Acute kidney injury: a post-COVID-19 complication in children and adolescents / Lesão renal aguda: uma complicação pós-COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe cases of acute kidney injury (AKI) in children diagnosed with COVID-19, associated risk factors, clinical aspects and outcome of cases. Methods: Retrospective study, carried out in a pediatric hospital between March 2020 and September 2021, with patients with COVID-19 who were diagnosed with AKI, studying information present in medical records such as comorbidities, age, gender and use of nephrotoxic medications. Results: We studied 40 cases, and male individuals were significantly more affected (62.5%; p=0.025). AKI was a severe complication of COVID-19 infection, with 100% of the sample requiring admission to the Intensive Care Unit and 22.5% dying. The most prevalent comorbidities analyzed in this study were epilepsy, cerebral palsy and heart disease. Most patients were classified according to Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) criteria as KDIGO 1 (42.5%), and required orotracheal intubation (67.5%). The frequency of use of nephrotoxic medications and need for dialysis was low, with percentages of 35 and 17.5%, respectively. Among the children who died, 70.4% had some comorbidity and 88.8% received invasive ventilation. Conclusions: AKI in children with COVID-19 infection is associated with severe conditions. Despite the severity, most patients were discharged alive from the hospital.

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever casos de lesão renal aguda (LRA) em crianças diagnosticadas com COVID-19, associando fatores de risco, aspectos clínicos e evolução dos casos. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, realizado em hospital pediátrico entre março de 2020 e setembro de 2021, com pacientes com COVID-19 diagnosticados com LRA, que examinou informações presentes em prontuários como comorbidades, idade, sexo e uso de medicações nefrotóxicas. Resultados: Foram estudados 40 casos, sendo o sexo masculino significativamente mais acometido (62,5%; p=0,025). A LRA foi uma complicação grave da infecção por COVID-19, com 100% da amostra necessitando de internação na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva e 22,5% indo a óbito. As comorbidades mais prevalentes analisadas neste estudo foram epilepsia, paralisia cerebral e cardiopatia. A maioria dos pacientes foi classificada pelos critérios Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) como KDIGO 1 (42,5%) e necessitou de intubação orotraqueal (67,5%). A frequência de uso de medicamentos nefrotóxicos e necessidade de diálise foi baixa, com percentuais de 35 e 17,5%, respectivamente. Entre as crianças que faleceram, 70,4% apresentavam alguma comorbidade e 88,8% receberam ventilação invasiva. Conclusões: A LRA em crianças com infecção por COVID-19 está associada a quadros graves, apesar de a maior parte dos pacientes ter recebido alta hospitalar.

The effectiveness of relaxation exercises on fatigue in hemodialysis patients: a meta-analysis study

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine the effect of relaxation exercise on fatigue symptoms in hemodialysis patients. METHODS: This is a meta-analysis study. The literature review was carried out by searching studies published between 2011 and 2020. This meta-analysis was recorded on PROSPERO in the National Health Research Institute (Registration no: CRD42022313646). RESULTS: Seven studies meeting the inclusion criteria were included in the meta-analysis. The effect size of the studies included in the meta-analysis was found to be g=1.232 (p=0.028), which indicated a "huge effect size." The scale used in the subgroup analyses, the application time of the relaxation exercise, and the number of relaxation exercise applications were evaluated, and a significant difference was found at p<0.05. CONCLUSION: Relaxation exercises can be used as an effective method for reducing fatigue in hemodialysis patients.

Transitioning to peritoneal dialysis: it does not matter where you come from / Transição para diálise peritoneal: não importa de onde

Introduction: Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) frequently change renal replacement (RRT) therapy modality due to medical or social reasons. We aimed to evaluate the outcomes of patients under peritoneal dialysis (PD) according to the preceding RRT modality. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational single-center study in prevalent PD patients from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2017, who were followed for 60 months or until they dropped out of PD. Patients were divided into three groups according to the preceding RRT: prior hemodialysis (HD), failed kidney transplant (KT), and PD-first. Results: Among 152 patients, 115 were PD-first, 22 transitioned from HD, and 15 from a failing KT. There was a tendency for ultrafiltration failure to occur more in patients transitioning from HD (27.3% vs. 9.6% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.07). Residual renal function was better preserved in the group with no prior RRT (p < 0.001). A tendency towards a higher annual rate of peritonitis was observed in the prior KT group (0.70 peritonitis/year per patient vs. 0.10 vs. 0.21, p = 0.065). Thirteen patients (8.6%) had a major cardiovascular event, 5 of those had been transferred from a failing KT (p = 0.004). There were no differences between PD-first, prior KT, and prior HD in terms of death and technique survival (p = 0.195 and p = 0.917, respectively) and PD efficacy was adequate in all groups. Conclusions: PD is a suitable option for ESRD patients regardless of the previous RRT and should be offered to patients according to their clinical and social status and preferences.

Introdução: Pacientes com doença renal em estágio terminal (DRET) frequentemente mudam de modalidade de terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) por razões médicas ou sociais. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar desfechos de pacientes em diálise peritoneal (DP) segundo a modalidade anterior de TRS. Métodos: Realizamos estudo retrospectivo observacional unicêntrico, em pacientes prevalentes em DP, de 1º de janeiro de 2010 a 31 de dezembro de 2017, acompanhados por 60 meses ou até saírem de DP. Pacientes foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com a TRS anterior: hemodiálise prévia (HD), transplante renal malsucedido (TR) e DP como primeira opção (PD-first). Resultados: Entre 152 pacientes, 115 eram PD-first, 22 transitaram da HD e 15 de TR malsucedido. Houve tendência à maior ocorrência de falência de ultrafiltração em pacientes em transição da HD (27,3% vs. 9,6% vs. 6,7%; p = 0,07). A função renal residual foi melhor preservada no grupo sem TRS prévia (p < 0,001). Observou-se tendência à maior taxa anual de peritonite no grupo TR prévio (0,70 peritonite/ano por paciente vs. 0,10 vs. 0,21; p = 0,065). Treze pacientes (8,6%) tiveram um evento cardiovascular maior, cinco dos quais haviam sido transferidos de um TR malsucedido (p = 0,004). Não houve diferenças entre PD-first, TR prévio e HD prévia em termos de óbito e sobrevida da técnica (p = 0,195 e p = 0,917, respectivamente) e a eficácia da DP foi adequada em todos os grupos. Conclusões: A DP é uma opção adequada para pacientes com DRET, independentemente da TRS anterior, e deve ser oferecida aos pacientes de acordo com seu status clínico e social e suas preferências.

