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The land use systems selected for study were rice-wheat cropping system (RWCS), legume based cropping system (LBCS), and vegetable based cropping system (VBCS). Plantation land (mango, aonla and bael orchard), forest land (shisham, teak and eucalyptus) and barren land (NSP-6 farm). Soil samples were taken with GPS system from four depths viz. 0-15, 15-30, 30-45 and 45-60cm in order to analyze microbial population (bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes). The bacterial population (cfu × 105 g-1) under all the four land use viz. crop land, plantation land, forest land and barren land was decreased with increasing soil depth, which ranged from 2.76 to 4.95 cfu × 105 g-1 soil. The average bacterial population values were higher in forest land followed by plantation land, crop land and barren land. The fungi population (cfu × 103 g-1) under all the four land use viz. crop land, plantation land, forest land and barren land was, also, decreased with increasing soil depth at all land use system and ranged from 0.85 to 1.77 cfu × 103 g-1 soil. The average fungi population values were higher in forest land followed by crop land, plantation land and barren land. The actinomycetes population (cfu × 104 g-1) under all the four land use viz. crop land, plantation land, forest land and barren land was decreased with increasing soil depth at all land use system. The population varied from 0.57 to 1.02 cfu × 104 g-1 soil. The average actinomycetes population values were higher in forest land followed by plantation land, crop land and barren land.
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Soil fertility evaluation of barren land is the most basic decision-making tool for an effective sustainable plan for a particular area. Thus, the present study was carried out to evaluate the soil fertility status in session variation of the two blocks of Kanpur Dehat (Akabrpur and Maitha). The soil samples were randomly collected based on the variability of land at a depth of 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm, and 30-60 cm in 5-5 sites in the both blocks. A GPS device was used to identify the location of the soil sampling points. Soil samples were analyzed for texture, pH, OC, EC, N, P, K, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, and exchangeable cations status following standard analytic methods in the laboratory of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, C.S.A. University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, UP. The soil organic carbon ranged from 0.18 to 0.34% of both blocks. Available nitrogen ranged from 102.78 to 138.39 kg ha-1, available phosphorous ranged from 9.89 to 16.47 kg ha-1 and available potassium ranged from 230.65 to 276.38 kg ha-1 in the surface soil of Maitha, all of which showed a decrease in value with increase in depth. Exchangeable calcium ranged from 4.58 to 6.34 (cmol (p+) kg-1), exchangeable magnesium ranged from 2.20 to 4.40 (cmol (p+) kg-1), and the pH of the soil in both blocks was highly alkaline in nature, all of which varied significantly with site and depth. The results indicated that soils are not good for the cultivation of various crops. Farmers are required to maintain Soil Health Card which helps them to adopt suitable management practices and provide proper nutrition to soil.
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The field of horticulture, vital for addressing global challenges like food security and sustainable agriculture, has been revolutionized by remote sensing technology. This comprehensive review explores the transformative impact of remote sensing on horticulture, emphasizing its role in optimizing resource utilization, promoting environmental sustainability, and mitigating the effects of climate change. Remote sensing, encompassing a range of sensors, satellites, and data analysis techniques, enables the collection of critical information from a distance, providing insights into crop health, soil conditions, water availability, and more. Precision agriculture, including the use of GPS and GIS, is integrated with remote sensing to enhance agricultural efficiency while minimizing environmental impacts. Site-Specific Crop Management (SSCM) is highlighted as a key component of precision agriculture, enabled by geospatial technologies, including remote sensing. It discusses how remote sensing systems, with their multispectral and multi-temporal capabilities, support various horticultural applications such as crop yield estimation, abiotic and biotic stress management, crop classification, canopy measurement, crop area estimation, and even crop insurance validation. The use of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and the Global Positioning System (GPS) in tandem with remote sensing is explored in the context of spatial analysis, mapping, and precise navigation.
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Evaluation of site specific drip fertigation system based on GIS integrated nutrient status maps was conducted at Instructional Farm, KCAET, Tavanur, Malappuram, Kerala. Using the spatial variability maps of the soil nutrients, two test plots, one from high fertility zone and one from low fertility zone were identified with the help of GPS for raising the tomato crop. The experimental plot was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and four replications. The results showed an increase in yield and growth parameters under site specific drip fertigation treatment in low fertility area due to the adequate fertiliser application than general recommendation. In high fertility area, reduction of fertilizer to site specific requirements has produced almost similar result of general recommendation which indicates that site specific dose was sufficient to produce optimum yield from the crop. Site specific drip fertigation helped to achieve a higher water and nutrient use efficiency with a high economic return of agricultural produce. From this study, it could be concluded that, instead of going with blanket nutrient recommendation, a site specific nutrient recommendation may help the farmers who want to achieve higher profit from unit land area by using optimum inputs, thereby reducing environmental stress due to over fertilizer application.
