ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the brain activation intensity changes of depressed patients in the phase of expected value (EV), positive prediction error (+ PE) and negative prediction error (-PE) under uncertain (risky, ambiguous) decision-making.Methods:From July 2018 to February 2021, a total of 48 depressed patients in the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University were collected (depression group), and 69 sex-, age-, and educational level-matched healthy people were recruited as the control group. All participants completed risky and ambiguous decision-making tasks under the E-Prime system.SA-9800 brain functional audio-visual stimulation system and GE3.0 T functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanners were used to conduct synchronous scanning and data acquisition. Using Xjview software to analyze the activation intensity of related brain areas to compare the activity intensity of the two groups.SPSS 16.0 software was used for chi square test, independent sample t-test. Results:Under risky decision-making, compared with the control group, the brain areas with reduced activation during EV phase in depression group were bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC)(MNI coordinate: left x=-45, y=21, z=-6; right x=0, y=69, z=-3), left para hippocampal gyrus(PHG)(MNI coordinate: x=-9, y=0, z=-22), bilateral occipital lobe(OL)(MNI coordinate: left x=-51, y=-81, z=-3; right x=48, y=-84, z=-9)( P<0.05). The brain areas with reduced activation during + PE phase were bilateral PFC, left hippocampus (HIP), bilateral temporal lobe (TL), left middle occipital gyrus( P<0.05). The brain areas with reduced activation were bilateral PFC, right putamen, bilateral TL( P<0.05) during -PE phase. Under ambiguous decision-making, compared with the control group, the brain areas with reduced activation during EV phase in depression group were bilateral PFC, right OL( P<0.05); the brain areas with reduced activation during + PE phase were bilateral PFC, right putamen and hippocampus, bilateral TL, bilateral OL( P<0.05); and the brain areas with reduced activation were bilateral PFC, bilateral TL( P<0.05) during -PE phase. Conclusion:The study shows that the activities of reward brain areas such as PFC, limbic system and OL system are reduced during EV and PE phase under uncertain decision-making in depressed patients.
ABSTRACT
Abstract Introduction: an alternative solution to the Schrödinger-Langevin equation is presented, where the temporal dependence is explained, assuming a Coulomb potential. Finally, the trajectory equations are found. Objective: in this paper we contribute by presenting a detailed and simple solution of the Schrödinger-Langevin equation for a Coulomb potential. Materials and Methods: using an appropriate ansatz, we solve the Schrödinger-Langevin equation, finding the expected values of position and moment. Results: a simple method was presented to find the expected position and moment values in the Schrödinger-Langevin equation, the ansatz used to find these solutions allows the model to be generalized in a certain way to electric potentials and harmonic oscillators. Conclusions: the model used to solve the Schrödinger-Langevin equation, allowed to find the expected values of position and moment of a particle in a Coulomb potential, the temporal dependence of such solutions is made explicit, which allows finding the path equations of the particles.
Resumen Introducción: se presenta una solución alternativa a la ecuación de Schrödinger-Langevin, donde se explica la dependencia temporal, asumiendo un potencial de Coulomb. Finalmente, se encuentran las ecuaciones de trayectoria. Objetivo: en este trabajo hacemos una contribución presentando una solución detallada y sencilla de la ecuación de Schrödinger-Langevin para un potencial de Coulomb. Materiales y Métodos: usando un ansatz apropiado, solucionamos la ecuación de Schrödinger-Langevin, encontrando los valores esperados de posición y momento. Resultados: se presentó un método sencillo para hallar los valores esperados de posición y momento en la ecuación de Schrödinger-Langevin, el ansatz utilizado para encontrar estas soluciones permite generalizar en cierta forma el modelo a potenciales eléctricos y osciladores armónicos. Conclusiones: el modelo utilizado para solucionar la ecuación de Schrödinger-Langevin, permitió encontrar los valores esperados de posición y momento de una partícula en un potencial de Coulomb, se explicita la dependencia temporal de tales soluciones lo que permite encontrar las ecuaciones de trayectoria de las partículas.