COVID-19 Computed tomography patterns in renal replacement therapy patients / Padrões de tomografia computadorizada da COVID-19 em pacientes em terapia renal substitutiva

ABSTRACT Introduction: Lung diseases are common in patients with end stage kidney disease (ESKD), making differential diagnosis with COVID-19 a challenge. This study describes pulmonary chest tomography (CT) findings in hospitalized ESKD patients on renal replacement therapy (RRT) with clinical suspicion of COVID-19. Methods: ESKD individuals referred to emergency department older than 18 years with clinical suspicion of COVID-19 were recruited. Epidemiological baseline clinical information was extracted from electronic health records. Pulmonary CT was classified as typical, indeterminate, atypical or negative. We then compared the CT findings of positive and negative COVID-19 patients. Results: We recruited 109 patients (62.3% COVID-19-positive) between March and December 2020, mean age 60 ± 12.5 years, 43% female. The most common etiology of ESKD was diabetes. Median time on dialysis was 36 months, interquartile range = 12-84. The most common pulmonary lesion on CT was ground glass opacities. Typical CT pattern was more common in COVID-19 patients (40 (61%) vs 0 (0%) in non-COVID-19 patients, p < 0.001). Sensitivity was 60.61% (40/66) and specificity was 100% (40/40). Positive predictive value and negative predictive value were 100% and 62.3%, respectively. Atypical CT pattern was more frequent in COVID-19-negative patients (9 (14%) vs 24 (56%) in COVID-19-positive, p < 0.001), while the indeterminate pattern was similar in both groups (13 (20%) vs 6 (14%), p = 0.606), and negative pattern was more common in COVID-19-negative patients (4 (6%) vs 12 (28%), p = 0.002). Conclusions: In hospitalized ESKD patients on RRT, atypical chest CT pattern cannot adequately rule out the diagnosis of COVID-19.

RESUMO Introdução: Doenças pulmonares são comuns em pacientes com doença renal em estágio terminal (DRET), dificultando o diagnóstico diferencial com COVID-19. Este estudo descreve achados de tomografia computadorizada de tórax (TC) em pacientes com DRET em terapia renal substitutiva (TRS) hospitalizados com suspeita de COVID-19. Métodos: Indivíduos maiores de 18 anos com DRET, encaminhados ao pronto-socorro com suspeita de COVID-19 foram incluídos. Dados clínicos e epidemiológicos foram extraídos de registros eletrônicos de saúde. A TC foi classificada como típica, indeterminada, atípica, negativa. Comparamos achados tomográficos de pacientes com COVID-19 positivos e negativos. Resultados: Recrutamos 109 pacientes (62,3% COVID-19-positivos) entre março e dezembro de 2020, idade média de 60 ± 12,5 anos, 43% mulheres. A etiologia mais comum da DRET foi diabetes. Tempo médio em diálise foi 36 meses, intervalo interquartil = 12-84. A lesão pulmonar mais comum foi opacidades em vidro fosco. O padrão típico de TC foi mais comum em pacientes com COVID-19 (40 (61%) vs. 0 (0%) em pacientes sem COVID-19, p < 0,001). Sensibilidade 60,61% (40/66), especificidade 100% (40/40). Valores preditivos positivos e negativos foram 100% e 62,3%, respectivamente. Padrão atípico de TC foi mais frequente em pacientes COVID-19-negativos (9 (14%) vs. 24 (56%) em COVID-19-positivos, p < 0,001), enquanto padrão indeterminado foi semelhante em ambos os grupos (13 (20%) vs. 6 (14%), p = 0,606), e padrão negativo foi mais comum em pacientes COVID-19-negativos (4 (6%) vs. 12 (28%), p = 0,002). Conclusões: Em pacientes com DRET em TRS hospitalizados, um padrão atípico de TC de tórax não pode excluir adequadamente o diagnóstico de COVID-19.

Dietitians' practices in dialysis units in Brazil: nutritional assessment and intervention / Práticas de nutricionistas em unidades de diálise no Brasil: avaliação e intervenção nutricionais

ABSTRACT Introduction: The importance of dietitians in dialysis units is indisputable and mandatory in Brazil, but little is known about the practices adopted by these professionals. Objective: To know practices adopted in routine nutritional care, focusing on nutritional assessment tools and treatment strategies for people at risk or diagnosed with malnutrition. Methodology: Electronic questionnaire disseminated on social media and messaging applications. It included questions that covered dietitians' demographic and occupational profile characteristics and of the dialysis unit, use and frequency of nutritional assessment tools, nutritional intervention strategies in cases of risk or diagnosis of malnutrition, prescription and access to oral supplements. Results: Twenty four percent of the Brazilian dialysis units (n = 207) responded electronically. The most used nutritional assessment tools with or without a pre-established frequency were dietary surveys (96%) and Subjective Global Assessment (83%). The strategies in cases of risk or presence of malnutrition used most frequently (almost always/always) were instructions to increase energy and protein intake from foods (97%), and increasing the frequency of visits (88%). The frequency of prescribing commercial supplements with standard and specialized formulas was quite similar. The availability of dietary supplements by the public healthcare system to patients varied between regions. Conclusion: Most dietitians use various nutritional assessment tools and intervention strategies in cases of risk or malnutrition; however, the frequency of use of such tools and strategies varied substantially.

