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The rising incidence of foodborne illnesses and scandals, coupled with heightened consumer awareness of the negative impacts of artificial ingredients, has driven a significant shift toward clean label products梖oods defined by simple, recognizable ingredients and minimal processing. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of clean label technology, exploring its historical evolution, key definitions, applications, and current market trends. It also examines consumer behavior toward clean label products and the marketing strategies employed by brands to foster transparency. Drawing on 61 peer-reviewed references published between 2020 and 2024, this narrative review integrates findings from academic research and industry reports to offer a holistic perspective on clean label practices. Key challenges hindering the implementation of clean label technologies, such as the effectiveness of natural preservatives, the impact of ingredient removal on sensory qualities, and the financial implications of transitioning to clean label practices, are discussed. The findings underscore the necessity for the food industry to address these challenges to ensure the sustained growth of the clean label movement, aligning with consumer preferences for healthier and more transparent food options.

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This study looks at the potential of insects as a sustainable food and feed source in light of the challenges posed by an increasing global population and environmental impacts from conventional livestock farming. It points out that different species of insects are rich in proteins, essential amino acids, healthy fats, and micronutrients which makes them suitable for human consumption as well as animal feed. The paper also discusses environmental benefits associated with insect farming such as reduced land use, lower water usage, decreased greenhouse gas emissions, and upcycling of organic waste thus contributing to a circular economy within food production systems. In addition, it talks about scaling up challenges like consumer acceptance or regulatory frameworks around this industry. By examining these aspects, the article hopes to shed some light on how insect farming can improve global food security and sustainability. Finally, it aims at building a holistic understanding of what role could be played by bugs in transforming our dietary system while meeting nutritional needs but minimizing ecological footprints.

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This study investigates the consumption patterns and consumer awareness of dahi in Anand and Vidyanagar cities. India, as a major dairy producer, relies heavily on fermented milk products like dahi, which plays a crucial role in the national diet and dairy industry. This research aims to analyze current trends in dahi consumption and assess awareness levels regarding its nutritional and health benefits. Through a survey of 100 respondents, the study reveals demographic characteristics, dahi consumption habits, and awareness levels regarding health benefit of dahi. The results show a high prevalence of dahi consumption (94%) with a preference for packed dahi (56%) and frequent consumption (49% consuming a few times a week, 36% daily). However, consumer awareness about nutritional content and health benefits of dahi was relatively low, with only 41% aware of its probiotic benefits and 33% aware of its potential role in weight management. The study employs descriptive statistics to analyze the data, finding that females predominantly make dahi purchase decisions (83%) and that joint families (60%) are more common among consumers. The findings underscore the need for increased consumer education on the nutritional and health benefits of dahi to enhance informed consumption choices. These insights can guide policymakers and industry stakeholders in designing effective educational campaigns and interventions to promote dahi consumption, ultimately supporting healthier dietary practices and boosting the dairy sector's growth.

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Shree Anna, an initiative dedicated to promoting the cultivation and consumption of millets in India, stands at the forefront of efforts to enhance nutrition and sustainability in agriculture. Central to its mission is the creation of the Millets Map of India, which showcases the diverse regions where millets are cultivated across the country. From Karnataka to Rajasthan, and Tamil Nadu to Uttar Pradesh, the map highlights the geographical spread of millet cultivation, emphasizing their nutritional value and environmental resilience. Through educational programs, farmer training, and consumer awareness campaigns, Shree Anna aims to underscore the nutritional benefits of millets while advocating for their sustainable cultivation. By fostering market demand and economic opportunities for millet farmers, the initiative seeks to create a more inclusive and resilient agricultural ecosystem. The Millets Map of India serves as a visual testament to the transformative potential of millets in promoting nutrition, sustainability, and food security in India's agricultural landscape.