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Objective To explore the role of G protein pathway suppressor 2(GPS2)in regulating proliferation,migration and invasion in hepatocellular carcinoma cell line MHCC-97H.Methods The expression of GPS2 in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)cells were detected using quantitative PCR or Western blot;GPS2 was either over-expressed or knocked down in HCC cells using over-expression vectors or short hairpin RNAs(shRNAs)for GPS2,respectively.Clone formation assay,scratch assay and Transwell assay were used to detect the effects of GPS2 on proliferation,migration and invasion of HCC cells.Results In HCC cells,over-expression of GPS2 was found to inhibit the proliferation,migration and invasion of HCC cells MHCC-97H,while knockdown of GPS2 up-regulated proliferation,migration and invasion of MHCC-97H(P<0.05).The over-expression of GPS2 in MHCC-97H cells was found to inhibit the expression of cell proliferation,migration and invasion-related factors such as EGFR,MMP1,MMP3 and MMP9,while knockdown of GPS2 upregulated the expression of these factors(P<0.05).Conclusions GPS2 is a novel HCC regulatory factor that inhibits proliferation,migration and invasion of HCC cells.
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El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el rendimiento físico de jugadores sub 14, durante los partidos del Torneo Nacional de Asociaciones 2019, disputado en la Provincia de Córdoba, Argentina. Se monitorearon cinco encuentros (tres de fase de grupo; uno, semi final y uno, final). La muestra fue de 50 casos monitorizados por unidades GPS (PlayerTek Plus), divididos por posición: Defensores Centrales (n = 2), Defensores Laterales (n = 5), Volantes (n = 4) y Delanteros (n = 6). Las variables analizadas fueron divididas en dos, por un lado, las variables de volumen y, por otro, las de intensidad. Las primeras fueron: Distancia Total (m) 4718 ± 0,95; Distancia en Sprint (entre 16 a 19 km/h) (m) 484,67 ± 268,28; Cantidad de Sprints (>19 km/h) (rep) 17,70 ± 9,67; Aceleraciones >2 m/s2 (rep) 32,28 ± 13,39 y Desaceleraciones >-2 m/s2 (rep) 44,47 ± 17,08. En cambio, las variables de intensidad fueron: Metros por minuto (m) 101,18 ± 13,52; Distancia en Sprint por Minuto (m) 10,35 ± 5,96; Cantidad de Sprint por Minuto (rep) 0,37 ± 0,22. En conclusión, se consideró que analizar objetivamente, el rendimiento físico de los jóvenes jugadores es de vital importancia ya que podríamos establecer planes estratégicos para mejorar su performance, como también, bajar la incidencia lesiva.
The objective of this study was to determine the physical performance of U14 players, during the matches of the 2019 National Association Tournament, played in the Province of Córdoba, Argentina. 5 matches were monitored (3 group phase, 1 semi-final and 1 final). The sample consisted of 50 cases monitored by GPS units (PlayerTek Plus), divided by position: Central Defenders (n = 2), Side Defenders (n = 5), Midfielders (n = 4) and Forwards (n = 6). The analyzed variables were divided into 2: the volume variables and the intensity variables. The first ones were: Total Distance (m) 4718 ± 0.95; Sprint distance (between 16 to 19 km/h) (m) 484.67 ± 268.28; Number of Sprints (> 19 km/h) (rep) 17.70 ± 9.67; Accelerations> 2 m/s2 (rep) 32.28 ± 13.39 and Decelerations> -2 m/s2 (rep) 44.47 ± 17.08. Instead, the intensity variables were Meters per minute (m) 101.18 ± 13.52; Distance in Sprint per minute (m) 10.35 ± 5.96; and Amount of Sprint per minute (rep) 0.37 ± 0.22. In conclusion, it was considered that objectively analyzing the physical performance of young players is of vital importance, since we could establish strategic plans to improve their performance, as well as lower the incidence of injury.