Resumo Introdução: A importância da atuação do nutricionista em unidades de diálise é indiscutível e obrigatória no Brasil, porém pouco sabemos sobre as práticas adotadas por esses profissionais. Objetivo: Conhecer práticas adotadas na rotina dos atendimentos nutricionais, com foco nas ferramentas de avaliação nutricional e nas estratégias de tratamento das pessoas com risco ou diagnóstico de desnutrição. Metodologia: Questionário eletrônico divulgado em mídias sociais e aplicativos de mensagens. Incluiu questões que abrangiam características do perfil demográfico e ocupacional do profissional e da unidade de diálise, utilização e frequência de ferramentas de avaliação nutricional, estratégias de intervenção nutricional em casos de risco ou diagnóstico de desnutrição e prescrição e acesso a suplementos alimentares orais. Resultados: Foram recebidos eletronicamente o equivalente a 24% das unidades de diálise brasileiras (n = 207). As ferramentas de avaliação nutricional mais utilizadas com ou sem frequência pré-estabelecida foram inquéritos dietéticos (96%) e Avaliação Global Subjetiva (83%). As estratégias em casos de risco ou presença de desnutrição utilizadas com mais frequência (quase sempre/sempre) foram a orientação de incremento energético e proteico por meio de alimentos (97%) e o aumento da periodicidade das visitas (88%). A frequência de prescrição de suplemento industrializado de fórmula padrão e especializada foi bastante semelhante. A disponibilização de suplementos alimentares pelo Sistema Único de Saúde aos pacientes variou entre as regiões. Conclusão: A maior parte dos nutricionistas utiliza diversas ferramentas de avaliação nutricional e estratégias de intervenção em casos de risco ou desnutrição, porém a frequência de utilização de tais ferramentas e estratégias foi bastante variada.

Predictive Role of Resilience and Hope on Adherence to Treatment in Hemodialysis Patients / Papel predictivo de la resiliencia y la esperanza en la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes en hemodiálisis / Papel preditivo da resiliência e da esperança na adesão ao tratamento em pacientes em hemodiálise

Objective. To determine the predictive role of resilience and hope on adherence to treatment in hemodialysis patients hospitalized in two hospitals affiliated to Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran). Methods. This is a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted in 2021-2022 on 120 patients treated in hemodialysis sections in Namazi and Shahid Faqihi teaching hospitals. Sampling was conducted using a stratified random method. Demographic information questionnaires, Connor and Davidson's resilience, Snyder's hope and adherence to kidney patients' treatment questionnaires were used to collect the data. Results. The finds showed that the levels of resilience, hope, and adherence to treatment had hight level. More specifically, it was indicated that the mean and standard deviation for the total resilience score, the hope variable, and adherence to total treatment was 75.45±14.34, 40.43±3.66, and 80.12±18.20, respectively; which have maximum possible scores of 100, 48 and 100. Thus, it can be said that no correlation was observed between resilience and adherence to treatment variables (p>0.05); hope variable and adherence to treatment (p>0.05), and adherence to treatment with hope and resilience variables (p>0.05). However, hope and resilience variables showed a direct and weak correlation with each other (r=0.36, p<0.05); that is, patients who had more hope indicated better resilience as well. Conclusion. Although in this study we found that the resilience and hope variables were not able to predict the treatment adherence, hope and resilience indicated a direct and weak correlation. It is recommended that nurses should pay more attention to hope and resilience of hemodialysis patients in order to promote their health.

Objetivo. Determinar el papel predictivo de la resiliencia y la esperanza en la adherencia al tratamiento en pacientes en hemodiálisis internados en dos hospitales afiliados a la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Shiraz (Shiraz, Irán). Métodos. Se trata de un estudio descriptivo-analítico que se realizó en 2021-2022 con la participación de 120 pacientes tratados en secciones de hemodiálisis en los hospitales docentes Namazi y Shahid Faqihi. El muestreo se realizó mediante un método aleatorio estratificado. Para la recogida de datos se utilizaron datos demográficos y las escalas de resiliencia de Connor y Davidson, de esperanza de Snyder y de adherencia al tratamiento de pacientes renales. Resultados. Los hallazgos mostraron que los niveles de resiliencia, esperanza y adherencia al tratamiento se encontraban en niveles altos. Más concretamente, se indicó que la media y la desviación estándar para la puntuación total de resiliencia, la variable esperanza y la adherencia al tratamiento total fueron 75.45±14.34, 40,43±3.66 y 80.12±18.20, respectivamente; las cuales tienen como puntajes máximos posibles 100, 48 y 100. No se observó correlación entre las variables: resiliencia y adherencia al tratamiento (p>0.05), esperanza y la adherencia al tratamiento (p>0.05), y adherencia al tratamiento y las variables esperanza y resiliencia (p>0.05). Sin embargo, las variables esperanza y resiliencia mostraron una correlación directa y débil entre sí (r=0.36, p<0.05); es decir, los pacientes que tenían más esperanza indicaron también mejor resiliencia. Conclusión. Aunque en este estudio encontramos que las variables resiliencia y esperanza no fueron capaces de predecir la adherencia al tratamiento, la esperanza y la resiliencia indicaron una correlación directa y débil. Se recomienda que el personal de enfermería preste más atención a la esperanza y la resiliencia de los pacientes en hemodiálisis para promover su salud.

Objetivo. Determinar o papel preditivo da resiliência e da esperança na adesão ao tratamento em pacientes em hemodiálise internados em dois hospitais afiliados à Universidade de Ciências Médicas de Shiraz (Shiraz, Irã). Métodos. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo-analítico realizado em 2021-2022 com a participação de 120 pacientes atendidos nas seções de hemodiálise dos hospitais universitários Namazi e Shahid Faqihi. A amostragem foi realizada por método aleatório estratificado. Para a coleta de dados foram utilizados dados demográficos e as escalas de resiliência de Connor e Davidson, escalas de esperança de Snyder e adesão ao tratamento de pacientes renais. Resultados As descobertas mostraram que os níveis de resiliência, esperança e adesão ao tratamento estavam em níveis elevados. Mais especificamente, foi indicado que a média e o desvio padrão do escore de resiliência total, da variável esperança e da adesão total ao tratamento foram 75.45±14.34, 40.43±3.66 e 80.12±18.20, respectivamente; que possuem as pontuações máximas possíveis de 100, 48 e 100. Não foi observada correlação entre as variáveis: resiliência e adesão ao tratamento (p>0.05), esperança e adesão ao tratamento (p>0.05), e adesão ao tratamento e esperança e variáveis de resiliência (p>0.05). Contudo, as variáveis esperança e resiliência apresentaram correlação direta e fraca entre si (r=0.36, p<0.05); Ou seja, os pacientes mais esperançosos também indicaram melhor resiliência. Conclusão. Embora neste estudo tenhamos constatado que as variáveis resiliência e esperança não foram capazes de predizer a adesão ao tratamento, a esperança e a resiliência indicaram uma correlação direta e fraca. Recomenda-se que a equipe de enfermagem preste mais atenção à esperança e à resiliência dos pacientes em hemodiálise para promover sua saúde.

