. (27.01 ± 2.37) mm, 6.45%(2/31) vs. 3.45%(1/29) and 22.58%(7/31) vs. 13.79% (4/29), P>0.05. Among the causes of nonresolving pneumonias, infectious factors accounted for 21.67% (13/60), non infectious factors accounted for 66.67% (40/60), and uncertain causes accounted for 11.67% (7/60). Conclusions:The diagnostic rate of EBUS-GS-TBCB in nonresolving pneumonias is significantly higher than EBUS-GS-TBLB, and the complications such as bleeding and pneumothorax do not increase significantly.

Antibiotic resistance pattern in urine cultures from community-dwelling women in southern Brazil - a cross-sectional study short communication / Patrón de resistencia a los antibióticos en cultivos de orina de mujeres que viven en la comunidad en el sur de Brasil - un estudio transversal comunicación corta / Padrão de resistência antimicrobiana em culturas ambulatoriais de urina em mulheres no sul do Brasil - comunicação breve de um estudo transversal

ABSTRACT Objective The increase in antibiotic resistance (AR) is a global phenomenon with regional variation. This survey aims to describe the AR in urine cultures of women from the community in a southern Brazil city. Methods A retrospective cross-sectional single-center study in urine cultures of community dwelling individuals. The main outcome was the AR profile of bacterial isolates from women in outpatient care. Results From 4,011 urine cultures, 524 were positive (91% from women). The most frequently isolated bacteria were Escherichia coli (E. coli) (67.0%) and Klebsiella spp. (19.4%). E. coli presented low resistance to nitrofurantoin (3.7%), moderate to levofloxacin (15.6%), amoxacillin-clavulonate (16.4%) and ciprofloxacin (17.4%), and high to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (26.9%). Conclusions Nitrofurantoin seems to be the best choice for the empirical treatment of low urinary tract infections in women, whereas sulfonamides are no longer an option, since E. coli resistance to this drug is above 20%.

RESUMEN Objetivo El aumento de la resistencia a los antibióticos (AR) es un fenómeno global con variaciones regionales. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo describir la AR en cultivos de orina de mujeres de la comunidad de una ciudad del sur de Brasil. Métodos Un estudio retrospectivo transversal, de un solo centro, de cultivos de orina de la comunidad. El resultado principal fue el perfil de AR de bacterias aisladas de estos cultivos de orina. Resultados De 4.011 cultivos de orina, 524 fueron positivos (91% de las mujeres). Las bacterias más frecuentemente aisladas en mujeres fueron Escherichia coli (67,0%) y Klebsiella spp. (19,4%). E. coli mostró baja resistencia a nitrofurantoína (3,7%), moderada a levofloxacina (15,6%), amoxacilina-clavulonato (16,4%) y ciprofloxacina (17,4%) y alta a trimetoprima-sulfametoxazol (26,9%) entre las mujeres. Conclusiones La nitrofurantoína parece ser la mejor opción para el tratamiento empírico de la infección de las vías urinarias inferiores en mujeres, mientras que las sulfonamidas ya no son una opción, ya que la resistencia de E. coli a este fármaco es superior al 20%.

RESUMO Objetivo O aumento da resistência aos antibióticos (AR) é um fenômeno global com variações regionais. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo descrever a AR em culturas de urina de mulheres oriundas da comunidade em uma cidade sul-brasileira. Métodos Um estudo de centro único, transversal e retrospectivo em culturas de urina oriundas da comunidade. O principal desfecho foi o perfil de AR de bactérias isoladas de uroculturas ambulatoriais. Resultados De 4.011 culturas de urina, 524 foram positivas (91% de mulheres). As bactérias mais frequentemente isoladas em mulheres foram Escherichia coli (67,0%) e Klebsiella spp. (19,4%). E. coli apresentou baixa resistência à nitrofurantoína (3,7%), moderada a levofloxacina (15,6%), amoxacilina-clavulonato (16,4%) e ciprofloxacina (17,4%) e alta ao trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol (26,9%) entre mulheres. Conclusões A nitrofurantoína parece ser a melhor escolha para o tratamento empírico das infecções do trato urinário inferior em mulheres, enquanto as sulfonamidas não são mais uma opção, uma vez que a resistência de E. coli a essa droga é superior a 20%.