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Traditional medicinal practices relying on herbal remedies are prevalent in developing nations. Despite their extensive use, concerns persist regarding the lack of knowledge and perception associated with herbal therapy. This study aims to identify the factors influencing consumers’ behavior toward the use of medicinal plants in treatment. An analytical descriptive approach was employed to elucidate consumers’ responses to the study variables and assess the impact of factors on their behavior. The study focused on consumers of medicinal plants, with a sample size of 550 participants. The analyzed data unveiled a significant impact (? = 0.05) for four key variables: quality, trust, reference groups, and culture, influencing consumers’ behavior regarding the use of medicinal plants. Product availability and cost emerged as additional considerations. The cultural dimension took precedence in consumers’ priorities, followed by trust, reference groups, quality, availability, and concluding with price. Overall, consumers in the study expressed positive assessments across all dimensions, reflecting a high level of satisfaction from their perspective. Measuring knowledge and assessing consumers’ attitudes toward using medicinal plants are crucial steps in understanding the factors influencing their behavior in utilizing herbal medications. This understanding can inform strategies to enhance consumer engagement and promote informed decisions regarding herbal therapy

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Today the FMCG sector is enjoying a vital role within the Indian economy. 'Go rural' is that the motto of marketing gurus when analyzing the socioeconomic changes in villages. Rural marketing has been growing steadily over the years and is currently larger than the urban marketplace for FMCGs. The aim of this research work analyzes the demographic variables of consumer buying behaviour factors towards FMCG brands in the rural market in Mysuru District of Karnataka. The sampling technique used for this analysis study was the convenient sampling technique. For the aim of the study 168 respondents are chosen within the Mysuru district. The survey has utilized both primary data and secondary data. The tools used to analyze the data are Simple percentage analysis, 't' test, and ANOVA. This paper reveals that consumer behaviour is largely affected by cultural and social factors, personal factors than psychological factors.

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Background: The pharmacist, as a front-line provider, is always in contact with patients who come to the pharmacy for various reasons. This study aimed to determine patients’ satisfaction with pharmaceutical services provided by community pharmacists. Methods: An anonymous, pre-piloted questionnaire-based study was conducted in Benghazi, Libya. Data were analyzed using SPSS, and results were expressed as frequency and percentage of respondents. Results: A total of 281 completed questionnaires were received back. The majority (196, 69%) of respondents were female. The respondents were of different age groups, but most of them were between 17 and 24 (65.1%) years old. Over 50% of the participants were students (159, 56.6%). The majority of participants find the pharmacist helpful (96%), and 77% of the participants have categorized the pharmacist as a salesman. Most of the participants ask the pharmacist about how to use a medical device, the dose of medication, the frequency of use, the duration of treatment, and the side effects of the medication. Patients (113, 4.2%) do not ask the pharmacist because the physician provided information. Conclusions: The results of the present study showed a moderate level of patient satisfaction with the help provided by the community pharmacist. However, the pharmacist needs to fully practice his or her role to the advantage of the patients, and the latter needs to be aware of what to expect and demand from the community pharmacist.

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The focus of this paper is to explore how a well-known cooperative organization in the dairy industry can increase customer awareness of non-dairy products. The study comprised 104 participants, and data was collected through a questionnaire. The results show that Anand City residents have a positive attitude towards non-dairy products offered by the cooperative organisation. To increase sales, the company's promotional strategies can be improved. Ready- to-eat, ready-to-cook, and ready-to-serve food products have become increasingly popular due to changes in eating habits and culinary techniques because of urbanisation, cultural shifts, and societal development.

