ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND:Bone mineral density is the clinical gold standard for determining bone strength,but bone mineral density is less sensitive to changes in bone mass,with large changes in bone mineral density only occurring when bone mass is significantly reduced,so bone mineral density has limited ability to predict changes in bone strength and fracture risk. OBJECTIVE:A model of the normal and osteoporotic hip joint was developed to analyze the stresses and deformation in the hip of normal and osteoporotic patients under single-leg standing conditions. METHODS:A healthy adult female volunteer at the age of 36 years was selected as the study subject.The CT data of the hip joint of this volunteer were obtained and saved in DICOM format.The hip joint model was reconstructed in three dimensions,and the material properties were assigned by the gray value assignment method to obtain the normal and osteoporotic hip joint models according to the empirical formula.The same boundary conditions and loads were set to simulate the stresses and deformation in the normal and osteoporotic hip joints in the single-leg standing position. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In the finite element model of the normal and osteoporotic hip,the stress distribution was more concentrated in the medial region of the femoral neck.(2)In the hip bone,the stress distribution was mainly concentrated in the upper part of the acetabulum.(3)The stress peaks in the medial femoral neck and upper acetabulum were larger in the normal hip model than in the osteoporotic hip model,probably due to the reduced bone strength of the osteoporotic bone.(4)The peak Von Mises of both normal and osteoporotic hip models were concentrated on the medial femoral neck,and the peak Von Mises of the hip bone was smaller,indicating that the overall effect of osteoporosis on hip bone stresses was relatively small.(5)In terms of deformation in the single-leg standing position,the maximum deformation in the normal hip model was located at the acetabulum and femoral head,and the maximum deformation was located at the upper part of the greater trochanter of the femur.(6)It is suggested that the finite element analysis method to model the values of parameters related to bone tissue in osteoporosis may improve clinical prediction of bone strength changes and fracture risk.It is explained from the biomechanical view that the intertrochanteric femur and femoral neck are good sites for osteoporotic hip fractures.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To effectively quantify and evaluate the quality of different deformation registration algorithms, in order to enhance the possibility of implementing deformation registration in clinical practice.Methods:The Jacobian determinant mean (JDM) is proposed based on the Jacobian determinant (JD) of displacement vector field (DVF), and the Jacobian determinant error (DJDE) is introduced by incorporating the JD of the inverse DVF. The optical flow method (OF-DIR) and fast demons method with elastic regularization (FD-DIR) were tested on nasopharyngeal and lung cancer datasets. Finally, JDM and DJDE with the Jacobian determinant negative percentage (JDNP), inverse consistency error (ICE) and normalized mean square error (NMSE) were used to evaluate the registration algorithms and compare the differences evaluation indicators in different tumor images and different algorithms, and the receiver operating curve (ROC) was analyzed in evaluation.Results:In lung cancer, OF-DIR outperformed FD-DIR in terms of JDM, NMSE, DJDE and ICE, and the difference was statistically significant( z = -2.24, -4.84, t = 4.01, 6.54, P<0.05). In nasopharyngeal carcinoma, DJDE, ICE and NMSE of OF-DIR were superior to FD-DIR, and the difference was statistically significant ( t = 4.46, -7.49, z = -2.22, P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in JDM ( P>0.05). In lung cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, JDNP of OF-DIR was worse than that of FD-DIR, and the difference was statistically significant ( z = -4.29, -4.02, P<0.01). In addition, DJDE is more specific and sensitive on ROC curve (AUC=0.77), and has different performance result for tumor images at different sites. Conclusions:The JDM and DJDE evaluation metrics proposed are effective for deformation registration algorithms. OF-DIR is suitable for both lung cancer and nasopharyngeal carcinoma, while the influence of organ motion on the registration effect should be considered when using FD-DIR.