Correlation between serum angiopoietin-2 levels and the severity of community acquired pneumonia in elderly patients / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the expression of serum angiopoietin-2(Ang-2)in elderly community acquired pneumonia(CAP)patients and to evaluate the correlation between Ang-2 levels and the severity of CAP.Methods:As a case-control study, a total of 118 hospitalized elderly CAP patients were selected.According to the severity of CAP, patients were divided into the general pneumonia group( n=67)and the severe pneumonia group( n=51). At the same time, 40 elderly healthy people without pneumonia were selected as the control group.Serum Ang-2, interleukin-6(IL-6), procalcitonin(PCT)and C-reactive protein(CRP)levels were measured, and CURB-65 scores were obtained for patients with CAP. Results:Serum levels of Ang-2, IL-6, PCT and CRP in elderly CAP patients were significantly higher than those in the control group, and the differences were statistically significant( H=70.698, 25.752, 15.982, 30.588, all P<0.001). Spearman correlation analysis showed that Ang-2 levels were positively correlated with IL-6, PCT, CRP, and CURB-65 scores( r=0.715, 0.531, 0.558, 0.450, all P<0.001). Using Ang-2 as a predictor for severe pneumonia in community-dwelling elderly patients, the area under the ROC curve(AUC)was 0.866(95% CI: 0.809-0.924), the optimal cutoff point was 5.24 μg/L, and the corresponding sensitivity and specificity were 72.5% and 84.1%. Conclusions:Serum Ang-2 levels in elderly patients with CAP are significantly higher than those in healthy people, and are correlated with the severity of CAP.The detection of Ang-2 levels is helpful for early intervention management and improved prognosis of elderly CAP patients.

Rendimiento de dos índices predictores de mortalidad (PSI y CURB-65) en pacientes adultos inmunocompetentes hospitalizados por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Yield of two mortality predictors in immunocompetent patients with community acquired pneumonia

Background: The severity of community acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be evaluated by the PSI and CURB-65 scales. However, it is unknown whether their predictive capacity varies according to the etiology of the disease. Aim: To compare the performance of these scales in adults with viral, bacterial, mixed, and no agent detected CAP. Material and Methods: We studied 725 patients hospitalized for CAP aged 18 to 95 years (47% females) Urinary S. pneumoniae and Legionella antigens were detected by immuno-chromatography (Binax®). Respiratory viruses and bacteria were detected by PCR in nasopharyngeal smears. The proportions of deaths, admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), and oxygen therapy were compared between mild and non-severe patients defined by PSI (I/II and I-III) and CURB-65 (1 and 1-2), according to the causative agent. Results: Ten percent of patients died. A causative agent was detected in 65%. The proportion of mild and non-severe patients according to PSI and CURB-65, and of deceased patients, admitted to the ICU and with oxygen therapy was similar in the four categories per agent. There were no deaths among non-severe patients with bacterial CAP. However, 6% of patients with CAP caused by virus or without causative agents, died. No deaths occurred among mild patients with bacterial CAP. In viral CAP, no deaths occurred among patients classified as mild only by PSI. The yields of PSI were greater than those of CURB-65 in non-severe patients who died and were admitted to the ICU with bacterial and viral CAP (5 and 14%; 7 and 12% respectively, p = 0.04). Conclusions: The prognostic performance of PSI in CAP varies according to the causative agent in adults. It is higher in non-severe bacterial cases, and superior to CURB-65.

Frecuencia de (BLEE) (AmpC) y CARBAPENEMASAS en muestras de urocultivo, en cepas de Escherichia Coli de origen comunitario

Resumen La Escherichia coli (E. coli) forma parte del grupo de las principales enterobacterias, que por su alta prevalencia y capacidad de generar resistencia a ciertos antimicrobianos es la causante de varios procesos infecciosos de origen comunitario sobre todo infecciones del tracto urinario. El mecanismo de defensa de estas bacterias es la activación enzimática a través de las Betalactamas de tipo BLEE, AmpC y CARBAPENEMASAS. Materiales y Métodos. Diseño documental transversal, con un enfoque cuantitativo, la población estuvo constituida por 671 informes de urocultivo procesadas en el período de enero - abril de 2020 en el Laboratorio Clínico Neolab de la ciudad de Cuenca en el Ecuador. Resultados . El 96,4% de las muestras son de pacientes femenino y un 3.6% al género masculino, el promedio de edad, el estudio tuvo mayor prevalencia en pacientes de 40 años de edad. El 7.62% de las muestras resultaron BLEE positivas, 0.13% AmpC y el 0% CARBAPENEMASAS. Los antibióticos con un mayor índice de efectividad para tratar la E.coli productora de BLEE en urocultivos fueron la Nitrofurantoína, la Gentamicina y Fosfomicina con índices de efectividad del 87.93%, 79,31% y 70,68% respectivamente. Sin embargo los antimicrobianos como Ampicilina presentaron una resistencia del 100% y Trimethoprim sulfa metoxazol del 72.41%. Conclusión . La detección de frecuencia de enzimas BLEE, AmpC y Carbapenemasas, orienta a un tratamiento terapéutico adecuado. Los pacientes con bacterias productoras de BLEE, tienen un alto índice de mortalidad al ser tratados con antimicrobianos que las bacterias presentan una resistencia alta.