Resumo Introdução: uma solução alternativa para a equação de Schrödinger-Langevin é apresentada, onde a dependência temporal é explicada, assumindo um potencial de Coulomb. Finalmente, existem as equações de caminho. Objetivo: neste trabalho fazemos uma contribuição apresentando uma solução simples e detalhada da equação de Schrödinger-Langevin para um potencial de Coulomb. Materiais e métodos: usando um ansatz apropriado, resolvemos a equação de Schrödinger-Langevin, encontrando os valores esperados de posição e momento. Resultados: foi apresentado um método simples para encontrar os valores esperados de posição e momento na equação de Schrödinger-Langevin, o ansatz utilizado para encontrar essas soluções permite que o modelo seja generalizado de certa forma para potenciais elétricos e osciladores harmônicos. Conclusões: o modelo utilizado para resolver a equação de Schrödinger-Langevin, permitiu encontrar os valores esperados de posição e momento de uma partícula em um potencial de Coulomb, sendo explicitada a dependência temporal de tais soluções, o que permite encontrar as equações de caminho das partículas.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the correlation with lung function and clinical significance of lung function and exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) changes in various disease stages for children with asthma.Methods Seventy-nine asthma outpatient children aged 6-14 years old were selected from Nanjing Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University,25 cases of whom were at acute exacerbation stage,28 cases at chronic persistent stage and 26 cases at remission stage.Twenty-five healthy children were randomly selected as the healthy control group, for whom FeNO and lung functions were measured respectively.FeNO and lung functions were analyzed on whether there were statistical differences between the subjects in these groups and whether their FeNO and lung functions were correlated.Results Comparison of FeNO and the percentages of the expected value(FEV1 %) of forced expiratory volume in one second between acute exacerbation group [(58.79 ± 12.25) ppb and (52.25 ± 7.89) %], chronic persistent group [(42.13 ± 11.38) ppb and (66.14 ± 5.29) %], remission group [(25.41 ± 7.15) ppb and (86.22 ± 15.21) %] and the healthy control group [(12.84 ± 6.22) ppb and (93.62 ± 12.13)%], showed that FeNO in asthma acute exacerbation group, chronic persistent group and remission group was higher than that in the healthy control group, with statistically significant difference(all P <0.05).Except for remission group,in which FEV1 was not statistically significant different from the healthy control group (P > 0.05) ,the differences in other groups were all statistically significant(all P < 0.05).FeNO and FEV1% were negatively correlated at acute exacerbation (r =-0.779, P =0.000) , but they were not correlated at chronic persistent and remission state.Conclusions FeNO values increased in asthma children.FeNO as a sensitive indicator to reflect airway inflammation can be used to evaluate the control and severity of airway inflammation.FeNO and FEV1% of lung functions were negatively correlated in asthma children at acute stage.
ABSTRACT
Investigaciones con Potenciales Relacionados a Eventos han demostrado la existencia de un componente llamado Negatividad Relacionada a Retroalimentación de Error, el cual ha sido referido como una deflexión negativa que distingue entre ganancias y pérdidas, en tanto resultados esperados y no esperados respectivamente. Así, mientras algunos estudios han operacionalizado la idea de resultado esperado como la probabilidad de ganar vs. Perder, otros lo han hecho como la magnitud esperada de las recompensas. Hasta ahora existe poca investigación tendiente a observar cómo estas interpretaciones alternativas de "resultado esperado", o su interacción en términos de un modelo de "valor esperado" que las integre, afectan la Negatividad Relacionada a Retroalimentación de Error. El presente trabajo contextualiza el estudio de los mecanismos cerebrales asociados a la toma de decisiones, situando los estudios de Negatividad Relacionada a Retroalimentación de Error en su contexto teórico, revisa las dos tendencias de estudio desarrolladas hasta la fecha y explora posibilidades de ampliación del estudio de este componente en el contexto del naciente campo transdisciplinario de la neuroeconomía.
Studies using Event-Related Potentials have shown the existence of a component called Feedback Error-Related Negativity (fERN). This component has been characterized as a negative deflection which responds differentially to profits and losses in terms of expected and unexpected outcomes. Thus, while some studies have defined the idea of "expected outcome" as the probability to win vs. to lose, others have defined it as the expected size of rewards. How these alternative interpretations of "expected outcome" affect the fERN's research, and the effects of their interaction under a specific model of "expected value" has not been properly assessed. This work contextualizes the general study of neural mechanisms involved in decisionmaking processes, putting the fERN studies in context; besides, it reviews the two main approaches to its research; and finally, it explores the possibilities to further expand the fERN studies, in the context of the transdisciplinary rising field of neuroeconomics.