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@#Echinococcosis is a common zoonotic disease in livestock; the type with the highest incidence is cystic echinococcosis (CE). In clinical management, patients with CE of the liver in which the cyst wall is calcified have been found to have better prognoses than those without calcification. In this study, we collected calcified and uncalcified cyst wall tissue from patients with hepatic CE and observed significant changes in the expression of 2336 messenger ribonucleic acids (mRNAs), 178 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), 210 microRNAs (miRNAs), and 33 circular RNAs (circRNAs) using high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses of differentially expressed RNAs (DERNAs: DEmRNAs, DElncRNAs, DEmiRNAs, and DEcircRNAs) were performed to explore these RNAs’ potential biological functions and signaling pathways. Ultimately, the results of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining confirmed the correlation between calcification and apoptosis of the cyst wall. In summary, this study was an initial exploration of the molecular-biological mechanism underlying spontaneous calcification of the hydatid cyst wall, and it provides a theoretical basis for exploring new targets for drug treatment in CE.
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El tratamiento quirúrgico de la equinococosis quística hepática se asocia (entre otras), con una tasa de recurrencia actual de hasta 27%, aunque es infrecuente la recurrencia después de la exéresis total de un quiste intacto. Por lo general, la recurrencia ocurre producto del derrame de estructuras parasitarias vivas a alguna cavidad, o de dejar residuos de germinal, vesículas hijas o protoescólices durante la cirugía. La recurrencia suele ser asintomática, por lo que el diagnóstico depende, casi exclusivamente, de un seguimiento riguroso y prolongado en el tiempo, con controles clínicos, determinaciones serológicas, e imágenes. El tratamiento puede incluir el uso de albendazol, asociado a técnicas de radiología intervencionista o cirugía. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue generar un documento de lectura referente a la recurrencia de la equinococosis quística hepática.
Surgical treatment of hepatic cystic echinococcosis is associated (among others), with a current recurrence rate of up to 27%; although recurrence after total resection of an intact cyst is rare. In general, recurrence occurs as a result of the spillage of living parasitic structures into a cavity, or of leaving germinal residues, daughter vesicles, or protoscolices during surgery. Recurrence is usually asymptomatic, so the diagnosis depends almost exclusively on a rigorous and prolonged follow-up, with clinical controls, serological determinations, and images. Treatment may include the use of albendazole, followed by interventional radiology techniques or surgery. The aim of this manuscript was to generate a reading document regarding the recurrence of hepatic cystic echinococcosis.
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SUMMARY: Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), is a tapeworm that spreads between intermediate and definitive hosts through the ingestion of fecal matter contaminated with the parasite's eggs. The life cycle consists of differentiation from eggs to oncospheres to embryos, which eventually form cysts in organs like the liver, lungs and others. Within these cysts are protoscolices, an intermediate stage of the parasite which develop into adult tapeworms once they infect their definitive hosts. When these hydatid cysts form in humans, it is known as Cystic Echinococcosis (CE). This disease is treated through surgical excision of the cysts and or chemotherapy with benzimidazole compounds. Understanding the morphology of the intermediate developmental stage of E. granulosus, protoscolex stage, can allow researchers to identify defining structural changes and protein functions that could be used to develop treatment modalities for CE. Unique characteristics in the tegumental surface during the protoescolex stage and proteins associated with cyst fertility have all been identified in previous research studies and bring researchers closer to understanding the underlying mechanisms of E. granulosus development, and consequently, means to disrupt it to achieve better control of the disease.
El Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), es un cestodo que se propaga entre huéspedes intermedios y definitivos a través de la ingestión de materia fecal contaminada con los huevos del parásito. El ciclo de vida consiste en la diferenciación de huevos a oncosferas y embriones, que finalmente forman quistes en órganos como el hígado, los pulmones y otros. Dentro de estos quistes hay protoescólices, una etapa intermedia del parásito que se convierte en su forma adulta (tenia), una vez que infectan a sus huéspedes definitivos. Cuando estos quistes hidatídicos se desarrollan en seres humanos, se les conoce como equinococosis quística (EC). Esta enfermedad se trata mediante la extirpación quirúrgica de los quistes o la quimioterapia con compuestos benzimidazólicos. La comprensión de la morfología de la etapa de desarrollo intermedia del E. granulosus y la etapa de protosclex, puede permitir a los investigadores identificar cambios estructurales definidos y funciones de proteínas que podrían usarse para desarrollar modalidades de tratamiento para la CE. Las características únicas en la superficie tegumentaria durante la etapa de protoescolex y las proteínas asociadas con la fertilidad del quiste se han identificado en estudios de investigación anteriores y acercan a los investigadores a la comprensión de los mecanismos subyacentes del desarrollo del E. granulosus y, en consecuencia, los medios para interrumpirlo para lograr un mejor control de la enfermedad.