Incremento del riesgo hemorrágico en pacientes con fibrilación auricular y enfermedad renal crónica en hemodiálisis tratados con anticoagulantes. Serie de cuatro centros / Increased risk of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis treated with anticoagulants. A four center series

Resumen Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue estimar si el uso de anticoagulantes se asociaba con una diferencia en la frecuencia de trombosis de cualquier sitio, hemorragia mayor y mortalidad en adultos con coexistencia de ambas patologías. Método: Se realizó un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo en cuatro centros de alta complejidad. Se incluyeron mayores de 18 años con ERC en hemodiálisis y FA no valvular, con indicación de anticoagulación (CHA2DS2VASc ≥ 2). El desenlace primario fue la ocurrencia de sangrado mayor, evento trombótico (accidente vascular cerebral, infarto agudo al miocardio o enfermedad tromboembólica venosa) o muerte. Se realizó ajuste por variables de confusión por regresión logística. Resultados: De los 158 pacientes incluidos, el 61% (n = 97) recibieron anticoagulante. El desenlace principal se encontró en el 84% de quienes recibieron anticoagulación y en el 70% de quienes no la recibieron (OR: 2.12, IC95%: 0.98-4.57; luego del ajuste OR: 2.13, IC95%: 1.04-4.36). De los desenlaces mayores se presentaron sangrado en el 52% vs. el 34% (OR: 2.03; IC95%: 1.05-3.93), trombosis en el 35% vs. el 34% (OR: 1.03; IC95%: 0.52-2.01) y muerte en el 46% vs. el 41% (OR: 1.25; IC95%: 0.65-2.38). Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio sugieren un incremento en el riesgo de sangrado en los pacientes con FA y ERC en hemodiálisis que reciben anticoagulación, sin disminución del riesgo de eventos trombóticos ni de muerte.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to estimate whether the consumption of anticoagulants was associated with a difference in the frequency of thrombosis of any site, major bleeding and mortality, in adults with both diseases. Method: A retrospective cohort study was carried out in four high complexity centers. Patients older than 18 years with CKD on hemodialysis and non-valvular AF, with an indication for anticoagulation (CHA2DS2VASc ≥ 2), were included. The primary outcome was the occurrence of: major bleeding, thrombotic event (cerebrovascular accident, acute myocardial infarction or venous thromboembolic disease) or death. Adjustment for confounding variables was performed using logistic regression. Results: From 158 patients included, 61% (n = 97) received an anticoagulant. The main outcome was found in 84% of those who received anticoagulation and 70% of those who did not (OR: 2.12, 95%CI: 0.98-4.57; after the adjusted analysis OR: 2.13, 95%CI: 1.04-4.36). Separate outcomes were bleeding in 52% vs. 34% (OR: 2.03; 95%CI: 1.05-3.93), thrombosis in 35% vs. 34% (OR: 1.03; 95%CI: 0.52-2-01) and death in 46% vs. 41% (OR: 1.25; 95%CI: 0.65-2.38). Conclusions: The results of this study suggest an increased risk of bleeding in patients with AF and CKD on hemodialysis receiving anticoagulation, without a decrease in the risk of thrombotic events or all-cause mortality.

Controversy on the CONVINCE study findings: the PRO take / Controvérsia sobre os achados do estudo CONVINCE: a perspectiva PRO

ABSTRACT The CONVINCE study, recently published in the New England Journal of Medicine, reveals a groundbreaking 23% reduction in the relative risk of all-cause mortality among end-stage kidney patients undergoing high convective volume hemodiafiltration. This significant finding challenges the conventional use of high-flux hemodialysis and offers hope for improving outcomes in chronic kidney disease patients. While some controversies surround the study's findings, including concerns about generalizability and the causes of death, it is essential to acknowledge the study's design and its main outcomes. The CONVINCE study, part of the HORIZON 2020 project, enrolled 1360 patients and demonstrated the superiority of hemodiafiltration in reducing all-cause mortality overall, as well as in specific patient subgroups (elderly, short vintage, non-diabetic, and those without cardiac issues). Interestingly, it was shown that hemodiafiltration had a protective effect against infection, including COVID-19. Future research will address sustainability, dose scaling effects, identification of subgroups especially likely to benefit and cost-effectiveness. However, for now, the findings strongly support a broader adoption of hemodiafiltration in renal replacement therapy, marking a significant advancement in the field.

RESUMO O estudo CONVINCE, publicado recentemente no New England Journal of Medicine, revela uma redução inovadora de 23% no risco relativo de mortalidade por todas as causas entre pacientes renais em estágio terminal submetidos à hemodiafiltração de alto volume de convecção. Esse achado significativo desafia o uso convencional da hemodiálise de alto fluxo e oferece esperança de melhoria dos desfechos em pacientes com doença renal crônica. Embora algumas controvérsias cerquem os achados do estudo, incluindo preocupações sobre a generalização e as causas de óbito, é essencial reconhecer o desenho do estudo e seus principais desfechos. O estudo CONVINCE, parte do projeto HORIZON 2020, inscreveu 1.360 pacientes e demonstrou a superioridade da hemodiafiltração na redução da mortalidade por todas as causas em geral, bem como em subgrupos específicos de pacientes (idosos, HD de curta duração, não diabéticos e aqueles sem problemas cardíacos). Curiosamente, demonstrou-se que a hemodiafiltração teve um efeito protetor contra infecções, incluindo a COVID-19. Pesquisas futuras abordarão sustentabilidade, efeitos de escalonamento da dose, identificação de subgrupos especialmente propensos a se beneficiar e a relação custo-benefício. No entanto, por ora, os achados apoiam fortemente uma adoção mais ampla da hemodiafiltração na terapia renal substitutiva, marcando um avanço significativo na área.