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Introdução: Na medida em que envelhecemos os lábios estreitam-se, ocasionando perda de volume e contorno e como forma de minimizar este efeito fisiológico o preenchimento labial de escolha utilizado é o ácido hialurônico. É possível perceber efeitos adversos advindos do emprego deste material, e pelo fato da informação ao paciente ser assegurada pelo Código de Defesa do Consumidor e pelo fato da necessidade dos Cirurgiões-Dentistas terem de esclarecer seus pacientes, o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido tornase necessário. Objetivo: identificar, por meio de aplicação de questionário, a percepção de profissionais que trabalham com Harmonização Orofacial em relação a necessidade do emprego do Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido (TCLE). O questionário apresentou 6 perguntas objetivas, que foram disponibilizadas na plataforma Google Forms®. Material e Método: os dados obtidos foram tabulados em uma planilha eletrônica do programa Microsoft Excel e após analisados descritivamente através de tabelas de frequência, porcentagens e gráficos estatísticos. Resultados: dentre os entrevistados foi constatado que a maioria, 87,5% dos especialistas em Harmonização Orofacial realizam o procedimento de preenchimento labial em sua rotina clínica, e 12,5% não. Conclusão: no presente estudo identificamos que os especialistas realizam o emprego do TCLE, em sua maioria, porém, alguns destes ainda negligenciam o seu uso(AU)

Introduction: As we age, the lips become thinner and to minimize this effect, the lip filler used is hyaluronic acid. It is possible to notice adverse effects arising from the use of this material, and it is extremely important that Dental Surgeons have to clarify their patients, the Free and Informed Consent Form becomes necessary. Objective: to identify, through the application of a questionnaire, the perception of professionals who work with Orofacial Harmonization in relation to the need to use the Free and Informed Consent Form (TCLE). The questionnaire presented 6 objective questions, which were made available on the Google Forms® platform. Materials and Methods: the data obtained were tabulated in a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and then analyzed descriptively using frequency tables, percentages and graphs. Results: among those interviewed, it was found that the majority, 87.5% of specialists in Orofacial Harmonization perform the lip filling procedure in their clinical routine, and 12.5% do not. With the high percentage of 59.4%, it was possible to verify that the majority of professionals perform 1 to 3 procedures per month; 31.3% perform 4 to 9 procedures per month; and 9.4% of 10 or more monthly procedures. Conclusion: in the present study it was possible to identify that the majority of specialists in Orofacial Harmonization use the informed consent form, however, some of them still neglect its use(AU)

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RESUMEN El marketing social permite a las organizaciones promover comportamientos beneficiosos para la sociedad, abordando temas como salud, educación, inclusión social y medio ambiente. Además, es una herramienta utilizada para fortalecer las relaciones entre las empresas y sus grupos de interés, en especial con sus clientes. Debido al auge del tema entre investigadores, académicos y expertos, este estudio contribuye al marketing social al examinar su evolución y tendencias. Para ello se utilizan las publicaciones registradas entre los años 2000 y 2022 en las bases de datos Scopus y WoS. Los datos son analizados mediante herramientas como Bibliometrix, Tree of Science y Gephi, y se organizan los resultados mediante el esquema metafórico del "árbol de la ciencia". Este análisis facilita la identificación de los trabajos clásicos y estructurales, así como las principales tendencias en el campo. De estas últimas, sobresalen tres enfoques: el primero, el desarrollo teórico del marketing social, el segundo, el uso de estrategias en salud pública y prevención, y el tercero, la aplicación en programas de nutrición y comportamiento alimenticio. Asimismo, se propone una ruta para investigaciones futuras en la materia.

AВSTRАСT Social marketing enables organizations to promote behaviors beneficial to society, addressing issues such as health, education, social inclusion, and the environment. Moreover, it is a tool used to strengthen relationships between companies and their stakeholders, particularly their customers. Due to the topic's growing interest among researchers, academics, and experts, this study contributes to social marketing by examining its evolution and trends. For this, publications recorded between the years 2000 and 2022 in the Scopus and WoS databases are utilized. Data is analyzed using tools such as Bibliometrix, Tree of Science, and Gephi, and results are organized through the metaphorical framework of the "tree of science." This analysis facilitates the identification of classic and structural works, as well as the main trends in the field. Of these, three approaches stand out: firstly the theoretical development of social marketing, secondly, the use of strategies in public health and prevention, and thirdly, the application in nutrition programs and eating behavior A path for future research in the subject is also proposed.