Subject(s)
Animals , Echinococcus granulosus/anatomy & histology , Echinococcus granulosus/growth & development , Echinococcus granulosus/pathogenicity , EchinococcosisABSTRACT
La hidatidosis es una antropozoonosis causada por la larva del Echinococcus granulosus. El órgano más afectado es el hígado, seguido por pulmones, riñones y sistema osteomuscular. Generalmente, tienen baja progresión y tienden a ser asintomáticos. La sintomatología inespecífica dificulta el diagnóstico y conduce a la realización de procedimientos diagnósticos innecesarios. Los quistes hidatídicos de los órganos pélvicos femeninos pueden confundirse inicialmente como tumores quísticos ováricos o infecciones pelvianas. Esta entidad deber considerarse como diagnóstico diferencial de cualquier lesión pélvica quística en pacientes en zonas endémicas. La cirugía es el estándar de tratamiento y la exploración de la cavidad abdominal es esencial en la búsqueda de quistes en otras localizaciones. Los medicamentos antihelmínticos pueden ayudar a disminuir la recurrencia. Se presenta un caso de hidatidosis pélvica primaria(AU)
Hydatidosis is an anthropozoonosis caused by the larva of Echinococcus granulosus. The most affected organ is liver, followed by lungs, kidneys and osteo-muscular system. Generally, it has low progression and tend to be asymptomatic. The non-specific symptomatology makes diagnosis difficult and leads to unnecessary diagnostic procedures. Hydatid cysts of the female pelvic organs may initially be mistaken for ovarian cystic tumors or pelvic infections. This entity should be considered as a differential diagnosis of any pelvic cystic lesion in patients in endemic areas. Surgery is the standard of treatment and exploration of the abdominal cavity is essential in the search for cysts in other locations. Anthelmintic drugs may help decrease recurrence. A case of primary pelvic hydatidosis is presented(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Adult , Pelvic Pain/diagnosis , Pelvic Infection , Echinococcus granulosus , Echinococcosis/transmission , General Surgery , Diagnostic Imaging , Abdominal Cavity , Kidney , Liver , Lung , Musculoskeletal SystemABSTRACT
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by the larva of Echinococcus granulosus (Eg), is one of the key parasitic diseases to prevent and control in China. The Eg95 protein is a recognized vaccine candidate molecule, and the development of vector-mediated Eg95 vaccine is one of the current research hotspots in CE. This article summarizes the development status of Eg95 vaccine such as vaccinia virus, orf virus, goatpox virus, rabies virus, Salmonella typhimurium, Bacille Calmette-Guerin, Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Bifidobacteria bifidum, in order to provide valuable information for the immune prevention of CE.
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El Paraguay integra la Iniciativa Sudamericana para el Control y Vigilancia de Equinococosis Quística. Con el fin de optimizar los informes epidemiológicos sobre hidatidosis, presentamos tres casos clínicos vistos en centros nacionales y realizamos una revisión de la literatura local sobre el tópico. Desde 1969 hasta la fecha se describen 70 casos de equinococosis quística. Se requieren estudios epidemiológicos sistemáticos para evaluar el grado de penetración, la distribución geográfica y las características de transmisión de esta enfermedad en nuestro país.
Paraguay is a member of the South American Initiative for the Control and Surveillance of Cystic Echinococcosis. In order to optimize the epidemiological reports on hydatidosis, we present three clinical cases seen in national centers and we carry out a review of the local literature on the topic. From 1969 to date, 70 cases of cystic echinococcosis have been described. Systematic epidemiological studies are required to assess the degree of penetration, geographic distribution, and transmission characteristics of this disease in our country.
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Hydatid cyst disease caused by Echinococcus granulosus is commonly seen in the liver but rarely seen in the kidneys, in addition, the isolated renal occurrence is estimated to be about as low as 2–4% of all cases. A 38-year-old male presented with ambiguous left flank pain to the urology clinic. After examination and imaging, he was diagnosed with suspected renal cell carcinoma in the left kidney. Nephrectomy was done and ELISA suggested strongly positive for Hydatid cyst which was later confirmed by histopathological examination. Isolated renal hydatid cyst is an exceedingly rare condition and could possibly be misdiagnosed with other renal masses. The clinical history, laboratory tests, and thorough radiologic imaging are crucial, for accurate preoperative diagnosis as the disease may have no symptoms for years.