Hemodiafiltration: a synergy yet to be convincing / Hemodiafiltração: uma sinergia ainda não convincente

ABSTRACT The desperate attempt to improve mortality, morbidity, quality of life and patient-reported outcomes in patients on hemodialysis has led to multiple attempts to improve the different modes, frequencies, and durations of dialysis sessions in the last few decades. Nothing has been more appealing than the combination of diffusion and convection in the form of hemodiafiltration. Despite the concrete evidence of better clearance of middle weight molecules and better hemodynamic stability, tangible evidence to support the universal adoption is still at a distance. Survival benefits seen in selected groups who are likely to tolerate hemodiafiltration with better vascular access and with lower comorbid burden, need to be extended to real life dialysis patients who are older than the population studied and have significantly higher comorbid burden. Technical demands of initiation hemodiafiltration, the associated costs, and the incremental benefits targeted, along with patient-reported outcomes, need to be explored further before recommending hemodiafiltration as the mode of choice.

RESUMO A tentativa desesperada de melhorar a mortalidade, morbidade, qualidade de vida e desfechos relatados pelos pacientes em indivíduos em hemodiálise levou a diversas tentativas de aprimorar os diferentes modos, frequências e durações das sessões de diálise nas últimas décadas. Nada foi mais atrativo do que a combinação de difusão e convecção na forma de hemodiafiltração. Apesar das evidências concretas de melhor depuração de moléculas de peso médio e melhor estabilidade hemodinâmica, evidências tangíveis para apoiar a adoção universal ainda estão distantes. Os benefícios de sobrevida observados em grupos selecionados que provavelmente toleram a hemodiafiltração com melhor acesso vascular e com menor carga de comorbidades precisam ser estendidos aos pacientes reais em diálise, que são mais velhos do que a população estudada e apresentam uma carga de comorbidades significativamente maior. As exigências técnicas do início da hemodiafiltração, os custos associados e os benefícios incrementais almejados, juntamente com os desfechos relatados pelos pacientes, precisam ser melhor explorados antes de se recomendar a hemodiafiltração como o modo de escolha.

High volume online hemodiafiltration: a global perspective and the Brazilian experience / Hemodiafiltração on-line de alto volume: uma perspectiva global e a experiência brasileira

ABSTRACT Online hemodiafiltration (HDF) is a rapidly growing dialysis modality worldwide. In Brazil, the number of patients with private health insurance undergoing HDF has exceeded the number of patients on peritoneal dialysis. The achievement of a high convection volume was associated with better clinical imprand patient - reported outcomes confirming the benefits of HDF. The HDFit trial provided relevant practical information on the implementation of online HDF in dialysis centers in Brazil. This article aims to disseminate technical information to improve the quality and safety of this new dialysis modality.

RESUMO A hemodiafiltração (HDF) on-line é uma modalidade dialítica em rápido crescimento no mundo. No Brasil, o número de pacientes com planos de saúde privados tratados por HDF já ultrapassa aquele de pacientes em diálise peritoneal. O alcance de um alto volume convectivo associado à redução de desfechos clínicos e do risco de morte confirmam os benefícios da HDF. Dados nacionais do estudo HDFit forneceram informações práticas relevantes sobre a implementação da HDF on-line em clínicas de diálise no Brasil. O objetivo desta publicação é a disseminação de informações técnicas que possam auxiliar na utilização, com qualidade e segurança, dessa nova modalidade dialítica.

Brazilian Dialysis Survey 2022 / Censo Brasileiro de Diálise 2022

Abstract Introduction: The Brazilian Dialysis Survey (BDS) is an annual national survey about patients on chronic dialysis that contributes to health policies. Objective: To report the 2022 epidemiological data from the BDS of the Brazilian Society of Nephrology (BSN). Methods: A survey was carried out in Brazilian chronic dialysis centers using an online questionnaire that included clinical and epidemiological aspects of patients on chronic dialysis, dialysis therapy data, and dialysis center characteristics. Results: Overall, 28% (n = 243) of the centers answered the questionnaire. In July 2022, the estimated total number of patients on dialysis was 153,831. The estimated prevalence and incidence rates of patients per million population (pmp) were 758 and 214, respectively. Of the prevalent patients, 95.3% were on hemodialysis (HD, 4.6% of these on hemodiafiltration) and 4.7% on peritoneal dialysis (PD). Only 1.3% of patients were not vaccinated against COVID-19. The prevalence of anemia (Hb < 10g/dL) was 27% and hyperphosphatemia (P > 5.5mg/dL) reached 30%. The estimated overall crude annual mortality rate was 17.1%. Conclusions: The absolute number and prevalence rate of patients on chronic dialysis continue to increase. A growing number of patients were receiving hemodiafiltration. The mortality rate decreased, probably due to the end of COVID-19 pandemic. The conclusions were drawn in the context of relatively low voluntary participation, which imposed methodological limitations on our estimates.

Resumo Introdução: O Censo Brasileiro de Diálise (CBD) é uma pesquisa nacional anual sobre pacientes em diálise crônica que contribui para as políticas de saúde. Objetivo: Informar os dados epidemiológicos de 2022 do CBD da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN). Métodos: Foi realizada uma pesquisa em centros brasileiros de diálise por meio de um questionário online que incluiu aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos de pacientes em diálise crônica, dados da terapia dialítica e características do centro de diálise. Resultados: No total, 28% (n = 243) dos centros de diálise ativos cadastrados na SBN responderam ao questionário. Em julho de 2022, o número total estimado de pacientes em diálise era de 153.831. As taxas estimadas de prevalência e incidência de pacientes por milhão (ppm) de habitantes foram 758 e 214, respectivamente. Dos pacientes prevalentes, 95,3% estavam em hemodiálise (HD; 4,6% desses em hemodiafiltração) e 4,7% em diálise peritoneal (DP). Apenas 1,3% dos pacientes não foram vacinados contra a COVID-19. A prevalência de anemia (Hb < 10g/dL) foi de 27% e de hiperfosfatemia (P > 5,5mg/dL) alcançou 30%. A taxa bruta total anual de mortalidade estimada foi de 17,1%. Conclusões: O número absoluto e a taxa de prevalência de pacientes em diálise crônica continuam a aumentar. Um número crescente de pacientes estava em hemodiafiltração. A taxa de mortalidade diminuiu, provavelmente devido ao fim da pandemia da COVID-19. As conclusões foram de um contexto de participação voluntária relativamente baixa, o que impõe limitações metodológicas às nossas estimativas.