RESUMO O marketing social permite que as organizações promovam comportamentos que sejam benéficos para a sociedade, abordando questões como saúde, educação, inclusão social e meio ambiente. É também uma ferramenta usada para fortalecer as relações entre as empresas e suas partes interessadas, especialmente seus clientes. Devido ao aumento do tema entre pesquisadores, acadêmicos e especialistas, este estudo contribui para o marketing social ao examinar sua evolução e tendências. Para isso, são utilizadas publicações registradas entre 2000 e 2022 nos bancos de dados Scopus e WoS. Os dados são analisados por meio de ferramentas como Bibliometrix, Tree of Science e Gephi, e os resultados são organizados usando o esquema metafórico da "árvore da ciência". Essa análise facilita a identificação de trabalhos clássicos e estruturais, bem como as principais tendências no campo. Dessas últimas, três abordagens se destacam: a primeira, o desenvolvimento teórico do marketing social; a segunda, o uso de estratégias em saúde pública e prevenção; e a terceira, a aplicação em programas de nutrição e comportamento alimentar: O estudo também propõe um caminho para pesquisas futuras nessa área.

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The emergence of plant-based meat analogues (PBMA) offers a promising pathway to address the environmental and health challenges associated with traditional meat consumption. However, the transition from meat to PBMA faces significant hurdles in gaining consumer acceptance. This comprehensive review examines the challenges and strategies essential for the success of PBMA in the consumer market. Consumer attitudes towards PBMA are influenced by factors such as texture, taste, education, income, and social influence. The majority of consumers, particularly non-vegetarians, remain reluctant to fully embrace PBMA, highlighting the need for PBMA products to closely resemble traditional meat in sensory attributes. Education and awareness campaigns are critical in familiarizing consumers with PBMA's potential health and environmental benefits. Furthermore, product development should encompass consumer preferences and convenience-related aspects, while efforts to gradually reduce global meat consumption are essential. The global shift towards reduced meat consumption, driven by health consciousness and environmental concerns, presents an opportunity for PBMA. Targeting non-meat eaters, higher-income groups, the younger demographic, and educated individuals can foster greater acceptance. Overall, aligning product quality, consumer education, and innovation is pivotal for bridging the gap between consumer preferences and PBMA offerings. The present review employs a methodology that includes a thorough literature review on PBMA. In particular, this paper provides basic information about PBMA, global market, summary of research papers, nutritional facts, challenges and consumer attitude towards PBMA. The alignment of product quality, consumer education, and innovation in PBMA development will be pivotal in realizing the potential benefits of PBMA for both human health and the environment. By addressing the complexities of consumer attitudes and preferences, the PBMA industry can play a substantial role in the global shift toward more sustainable and nutritious dietary choices.

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Amla processing generates a significant amount of amla residue, known as amla pomace, which is a valuable byproduct. Amla pomace is rich in nutrients and can be utilized as a raw material for further processing and value addition. In this study, peanut chikki was developed by adding amla pomace powder as a functional ingredient at different levels (2%, 4%, and 6%) along with peanuts, and compared with a control sample. The chikki with 6% amla pomace (T3) had the highest overall acceptability score (7.85) compared to other variations. The nutrient composition of the most preferred chikki included protein (10.2g), fat (15.6g), dietary fiber (6.5g), carbohydrates (50g), and 26 mg/100g of ascorbic acid. Storage studies showed an increase in moisture, and peroxide value, a decrease in sensory scores and ascorbic acid content over time. However, the microbiological load remained within acceptable limits. This study demonstrates that amla pomace powder can be successfully incorporated into peanut chikki, providing nutritional and health benefits while addressing waste management issues.