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La equinococosis quística (EQ) a pesar de ser una enfermedad endémica en diversos lugares del planeta, presenta pocos estudios morfológicos y cuantitativos de las estructuras fundamentales del Echinococcus granulosus en humanos, en especial de los protoescólices. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar morfocuantitativamente protoescólices y otras estructuras fundamentales de E. granulosus obtenidos de hospederos humanos. Estudio de corte transversal. Se estudiaron 8 especímenes de EQ hepática humana, aplicando un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se evaluó las capas quísticas, el líquido y la arenilla hidatídica. Las capas fueron fijadas en formaldehido tamponado a 10 % y procesadas para su inclusión en paraplast. Se realizaron cortes de 5 µm de grosor y fueron teñidas con H-E para su análisis con microscopía óptica. El líquido y arenilla fueron centrifugados y al sedimento obtenido se le realizó análisis directo para determinar las medidas morfométricas de los protoescólices y de los ganchos grandes y pequeños. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva. De los 8 quistes estudiados, 6 eran quistes univesicular, uno multivesicular y un quiste abscedado, cuyas capas laminada y germinativa se encontraban bien definidas. Las vesículas prolígeras presentaban forma redondeada con protoescólices en su interior. Los protoescólices invaginados presentaron un largo y ancho promedio de 140,8 ± 34,3 µm y 106,2 ± 29,5 µm, respectivamente; y los desarrollados un largo de 237,2 ± 53,0 µm y ancho de 128,7 ± 32,0 µm. Los ganchos rostelares presentaron contornos suaves distribuidos en dos filas regulares. El promedio del largo total de los ganchos grandes y pequeños fue 20,1 ± 2,7 µm; el promedio del ancho total fue 7,4 ± 1,2 µm. En conclusión, las características morfocuantitativas de los ganchos de E. granulosus en humanos, son distintos a otras especies hospederas intermediarias y de otros Echinococcus spp. Es posible que el abandono del estado de resistencia de los protoescólices invaginado hasta su desarrollo genere implicancias epidemiológicas de interés.
SUMMARY: Although cystic echinococcosis (CE) is an endemic disease in several parts of the world, few morphological and quantitative studies of the fundamental structures of Echinococcus granulosus in humans, especially protoscolices. The aim of this study was to perform a morphoquantitative analysis of protoescolex and other fundamental structures of E. granulosus from human hosts. Cross- sectional study. Eight human hepatic EQ specimens were studied, applying non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Cystic layers, fluid and hydatid grit were evaluated. The layers were fixed in 10% buffered formaldehyde and processed for embedding in paraplast. Slices of 5 µm thickness were made and stained with H-E for light microscopic analysis. The liquid and grit were centrifuged and the sediment obtained was analyzed directly to determine the morphometric measurements of the protoscolices and the large and small hooks. Descriptive statistics were used. Of the 8 cysts studied, 6 were univesicular cysts, one multivesicular and one abscessed cyst, whose lamellar and germinative layers were well defined. The proligerous vesicles had a rounded shape with protoscolices inside. The invaginated protoscolices had an average length and width of 140.8 ± 34.3 µm and 106.2 ± 29.5 µm, respectively; and the developed ones had a length of 237.2 ± 53.0 µm and width of 128.7 ± 32.0 µm. The rostellar hooks presented smooth contours distributed in two regular rows. The average total length of the large and small hooks was 20.1 ± 2.7 µm; the average total width was 7.4 ± 1.2 µm. In conclusion, the morphoquantitative characteristics of E. granulosus hooks in humans are distinct from other intermediate host species and from other Echinococcus spp. It is possible that the abandonment of the resistance state of the invaginated protoscolices until their development generates epidemiological implications of interest.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Echinococcus granulosus/anatomy & histology , Echinococcosis/parasitology , Cross-Sectional StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Knowledge of the distribution cystic is required for its territorial control. Aim: To describe the spatial distribution of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato genotypes by host in the American continent. MATERRIAL AND METHODS: A systematic review of studies from the American continent, related to genotypes of the E. granulosus s.l complex were included, including any host species, without restriction of language or year of publication. Sensitive searches were performed based on sensitive searches from PubMed, EMBASE, ScienceDirect, SCOPUS and WoS; SciELO and BIREME-BVS and Trip Database. MeSH and free terms were used, including articles up to December 2020. Cartography was carried out with the Arc Map 10® program, using a world geodetic system. Result variables sought were genotype, host, geographic location, year of publication, number of samples, genes used for genotyping. RESULTS: From 1123 retrieved studies retrieved, 53 met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The studies analyzed represent 3,397 samples from humans and animals. Thirty six percent of articles were published in the five-year period 2016-2020. Reports were mainly from Argentina (27.9%), Brazil (20.6%) and Chile (13.2%). The most reported genotypes globally were G1-G3 (47.3%), G7 (15.3%), G5 (14.6%) and G6 (13.3%). A predominance of G1-G3 and G6 genotypes was verified in South America, G8 and G10 in North America, and "epidemiological silence" in Central America and the Caribbean. Conclusions: Spatial analysis allows defining the relationship of territories and cases with their own characteristics, which can help to plan control interventions.