Abstract Escherichia coli (E. coli) is part of the group of the main Enterobacteriaceae, which due to its high prevalence and capacity to generate resistance to certain antimicrobials is the cause of several infectious processes of community origin, especially urinary tract infections. The defense mechanism of these bacteria is enzymatic activation through ESBL-type Betalactams, AmpC and CARBAPENEMASES. Materials and Methods. Cross-sectional documentary design, with a quantitative approach, the population consisted of 671 uroculture reports processed in the period January - April 2020 at the Neolab Clinical Laboratory in the city of Cuenca in Ecuador. Results. 96.4% of the samples are from female patients and 3.6% from male gender, the average age, the study had a higher prevalence in 40-year-old patients. 7.62% of the samples were positive ESBL, 0.13% AmpC and 0% CARBAPENEMASES. The antibiotics with the highest effectiveness rate for treating ESBL-producing E.coli in urine cultures were Nitrofurantoin, Gentamicin, and Fosfomycin, with effectiveness rates of 87.93%, 79.31%, and 70.68%, respectively. However, antimicrobials such as Ampicillin showed a resistance of 100% and Trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole of 72.41%. Conclusion. The frequency detection of ESBL, AmpC and Carbapenemases enzymes guides an adequate therapeutic treatment. Patients with ESBL-producing bacteria have a high mortality rate when treated with antimicrobials that the bacteria have high resistance.

Resumo Escherichia coli (E. coli) faz parte do grupo das principais enterobactérias, que por sua alta prevalência e capacidade de gerar resistência a certos antimicrobianos é causa de diversos processos infecciosos de origem comunitária, principalmente infecções do trato urinário. O mecanismo de defesa dessas bactérias é a ativação enzimática por meio de Betalactamas do tipo ESBL, AmpC e CARBAPENEMASES. Materiais e Métodos. Desenho documental transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, a população foi constituída por 671 laudos de urocultura processados no período de janeiro a abril de 2020 no Laboratório Clínico Neolab da cidade de Cuenca no Equador. Resultados. 96,4% das amostras são do sexo feminino e 3,6% do sexo masculino, idade média, o estudo teve maior prevalência em pacientes com 40 anos de idade. 7,62% das amostras foram ESBL positivas, 0,13% AmpC e 0% CARBAPENEMASES. Os antibióticos com maior taxa de eficácia para o tratamento de E. coli produtoras de ESBL em urocultura foram nitrofurantoína, gentamicina e fosfomicina, com taxas de eficácia de 87,93%, 79,31% e 70,68%, respectivamente. No entanto, antimicrobianos como a Ampicilina apresentaram resistência de 100% e Trimetoprim sulfametoxazol de 72,41%. Conclusão. A detecção da frequência das enzimas ESBL, AmpC e Carbapenemases orienta um tratamento terapêutico adequado. Pacientes com bactérias produtoras de ESBL apresentam alta taxa de mortalidade quando tratados com antimicrobianos que as bactérias apresentam alta resistência.

Evaluación del proceso de estratificación en pacientes hospitalizados con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Evaluation of stratification process in hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia

Introducción: Un instrumento ha sido utilizado para la estratificación de pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad en el Departamento de urgencias desde 2006. Objetivo: Evaluar el proceso de estratificación de pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad de pacientes hospitalizados. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo que incluyó 1 809 pacientes hospitalizados en el Departamento de urgencias entre los años 2009 y 2019. Para la evaluación del proceso se realizó una estratificación de control que permitió determinar la frecuencia y calidad de la estratificación inicial, así como la coincidencia entre esta y la estratificación real. En el análisis estadístico se utilizó la razón de productos cruzados (Odds Ratio) y el estadígrafo X2 para diferencias de proporciones; se aceptó un nivel de significación de 95 por ciento. Resultados: El índice de estratificación de la serie fue de 86 por ciento, y el índice de estratificación adecuada fue de 80 por ciento. Predominaron los pacientes con neumonía moderada y altas probabilidades de evolución desfavorable. La menor estratificación se comprobó en los pacientes con neumonía grave y altas probabilidades de recuperación (p<,05). Hubo diferencias en la calidad de la estratificación entre las agrupaciones de los estratos IA-IB-IIA y IIB-IIIA-IIIB (p<,05). Estos tres últimos estratos presentaron las cifras más altas del valor predictivo positivo de la estratificación inicial (p<,05). Conclusiones: El proceso de estratificación de pacientes con neumonía adquirida en la comunidad hospitalizados se caracterizó por una elevada frecuencia de estratificación y una adecuada calidad. No obstante, fueron identificados grupos de pacientes y situaciones específicas que se consideran áreas de superación de importancia para el mejoramiento de la calidad asistencia(AU)