O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o desempenho físico de jogadores menores de 14 anos, durante as partidas do Torneio de Associações Nacionais 2019, disputadas na Província de Córdoba, Argentina. Foram monitorizados 5 jogos (3 fases de grupos, 1 semifinal e 1 final). A amostra foi composta por 50 casos monitorados por GPS (PlayerTek Plus), divididos por posição: Defensores Centrais (n=2), Defensores Laterais (n=5), Meio-campistas (n=4) e Atacantes (n=6). As variáveis analisadas foram divididas em 2, de um lado as variáveis de volume e, de outro, as variáveis de intensidade. As primeiras foram: Distância Total (m) 4718 ± 0,95; Distância em Sprint (entre 16 a 19 km/h) (m) 484,67 ± 268,28; Número de Sprints (>19 km/h) (rep) 17,70 ± 9,67; Aceleração >2 m/s2 (rep) 32,28 ± 13,39 e desacelerações >-2 m/s2 (rep) 44,47 ± 17,08. Em vez disso, as variáveis de intensidade foram: Metros por minuto (m) 101,18 ± 13,52; Distância em Sprint por Minuto (m) 10,35 ± 5,96; Quantidade de Sprint por Minuto (rep) 0,37 ± 0,22. Em conclusão, considerou-se que analisar objetivamente o desempenho físico de jovens jogadores é de vital importância, pois podemos estabelecer planos estratégicos para melhorar seu desempenho, bem como diminuir a incidência de lesões.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Athletic Performance , HockeyABSTRACT
Objective:To design a modified S1PR3 specific agonist, GPS-725.017, and investigate its protective effect on acute lung injury by promoting macrophage clearance of bacteria.Methods:A short peptide derived from the intracellular region of S1PR3 receptor was named GPS725.017, which was modified with norleucine (Nle) and myristicacid (myr) at its N terminus. Mice were divided into the sham operation group, solvent group and GPS-725.017 treatment group. The acute lung injury model was induced by endotracheal injection of E. coli (5×10 6 CFU), and the experimental group was treated with GPS-725.017 (10 mg/kg). The 48-h survival rate of mice was recorded. After 5 h of modeling, the bacterial load and inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood and lung were detected, and Vps34 protein content in alveolar macrophages was determined by Western blot. After 12-h of modeling, lung tissues were collected for H&E staining and pathological scores. Results:Compared with the solvent group, the survival rate of mice in the GPS-725.017 treatment group was significantly improved ( P<0.01), the bacterial CFU in blood and alveolar lavage fluid was significantly lower than that in the solvent group ( P<0.001), and the levels of TNF-α and IL-1β in blood and alveolar lavage fluid were significantly lower than those in the solvent group ( P<0.001). Western blot showed that the expression level of Vps34 protein in alveolar macrophages was significantly higher than that in the solvent group ( P<0.01). Histopathology result showed that the pathological damage of lung in the treatment group was significantly less than that in the solvent group ( P<0.001). Conclusions:The modified synthetic S1PR3 specific agonist GPS-725.017 could specifically activate the S1PR3 receptor on the membrane of alveolar macrophages and up-regulate the expression level of intracellular Vps34 protein, which can promote the removal of bacteria in alveolar macrophages, significantly reduce the degree of lung injury and improve the survival rate in ALI mice.
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Tumor recurrence is the main issue that affects the long-term survival of recipients after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Accurate preoperative evaluation and proper selection of transplant recipients are the key factors affecting the long-term prognosis of recipients undergoing liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Neutrophil, lymphocyte, C-reactive protein, platelet and fibrinogen (FIB) are major biomarkers that indicate inflammatory response of the host. Multiple studies have found that these biomarkers may not only represent the inflammatory response, but also could be integrated to predict tumor recurrence and long-term survival rate of the recipients following liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. These biomarkers mainly consist of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), Glasgow prognostic score (GPS), FIB, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and prognostic nutritional index (PNI), etc. In this article, research progresses on predictive effect of inflammatory biomarkers on prognosis of liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma were reviewed.