Subject(s)
Humans , Echinococcus granulosus/genetics , Echinococcosis , Argentina/epidemiology , Brazil , Genotype , AnimalsABSTRACT
Primary splenic hydatid cyst is a rare entity even in endemic areas. In most cases it presents asymptomatically being diagnosed by imaging findings. Treatment is multimodal and individualized, being surgical treatment the one that allows an integral solution of the disease. Conventional surgery continues to be the "Gold standard" in its approach. We present the case of a patient with this condition and the resolution approached by the surgical team.
O cisto hidatides esplénico primário é uma entidade rara mesmo em áreas endémicas. Na maioria dos casos apresenta-se de forma assintomática, sendo diagnosticada através de resultados de imagem. O tratamento é multimodal e individualizado, com um tratamento cirúrgico que proporciona uma solução abrangente para a condição. A cirurgia convencional continua a ser a abordagem "padrão de ouro". Apresentamos o caso de um paciente com esta condição e a resolução abordada pela equipa cirúrgica.
El quiste hidático primario esplénico es una entidad poco frecuente aún en áreas endémicas. Se presenta en la mayoría de los casos de forma asintomática, siendo diagnosticado por hallazgo imagenológico. El tratamiento es multimodal e individualizado, siendo el tratamiento quirúrgico el que permite una solución integral de la dolencia. La cirugía convencional sigue siendo el "Gold estándar" en su abordaje. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con esta afección y la resolución abordada por el equipo de cirugía.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Middle Aged , Splenic Diseases/surgery , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/surgery , Splenectomy , Splenic Diseases/diagnosis , Albendazole/therapeutic use , Echinococcosis, Hepatic/diagnosis , Anthelmintics/therapeutic useABSTRACT
RESUMEN La equinococosis quística (EQ) en niños es un problema de salud pública. Para describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de la EQ se revisaron los registros de 55 niños con diagnóstico confirmado de EQ admitidos entre 2017 y 2019 en un centro quirúrgico referencial del Perú. Se analizaron los datos demográficos, las manifestaciones clínicas y el tratamiento. El 61,8% (34/55) de los niños fue de sexo masculino. La edad promedio fue de 9,25 años (DE: 2,79); un 16,4% tuvo diagnóstico previo de EQ, y un 50,9% tuvo contacto con perros. La mediana de tiempo de enfermedad fue de dos meses. El 65,5% tuvo afectación hepática, el 56,4% pulmonar y el 21,8% hepática y pulmonar. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron dolor abdominal (80,6%) y tos (80,6%). El tratamiento quirúrgico se realizó en el 87,5% de los casos con EQ hepática y en el 100% de los casos con EQ pulmonar y EQ hepática y pulmonar. Se prescribió albendazol en el 100% de casos hepáticos, en el 73,7% de casos pulmonares y en el 75% de ambas afectaciones. No se reporta mortalidad.
ABSTRACT Cystic echinococcosis (CE) in children is a public health problem. To describe the clinical and epidemiological profile of CE, we reviewed the records of 55 children admitted to our institution with a confirmed diagnosis of CE between 2017-2019, analyzing demographic data, clinical manifestations, and treatment. Of the population, 61.8% (34/55) were male. The mean age was 9.25 years (SD: 2.79); 16.4% had previous CE diagnosis, and 50.9% had contact with dogs. The median time of illness was 2 months. Of the patients, 65.5% had hepatic involvement, 56.4% had pulmonary involvement, and 21.8% had both hepatic and pulmonary involvement. The most frequent symptoms were abdominal pain (80.6%) and cough (80.6%). Surgical treatment was performed in 87.5% of patients with hepatic CE, in 100% of those with pulmonary CE and in 100% of those with hepatic and pulmonary CE. Albendazole was prescribed in 100% of hepatic cases, in 73.7% of pulmonary cases, and in 75% of those with both conditions. Mortality was not reported.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Infant , Child, Preschool , Child , Adolescent , Child , Public Health , Echinococcosis , Echinococcus granulosus , Echinococcosis, Hepatic , Echinococcosis, PulmonaryABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the protective effect of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst fluid protein (HCFP) on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic rhinitis (AR) in mice. Methods Twenty-four BALB/c mice at ages of 8 to 10 weeks, each weighing approximately 20 g, were randomly divided into four groups, including groups A (blank control group), B (blank intervention group), C (AR model group) and D (AR+HCFP intervention group), with 6 mice in each group. On days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12, mice