Introduction: An instrument has been used for stratifying patients with community-acquired pneumonia in the emergency department since 2006. Objective: To evaluate the stratifying process of patients with community-acquired pneumonia in hospitalized patients. Methods: A descriptive study that included 1 809 patients hospitalized in the emergency department from 2009 to 2019 was carried out. A control stratification evaluated the process, which allowed determining the frequency and quality of the initial stratification, as well as the coincidence between this and the actual stratification. In the statistical analysis, the ratio of crossed products (Odds Ratio) and X2 statistic were used for differences in proportions; a significance level of 95 percent was accepted. Results: The stratification index of the series was 86 percent, and the adequate stratification index was 80 percent. Patients with moderate pneumonia and high probabilities of unfavorable evolution predominated. The lowest stratification was found in patients with severe pneumonia and high probability of recovery (p <.05). There were differences in the quality of stratification between the groupings of strata IA-IB-IIA and IIB-IIIA-IIIB (p <.05); these last three strata sowed the highest figures of the positive predictive value of the initial stratification (p <.05). Conclusions: The stratification process of hospitalized community-acquired pneumonia patients was characterized by high stratification frequency and adequate quality. However, this study identified groups of patients and specific situations that were considered as areas of improvement, important for improving the quality of care(AU)

Report of a case of Leuconostoc lactis bacteremia following intestinal perforation with literature review / 中华全科医师杂志

A 24-year female with abdominal pain and fever for 4 days was admitted. The blood culture showed Leuconostoc growth, and sputum culture showed positive Acinetobacterbaumannii. The diagnosis Leuconostoclactis bacteremia following small intestinal perforation was confirmed; surgical treatment was performed and the infection was controlled by piperacillin sodium and tazobactam combined with tegacycline. Wanfang database, CNKI, PubMed and Embase database up to September 2020 were searched with the keywords of " Leuconostoc lactis" "infection" "bacteraemia" for relevant literature. A total of 32 cases were reported in the literature, of whom 13 (39.4%) were infants, 17 (51.5%) had catheter-related bloodstream infection, and one healthy adult male had bacteremia through gastrointestinal perforation. In 20 patients treated with penicillins-based antibiotics, 18 were cured with an effective rate of 90.0%. The results suggest that Leuconostoc infection is likely to occur in the infants, but adults can still get community-acquired Leuconostoc infection. Most β-lactams are susceptible to Leuconostoc, but some exhibit resistance, so it is recommended to select antimicrobial agents based on drug susceptibility.

Incidence and risk factors for cardiovascular events in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia / 中华心血管病杂志

Objective: To explore the incidence, risk factors of cardiovascular events (CVE) and their impact on 30-day mortality in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods: This is a multicenter, retrospective study. Patients hospitalized with CAP from 5 teaching hospitals in Beijing, Shandong and Yunnan provinces during 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2015 were included and clinical data were retrieved from the Hospital Information System (HIS), and patients were divided into CVE group and non-CVE group. Age, sex, comorbidities, pneumonia severity index(PSI)/CURB-65 score, routine blood test, biochemical examinations, radiological findings on admission and mortality on 30-day after admission were analyzed. The primary endpoint was acute CVE during hospitalization, the secondary endpoint was 30-day death after admission. Multivariate Cox regression analysis was used to explore the risk factors for CVE. Kaplan-Meier survival curve was used to compare the difference on 30-day mortality between CVE patients and non-CVE patients by Log-rank test. Multivariate Cox regression model was used to assess the impact of CVE on the 30-day mortality among CAP patients after adjustment with age, sex, comorbidities, PSI/CURB-65 score. Results: A total of 3 561 CAP patients were included into the final analysis, including 210 (5.9%) patients in CVE group and 3 351 (94.1%) patients in non-CVE group. Compared with patients in non-CVE group, patients in CVE group were older (P<0.001), prevalence of hypertension, coronary heart disease, chronic heart failure, cerebrovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, aspiration risk and bedrid were significantly higher (all P<0.001); prevalence of CURB-65 score 3-5 and PSI risk class Ⅳ/Ⅴ were also significantly higher (both P<0.001). The proportion of axillary temperature<36 ℃, respiratory rate≥30 beats/minutes, confusion, leukocytes>10×10(9)/L, hemoglobin<100 g/L, platelets>300×10(9)/L, albumin<35 g/L, blood urea nitrogen>7 mmol/L, fasting blood glucose>11 mmol/L, serum C-reaction protein>100 mg/L, serum procalcitonin≥2 μg/L, arterial pH<7.35, arterial PO(2)/FiO(2)≤300 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and multilobar infiltrates and pleural effusion on chest X-ray or CT scan were significantly higher in CVE group than in non-CVE group(all P<0.05); the 30-day mortality was significantly higher in CVE group than in non-CVE group(P<0.001). The incidence of CVE was significantly higher in patients with cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease(CVD) than in patients without CVD (13.9%(150/1 079) vs. 2.4%(60/2 482), χ(2)=178.737, P<0.001). Meanwhile, the incidence of CVE increased with PSI in patients with Ⅰ/Ⅱ, Ⅲ and Ⅳ/Ⅴ class, respectively(χ(2)=228.350, P<0.001); and CURB-65 score 0-1, 2 and 3-5, respectively (χ(2)=387.154, P<0.001). Cox regression analysis revealed that age (HR=1.05, 95%CI 1.02-1.09, P=0.002), coronary heart disease (HR=1.88, 95%CI 1.01-3.51, P=0.048), chronic heart failure (HR=4.25, 95%CI 1.89-9.52, P<0.001), PSI risk class (HR=1.66, 95%CI 1.50-2.62, P=0.029) and serum procalcitonin≥ 2 μg/L (HR=3.72, 95%CI 1.60-8.66, P=0.002) were independent risk factors for CVE in CAP patients. Kaplan-Meier curve showed that the survival probability of patients with CVE was significantly lower than patients without CVE (P<0.001). After adjustment for age, sex, comorbidities and PSI/CURB-65 score, Cox regression model showed that CVE was associated with increased 30-day mortality in CAP patients (HR=6.05, 95%CI 3.11-11.76, P<0.001). Conclusions: Although the incidence of CVE is not high in Chinese patients hospitalized with CAP, CVE is common in patients with severe pneumonia and in patients with CVD. Age, cardiovascular disease, PSI risk class and serum procalcitonin are the risk factors for CVE in this patient cohort. CVE is related to increased 30-day mortality in CAP patients.