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Resumen La monitorización de las demandas físicas durante partidos de fútbol con tecnologías GPS proporciona información valiosa que puede ser utilizada para potenciar el rendimiento deportivo. Por tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las demandas físicas de jugadores profesionales costarricenses de fútbol, así como analizar la influencia de la posición de juego y el nivel competitivo durante partidos. Sesenta futbolistas masculinos, 50 de la primera división del fútbol costarricense y 10 de una selección nacional absoluta de CONCACAF (SAC), fueron monitoreados con un Sistema de Posicionamiento Global (GPS) para cuantificar variables cinemáticas como la distancia recorrida (m), total y a diferentes intensidades (Z 1-5), velocidad máxima (km/h), impactos totales (g), aceleraciones (m/s) y desaceleraciones (m/s). Las posiciones de juego se categorizaron en: defensas (Def), mediocampistas (Med) y delanteros (Del), y el nivel competitivo en: a) SAC, b) Equipos de nivel élite (ENE) y c) Equipos de nivel sub-élite (ENS). Los resultados reflejaron diferencias significativas respecto al nivel competitivo en la distancia recorrida a diferentes intensidades Z1 (SAC >ENS >ENE), Z2 (ENE >SAC >ENS) y Z4 (ENE >SAC >ENS), aceleraciones (SAC >ENE >ENS) y en desaceleraciones (SAC >ENS >ENE). Por posiciones de juego, las diferencias estuvieron en la distancia total (Med >Def >Del), en la distancia recorrida en Z2 (Med >Def >Del) y Z3 (Med >Def >Del), así como en impactos totales (Med >Def >Del). Se concluye que el nivel competitivo influye sobre las demandas físicas. SAC registró más aceleraciones y desaceleraciones y, ENE recorrió mayor distancia a esfuerzos moderados e intensos. Existen diferencias en las posiciones de juego, los mediocampistas recorrieron mayores distancias y registraron más impactos.
Abstract Monitoring physical demands during soccer matches with GPS technologies provides valuable information that can be used to enhance sports performance. Therefore, this study aimed to know Costa Rican professional soccer players' physical demands and analyze the influence of the playing position and the competitive level during matches. Sixty male soccer players, 50 from the first division of Costa Rican soccer and 10 from an absolute national CONCACAF (SAC) team were monitored with a Global Positioning System (GPS) to quantify kinematic variables such as distance traveled (m), total and different intensities (Z 1-5), maximum speed (km/h), total impacts (g), accelerations (m / s) and decelerations (m/s). The game positions were categorized into defenses (Def), midfielders (Mid) and forward (For), and the competitive level in a) SAC, b) Elite level teams (ENE), and c) Sub-elite level teams (ENS). The results reflected significant differences regarding the competitive level in the distance traveled at different intensities Z1 (SAC >ENS >ENE), Z2 (ENE >SAC >ENS) and Z4 (ENE >SAC >ENS), in accelerations (SAC >ENE >ENS), and in decelerations (SAC >ENS >ENE). By game positions, the differences were in the total distance (Mid >Def >For), in the distance traveled in Z2 (Mid >Def >For) and Z3 (Mid >Def >For), as well as in total impacts (Mid >Def >For). It is concluded that the competitive level influences the physical demands. SAC registered more accelerations and decelerations, and ENE traveled a greater distance with moderate and intense efforts. There were differences between playing positions; midfielder traveled longer distances and recorded more impacts.
Resumo O monitoramento das demandas físicas durante partidas de futebol com tecnologias GPS fornece informações valiosas que podem ser usadas para aprimorar o desempenho atlético. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi conhecer as demandas físicas dos jogadores de futebol profissional da Costa Rica, bem como analisar a influência da posição de jogo e do nível competitivo durante os jogos. Sessenta jogadores de futebol masculino, 50 da primeira divisão do futebol costarriquenho e 10 da seleção nacional absoluta da CONCACAF (SAC), foram monitorados com um Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS) para quantificar variáveis cinemáticas como distância percorrida (m), total já diferentes intensidades (Z 1-5), velocidade máxima (km / h), impactos totais (g), acelerações (m / s) e desacelerações (m / s). As posições de jogo foram categorizadas em: defensores (Def), meio-campistas (Med) e atacantes (Del), e o nível competitivo em: a) SAC, b) Times de elite (ENE) e c) times de nível pré-elite (ENS). Os resultados refletiram diferenças significativas em relação ao nível competitivo na distância percorrida em diferentes intensidades Z1 (SAC> ENS> ENE), Z2 (ENE> SAC> ENS) e Z4 (ENE> SAC> ENS), acelerações (SAC> ENE> ENS) e em desacelerações (SAC> ENS> ENE). Por posições de jogo, as diferenças foram na distância total (Med> Def> Del), na distância percorrida em Z2 (Med> Def> Del) e Z3 (Med> Def> Del), bem como nos impactos totais (Med > Def> Del). Conclui-se que o nível competitivo influencia as demandas físicas. O SAC registrou mais acelerações e desacelerações, e a ENE percorreu uma distância maior com esforços moderados e intensos. Existem diferenças nas posições de jogo, os meio-campistas percorreram distâncias maiores e registraram mais impactos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Soccer , Biomechanical Phenomena , Competitive Behavior , Costa RicaABSTRACT