in groups A, B, C and D were injected with 200 μL sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS), 200 μL sterile PBS containing 20 μg HCFP, 200 μL sterile PBS containing 50 μg OVA and 5 mg Al(OH)3 gel, and 200 μL sterile PBS containing 50 μg OVA, 5 mg Al(OH)3 gel and 20 μg HCFP, respectively. On days 14 to 20, mice in groups A, B, C and D were administered with 40 μL sterile PBS, 40 μL sterile PBS containing 20 μg HCFP, 40 μL sterile PBS containing 2 mg OVA and 40 μL sterile PBS containing 2 mg OVA and 20 μL HCFP by nasal drop, respectively. Mouse behavioral changes were observed and behavioral scores were estimated. The serum levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-4 (IL-4), IL-5, IL-10, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and OVA-specific IgE antibody (OVA-sIgE) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the pathological changes of mouse nasal mucosa were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining. Results The mean behavioral score was significantly greater in Group C (6.83 ± 0.50) than in groups A (1.17 ± 0.52) and B (1.33 ± 0.52) (P < 0.05), while a lower mean behavioral score was estimated in Group D (3.50 ± 0.50) than in Group C (P < 0.05). There were significant differences among the groups in terms of serum IFN-γ (F = 4.08, P < 0.05), IL-4 (F = 275.90, P < 0.05), IL-5 (F = 96.82, P < 0.05), IL-10 (F = 77.67, P < 0.05), TGF-β (F = 9.98, P < 0.05) and OVA-sIgE levels (F = 44.69, P < 0.05). The serum IFN-γ level was significantly lower in Group C than in groups A, B and C (P < 0.05), and the serum levels of IL-4, IL-5 and OVA-sIgE were significantly higher in Group C than in groups A, B and C (P < 0.05), while the serum IL-10 and TGF-β levels were significantly greater in Group D than in Group C (P < 0.05). Microscopy showed apparent loss of nasal mucosa cilia, increased number and enlargement of goblet cells, interstitial edema and submucous vascular dilation in Group C, while the pathological changes of nasal mucosa were alleviated in Group D relative to Group C. Conclusions E. granulosus HCFP has a protective activity against OVA-induced allergic rhinitis in mice.
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Echinococcosis is a serious zoonotic parasitic disease caused by infections with larval Echinococcus. The life cycle of Echinococcus involves a variety of animal hosts, including hoofed animals and rodents as intermediate hosts and carnivores as definitive hosts. The transmission of human echinococcosis is closely associated with the life cycle of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis among animal hosts in nature. This review summarizes the recent advances in the prevalence and influencing factors of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis infections in animal hosts, so as to provide insights into precision control of echinococcosis.
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Objective To investigate the roles of inducible costimulatory molecules (ICOS) and related cytokines in the immune regulation of Echinococcus granulosus infections in mice. Methods Eighty BALB/c mice (weight 18–22 g) were divided into the control and infection groups, of 40 animals in each group. E. granulosus infection was modeled in mice by intraperitoneal injection of 10 000 protoscoleces per mouse. Serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and peripheral interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-10 levels were measured 2, 8, 30, 60, 180 days post-infection. Mouse liver specimens were excised for hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and immunostaining, and ICOS expression was quantified in mouse liver specimens using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. Results There were no significant differences in serum ALT (F = 12.082, P < 0.05), AST (F = 6.347, P < 0.05) or ALP levels (F = 52.186, P < 0.05) in mice 2, 8, 30, 60 and 180 days post-infection with E. granulosus. The serum ALT levels were significantly higher in the infection group than in the control group 2 [(61.72 ± 9.89) vs. (50.65 ± 4.67)U/L, P < 0.05] and 30 days post-infection [(80.61 ± 23.71)vs.(67.75 ± 9.79)U/L, P < 0.05], and the serum ALT levels were significantly higher in the infection group than in the control group 2 [(181.06 ± 60.61) vs.(115.58 ± 17.66)U/L, P < 0.05] and 180 days post-infection [(137.84 ± 29.01) vs. (108.05 ± 10.33) U/L, P < 0.05], while greater serum ALP levels were measured in the infection group than in the control group 2 [(162.90 ± 21.04)vs.