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the cumulative doses after two planned radiotherapy treatments for non-small cell lung cancer with direct superposition,rigid superposition and deformation superposition.Methods Twenty-four non-small cell lung cancer patients undergoing radical radiotherapy at some hospital were selected,who went through simulation positioning and radiotherapy treatment with modified plan after receiving 20 radiotherapy sessions.The cumulative dose after two planned radiotherapy treatments was calculated and compared with three methods including direct superposition,rigid superposition of Monaco treatment planning system and deformation superposition of MIM software.Results Direct superposition had the target dose the highest among those calculated by the three methods,followed by rigid superposition and deformation superposition in turn,and both rigid superposition and deformation superposition had significant differences with direct superposition(all P＜0.05).Among the three methods direct superposition had the V5,V10 and V15 of lung and Dmean of heart and esophagus the lowest,the V20 of lung similar to that by deformation superposition while lower than that by rigid superposition and the remained indexes the highest;of the cumulative doses calculated by rigid superposition only the V5 of lung and Dmean of heart were lower than those by deformation superposition.Pairwise comparisons between the three methods showed only the differences between the Dmax of esophagus were statistically significant(all P＜0.05).Conclusion The three superposition methods have differences when used to calculate the dose-volume parameters of the target areas and organs at risk,and different superposition methods have to be taken into considerations during clinical operations to avoid over-or under-assessment of the doses to tumor and normal tissue.[Chinese Medical Equipment Journal,2023,44(10):49-54]
ABSTRACT
Objective:To identify the anatomical landmarks with stable and consistent performance in both rigid and deformation registrations,and to investigate the feasibility that take them as the quantitative indexes for quantitative evaluation of multimodality image registration for pancreatic cancer in clinical practice. Methods:Twenty-five patients with pancreatic cancer were selected.Both the rigid and deformation registrations were performed between simulated CT and MRI T1-weighted images.Seven anatomical landmarks,which were left adrenal gland,portal vein,celiac trunk artery,superior mesenteric artery,lumbar vertebral body,inferior vena cava and abdominal aorta,were selected.The anatomical landmarks were marked on the simulated CT and the registered MRI,respectively.The distances between the geometric centers of each anatomical landmarks in two kinds of images were statistically analyzed.The Wilcoxon rank sum test was implemented to compare the differences between rigid and deformation registrations.In addition,the correlations between anatomical landmarks were analyzed as well. Results:The mean distances of centers for the seven anatomical markers under rigid registration ranged from 0.405 cm to 1.097 cm,while they ranged from 0.433 cm to 0.740 cm under deformation registration.There was no significant difference in the registration of anatomical markers between rigid and deformation registration,except the left adrenal gland.The registration differences of celiac trunk artery and abdominal aorta were of most stable in 25 patients.Correlation study showed that all anatomical markers except abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava were independent and significant. Conclusion:It is feasible to quantitatively evaluate the registration quality of multimodality image registration for pancreatic cancer by using anatomical landmarks.It is recommended to use celiac trunk artery and abdominal aorta as the anatomical markers in clinical procedure.They are both stable in rigid and deformation registration,and the correlation between them is low,with means they can be used as independent evaluation criteria.
ABSTRACT
Objective To study the motion and deformation of red blood cells ( RBCs) with different mechanical properties in capillaries,and make analysis on the associated hemorheological parameters. Methods The RBC was modeled as a hyper elastic membrane using Skalak model. The fluid was solved using a two-order difference scheme with the membrane mechanics treated by the immersed method. The pathological viscosity ratio λ= 5 was considered. Results The steady deformation of RBCs with different membrane stiffness in the capillary was obtained. With membrane stiffness increasing, the cell transformed from axisymmetric shapes to non-axisymmetric shapes. With capillary number increasing, the deformability of RBCs weakened and the flow resistance increased. Conclusions With stiffening of cell membrane, the non-axisymmetric cell shape appears and the flow resistance increases. Therefore, in diseases involved stiffening RBCs, the stiffened RBCs can cause the blockage of capillaries and hypoxia in surrounding tissues.