Background: Anatomopathological staging is the primary method to determine the prognosis of patients with colorectal carcinoma (CRC). However, new tools have been developed that can complement it, such as the analysis of the elevation of systemic inflammatory markers. Objective: To evaluate the impact of the elevation of scores based on inflammatory markers (the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio [NLR], the Glasgow Prognostic Score [GPS], and isolated C-reactive protein [CRP]) in the prognosis of patients diagnosed with CRC and submitted to potentially curative surgery in Hospital de Braga, Portugal, between January 1st, 2005, and December 31st, 2010. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the data of 426 patients was performed, with a collection of several clinico-pathological variables, as well as the levels of lymphocytes, neutrophils, albumin and CRP, in the pre- and postoperative periods, to apply the different scores to the sample. Results: From the analysis of the survival curves, we concluded that patients with increased NLR in the pre- and postoperative periods present a lower cancer-related survival than patients with normal NLR (preoperative period: 93.7 versus 122 months; p<0.001; postoperative period: 112 versus 131 months; p=0.002). Patients with increased NLR in the pre- and postoperative periods also had a lower disease-free survival (preoperative period: 88.0 versus 122 months; p<0.001; postoperative period: 111 versus 132 months; p=0.002). In addition, increased pre- and postoperative NLR was associatedwith a higher risk of death due to CRC (preoperatively: hazard ratio [HR]=2.25; p<0.001; postoperatively: HR=2.18; p=0.003). However, the multivariate analysis shows that only postoperative NLR (ajusted HR =2.66; p=0.002) does so independently of the remaining variables. Conclusion: Regarding the scores applied to the sample, the NLR was the one that most consistently related to the prognosis of the patients. However, it would be useful to develop a prospective study that could confirm this relationship. (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Prognosis , Colorectal Neoplasms/mortality , C-Reactive Protein/analysis , Colorectal Neoplasms/therapy , Survival Rate , Disease-Free Survival , NLR Proteins/analysisABSTRACT
Abstract Aim: This systematic review aimed to evaluate various Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers, based on the frequency applied, the number of satellites available, and the dilution of precision (DOP) presented to measure football player load control. Method: The systematic review followed the PRISMA recommendations. Four hundred and eighty-five articles were selected from two online databases (Scopus and ISI Web of Science) over five years, with 21 studies selected for this review. In these studies, the GNSS frequency ranged from 5 to 18 Hz, with 10 Hz as the most commonly used frequency. Results: Of the 21 selected studies, 20 presented the ideal horizontal dilution of precision (HDOP), and the number of satellites available varied from 5 to 20. There was no consensus on defining speed, acceleration, or deceleration zones. Conclusion: There was no uniformity in data collected from the devices. Most GNSS receivers do not adopt the international system of units (SI).
Subject(s)
Soccer , Spacecraft , Physical Exertion , AthletesABSTRACT
Abstract We used miniaturized GPS loggers and site observations to access foraging patterns and nest behaviour of the White-tailed Tropicbird Phaethon lepturus (WTTB), an endangered species at its South Atlantic breeding colony. Dual foraging pattern was observed with alternation between long and short foraging trips. Birds responsible for nest attendance engaged in short foraging trips with mean distance from colony of 25 ± 17 km, total distance covered of 79 ± 65 km and mean duration of 4.02 ± 5.28 hours. Birds flew by dawn and returned before dusk while partners were at sea for long foraging trips that ranged from four to 11 days, with mean maximum distance from colony of 105 ± 47.48 km. Chicks were usually left alone for hours and chick predation by Land Crab Johngartia lagostroma, egg consumption by Goniopsis cruentata and intra-specific competition are suspected to be responsible for high chick mortality rates.