(64.54 ± 5.99)U/L, P < 0.05], 8[(176.36 ± 24.56) vs. (62.70 ± 9.21)U/L, P < 0.05] and 30 days post-infection [(138.86 ± 13.59) vs. (58.60 ± 5.28) U/L, P < 0.05]. A few inflammatory cells were seen in mouse liver in the infection group 30 days post-infection, and no apparent changes were found in the mouse hepatic structure 60 days post-infection. On day 180 post-infection, a large number of epithelium-like cells presented fibrotic growth in mouse liver in the cyst-infiltrating regions, with cuticula formation seen, and plenty of red cells were present in lesions and hepatocyte space. Positive ICOS expression was detected in mouse liver in the infection group, with ICOS-positive cells predominantly seen in the cytoplasm of the hepatocyte, and the ICOS expression increased over time. The relative ICOS mRNA expression was 2.732 ± 0.094 on day 180 post-infection, which was significantly greater than that on day 2 postinfection (0.746 ± 0.049). There were no significant differences in serum IL-4 or IL-10 levels at different time points after E. granulosus infections, while the serum IL-4 and IL-10 levels peaked in the infection group 180 days and 60 days post-infection, respectively. Higher serum IL-4 levels were measured in the infection group than in the control group 8 [(22.50 ± 3.24) vs. (5.82 ± 0.49) pg/mL, P < 0.05], 30 [(15.49 ± 4.73) vs. (5.10 ± 1.38) pg/mL, P < 0.05], 60 [(36.93 ± 6.14) vs. (4.13 ± 1.19) pg/mL, P < 0.05] and 180 days post-infection [(198.35 ± 0.70) vs. (4.19 ± 0.98) pg/mL, P < 0.05], and higher IL-10 levels were measured in the infection group than in the control group 2 [(4.84 ± 1.91) vs. (2.11 ± 1.03) pg/mL, P < 0.05], 8 [(44.72 ± 14.63) vs. (3.16 ± 0.60) pg/mL, P < 0.05], 30 [(25.47 ± 8.00) vs. (3.83 ± 1.87) pg/mL, P < 0.05], 60 [(187.16 ± 60.44) vs. (3.69 ± 1.05) pg/mL, P < 0.05] and 180 days post-infection [(85.40 ± 7.15) vs. (3.25 ± 0.93) pg/mL, P < 0.05]. Conclusions High ICOS expression is present in the liver of mice with E. granulosus infections. The positive ICOS expression and immune activation levels increase with the time of E. granulosus infections, leading to aggravation of hepatocyte injury caused by inflammation.
ABSTRACT
Echinococcosis is mainly prevalent in the agricultural and pastoral areas in the northwest of China, but it is relatively rare in Hunan Province. Here, we reported the clinical data of a case of echinococcosis in Hunan Province. The patient was an 11-year-old male, who sought treatment at the Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University due to abdominal mass. According to the symptoms, signs, and laboratory examinations, he was initially diagnosed as "intra-abdominal mass" and "spleen cyst". Subsequently, he underwent abdominal massive occupying resection and splenectomy. Postoperative pathological examination revealed the cuticle and germinal layer of hydatid and protoscolex, which was consistent with characteristics of echinococcosis. In addition, the serological examination showed that the specific anti-hydatid IgG antibody was positive. Combined with the patient's condition, he was given praziquantel treatment. After a month of follow-up, the patient was asymptomatic.
Subject(s)
Animals , Child , Humans , Male , China , Echinococcosis/surgery , Echinococcus granulosus , SplenectomyABSTRACT
Nuestro objetivo fue determinar un score que ayude a predecir la probabilidad de infestación canina por Echinococcus en una zona endémica en hidatidosis. Se realizó un estudio longitudinal en 3 anexos de la provincia de Concepción ubicado en los andes centrales de Perú. La infección canina por Echinococcus granulosus fue definido por la presencia de antígeno identificado en la muestra de heces. El modelo predictivo se obtuvo mediante un análisis de regresión logística basado en los parámetros sociodemográficos, esta regla fue internamente validada por remuestreo de tipo bootstrap. Resultados: De 152 canes que se sometieron al estudio de heces, 76 tuvieron infección por Echinococcus confirmada por antígeno reactivo. Se identificaron 4 factores ponderados dentro de la regla de predicción que, en suma, dieron el puntaje: El can que duerme fuera de casa (3 puntos), alimentar con vísceras crudas al can (3 puntos) y sacrificar al ganado dentro de la casa (2 puntos) y el can se alimenta con croquetas (-2 puntos). Se encontró que esta regla de predicción tuvo valor del área bajo la curva ROC 0,78; (IC 95%: 0,70 0,86). Estos parámetros de predicción con un puntaje ≥ 3 tenía una sensibilidad del 75% y especificidad del 65,8%, con un valor predictivo positivo del 85,3%. Esta regla ayudará al personal de la salud a identificar a los canes infestados por Echinococcus granulosus, para su intervención anti parasitaria y preventiva en sus dueños(AU)