Calidad en la asistencia en neumonía aguda comunitaria en una clínica médica del Hospital de Clínicas en el período de 2010 a 2014 / Quality of health care for patients with acute pneumonia in a medical clinic of the university hospital between 2010 and 2014 / Qualidade da assistência em pneumonia aguda comunitária em uma clínica médica do Hospital de Clínicas no período 2010-2014

Resumen: Introducción: el cumplimiento de las guías de práctica clínica en el manejo de la neumonía aguda comunitaria se desconoce en Uruguay. Objetivo: evaluar el cumplimiento de las guías de práctica clínica en pacientes inmunocompetentes hospitalizados con diagnóstico de neumonía aguda comunitaria en una Clínica Médica del Hospital de Clínicas. Metodología: estudio observacional retrospectivo. Se estudiaron variables patronímicas, clínicas e indicadores de calidad asistencial de acuerdo con estándares internacionales. El nivel de cumplimiento de los indicadores se clasificó como óptimo cuando el cumplimiento fue > 90%, intermedio entre 60% y 90% y bajo cuando fue < 60%. Se utilizaron como guías de referencia ConsenSur II e IDSA. Resultados: se incluyeron 143 pacientes, 62,9% de sexo femenino (88/140), con una mediana de edad de 57 (38-73) años. La población estudiada se caracterizó por una mediana de Charlson de 1 (0-3), mediana de internación de 10 (7-14) días y 26,6% (38/143) de pacientes con criterios de neumonía severa. En cuanto al cumplimento de indicadores de calidad: ninguno se cumple en nivel óptimo, tres en nivel intermedio (hemocultivos en pacientes con neumonía severa, hemocultivos previo a antibióticos y administración de antibióticos dentro de las primeras 8 horas), mientras que cuatro variables que evalúan el uso de antibiótico apropiado, según las guías y la prevención de la neumonía, tienen un cumplimiento en nivel bajo. Conclusiones: ninguno de los indicadores evaluados alcanzó un nivel óptimo. Se deben realizar intervenciones para mejorar la calidad en asistencia en la neumonía.

Summary: Introduction: the extent to which clinical practice guidelines in the handling of community acquired acute pneumonia are observed is not known in Uruguay. Objective: to assess the degree of compliance with the clinical guidelines in immunocompetent patients hospitalized with a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia in a medical clinic of the University Hospital. Method: observational, retrospective study. Patronymic and clinical variables, and quality of health care indicators were analysed as per international standards. The degree of compliance with indicators was classified as ideal when compliance was > 90%, intermediate when it was between 60% and 90% and low when it was < 60%. ConsenSur II and IDSA were the reference guidelines used. Results: 143 patients were included in the study, 6.9 % were female (88/140), with a median age of 57 years old (38-73). The population studied was characterized by Charlson median of 1 (0-3), hospitalization median of 10 (7-14) days and 26.6% (38/143) of patients with acute pneumonia criteria. As to compliance with quality of health care indicators: none of them is ideal, 3 in intermediate level (hemoculture in patients with acute pneumonia, hemoculture prior to antibiotic therapy and administration of antibiotics within the first 8 hours), while 4 variables that assess the use of the appropriate antibiotic according to the guidelines and the prevention of pneumonia evidence a low level of compliance. Conclusions: none of the assessed indicators evidenced an ideal level of compliance. Interventions are required to improve quality in health care for patients with pneumonia.