ABSTRACT
AIM: To investigate the effect of different preoperative corneal curvature on the size of optical deformation area after femtosecond laser small incision lens extraction(SMILE).METHODS:A prospective study was conducted on 108 consecutive patients who underwent SMILE surgery in our hospital from February 2021 to January 2022. Considering the association between both eyes, only the left eye of each patient was studied. According to the average anterior corneal surface curvature in preoperative, the patients were divided into three groups: Km<42.0D group(n=30), Km>47.0D group(n=26)and conventional corneal curvature group(n=52)with 42.0D≤Km≤47.0D. All patients underwent standardized SMILE surgery, and the laser ablation diameter was 6.5mm. The diameters of optical deformation areas in the three groups were compared at 6mo after operation.RESULTS:There was no significant difference in preoperative data among the three groups except for the mean curvature of the anterior corneal surface(all P>0.05), and there was no significant difference in uncorrected distance visual acuity(UDVA)and subjective refraction at 6mo after operation(all P>0.05). The diameters of the optical deformation zone in the Km<42.0D group, Km>47.0D group and the conventional corneal curvature group were 6.54±0.14, 6.32±0.13, 6.45±0.15mm respectively(F=19.238, P<0.05). The optical area diameter of the group with flat corneal curvature was larger than that of the group with conventional corneal curvature and the group with steeper corneal curvature(P<0.05). The diameter of optical zone in the conventional curvature group was larger than that in the Km>47.0D group(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: When the preset laser cutting diameter is the same, the steeper the corneal curvature before operation, the smaller the diameter of the optical deformation area after operation.
ABSTRACT
As an important intracellular genetic and regulatory center, the nucleus is not only a terminal effector of intracellular biochemical signals, but also has a significant impact on cell function and phenotype through direct or indirect regulation of nuclear mechanistic cues after the cell senses and responds to mechanical stimuli. The nucleus relies on chromatin-nuclear membrane-cytoskeleton infrastructure to couple signal transduction, and responds to these mechanical stimuli in the intracellular and extracellular physical microenvironments. Changes in the morphological structure of the nucleus are the most intuitive manifestation of this mechanical response cascades and are the basis for the direct response of the nucleus to mechanical stimuli. Based on such relationships of the nucleus with cell behavior and phenotype, abnormal nuclear morphological changes are widely used in clinical practice as disease diagnostic tools. This review article highlights the latest advances in how nuclear morphology responds and adapts to mechanical stimuli. Additionally, this article will shed light on the factors that mechanically regulate nuclear morphology as well as the tumor physio-pathological processes involved in nuclear morphology and the underlying mechanobiological mechanisms. It provides new insights into the mechanisms that nuclear mechanics regulates disease development and its use as a potential target for diagnosis and treatment.
Subject(s)
Cell Nucleus , Biophysics , Cytoskeleton , Phenotype , Signal TransductionABSTRACT
Context:Global longitudinal strain (GLS) measured by speckle?tracking echocardiography demonstrates excellent prognostic ability in predicting major adverse cardiac events after cardiac surgery. However, the optimal timing of intraoperative GLS measurement that provides the best prognostic value is unclear. Aim: Our goal was to evaluate whether GLS measured prior to cardiopulmonary bypass (pre?CPB GLS), following CPB (post?CPB GLS), or change in GLS provides the strongest association with postoperative complications. Setting and Design: Post hoc analysis of prospectively collected data from a clinical trial (NCT01187329). 72 patients with aortic stenosis undergoing elective AVR ± coronary artery bypass grafting between January 2011 and August 2013. Material and Methods: Myocardial deformation analysis from standardized transesophageal echocardiographic examinations were performed after anesthetic induction and chest closure. We evaluated the association between pre?CPB GLS, post?CPB GLS, and change in GLS (percent change from pre?CPB baseline) with postoperative atrial fibrillation and hospitalization >7 days. The association of post?CPB GLS with duration of mechanical ventilation, N?terminal pro?BNP (NT?proBNP) and troponin T were also assessed. Statistical Analysis: Multivariable logistic regression. Results: Risk?adjusted odds (OR[97.5%CI] of prolonged hospitalization increased an estimated 27% (1.27[1.01 to 1.59];Padj =0.035) per 1% decrease in absolute post?CPB GLS. Mean[98.3%CI] NT?proBNP increased 98.4[20 to 177]pg/mL; Padj =0.008), per 1% decrease in post?CPB GLS. Pre?CPB GLS or change in GLS were not associated with any outcomes. Conclusions: Post?CPB GLS provides the best prognostic value in predicting postoperative outcomes. Measuring post?CPB GLS may improve risk stratification and assist in future study design and patient outcome research.