Resumo Utilizamos aparelhos de GPS miniaturizados e observações de campo para determinar padrões de forrageio e comportamento em ninho da espécie ameaçada Rabos-de-palha-de-bico-laranja Phaethon lepturus em sua colônia reprodutiva do Atlântico Sul. Padrão dual de forrageio foi observado, com alternância entre viagens longas e curtas. Aves responsáveis por cuidado parental efetuaram viagens curtas de forrageio com em média 25 ± 17 km de distância da colônia, distância total percorrida média de 79 ± 65 km e duração média de 4.02 ± 5.28 horas. As aves saíram da colônia entre o amanhecer e o entardecer, enquanto seus parceiros estavam em alto-mar em viagens longas de quatro a 11 dias de duração, com média de distância máxima da colônia de 105 ± 47.48 km. Filhotes foram constantemente deixados sozinhos por várias horas, e predação por Johngartia lagostroma, consumo de ovos por Goniopsis cruentata e competição intra-específica possivelmente foram responsáveis por sua morte.
Subject(s)
Animals , Predatory Behavior/physiology , Birds/physiology , Oceans and Seas , Brazil , Breeding , Endangered SpeciesABSTRACT
Background: Antiviral drugs for viral infections other than HIV are effective only for hepatitis, herpes and influenza. It has been observed that general practitioners (GPs) treat viral infections with antibiotics. The use of antibiotics in viral infections is not rational. Hence, authors conducted this study to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of General Practitioners (GPs) about treatment of viral infections other than HIV.Methods: It was a descriptive, observational, cross- sectional study among 100 GPs in Southern Pune. A pretested questionnaire was used to assess their knowledge, attitude and practices about treatment of viral infections other than HIV. Prior informed written consent was taken from the GPs who were grouped under MBBS, BHMS and BAMS categories according to their qualifications. Correct answers among these groups were analysed using chi-square test, Spearman’s coefficient test and ANOVA.Results: The percentages of correct answers in the groups were comparable.56% GPs have poor knowledge of Influenza treatment.30-36% do not treat Herpes genitalis and zoster with antiviral drugs. Authors found that 44%, 30% and 28% of total GPs don’t have proper knowledge, attitude and practice respectively about common viral infections other than HIV and antiviral drugs.Conclusions: GPs are significantly unaware about rational use of antiviral drugs. They have poor knowledge about management of influenza.
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Time activity pattern refers to the time and behavior of people at different locations. The knowledge of time-activity pattern is essential for air pollution exposure assessment when direct personal exposure monitoring can't not be conducted, because air pollutant concentrations may vary significantly by location and activity. This review is focused on the survey method for human time-activity pattern and its application in the exposure assessment of air pollutants. After comparing the diary-reported trips and Global Positioning System (GPS) recording method, we believed that diary-reported trips were more reliable in describing comprehensive and detail records of the behavior and environmental circumstances while GPS-recorded trend to maintain sound information of time, location and transportations. Meanwhile, according to different subjects, the air pollution exposure model could be divided for population and individuals. There were great difference between two types of model in many areas, including the required information about time, activity and microenvironment.
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@#The response and transport intervals of an ambulance dispatch are affected by various factors. The present ambulance system relies on the driver’s experience, knowledge of local road map and estimations of directions. These may contribute to delays, misdirection and inefficient utilization of resources. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of GPS navigation device on the response and transport time intervals of an ambulance service operating in urban setting. This was a three-month experimental study involving simulated ambulance dispatch based in a hospital. A total of 50 simulated cycles were constructed. Travel time, arrival time and distance were documented from each cycle. The median actual response time using map and GPS navigation device was 11.82 min and 10.47 min respectively. The median actual transport time using map and GPS navigation device was 11.00 min and 10.74 min respectively. The differences in response time and transport time between map and GPS navigation were not statistically significant (p= 0.215 and p=0.710). The application of GPS reduced the error value between estimated and actual response time by 8.73%. It also reduced the mean error value between estimated and actual transport time by 1.42%. The result shows that the GPS navigation device allowed for more accurate travel time estimation and its application in an urban setting such as Kuala Lumpur has the potential to reduce ambulance response time.
Subject(s)
Emergencies , Prehospital Care , Reaction TimeABSTRACT
The response and transport intervals of an ambulance dispatch are affected by various factors. The present ambulance system relies on the driver’s experience, knowledge of local road map and estimations of directions. These may contribute to delays, misdirection and inefficient utilization of resources. The objectives of this study were to assess the effects of GPS navigation device on the response and transport time intervals of an ambulance service operating in urban setting. This was a three-month experimental study involving simulated ambulance dispatch based in a hospital. A total of 50 simulated cycles were constructed. Travel time, arrival time and distance were documented from each cycle. The median actual response time using map and GPS navigation device was 11.82 min and 10.47 min respectively. The median actual transport time using map and GPS navigation device was 11.00 min and 10.74 min respectively. The differences in response time and transport time between map and GPS navigation were not statistically significant (p= 0.215 and p=0.710). The application of GPS reduced the error value between estimated and actual response time by 8.73%. It also reduced the mean error value between estimated and actual transport time by 1.42%. The result shows that the GPS navigation device allowed for more accurate travel time estimation and its application in an urban setting such as Kuala Lumpur has the potential to reduce ambulance response time.