Resumo: Introdução: o cumprimento das guias de prática clínica no manejo da pneumonia aguda comunitária não é conhecido no Uruguai. Objetivo: avaliar o cumprimento das guias de prática clínica em pacientes imunocompetentes hospitalizados com diagnóstico de pneumonia aguda comunitária em uma Clínica Médica do Hospital de Clínicas. Metodologia: estudo observacional retrospectivo. Foram estudadas variáveis patronímicas e clínicas, e indicadores de qualidade assistencial de acordo com padrões internacionais. O nível de cumprimento dos indicadores foi classificado como ótimo quando o cumprimento foi > 90%, intermédio entre 60 e 90% e baixo quando foi < 60%. As guias ConsenSur II e IDSA foram utilizadas como guias de referência. Resultados: foram incluídos 143 pacientes, sendo 62,9 % de sexo feminino (88/140), com una mediana de idade de 57 (38-73) anos. A população estudada caracterizou-se por uma mediana de Charlson de 1 (0-3), mediana de internação de 10 (7-14) dias e 26,6% (38/143) dos pacientes com critérios de pneumonia severa. Com relação ao cumprimento de indicadores de qualidade: nenhum em nível óptimo, 3 em nível intermédio (hemoculturas em pacientes com pneumonia severa, hemoculturas prévia a antibióticos e administração de antibióticos nas primeiras 8 horas), enquanto 4 variáveis que avaliam o uso de antibiótico apropriado segundo as guias e a prevenção da pneumonia tem um cumprimento em nível baixo. Conclusões: nenhum dos indicadores avaliados alcançou um nível ótimo. É necessário realizar intervenções para melhorar a qualidade da assistência na pneumonia.

Neumonía necrotizante en niños: 10 años de experiencia en un hospital pediátrico de referencia / Necrotizing pneumonia in children: 10 years of experience in a Pediatric Reference Hospital / Pneumonia necrosante em crianças: 10 anos de experiência em um Hospital Pediátrico de Referência

Resumen: Introducción: neumonía necrotizante (NN) es una complicación frecuente en niños hospitalizados por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad (NAC), caracterizada por importante morbilidad. En 2009, se elaboró una definición de caso, que permitió unificar criterios y racionalizar recursos en la asistencia de estos niños. Objetivo: describir características clínicas y evolutivas de niños que desarrollaron NN en los últimos 10 años. Metodología: estudio descriptivo de niños hospitalizados por NN entre 1/1/2009 y 31/12/2018. Definición de caso: neumatoceles y uno o más de los siguientes criterios: mal estado general, fiebre persistente o recurrente, leucocitosis mayor a 30.000 o menor a 5.000/mm3, proteína C reactiva mayor a 120 mg/dl, láctico deshidrogenasa en líquido pleural mayor a 2.500 UI/L y/o fístula broncopleural (FBP). Se describieron características epidemiológicas, clínicas, etiológicas y evolutivas. Resultados: se diagnosticó NN en 197 niños (7,92% de las hospitalizaciones por NAC), con número anual de casos y tasas/10.000 egresos variables. La mediana de edad fue de 25 meses; 89,8% eran sanos. La fiebre previa al diagnóstico tuvo mediana de cinco días. Tenían neumonía multilobar 58%, insuficiencia respiratoria 62%, sepsis 19%, empiema 80% y fístula bronquio-pleural 51%. Persistieron con fiebre mediana por siete días. Requirieron cuidados intensivos 46% y asistencia ventilatoria mecánica 18%. Los reactantes de fase aguda al ingreso fueron elevados. Se identificó agente etiológico en 102 casos, S. pneumoniae en 92. Fallecieron dos niños. Conclusiones: NN fue una complicación frecuente en niños hospitalizados por NAC. La presentación clínica y la evolución fueron graves. La identificación etiológica fue elevada, la mayoría correspondió a S. pneumoniae. La mortalidad fue baja.

Summary: Introduction: necrotizing pneumonia (NP) is a complication of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in hospitalized children, with significantly high morbidity. A case definition was devised in 2009, which enabled physicians to unify criteria and rationalize resources for the assistance of children with NP. Objective: describe clinical characteristics and evolution of children who developed NP. Methodology: descriptive study, NP hospitalized children between 1/1/2009 and 12/31/2018. Case definition: pneumatoceles and one or more of the following criteria: malaise, persistent/recurrent fever, white blood cell count over 30,000 or less than 5.000/mm3, C-reactive protein over 120 mg/dL, lactic dehydrogenase in pleural fluid over 2,500UI/L and/or bronchopleural fistula (BPF). Clinical, epidemiological, etiological and evolutionary characteristics were described. Results: NP was diagnosed in 197 children (7.92% of CAP hospitalizations), with variable annual cases and annual rate/10,000 discharges. Children had a median age of 25 months; 89.8% were previously healthy. They presented fever prior to diagnosis, median 5 days, multilobar pneumonia 58%, respiratory failure 62%, sepsis 19%, empyema 80% and BPF 51%, persistent fever median 7 days. 46% required intensive care and 18% required assisted mechanical ventilation. Acute phase reactants on admission were high. An etiological agent was identified in 102 cases, S.pneumoniae in 92. Two children died. Conclusions: NP was a frequent complication in CAP hospitalized children. Clinical presentation and evolution were severe. The etiological identification was high, most of them corresponded to S. pnuemoniae. Mortality was low.