Cystic hydatidosis is an endemic disease in Andean regions, our objective was to determine a score that helps to predict canine Echinococcus infestation in an endemic area with hydatidosis. A longitudinal study was carried out in 3 annexes of the province of Concepción located in the central Andes of Peru. Canine echinococcosis infection was defined by the presence of E. granulosus antigen identified in the stool sample. The predictive model was obtained through a logistic regression analysis based on the sociodemographic parameters, this rule was internally validated by bootstrap type resampling. Results: Of 152 dogs that underwent the stool study, 76 had an Echinococcus infection confirmed by reactive antigen. Four weighted factors were identified within the prediction rule that, in sum, gave the score: The dog that sleeps outside the home (3 points), feeding raw viscera to the dog (3 points), slaughtering the cattle inside the house (2 points) and the dog is fed with croquettes (-2 points). This prediction rule was found to have a value of the area under the ROC curve 0.78 (95% CI: 0.70 - 0.86). At a cutoff point of ≥ 3 points, the prediction rule was found to have a sensitivity of 75% and a specificity of 65.8%, with a positive predictive value of 85.3%. This rule will help health personnel to identify canes infested by Echinococcus granulosus, for their anti-parasitic and preventive intervention in their owners(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Dogs , Echinococcus granulosus , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Echinococcosis/diagnosis , Echinococcosis/prevention & control , Echinococcosis/epidemiology , Peru/epidemiology , Logistic Models , Longitudinal Studies , Endemic Diseases , Feces/parasitology , ForecastingABSTRACT
Resumen La hidatidosis, causada por el parásito Echinococcus granulosus, es una zoonosis endémica en la provincia de Santa Cruz asociada a áreas de producción ganadera. El hombre puede permanecer asintomático durante un largo período luego de la infección. Una vez desarrollada, la enfermedad representa un importante problema de salud pública debido a la complejidad y el costo de su tratamiento. Los objetivos del trabajo fueron determinar la prevalencia de contaminación ambiental por E. granulosus en zona rural y periurbana de la localidad de Los Antiguos, mediante la detección de antígenos específicos en heces caninas, e identificar factores de riesgo de transmisión. Entre mayo-2016 y abril-2017, se visitaron 38 chacras periurbanas y estancias rurales, definidas como "unidades epidemiológicas". Se analizaron 144 muestras de heces de caninos con téc nica copro-ELISA. Se realizó una encuesta epidemiológica de los pobladores rurales sobre patrones culturales relacionados a la hidatidosis. Se encontró un índice de contaminación ambiental del 17.3% y el 44.7% de las unidades epidemiológicas fueron positivas. Se identificaron prácticas de riesgo como faena domiciliaria (34.2%), alimentación de caninos con vísceras crudas (52.6%), y ausencia de desparasitación de perros (86.8%). Alrededor de la mitad de la población encuestada desconocía las formas de contagio y las medidas de prevención de la enfermedad. Este trabajo muestra un índice alto de contaminación y establece una línea de base para realizar comparaciones a futuro. También refuerza la necesidad de implementar medidas de educación, prevención y control de hidatidosis a nivel local de acuerdo a los programas nacionales.
Abstract Hydatidosis − caused by the parasite Echinococcus granulosus − is a zoonosis endemic to the province of Santa Cruz, associated with areas of livestock production. Once infected, man may remain asymptomatic for a prolonged pe riod but the disease has an important impact on public health owing to the complexity and costs of its treatment. This study aimed at assessing the prevalence of environmental E. granulosus infection in rural and peri-urban areas of the town of Los Antiguos, through the detection of antigens in scattered canine feces, and to identify risk factors for transmission. From May-2016 to April-2017, 38 peri-urban and rural farms, defined as "epidemio logical units", were visited; 144 samples of canine feces were analyzed with the copro-ELISA technique. Rural settlers were enrolled in an epidemiological survey on cultural patterns related to hydatidosis. An environmental contamination index of 17.3% was found and 44.7% of the epidemiological units were positive. Risk practices were found, such as domiciliary slaughter (34.2%), canine feeding with raw viscera (52.6%), and lack of dog de worming (86.8%). In turn, about half of the surveyed population ignored the modes of transmission of the infection and the measures to prevent it. This work shows a high infection index in the area and establishes a baseline for future comparisons. It also reinforces the need to implement education, prevention, and control activities at the local level − according to national program guidelines − in order to reduce the prevalence of environmental contamination of the disease.