Análise do conhecimento e das práticas biosseguras do técnico de enfermagem nas unidades de diálise / Analysis of knowledge and biosafety practices of licensed practical nurses in dialysis units / Análisis de conocimientos y prácticas de bioseguridad de enfermeros no diplomados en unidades de diálisis

Objetivo: analisar o conhecimento e as práticas do técnico de enfermagem sobre os princípios de biossegurança na assistência à saúde em unidades de diálise. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa, observacional e descritiva. Desenvolvido em dois serviços de diálise na região sul do Brasil, sendo um público e outro de caráter privado, com 17 técnicos de enfermagem. A coleta de dados ocorreu em julho de 2021, através de um questionário, sendo analisada pela teoria proposta por Bardin. Resultados: Os principais fatores identificados que influenciam no conhecimento e nas práticas de biossegurança do técnico de enfermagem são: formação profissionalizante de qualidade, educação continuada, acesso aos equipamentos de proteção, dúvidas sobre as condutas adequadas, sobrecarga e desgaste dos profissionais. Ademais, entende-se que a pandemia de covid-19 provocou melhorias, ao mesmo tempo que agravou outras questões inerentes à assistência. Não foram identificadas diferenças significativas entre o serviço público e privado. Conclusão: Espera-se que a pesquisa estimule os técnicos de enfermagem e as instituições a buscarem o aperfeiçoamento dos conhecimentos e das práticas de biossegurança, no qual incentiva-se a implementação de uma educação continuada de qualidade, a fim de proporcionar um cuidado mais assertivo. (AU)

Objective: to analyze the knowledge and practices of licensed practical nurses on the principles of biosafety in health care in dialysis units. Methods: This is an exploratory study with a qualitative, observational and descriptive approach. Developed in two dialysis services in southern Brazil, one public and another private, with 17 licensed practical nurses. Data collection took place in July 2021, through a questionnaire, being analyzed by the theory proposed by Bardin. Results: The main factors identified that influence the knowledge and practices of biosafety of licensed practical nurses are: quality professional training, continuing education, access to protective equipment, doubts about appropriate conduct, overload and wear of professionals. Furthermore, it is understood that the covid-19 pandemic brought improvements, at the same time that it aggravated other issues inherent to care. No significant differences were identified between the public and private services. Conclusion: It's expected that the research will encourage licensed practical nurses and their institutions to seek the improvement of knowledge and biosafety practices, which encourages the implementation of quality continuing education, in order to provide more assertive care. (AU)

Objetivo: analizar los conocimientos y prácticas de los enfermeros no diplomados sobre los principios de bioseguridad en la atención de la salud en unidades de diálisis. Métodos: Estudio exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, observacional y descriptivo. Desarrollado en dos servicios de diálisis en el sur de Brasil, uno público y otro privado, con 17 enfermeros no diplomados. La recolección de datos tuvo lugar en julio de 2021, por medio de un cuestionario, siendo analizados por la teoría propuesta por Bardin. Resultados: Los principales factores identificados que influyen en los conocimientos y prácticas de bioseguridad de los enfermeros no diplomados son: formación profesional de calidad, educación continua, acceso a equipos de protección, dudas sobre la conducta adecuada, sobrecarga y desgaste de los profesionales. Además, se entiende que la pandemia del covid-19 trajo consigo mejoras, al mismo tiempo que agravó otras cuestiones inherentes a la atención. No se identificaron diferencias significativas entre el servicio público y privado. Conclusión: Se espera que la investigación estimule a los enfermeros no diplomados e instituciones a buscar la mejora del conocimiento y las prácticas de bioseguridad, lo que incentiva la implementación de una educación continua de calidad, con el fin de brindar una atención más asertiva. (AU)

Prevalence and patterns of thyroid dyfunction in chronic kidney disease patients in a tertiary hospital in southern Nigeria

Background: Several studies have identified that a decline in renal function as occurs in chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with thyroid dysfunction among other endocrine disorders. The prevalence and pattern of thyroid dysfunction in CKD patients in our environment is however not known. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and pattern of thyroid dysfunction in dialysis na飗e CKD patients in a tertiary hospital in Southern Nigeria. Methods: This was a cross sectional study involving 100 participants with established CKD and 100 age and sex matched healthy controls. Relevant data were collected using an interviewer based questionnaire. Samples collected from the participants were assayed for fT3, fT4, TSH and serum creatinine. Analyses was done using version 25 of the SPSS software at a 95% confidence interval and a p value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: There were 93 males and 107 females with mean ages of 46.3�.9 and 45.7�.9 years for the CKD and control participants respectively (p=0.7587). The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction was 45% in the CKD group and 4% in the control group. Sick euthyroid syndrome was the commonest form of thyroid dysfunction (23%), followed by subclinical hypothyroidism (14%). Thyroid dysfunction increased with increasing severity of CKD but this was not statistically significant. Conclusions: Thyroid dysfunction is highly prevalent in dialysis naive CKD patients. Further studies need to be carried out to determine risk factors and evaluate the impact of treatment in these patients following which a guideline for screening and management can be developed.