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The present study examined effect of age of consumers on consumption pattern, awareness and hygienic practices adopted for meat and its products in various zones of Ludhiana city through contact survey method. A questionnaire/interview schedule was designed comprising questions related to meat consumption, processing pattern, awareness of consumers regarding type of meat and hygiene. A total sample size of 800 respondents was taken and the survey was conducted by dividing Ludhiana city into four imaginary zones, namely; Zone I, II, III and IV by using a random sampling method. Consumers of three different age groups (<25, 25-35, and >35) were assessed and it was observed that irrespective of any age group, the preference for poultry meat was significantly higher. The respondents in younger age group were frequent meat eaters and had higher preference for processed products. More than 80% of respondents in age group of 25-35 years and above 35 years stated that they were unaware of government policies for meat production and export in India whereas, the number was comparatively lower in age group of less than 25 years. It can be concluded that young age groups are more aware of meat production and consumption as compared to older groups.

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The present study was conducted to study effect of level of education of consumers on consumption pattern, awareness and hygienic practices adopted for meat and its products in Four zones of Ludhiana city through contact survey method. A bilingual (Punjabi and English) questionnaire/interview schedule comprising questions related to meat consumption, processing pattern, awareness of consumers regarding type of meat and hygiene was designed. For survey, the Ludhiana city was divided into four hypothetical zones, namely; Zone I, II, III and IV and a total sample size of 800 respondents (256 females + 544 males) was taken for study. Respondents were further sub-grouped into 4 educational Groups, namely; Secondary, Senior Secondary, Graduation and post-Graduation. Respondents from all the education groups (secondary, senior secondary, graduation and post-graduation) had a higher preference for poultry meat than other categories of meat. A significant effect of education on preference of carcass part was observed. However, irrespective of educational level, a higher preference for poultry leg for consumption was observed. An increase in level of education amongst respondents made them aware of different classes of processed products whereas people with lower educational backgrounds generally preferred the commonest product. The respondents in all education groups (secondary, senior secondary, graduation and post-graduation) were aware regarding the potent environmental hazards by disposal of the untreated slaughter byproducts.

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Objetivo: Revisar a literatura quanto aos efeitos dos produtos de venda livre destinados ao clareamento dental disponíveis no mercado brasileiro. Revisão de literatura: Foram consultadas as bases de dados PubMed, Scielo e Google Scholar, além de busca manual de referências. A incessante busca pelo sorriso perfeito aumenta a procura por procedimentos estéticos, como o clareamento dental, recomendado por cirurgiões-dentistas devido à sua segurança e eficácia comprovadas. Contudo, em meio à demanda por alternativas mais acessíveis e que dispensem o acompanhamento profissional, surgiram no mercado os produtos clareadores de venda livre ou OTC (do inglês over-the-counter), que são opções alternativas ao clareamento profissional. Discussão: A predominância de estudos laboratoriais destaca que a eficácia dos produtos OTC difere dos tratamentos profissionais. Os dentifrícios branqueadores contendo peróxido demonstram eficácia na redução de manchas extrínsecas, com desgaste semelhante ou inferior aos dentifrícios regulares, dependendo do substrato avaliado. Já os enxaguatórios clareadores apresentam evidências limitadas de eficácia em comparação aos produtos de concentrações mais elevadas de peróxido. As receitas caseiras e produtos naturais para clareamento dental mostraram-se ineficazes em comparação aos tratamentos profissionais, levantando preocupações sobre sua segurança devido ao potencial de causar danos irreversíveis à estrutura dental. O carvão ativado não possui efeito clareador, apresenta potencial abrasivo e causa manchamento em mucosa bucal. Conclusão: Produtos clareadores OTC, embora atrativos pela autonomia oferecida, não demonstram, em sua maioria, eficácia significativa, devendo seu uso ser recomendando com cautela, preferencialmente com orientação profissional. Salienta-se a importância da educação contínua para que cirurgiões-dentistas acompanhem as tendências nesse campo.