Resumo: Introdução: a pneumonia necrosante (PN) é uma complicação da pneumonia adquirida na comunidade (PAC) em crianças hospitalizadas, com morbidade significativamente elevada. Em 2009, elaborou-se uma definição de caso, que possibilitou aos médicos unificar critérios e racionalizar recursos para o atendimento à criança com PN. Objetivo: descrever as características clínicas e evolutivas de crianças que desenvolveram PN nos últimos 10 anos. Metodologia: estudo descritivo de crianças internadas por PN entre 01/01/2009 e 31/12/2018. Definição de caso: pneumatoceles e um ou mais dos seguintes critérios: mau estado geral, febre persistente ou recorrente, leucocitose superior a 30.000 ou inferior a 5.000 / mm3, proteína C reativa superior a 120 mg / dl, desidrogenase láctica no líquido pleural superior 2.500 UI / L e / ou fístula broncopleural (BPF). Descreveram-se características epidemiológicas, clínicas, etiológicas e evolutivas. Resultados: a PN foi diagnosticada em 197 crianças (7,92% das internações por PAC), com número de casos e taxas anuais variáveis/10.000 altas. A idade média foi de 25 meses; 89,8% eram saudáveis. A febre antes do diagnóstico teve uma mediana de 5 dias. Eles tinham 58% de pneumonia multilobar, 62% de insuficiência respiratória, 19% de sepse, 80% de empiema e 51% de FBP. Eles persistiram com febre mediana por 7 dias. 46% necessitaram de cuidados intensivos e 18% de assistência ventilatória mecânica. Os reagentes de fase aguda na admissão foram elevados. Em 102 casos foi identificado um agente etiológico, S. pneumoniae em 92. 2 crianças morreram. Conclusões: NP é uma complicação frequente em crianças hospitalizadas por PAC. O quadro clínico e a evolução foram graves. A identificação etiológica foi alta, a maioria correspondeu a S. pneumoniae. A mortalidade foi baixa.

Utilidad de la proteína C reactiva sérica en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del adulto inmunocompetente hospitalizado por neumonía adquirida en la comunidad / Immunocompetent adults hospitalized for a community-acquired pneumonia: Serum C-reactive protein as a prognostic marker

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is used to monitor patients' response during treatment of infectious diseases. Morbidity and mortality associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is high, particularly in hospitalized patients. Better risk prediction during hospitalization could improve management and ultimately reduce mortality rates. Aim: To evaluate CRP measured at admission and the third day of hospitalization as a predictor for adverse events in CAP. Material and Methods: A prospective cohort study of adult patients hospitalized with CAP at an academic hospital. Major adverse outcomes were admission to ICU, mechanical ventilation, prolonged hospital length of stay, hospital complications and 30-day mortality. Predictive associations between CRP (as absolute levels and relative decline at third day) and adverse events were analyzed. Results: Eight hundred and twenty-three patients were assessed, 19% were admitted to ICU and 10.6% required mechanical ventilation. The average hospital stay was 8.8 ± 8.2 days, 42% had nosocomial complications and 8.1% died within 30 days. Ninety eight percent of patients had elevated serum CRP on admission to the hospital (18.1 ± 14.1 mg/dL). C-reactive protein measured at admission was associated with the risk of bacterial pneumonia, bacteremic pneumonia, septic shock and use of mechanical ventilation. Lack of CRP decline within three days of hospitalization was associated with high risk of complications, septic shock, mechanical ventilation and prolonged hospital stay. Conclusions: CRP responses at third day of hospital admission was a valuable predictor of adverse events in hospitalized CAP adult patients.

Multidrug resistance and risk factors associated with community-acquired urinary tract infections caused by Escherichia coli in Venezuela / Multirresistencia a medicamentos y factores de riesgo asociados con infecciones urinarias por Escherichia coli adquiridas en la comunidad, Venezuela

Abstract Introduction: The treatment of urinary tract infections has become more challenging due to the increasing frequency of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli in human populations. Objective: To characterize multidrug-resistant E. coli isolates causing community-acquired urinary tract infections in Cumaná, Venezuela, and associate possible risk factors for infection by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing isolates. Materials and methods: We included all the patients with urinary tract infections attending the urology outpatient consultation and emergency unit in the Hospital de Cumaná, Estado Sucre, Venezuela, from January through June, 2014. blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes detection was carried out by PCR. Results: We found a high prevalence of multidrug-resistant E. coli (25.2%) with 20.4% of the isolates producing ESBL. The ESBL-producing isolates showed a high frequency (66.7%) of simultaneous resistance to trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides compared to non-producing isolates (2.4%). Of the resistant isolates, 65.4% carried the blaTEM gene, 34.6% the blaCTX-M and 23.1% the blaSHV. The blaCTX-M genes detected belonged to the CTX-M-1 and CTX-M-2 groups. Plasmid transfer was demonstrated by in vitro conjugation in 17 of the 26 ESBL-producing isolates. All three genes detected were transferred to the transconjugants. Age over 60 years, complicated urinary tract infections and previous use of a catheter predisposed patients to infection by ESBL-producing E. coli. Conclusions: The high frequency of multidrug-resistant ESBL-producing isolates should alert the regional health authorities to take measures to reduce the risk of outbreaks caused by these types of bacteria in the community.