Demographic and occupational profile of dietitians working in dialysis centers in Brazil / Perfil demográfico e ocupacional de nutricionistas que atuam em unidades de diálise no Brasil

ABSTRACT Introduction: In 2004, the Ministry of Health stipulated that dialysis centers were required to have at least one dietitian on their staff. However, the regulation did not include recommendations regarding the number of dietitians or the workload based on the number of patients assisted. Objective: To describe the demographic and occupational profiles of dietitians working in dialysis centers in Brazil. Methodology: An electronic questionnaire was disseminated in social media and messaging apps with questions about the demographic and occupational profile of dietitians working in dialysis centers and matters related to patient care. Results: A total of 207 questionnaires were answered, covering 24% of the dialysis centers in Brazil. More than half of the dietitians (58%) had worked for more than five years in dialysis centers, and 83% reported additional training in Nephrology. The median (interquartile range) number of patients per monthly working hour was 1.6 (1.0-2.3). Considering all dialysis centers, 64% of the patients were seen at least once a month. Differences in demographic/occupational profiles and patient care were associated with workload, the main source of dialysis funding, and Brazilian geographical region. Conclusion: Most dietitians were experienced and trained in Nephrology. Substantial variability was found in the number of patients per dietitian workload, and proportion of patients receiving monthly nutritional care. Further studies are needed to discuss the demands of dietitians, dialysis centers, and patients.

RESUMO Introdução: Em 2004, o Ministério da Saúde estabeleceu que cada serviço de diálise deve ter no mínimo um nutricionista vinculado a ele. Porém, a regulamentação não incluiu recomendações em relação ao número de profissionais ou à carga horária de acordo com o número de pacientes assistidos. Objetivo: Conhecer o perfil e as práticas de nutricionistas que atuam em unidades de diálise brasileiras. Metodologia: O questionário eletrônico divulgado em mídias sociais e aplicativos de mensagens incluiu questões que abrangiam características do perfil demográfico e ocupacional do profissional e da unidade de diálise, além de perguntas relacionadas ao atendimento dos pacientes. Resultados: Foram recebidos eletronicamente 207 questionários, o equivalente a 24% das unidades de diálise brasileiras. Mais da metade dos nutricionistas (58%) atuava havia mais de cinco anos em unidades de diálise e 83% referiram formação complementar na área da Nefrologia. A mediana (interquartis) do número de pacientes por hora mensal de trabalho foi 1,6 (1,0-2,3). Considerando todas as unidades, o percentual de pacientes atendidos mensalmente foi correspondente a 64%. Diferenças no perfil e nas práticas foram encontradas de acordo com a carga horária, principal fonte financiadora da unidade de diálise e região demográfica brasileira. Conclusão: A maioria dos nutricionistas tem boa experiência e formação na área. Foi encontrada uma grande variabilidade em relação ao número de pacientes por carga horária do profissional e do percentual de indivíduos que recebiam atendimento nutricional mensal. São necessárias investigações que avaliem questões relacionadas tanto às demandas dos profissionais quanto às das unidades contratantes e dos pacientes.

Adherence to treatment in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis / Adesão ao tratamento de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise

Objective: To identify the adherence to therapeutic regimens in patients with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis (HD). Method: This is a descriptive, cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach developed at an HD center in the south of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The study participants were 51 patients undergoing HD. Personal, socioeconomic, and objective data were collected, and the End-Stage Renal Disease Adherence Questionnaire (ESRD-AQ) was applied. The analysis was performed using simple descriptive statistics. Result: The average age was 56.7 years, and 58% of the patients were male. The percentages of non-adherence were diet (35.4%), hemodialysis (21.6%), fluid intake (15.7%), and medication (13.7%). Conclusion: Therapeutic adherence is a complex process that requires constant monitoring by a multidisciplinary team.

Objetivo: Identificar a adesão ao regime terapêutico de pacientes com doença renal crônica em hemodiálise. Método: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo, transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, desenvolvido em um centro de hemodiálise situado no sul de Minas Gerais. Os participantes do estudo foram 51 pacientes em tratamento hemodialítico. Foram coletados dados pessoais, socioeconômicos, objetivos aplicado o "Questionário de avaliação sobre a adesão do portador de doença renal crônica em hemodiálise". A análise foi realizada por meio de estatística descritiva simples. Resultado: A média de idade foi de 56,7 anos e 58% dos pacientes foram do sexo masculino. Os percentuais de não aderência encontrados foram dieta (35,4%), hemodiálise (21,6%), ingestão de líquidos (15,7%) e medicação (13,7%). Conclusão: A adesão terapêutica é um processo complexo, e por isso necessita de acompanhamento constante pela equipe multiprofissional.

Understanding among dialysis therapist and technologist about prevention protocols of COVID-19 in north-west zone of India: a questionnaire-based survey

Background: All over the world human community fighting with COVID-19. It affected a large number of population. Our immune system helps fighting with COVID-19, CKD patients which are on MHD are more prone to COVID-19 infection. MHD patient required twice or thrice a week dialysis. During dialysis, a therapist plays a major role in COVID-19 HD procedure of CKD patients. Dialysis therapist works like a frontline warrior. Aim was to observe the understanding of dialysis therapist/technologist about COVID-19 protocols for prevention of COVID-19 infection. Methods: A total 122 responder from northwest zone of India attended question-based survey form on the understanding of the infection prevention procedure of COVID-19 maintenance hemodialysis patients. Question set was based on union health ministry of Indian government guideline for dialysis unit set up for COVID-19 patients, Dialysis therapist and patents care taker. Data collection was done by online sampling method. Results: Study observed dialysis therapist of northwest India about understanding of COVID-19 prevention protocols. Approximate- 122 participants include in this study. But major case of COVID-19 treating in government sector hospitals. This study observed that mostly participants have good understanding about COVID-19 infection prevention protocols. Conclusions: Required a regular education training program for all government and private sector health workers for infection control practices of COVID-19. Dialysis therapist and other health workers are doing work like a frontline warrior, their safety is a major concern so we can avoid the risk of transmission of disease to dialysis therapist.