ABSTRACT
Introducción La parálisis cerebral infantil (PC) se clasifica en términos de función según varias escalas: unas son clínicas, como el GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System), FMS (Functional Mobility Scale) y el cuestionario de evaluación funcional FAQ, (Gillette Functional Assessment Walking Scale), y otras, realizadas en el laboratorio de movimiento, como el GDI (Gait Deviation Index) y el GPS (Gait Profile Score). El objetivo del estudio fue establecer la concordancia entre las escalas clínicas y las escalas derivadas del laboratorio de análisis de movimiento. Metodología Se incluyó a 104 niños entre 5 y 16 años con diagnóstico de PC. Se realizó un estudio transversal y retrospectivo en que se analizaron los datos de 3 escalas clínicas de movilidad funcional y un análisis en 3D de la marcha, realizado en el laboratorio de análisis de movimiento con un equipo SMART-D/BTS y dos plataformas de fuerza. Resultados Respecto a la concordancia entre las escalas evaluadas, encontramos que el valor más alto de kappa (0,416) se obtuvo al confrontar FAQ y FMS a 50 m, lo que demostró una concordancia moderada. El resto de valores de kappa al comparar las diferentes escalas fueron menores a 0,4. Al relacionar las escalas según el porcentaje de acuerdo, encontramos que el mayor fue entre FMS y GPS con el 62,5%, seguido del 60,5% entre FAQ y FMS. Discusión No siempre una correlación aceptable significa una alta concordancia para clasificar a los pacientes en el mismo nivel de compromiso. La baja concordancia entre la mayoría de las escalas indica que el análisis de la marcha en el niño con PC debe realizarse de manera complementaria y llevar a cabo una evaluación con escalas clínicas, de calidad de vida, de funcionalidad y con el laboratorio de análisis de movimiento. Nivel de evidencia clínica. Nivel II.
Background Cerebral Palsy (CP) in children can be classified in terms of function according to several scales, some clinics such as GMFCS (Gross Motor Function Classification System), FMS (functional mobility Scale), FAQ (Gillette Functional Assessment Walking Scale); and others carried out in gait analysis such as the GDI (Gait Deviation Index), GPS (Gait Profile Score). The aim of this study was to determine the concordance between the clinical and gait analysis scales. Methods 104 children between five and sixteen years old diagnosed with Cerebral palsy were included. A cross sectional and retrospective study analyzed data from three clinical scales of functional mobility and a 3D gait analysis were carried out in gait analysis laboratory, using a SMART-D/BTS equipment and two strength platforms. Results Regarding the concordance between the scales evaluated, we found that the highest value of kappa (0416), occurred when confronting FAQ and FMS at 50 m, showing a moderate concordance. The remaining values of Kappa when comparing the different scales were smaller than 0.4. While when comparing the scales according to the percentage of agreement we found that the highest percentage was 62.50% when comparing FMS against GPS, followed by 60.50% when comparing FAQ against FMS. Discussion Not always an acceptable correlation means a high agreement to classify patients at the same level of involvement. The low correlation between most of the scales indicates that the gait analysis in children with Cerebral Palsy should be performed in a complementary manner, performing an assessment with clinical scales, quality of life, and functionality and with instrumented motion analysis. Evidence level. II.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Cerebral Palsy , Child , Health Classifications , GaitABSTRACT
AIMS: To compare the internal and external load and the recovery by playing position and the match outcome (wins, losses or draws) in professional soccer. METHODS: 23 male professional soccer athletes from a team of the first division of the Brazilian Championship took part into the study (age 26.1 ± 3.8 years old, weight 77.5 ± 5.0 kg, height 177.6 ± 5.1 cm). During the games, athletes were monitored by GPS and the variables of external loads were taken. Additionally, the session rating of perceived exertion (session RPE) and the perceived recovery scale (PRS) were collected 30 minutes and 40h after the end of the matches, respectively. RESULTS: The external load was greater on full-backs and defense midfielders (p<0.05). The full-backs cover higher total distances compared to attackers, and, compared to all the others positions, they have more stimuli > 20 km/h, covering higher distances >20 km/h; these stimuli makes them to perceive less recovered than defenders, defense and attack midfielders (p<0.05). Moreover, the defenders are those who cover lower distances by the minute and the defense midfielders are those who present the lower Peak Velocity (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between GPS variables, internal load and recovery. In addition, it was found a correlation between the external and the internal load (r=0.66; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The GPS variables and the perceived recovery are influenced by the playing position, but not by the match outcome.