ABSTRACT
Ultrasound guided percutaneous interventional therapy has been widely used in clinic. Aiming at the problem of soft tissue deformation caused by probe contact force in robot-assisted ultrasound-guided therapy, a real-time non-reference ultrasound image evaluation method considering soft tissue deformation is proposed. On the basis of ultrasound image brightness and sharpness, a multi-dimensional ultrasound image evaluation index was designed, which incorporated the aggregation characteristics of the organization. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method, ultrasound images of four different models were collected for experiments, including prostate phantom, phantom with cyst, pig liver tissue, and pig liver tissue with cyst. In addition, the correlation between subjective and objective evaluations was analyzed based on Spearman's rank correlation coefficient. Experimental results showed that the average evaluation time of a single image was 68.8 milliseconds. The evaluation time could satisfy real-time applications. The proposed method realizes the effective evaluation of real-time ultrasound image quality in robot-assisted therapy, and has good consistency with the evaluation of supervisors.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Cysts , Phantoms, Imaging , Swine , Ultrasonography/methodsABSTRACT
@#AIM:To figure out the sequence of vessel density(VD)changes in the retina and deformation induced by mechanical force in the optic nerve head(ONH)tissue during intraocular pressure(IOP)elevation.<p>METHODS: This prospective study tested 34 eyes from 34 healthy volunteers. Group A had 23 subjects. Their testing protocol included a baseline phase, two elevated IOP phases(15 mmHg and 30 mmHg respectively for 2min), and a recovery phase. Group B had 11 subjects, and their protocol included an IOP elevation of 15 mmHg for 10min. In each phase the deformation in the ONH and macular region were scanned by optical coherence tomography(OCT), and Bruch's membrane opening(BMO)distance, the optic nerve head surface depth(ONHSD), the subfoveal choroidal thickness(SFCT)were measured, the VD was measured by OCTA.<p>RESULTS: After the first IOP elevation in group A, the VD in the ONH decreased(superficial capillary plexuses, from 67.39±7.65% to 43.78±5.89%, <i>P</i><0.05), the BMO distance, the ONHSD, the VD in the macula and the SFCT did not change. After the second IOP elevation, the VD in the ONH and in the macular region both decreased, the BMO distance and ONHSD increased(all <i>P</i><0.05). After the IOP elevation in group B, the VD in the ONH and in the macular region decreased significantly, the BMO distance increased, the SFCT did not change. ONH VD reduction is not associated with BMO distance increment(<i>r</i>=0.050, <i>P</i>>0.05).<p>CONCLUSION:The ONH tissue is more sensitive to hemodynamics than to morphological change. Hemodynamics during IOP elevation differs in the ONH and the macular tissue.
ABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the influence of different materials on thermal stress field of the bipolar high-frequency electric knife. Methods The electric-thermal coupling simulation analysis was performed for thermal stress field in working process of the bipolar high-frequency electric knife. The influence patterns for 4 kinds of insulating layer materials 304 stainless steel, 316 stainless steel, 317 stainless steel, Ti6Al4V and 4 kinds of electrode materials polypropylene (PP), polyamide-6 (PA6), polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) on thermal stress field and thermal deformation field of insulating layer, electrode and coating of bipolar high-frequency electric knife and myocardial tissues were studied. Results The thermal deformation of myocardial tissues was much higher than that of the components of high-frequency electric knife in period of 2 s for continuous power. In terms of myocardial tissue protection, 304 stainless steel was the best electrode material for high-frequency electric knife. For choosing PP as the insulating layer material, thermal deformation of myocardial tissues caused by thermal stress was the smallest, which could better maintain the integrity of myocardial tissues. Conclusions The manufacturing materials of high-frequency electric knife have an important influence on thermal stress field in its working process. The regularity analysis results can provide guidance for the development of high-frequency electric knife.
ABSTRACT
Objective Based on the multi-camera digital image correlation (DIC) method, the dynamic deformation characteristics of human hand during grasping were studied. Methods A continuous four-camera DIC system was established to measure surface strain of the skin on the back of the hand during grasping process, and then through the connection between skin, joints, bones and muscles, the regular pattern of muscle deformation could be known indirectly. Results Four grasping postures (medium cylinder, lateral pinch, index finger extension, power sphere) were measured. It was found that the increases of strain magnitude were different at different positions on back surface of the hand under different grasping postures, and the maximum principal strains were between 0.1 and 0.3. The movement characteristics for each muscle group of the hand under different grasping postures were obtained through analysis. Conclusions This method has the characteristics of non-contact, full field, intuitive results, which provides a new way for in vivo measurement of dynamic deformation during grasping.