Aim: To review the literature regarding the effects of over-the-counter (OTC) dental whiteningproducts available in the Brazilian market.Literature review: PubMed, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases were consulted, along with a manual reference search. The relentless pursuit of the perfect smile has led to an increased demand for aesthetic procedures, such as dental whitening, recommended by dentists due to their proven safety and efficacy. However, amid the demand for more affordable alternatives that do not require professional supervision, over-the-counter whitening products have emerged in the market as alternative options to professional whitening. Discussion: The prevalence of laboratory studies highlights that the efficacy of OTC products differs from professional treatments. Whitening toothpaste containing peroxide demonstrates effectiveness in reducing extrinsic stains, with wear similar to or lower than regular toothpaste, depending on the evaluated substrate. On the other hand, whitening mouthwashes show limited evidence of efficacy compared to products with higher concentrations of peroxide. Home remedies and natural whitening products have proven ineffective compared to professional treatments, raising concerns about their safety due to the potential for causing irreversible damage to dental structure. Activated charcoal lacks whitening effects, has potential abrasiveness, and causes staining on the oral mucosa.Conclusion: Although OTC whitening products may be appealing for their autonomy, they generally do not demonstrate significant efficacy. Their use should be recommended with caution, preferably under professional guidance. Emphasizing the importance of continuous education, dentists should stay abreast of trends in this field.

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The present study aimed at testing hedonic shopping motivations' explanatory power for the impulsive buying tendency and specific buying behaviors. It also presents psychometric properties of the adapted Brazilian version of the Hedonic Shopping Motiva-tions (hsm) scale. This scale assesses six factors of hedonic motives for shopping: Adventure shopping, gratification shopping, role shopping, value shop-ping, social shopping, and idea shopping. After the translation process, 429 adults (Mage = 34.5; 73,7 % women) completed the instrument. Confirmatory fac-tor analyses indicated that the six-factor model was the best fit for the data, the same as the instrument's original version. The factors also showed satisfactory reliability indices. Although we found significant correlations between hsmand the Big Five Factors, these correlations were only weak. Conversely, we found moderate positive correlations between the adventure, gratification, and idea factors of thehsmscale and impulsive buying. The instrument showed satisfactory evidence of validity, indicating the scale's reliability for use in Brazil. The results also indicated that the hsm scale predicted specific purchase behaviors and impulsive buying beyond the Big Five. This study expands our understanding of individual differences in purchasing behaviors, especially by showing that gratification is the best predictor of impulsive buying

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo probar el poder explicativo de las motivaciones hedónicas de compra para la tendencia impulsiva de compra y los comportamientos específicos de compra, y así presentar las propiedades psicométricas de la versión adaptada brasileña de la escala de Motivaciones Hedónicas de Compra (hsm). Esta escala evalúa seis factores de motivos hedónicos de compra: compras de aventura, compras de gratificación, compras de rol, compras de valor, compras sociales y compras de ideas. Tras el proceso de traducción, 429 adultos (Medad = 34,5; 73,7 % mujeres) completaron el instrumento. Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios indicaron que el modelo de seis factores era el que mejor se ajustaba a los datos, al igual que la versión original del instrumento. Los factores también mostraron índices de fiabilidad satisfactorios. Aunque encontramos corre-laciones significativas entre el hsmy los Cinco Gran-des Factores, estas correlaciones eran solo débiles. Por el contrario, encontramos correlaciones positivas moderadas entre los factores aventura, gratificación e idea de la escala hsm y la compra impulsiva. El instrumento mostró pruebas satisfactorias de validez, lo que indica la fiabilidad de la escala para su uso en Brasil. Los resultados también indicaron que la escala hsm predijo comportamientos de compra específicos y compra impulsiva, más allá de los Cinco Grandes. Este estudio amplía nuestra comprensión de las di-ferencias individuales en los comportamientos de compra, especialmente al mostrar que la gratificación es el mejor predictor de la compra impulsiva