(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adult , Athletes , Athletic Performance/physiology , Fatigue , Muscle Strength , Soccer/physiologyABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper was to compare two small-sided games kinematics of Costa Rican college soccer players. Two SSG (2x10min, 3 min rest in between), C1 (600m2) and C2 (1200m2), were played by 14 college soccer players of Costa Rica. Global Positioning System was used to measure kinematic and physiological variables in both conditions. A mixed ANOVA was used, results suggested C1 and C2 were statistically different in speed (C1 C2). When analyzing the distance covered by speed category (low, moderate and high running actions) results suggest C2 had higher intensities compared to C1. This research confirms the findings of previousstudies on the effectiveness of SSG to simulate real game conditions in short periods of time. Conclusions: C2 had higher intensities compared to C1 game with lower physiological demand. Likewise, the C2 resembles more accurately matches in official conditions of Costa Rican players.
O propósito desta pesquisa foi comparar as demandas cinemáticas em dois tipos de dimensões de jogo em 14 jogadores costarricenses de futebol universitário. Estes jogaram dois jogos em campo reduzido (SSG) (2x10 min, 3 min de descanso): C1 (600m2) e C2 (1200 m2). Utilizou-se um Sistema de Posicionamento Global para medir as variáveis cinemáticas e fisiológicas em ambas as condições. Utilizou-se um ANOVA misto; os resultados sugeriram que C1 e C2 foram estatisticamente diferentes em velocidade (C1 C2). Ao analisar a distância percorrida pela categoria de velocidade, em ações de corrida baixa, moderada e alta intensidade, os resultados sugerem que C2 possui maiores intensidades em comparação a C1. Esta pesquisa confirma os resultados de estudos prévios sobre a efetividade de SSG para simular condições de jogo real em períodos curtos de tempo. Conclusões: O C2 apresentou uma maior intensidade em comparação ao jogo C1, com menores demandas fisiológicas. Igualmente, o C2 reflete de maneira mais exata as condições em jogos oficiais de jogadores costarricenses.
El propósito de esta investigación fue comparar las demandas cinemáticas en dos tipos de dimensiones de juego en jugadores de fútbol universitario costarricenses. 14 jugadores universitarios de fútbol de Costa Rica jugaron dos juegos en campo reducido (SSG) (2x10min, 3min de descanso): C1 (600m2) y C2 (1200 m2). Se utilizó un Sistema de Posicionamiento Global para medir las variables cinemáticas y fisiológicas en ambas condiciones. Se utilizó un ANOVA mixto; los resultados sugirieron que C1 y C2 fueron estadísticamente diferentes en velocidad (C1 C2). Al analizar la distancia recorrida por la categoría de velocidad; en acciones de carrera baja, moderada y alta intensidad, los resultados sugieren que C2 posee mayores intensidades en comparación con C1. Esta investigación confirma los resultados de estudios previos sobre la efectividad de SSG para simular condiciones de juego real en períodos cortos de tiempo. Conclusiones: El C2 presentó una mayor intensidad en comparación con el juego C1 con menores demandas fisiológicas. Asimismo, el C2 refleja de manera más exacta las condiciones en partidos oficiales de jugadores costarricenses.
ABSTRACT
To optimize the purification process of gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins (GPS) based on "adjoint marker" online control technology with GPS as the testing index. UPLC-QTOF-MS technology was used for qualitative analysis. "Adjoint marker" online control results showed that the end point of load sample was that the UV absorbance of effluent liquid was equal to half of that of load sample solution, and the absorbance was basically stable when the end point was stable. In UPLC-QTOF-MS qualitative analysis, 16 saponins were identified from GPS, including 13 known gynostemma saponins and 3 new saponins. This optimized method was proved to be simple, scientific, reasonable, easy for online determination, real-time record, and can be better applied to the mass production and automation of production. The results of qualitative analysis indicated that the "adjoint marker" online control technology can well retain main efficacy components of medicinal materials, and provide analysis tools for the process control and quality traceability.