Resumen Introducción. El tratamiento de las infecciones urinarias constituye un reto creciente por el aumento de Escherichia coli proveniente de la comunidad multirresistente a los medicamentos. Objetivo. Caracterizar aislamientos de E. coli multirresistente causantes de infecciones urinarias adquiridas en la comunidad en Cumaná, Venezuela, y detectar los posibles riesgos de infección por aislamientos productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes atendidos en la consulta externa de urología y en urgencias del Hospital de Cumaná entre enero y junio de 2014 y que evidenciaban infecciones urinarias. La detección de los genes blaTEM, blaSHV y blaCTX-M se hizo mediante la reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR). Resultados. Se encontró una alta prevalencia de E. coli multirresistente a los medicamentos (25,2 %), con 20,4 % de aislamientos productores de BLEE y una gran frecuencia de resistencia simultánea a trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol, fluoroquinolonas y aminoglucósidos (66,7 %) comparados con los no productores (2,4 %). En el 65,4 % de los aislamientos resistentes, se encontró el gen blaTEM; en 34,6 %, el blaCTX-M, y en 23,1 %, el blaSHV. Los genes blaCTX-M detectados pertenecían a los grupos CTX-M-1 y CTX-M-2. Se demostró la transferencia in vitro de plásmidos por conjugación en 17 de los 26 aislamientos productores de BLEE. Los tres tipos de genes detectados se transfirieron a los transconjugantes. La edad mayor de 60 años, las infecciones urinarias con complicaciones y el uso previo de catéter, predispusieron a la infección por cepas de E. coli productoras de BLEE. Conclusiones. La gran frecuencia de aislamientos multirresistentes productores de BLEE debería alertar a las autoridades sanitarias para tomar medidas que reduzcan el riesgo de epidemias causadas por este tipo de bacterias en la comunidad.

Características e desfechos de pacientes com sepse adquirida na comunidade e no hospital / Characteristics and outcomes of patients with community-acquired and hospital-acquired sepsis

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar as características clínicas e os desfechos de pacientes com sepse adquirida na comunidade ou no hospital. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo retrospectivo de coorte, que incluiu todos os pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse detectada entre janeiro de 2010 e dezembro de 2015 em um hospital privado localizado na Região Sul do Brasil. Os desfechos (mortalidade, tempo de permanência na unidade de terapia intensiva e no hospital) foram avaliados por meio da análise dos registros eletrônicos. Resultados: Foram hospitalizados, no total, 543 pacientes com diagnóstico de sepse, com frequência de 90,5 (85 a 105) casos por ano. Destes, 319 (58%) casos foram classificados como sepse adquirida no hospital. Este grupo apresentava doença mais grave e tinha um maior número de disfunções de órgãos, assim como teve um tempo maior de permanência no hospital [8 (8 - 10) versus 23 (20 - 27) dias; p < 0,001] e na unidade de terapia intensiva [5 (4 - 7) versus 8,5 (7 - 10); p < 0,001] do aqueles que apresentavam sepse adquirida na comunidade. Após ajustar quanto à idade, escore APACHE II e disfunção hemodinâmica e respiratória, a sepse adquirida no hospital persistiu associada com maior mortalidade (OR 1,96; IC95% 1,15 - 3,32, p = 0,013). Conclusão: Nossos resultados contribuem para a definição do perfil epidemiológico da sepse na amostra estudada, na qual a sepse adquirida no hospital foi mais grave e associada com mortalidade mais alta.

ABSTRACT Objective: To compare the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with community-acquired and hospital-acquired sepsis. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study that included all patients with a diagnosis of sepsis detected between January 2010 and December 2015 at a private hospital in southern Brazil. Outcomes (mortality, intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay) were measured by analyzing electronic records. Results: There were 543 hospitalized patients with a diagnosis of sepsis, with a frequency of 90.5 (85 to 105) cases/year. Of these, 319 (58%) cases were classified as hospital-acquired sepsis. This group exhibited more severe disease and had a larger number of organ dysfunctions, with higher hospital [8 (8 - 10) versus 23 (20 - 27) days; p < 0.001] and intensive care unit [5 (4 - 7) versus 8.5 (7 - 10); p < 0.001] lengths of stay and higher in-hospital mortality (30.7% versus 15.6%; p < 0.001) than those with community-acquired sepsis. After adjusting for age, APACHE II scores, and hemodynamic and respiratory dysfunction, hospital-acquired sepsis remained associated with increased mortality (OR 1.96; 95%CI 1.15 - 3.32, p = 0.013). Conclusion: The present results contribute to the definition of the epidemiological profile of sepsis in the sample studied, in which hospital-acquired sepsis was more severe and was associated with higher mortality.