O presente estudo teve como objetivo testar o poder preditivo das motivações hedônicas de compra para a tendência de compra impulsiva e comportamentos es-pecíficos de compra; além de apresentar propriedades psicométricas da versão brasileira adaptada da esca-la Hedonic Shopping Motivations(hsm). Essa escala avalia seis fatores de motivos hedônicos para compras: comprar por aventura, comprar por gratificação, com-prar por papel social, comprar por valor, comprar por socialização e comprar por novidade. Após o processo de tradução, 429 adultos (Midade=34,5; 73,7% mulhe-res) responderam ao instrumento. As análises fatoriais confirmatórias indicaram que o modelo de seis fatores foi o que melhor se ajustou aos dados, como a versão original do instrumento. Os fatores também apresentaram índices de confiabilidade satisfatórios. Embora tenhamos encontrado correlações significativas entre a hsm e os Cinco Grandes Fatores de personalidade, tais correlações foram fracas. Por outro lado, encontra-mos correlações positivas moderadas entre os fatores aventura, gratificação e novidade da escala hsme a compra impulsiva. O instrumento apresentou evidências satisfatórias de validade, indicando a adequação da escala para uso no Brasil. Os resultados também indicaram que a escala hsm predisse comportamentos específicos de compra e compra impulsiva para além dos Cinco Grandes Fatores. Esse estudo amplia nossa compreensão das diferenças individuais nos compor-tamentos de compra, especialmente ao mostrar que a gratificação é o melhor preditor de compra impulsiva.

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Objectives@#While food product labelling is deemed important in providing consumer information, little is known about the characteristics of those reading and not reading. This study aimed to determine the socio-demographic characteristics of Filipino adult consumers reading and not reading food product labels and nutrition facts to provide insights on their understanding and usage of food labels that may help in designing better label formats of packaged foods and related health education campaigns.@*Methods@#Cross-sectional design using secondary data from the Expanded National Nutrition Survey (ENNS) 2018- 2019 was employed. A survey form on Reading Food Product Labels and Nutrition Facts in the ENNS 2018-2019 were collected through face-to-face interviews. Descriptive statistics, test of proportions, and logistic regression were done using Stata version 16.@*Results@#Always reading product labels were reported only by 19.6% of adult consumers, 18 years old and above, while 45.9% reported not reading food product labels. Among those who read food product labels, only 16.7% reported reading nutrition facts. Higher proportions of adults reading nutrition facts were found among those who attained a higher educational level, were less than 40 years old, living in urban residences, and belonging to higher wealth status. ‘Not interested’ was the top reason of adults who reported not reading nutrition facts.@*Conclusion@#Reading product labels and nutrition facts is not common among Filipino adults. Being not interested was the top reason for not reading food product labels. Older persons, adults with low educational attainment, and belonging to poor households were more likely to not read food product labels and not influenced by nutrition facts which imply the need for a food label format that would cater to those who cannot or have difficulty reading food labels and nutrition facts. An intensified campaign on the importance of reading food product labels is also needed.

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ABSTRACT Objective: The search for medical information on the internet is a part of people's daily lives. Exponential volumes of data are available through various media and platforms. There are several problems related to the ease of creating and accessing medical information on the internet, as evidenced by the quantity of false content and increasing anxiety due to the consumption of these data. In light of this accessibility, it is necessary to understand how people use internet-based medical information and its impact on specific populations. This prospective study aimed to analyze pregnant women's behavior when searching for health-related information on the internet, and how they were influenced by the information. Methods: Questionnaires were administered to the participants during their immediate puerperium, and their answers were tabulated. Results: Three hundred and two patients answered the questionnaires. We observed that internet use was frequent, and most patients discussed the findings with their physicians. However, this did not affect the delivery routes. Conclusion: The search for health information by pregnant women is very prevalent but does not interfere with the delivery route.