Subject(s)
Humans , Animals , Dogs , Echinococcus granulosus , Dog Diseases/prevention & control , Dog Diseases/epidemiology , Echinococcosis/prevention & control , Echinococcosis/epidemiology , Rural Population , FecesABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the components of proteins from Echinococcus granulosus cyst fluid using the shotgun method, and to identify the active components with potential regulatory effects for immune dysregulation diseases. Methods The E. granulosus cyst fluid was collected aseptically from the hepatic cysts of patients with cystic echinococcosis, and characterized by liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) following digestion with trypsin. The protein data were searched using the software MaxQuant version 1.6.1.0 and the cellular components, molecular functions, and biological processes of the identified proteins were analyzed using the Gene Ontology (GO) method. Results The E. granulosus cyst fluid separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) had a relative molecular mass of 25 to 70 kDa. LS-MS/MS analysis identified 37 proteins, including 32 known proteins and 5 unknown proteins. At least 4 proteins were preliminarily found to exhibit potential regulatory effects for immune dysregulation diseases, including antigen B, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), thioredoxin peroxidase (TPX) and malate dehydrogenase (MDH). GO enrichment analysis showed that the identified proteins had 149 molecular functions and were involved in 341 biological processes. Conclusions E. granulosus cyst fluid has a variety of protein components, and four known proteins are preliminarily identified to be associated with immune dysregulation diseases.
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Objective:To construct the pET30a-EgG1Y162-2 prokaryotic expression plasmid and induce the expression of EgG1Y162-2 protein, so as to provide a research basis for development of Echinococcus granulosus vaccine. Methods:Using Echinococcus granulosus cDNA as a template, the target gene of EgG1Y162-2 was synthesized by PCR, and after digestion with restriction enzymes EcoRⅠ and Hind Ⅲ, it was connected to the prokaryotic expression vector pET30a to construct the recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgG1Y162-2. The recombinant plasmid was transformed into competent cell BL21 (DE3) and induced by isopropyl β-D-thiogalactoside (IPTG) to express a large number of proteins. The recombinant protein was purified by affinity chromatography. The purification level was analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the expression product was identified by Western blotting. Results:The recombinant plasmid pET30a-EgG1Y162-2 was successfully constructed. After inducting expression, the bacterial supernatant and the eluate were both at a relative molecular weight of about 15 × 10 3, and the protein antigen component eluted with 200 mmol/L imidazole was relatively pure. Western blotting results showed that the purified recombinant protein EgG1Y162-2 with His tag could be recognized by His monoclonal antibody. Conclusion:The pET30a-EgG1Y162-2 prokaryotic expression plasmid of Echinococcus granulosus is successfully constructed, and the recombinant protein of EgG1Y162-2 is induced to express, laying a foundation for further study on anti- Echinococcus granulosus vaccine.
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Objective To establish a multiplex nucleic acid assay for rapid detection of Echinococcus multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus based on the recombinase-aided isothermal amplification assay (RAA) and to preliminarily assess its diagnostic efficiency. Methods The mitochondrial genomic sequences of E. multilocularis (GenBank accession number: NC_000928), E. granulosus (GenBank accession number: NC_044548) and E. shiquicus (GenBank accession number: NC_009460) were used as target sequences, and three pairs of primers were designed based on the RAA primer design principle and synthesized for the subsequent multiple RAA amplification. The genomic DNA of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus at different concentrations and the recombinant plasmids containing the target gene at various concentrations were amplified to evaluate the diagnostic sensitivity of the multiplex RAA assay, and the genomic DNA of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus, E. shiquicus, Taenia multiceps, T. saginata, T. asiatica, Dipylidium caninum, T. hydatigena, Toxocara canis, Fasciola hepatica, T. pisiformis, Mesocestoides lineatus and Cryptosporidiumn canis was detected using the multiplex RAA assay to evaluate its specificity. In addition, the reaction condition of the multiplex RAA assay was optimized, and was then employed to detect the tissues with echinococcosis lesions, simulated canine fecal samples and field captured fox fecal samples to examine its application values. Results The multiplex RAA assay was effective to specifically amplify the mitochondrial gene fragments of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus within 40 min at 39 °C, with sequence lengths of 540, 430 bp and 200 bp, respectively. This multiplex RAA assay showed the minimum detection limits of 2.0, 2.5 pg/μL and 3.1 pg/μL for detection of the genomic DNA of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus, and presented the minimum detection limit of 200 copies/μL for detection of the recombinant plasmids containing E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus target genes. This multiplex RAA assay was effective to simultaneously detect single and multiple infections with E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus, but failed to amplify the genomic DNA of T. multiceps, T. saginata, T. asiatica, D. caninum, T. hydatigena, T. canis, F. hepatica, T. pisiformis, M. lineatus and C. canis. In addition, the optimized multiplex RAA assay was effective to detect all positive samples from the tissue samples with echinococcosis lesions, simulated canine fecal samples and field captured fox fecal samples, which was fully consistent with the detection of the single PCR assay. Conclusion A sensitive and specific multiplex nucleic acid assay for rapid detection of E. multilocularis, E. granulosus and E. shiquicus has been successfully established.