ABSTRACT
China is the country with high incidence of high myopia in the world. High myopia can cause severe vision impairment. So far, there is no effective treatment for high myopia in clinic. Scleral collagen cross-linking surgery has been proven to be effective in preventing animal eye axial elongation
Subject(s)
Animals , Collagen , Cross-Linking Reagents , Finite Element Analysis , Photosensitizing Agents , Riboflavin , ScleraABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares constituyen la primera causa de muerte en Cuba y la mayoría de los países desarrollados. La ecocardiografía con speckle tracking bidimensional (ST 2D) es una técnica reciente en la evaluación de la función cardíaca. Objetivos: Determinar la relación entre la deformación miocárdica medida por ST 2D y el estado de la circulación coronaria en pacientes con cardiopatía isquémica, en el CIMEQ, durante un año. Material y método: Se realizó un estudio analítico y transversal con 55 pacientes con indicación de coronariografía sometidos a ecocardiograma bidimensional y estudio de ST 2D con medición de la deformación longitudinal (DLG). Se crearon dos grupos: enfermedad coronaria significativa (ECS = 32) y no significativa (ECNS = 23). Se utilizó SSPS para análisis de los resultados. Resultados: La edad promedio fue mayor en la ECS (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8; p = 0.014). Predominaron los hombres con ECS (47.3%), los hipertensos (ECS = 90.6% y ENCS = 65.2%; p = 0.02) y los fumadores (ECS = 59.4% y ENCS = 17.4%; p = 0.002). El diagnóstico más frecuente fue la angina crónica estable (87%). En la ECS predominó la enfermedad de tres vasos (75%). La DLG fue menor en la ECS [(-20.0 ± 3.2 vs. -22.1 ± 3.6; p = 0.035); AUC = 0.458]. No hubo diferencias en la DLG según el número de vasos significativamente afectados. Conclusiones: Los resultados encontrados no justifican el empleo del ST 2D para diferenciar la ECS.
Abstract Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the leading cause of death in Cuba and most of the developed countries. Two-dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2D ST) is a recent technique in the evaluation of cardiac function. Objectives: To determine the relationship between myocardial deformation measured by 2D ST and coronary circulation in patients with ischemic heart disease, in the CIMEQ, for 1 year. Material and method: An analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out with 55 patients with an indication for coronary angiography who underwent 2D echocardiography and 2D ST study with longitudinal strain measurement (LSM). Two groups significant coronary disease (SCD = 32) and not significant (NSCD = 23) were created. SSPS was used to analyze the results. Results: The average age was higher in SCD (55.6 ± 9.3 vs. 61.8 ± 8.8, p = 0.014). Men with SCD (47.3%), hypertensive (SCD = 90.6% and NSCD = 65.2%, p = 0.02) and smokers (SCD = 59.4% and NSCD = 17.4%, p = 0.002) predominated. The most frequent diagnosis was chronic stable angina (87%). Three-vessel disease (75%) prevailed in SCD. The LMS was lower in SCD ([−20.0 ± 3.2 vs. −22.1 ± 3.6, p = 0.035]; AUC = 0.458). There were no differences in LSM according to the number of significantly diseased vessels. Conclusions: The results found do not justify the use of 2D ST to discriminate SCD.
Subject(s)
Aged , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Echocardiography/methods , Coronary Angiography , Myocardial Ischemia/diagnostic imaging , Coronary Disease/diagnostic imaging , Cross-Sectional Studies , Coronary Disease/epidemiology , Cuba , Angina, Stable/epidemiology , Angina, Stable/diagnostic imaging , Hypertension/epidemiologyABSTRACT
RESUMEN Fundamentación: La discondrosteosis de Léri-Weill, displasia ósea de origen genético que afecta la región mesomélica con acortamiento de las extremidades, provoca talla baja con extremidades cortas con deformidad de Madelung; esta enfermedad muestra un patrón de herencia autosómico dominante con alta penetrancia. Objetivo: Describir las deformidades de esta discondrosteosis de baja frecuencia con expresividad variable, que se presentó de la misma forma en todos los afectados de esta familia. Presentación de caso: Se reportó una familia con enfermos en tres generaciones con deformidad de Madelung de ambas muñecas y baja estatura de origen mesomélico, que se mantiene seguimiento en consultas de Genética Clínica y Ortopedia. Conclusiones: El examen físico y radiológico imprescindibles para llegar al diagnóstico clínico. El método clínico y la valoración multidisciplinaria resultaron de gran valor para definir esta enfermedad y poder brindar un adecuado asesoramiento genético a esta familia.