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ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the locations of food and beverage acquisition in Brazil, according to the level of food processing and household location (urban/rural). Methods: Data from 49,489 households from the Household Budget Survey 2017-2018 were used. Information regarding food and beverages was collected through a collective acquisition booklet over 7 consecutive days. Locations were classified into 10 groups on the basis of similarities in sales structure and mode of food offering, and food and beverages were categorized according to the NOVA classification. The frequency of households acquiring food in each location was estimated, as well as the acquisition frequency according to processing level, considering significance through non-overlapping 95% confidence intervals. Results: Half of the households (51.9%) acquired food in supermarkets, contributing to both the acquisition of fresh and minimally processed foods (92.2% in urban; 90.2% in rural) and ultra-processed foods (78.6% in urban; 74.1% in rural). For the urban area, the Supermarket (55.0%), Bakery (46.5%) and Small markets (43.1%) are among the places with the highest frequency of food acquisition, while for rural areas, it is found that Small Markets (53%), Supermarkets (32.3%) and Home production (31.0%) presented the highest frequencies. Conclusion: The acquisition of food and beverages for household consumption in Brazil differs according to household location (urban/rural), indicating the importance of the community food environment in the consumption patterns of ultra-processed foods.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever os locais de aquisição de alimentos e bebidas consumidos no Brasil, conforme o nível de processamento dos alimentos e a área de localização do domicílio (urbano/rural). Métodos: Utilizaram-se dados de 49.489 domicílios da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2017-2018. As informações relativas aos alimentos e bebidas foram coletadas por meio da caderneta de aquisição coletiva durante sete dias consecutivos. Os locais de aquisição foram classificados em dez grupos de acordo com as similaridades na estrutura de venda e no modo de oferta de alimentos, e todos os alimentos e bebidas foram categorizados de acordo com a classificação NOVA. Estimou-se a frequência de domicílios que adquiriram alimentos em cada um dos locais, bem como a frequência de aquisição segundo o nível de processamento, e considerou-se a significância por meio da não sobreposição dos intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Metade dos domicílios (51,9%) adquiriu alimentos em supermercados, locais estes que contribuíram tanto para a aquisição de alimentos in natura (92,2% urbano; 90,2% rural) quanto ultraprocessados (78,6% urbana; 74,1% rural). Para a área urbana, supermercado (55,0%), padaria (46,5%) e pequenos mercados (43,1%) estão entre os locais com maior frequência de aquisição de alimentos, enquanto, para as áreas rurais, verifica-se que os pequenos mercados (53%), supermercado (32,3%) e produção em casa (31,0%) apresentaram as maiores frequências. Conclusão: A aquisição de alimentos e bebidas para consumo domiciliar no Brasil difere de acordo com a área de localização do domicílio (urbana/rural), indicando a importância do cenário do ambiente alimentar comunitário nos padrões de consumo de alimentos ultraprocessados.

ABSTRACT

Abstract Medicines must be subject to physical, chemical, and biological analysis to guarantee their quality, safety, and effectiveness. Despite the efforts to ensure the reliability of analytical results, some uncertainty will always be associated with the measured value, which can lead to false decisions regarding conformity/non-conformity assessment. This work aims to calculate the specific risk of false decisions regarding conformity/non-conformity of acetaminophen oral solution dosage form. The acetaminophen samples from five different manufacturers (A, B, C, D, and E) were subject to an active pharmaceutical ingredient assay, density test, and dose per drop test according to the official compendia. Based on measured values and their respective uncertainties, the risk values were calculated using the Monte Carlo method implemented in an MS Excel spreadsheet. The results for two acetaminophen oral solution samples (C and D) provided an increased total risk value of false acceptance (33.1% and 9.6% for C and D, respectively). On the other hand, the results for the other three acetaminophen samples (A, B, and E) provided a negligible risk of false acceptance (0.004%, 0.025%, and 0.045% for A, B, and E, respectively). This indicates that measurement uncertainty is very relevant when a conformity assessment is carried out, and information on the risks of false decisions is essential to ensure proper decisions.