A comparative analysis of serum phosphorus levels and mineral metabolic markers in non-dialysis and dialysis chronic kidney disease patient: a cross-sectional study

Background: Chronic kidney disease is a major public health problem worldwide. As kidney function declines, it leads to several metabolic abnormalities including dysregulation of mineral metabolism. It is also reported that hyperphosphatemia in patients with advanced kidney disease is associated with an increased risk of mortality and cardiovascular events, and is higher in dialysis-dependent chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients compared to non-dialysis CKD. However, data in the Indian context is limited. Objectives were to evaluate and compare serum phosphorus levels and associated factors in non-dialysis and dialysis CKD patients. Also, the impact of dietary phosphate restriction and the use of phosphate binders on serum phosphorus is analysed. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Kolkata, India, with 100 CKD patients: 50 non-dialysis CKD patients and 50 dialysis-dependent CKD patients. Relevant demographic, clinical and laboratory parameters including serum phosphorus, calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH), alkaline phosphatase, albumin and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were collected. Data was analyzed using appropriate statistical tests. Results: Mean serum phosphorus was significantly higher in the dialysis CKD group (6.12±0.34 mg/dl) compared to the non-dialysis CKD group (4.56±0.80 mg/dl). Serum calcium and PTH were also higher while eGFR and albumin were lower in the dialysis CKD group. Serum phosphorus levels increased with advancing CKD stages in the non-dialysis group. Phosphate binder helped phosphorus control in dialysis CKD patients. Conclusions: Our study is in confluence with other reports and dietary phosphate restriction and the use of phosphate binders help optimize phosphorus levels in CKD patients.

Factores que influyen en la supervivencia de pacientes con diálisis en El Salvador / Influencing Factors in the Survival of Dialysis Patients in El Salvador

Introducción. La enfermedad renal crónica es responsable de aproximadamente 2,4 millones de defunciones a nivel mundial. La supervivencia a los cinco años después de iniciar diálisis se encuentra entre un 39 a 60 % dependiendo del país. Objetivo. Describir la situación epidemiológica de los pacientes con diálisis y analizar los factores que influyen en la supervivencia de pacientes a cinco años de iniciar tratamiento sustitutivo renal en El Salvador. Metodología. Estudio de cohorte retrospectivo de los pacientes incluidos en el Registro Nacional de Diálisis y Trasplante Renal desde enero de 2016 hasta febrero de 2023. El seguimiento se comenzó al inicio de la diálisis, el evento de interés fue la muerte del paciente. Se utilizó el método de Kaplan-Meier para determinar la supervivencia al año y a los cinco años y la regresión de Cox con el modelo de Royston-Parmar para analizar los factores que influyen sobre la supervivencia a los cinco años. Resultados. El estudio incluyó 7088 pacientes, la supervivencia a uno y cinco años fue del 79,5 % (IC 95 %: 78,6-80,5) y 50,6 % (IC 95 %: 49,1-52,1) respectivamente. La regresión de Cox para la edad de inicio de tratamiento resultó en un hazard ratio de 1,02 (IC 95 %: 1,01-1,02), mientras que para el oficio de ser agricultor el hazard ratio fue 1,1 (IC 95 %: 1,01-1,18) y para la etiología hipertensiva el hazard ratio fue de 0,7 (IC 95 %: 0,64-0,78). Conclusión. La edad de inicio de tratamiento y el ser agricultor están asociados con una menor supervivencia a cinco años en pacientes con diálisis

Introduction. The chronic kidney disease is responsible for approximately 2.4 million deaths worldwide, in El Salvador during 2019 death rate was 72.9 for 100 000 habitants, five year survival in patients after starting dialysis was between 39 and 60 % depending on the country. Objective. Analyze the factors that influence the five years survival in patients after starting renal replacement therapy in El Salvador. Methodology. It is a retrospective cohort study from patients included in dialysis and renal replacement therapy national registry from January 2016 to February 2023, the start point for the following was the initiation of dialysis, the event of interest was patient ́s death, the Kaplan-Meier method was used to determine one year and five year survival; and Cox regression with Royston-Parmar model was used to analyze the factors that influence survival. Results. The study included 7088 patients, one and five-years survival was 79.5 % (CI 95 %: 78.6-80.5) and 50.6 % (CI 95 %: 49.1-52.1) respectively. The Cox regression for age of treatment initiation resulted in a hazard ratio of 1.02 (CI 95 %: 1.01-1.02), while for farmers, the hazard ratio was 1.09 (CI 95 %: 1.00-1.18), for hypertensive etiology the hazard ratio was 0.7 (CI 95 %: 0.64-0.78). Conclusion. Data suggest that age of treatment initiation, and jobs related to agriculture were associated with less five year survival in dialysis patients.

The relationship between serum bicarbonate and cardiovascular events in peritoneal dialysis patients / 安徽医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the correlation between serum bicarbonate level and cardiovascular events in peritoneal dialysis(PD)patients.Methods The data of PD patients who underwent PD catheterization and were followed up regularly until March 31,2023 were retrospectively collected.The included patients were divided into low bicarbonate group and normal bicarbonate group according to the time-averaged serum bicarbonate level.The incidence of cardiovascular events(including coronary heart disease,heart failure,stroke,peripheral vascular dis-ease,death related to cardiovascular surgery or death due to aneurysm dissection or rupture,fatal pulmonary em-bolism,or death from other or unknown cardiovascular causes)was compared between the two groups and the risk factors for cardiovascular events were analyzed.Results At the end of follow-up,a total of 110 PD patients were included,and 34 patients had cardiovascular events.Compared with the normal bicarbonate group,the low bicar-bonate group had a higher incidence of cardiovascular events.Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that the risk of cardiovascular events in the low bicarbonate group was 4.197 times higher than that in the normal bicarbon-ate group(95％CI=2.115-8.331,P＜0.001).After adjusting for multiple confounding factors,the risk of car-diovascular events in the low bicarbonate group was 3.506 times higher than that in the normal bicarbonate group(95％CI=1.709-7.193,P=0.001).The results of multivariate competing risk model showed that the risk of cardiovascular events in the low bicarbonate group was 3.801 times higher than that in the normal bicarbonate group(95％CI=1.920-7.525,P＜0.001).Conclusion Low serum bicarbonate level is closely related to the oc-currence of cardiovascular events in patients with PD,and it is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events in patients with PD.