ABSTRACT Background: Léri-Weill dyschondrosteosis, bone dysplasia of genetic origin that affects the mesomelic region with shortening of the extremities, causes short stature with short extremities with Madelung deformity.This disease shows an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern with high penetrance. Objective: To describe the deformities of this low frequency dyschondrosteosis with variable expressivity which was presented in the same way in all those affected in this family. Case presentation: A family with sick members was reported in three generations with Madelung deformity of both wrists and short stature of mesomelic origin which is followed up in consultations of Clinical Genetics and Orthopedics. Conclusion: The essential physical and radiological examination to reach the clinical diagnosis. The clinical method and the multidisciplinary assessment were of great value to define this disease and to be able to provide adequate genetic counseling to this family.
Subject(s)
Lipomatosis, Multiple Symmetrical/genetics , Fibrous Dysplasia of Bone/genetics , Wrist/abnormalities , Forearm/abnormalitiesABSTRACT
A systematic characterization of the similarities and differences among different methods for detecting structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, such as voxel-based morphometry (VBM), tensor-based morphometry (TBM), and projection-based thickness (PBT), is important for understanding the brain pathology in schizophrenia and for developing effective biomarkers for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, such studies are still lacking. Here, we performed VBM, TBM, and PBT analyses on T1-weighted brain MR images acquired from 116 patients with schizophrenia and 116 healthy controls. We found that, although all methods detected wide-spread structural changes, different methods captured different information - only 10.35% of the grey matter changes in cortex were detected by all three methods, and VBM only detected 11.36% of the white matter changes detected by TBM. Further, pattern classification between patients and controls revealed that combining different measures improved the classification accuracy (81.9%), indicating that fusion of different structural measures serves as a better neuroimaging marker for the objective diagnosis of schizophrenia.
ABSTRACT
The dynamic analysis of the implantation process of a new vena cava filter was carried out by finite element analysis method to reveal the influence of the angle, length, width and thickness of the filter rod on its mechanical properties and the inner wall of the blood vessel. The results showed that the high-stress and high-strain areas of the filter were mainly concentrated in the connection between the filter rod and the filter wire. With the increase of the angle of the filter rod, the maximum equivalent stress and the maximum elastic strain on the filter wall decreased, while the maximum equivalent stress on the vascular wall increased. With the increase of the length of the filter rod, the maximum equivalent stress and strain peak of the filter wall increased, but the maximum equivalent stress of the vessel wall decreased. With the increase of the width and thickness of the filter rod, the maximum equivalent stress of the filter wall, the maximum elastic strain and the maximum equivalent stress of the vessel wall all showed an upward trend. The static safety factor of all filter models was greater than 1, and the structure after implantation was safe and reliable. The results of this study are expected to provide a theoretical basis for the structural optimization and deformation mechanism of the new type vena cava filter.
Subject(s)
Finite Element Analysis , Vena Cava Filters , Vena Cava, InferiorABSTRACT
A systematic characterization of the similarities and differences among different methods for detecting structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia, such as voxel-based morphometry (VBM), tensor-based morphometry (TBM), and projection-based thickness (PBT), is important for understanding the brain pathology in schizophrenia and for developing effective biomarkers for a diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, such studies are still lacking. Here, we performed VBM, TBM, and PBT analyses on T1-weighted brain MR images acquired from 116 patients with schizophrenia and 116 healthy controls. We found that, although all methods detected wide-spread structural changes, different methods captured different information - only 10.35% of the grey matter changes in cortex were detected by all three methods, and VBM only detected 11.36% of the white matter changes detected by TBM. Further, pattern classification between patients and controls revealed that combining different measures improved the classification accuracy (81.9%), indicating that fusion of different structural measures serves as a better neuroimaging marker for the objective diagnosis of schizophrenia.