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Las várices gástricas (VG) son un complejo de colaterales vasculares entre la circulación portal y sistémica, condición que se desarrolla como resultado de la presión elevada en el sistema venoso portal. Se encuentran en el 20 % de los pacientes con cirrosis, y son menos frecuentes que las várices esofágicas. Según la clasificación de Sarin, las VG se dividen en cuatro tipos según su ubicación en el estómago y su relación con las várices esofágicas (GOV1, GOV2, IGV1 e IGV2). Entender su hemodinámica con respecto a las rutas de drenaje de las VG es importante para guiar su tratamiento.
Gastric varices (GV) are a complex of vascular collaterals between portal and systemic circulation, a condition that develops as a result of elevated pressure in the portal venous system. They are found in 20% of patients with cirrhosis, and are less common than esophageal varices. According to the Sarin classification, GV are divided into four types based on their location in the stomach and their relationship with esophageal varices (GOV1, GOV2, IGV1, and IGV2). Understanding their hemodynamics with respect to GV drainage routes is important to guide their treatment.
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ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of scheduled second-look endoscopy in patients with acute peptic ulcer bleeding (PUB). Materials and methods: We systematically search in four databases for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the usefulness of scheduled second-look endoscopy vs. single endoscopy in patients with PUB. Our primary outcome was rebleeding. Secondary outcomes were surgery, mortality, and the number of units of blood transfused (NUBT). All meta-analyses were performed using a randomeffects model. Pooled risk ratio (RR) and mean difference (MD), with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated for categorical and continuous outcomes, respectively. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 tool, and the quality of evidence (QoE) was rated with the GRADE approach. Results: Eight full-text RCTs and two RCT abstracts were included (n=1513). We did not find differences in rebleeding (RR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.531.14, moderate QoE), surgery (RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.29-1.15, moderate QoE), mortality (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.46-1.71, moderate QoE) or NUBT (MD, -0.01 units; 95% CI, -0.3 to 0.28, low QoE) between second-look and single endoscopy. Sensitivity analyses had similar results to the main analyses. Conclusions: Routine second-look endoscopy was not more efficacious than single endoscopy in patients with PUB.
RESUMEN Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia de la endoscopia de revisión programada en pacientes con hemorragia por úlcera péptica aguda (UPA). Materiales y métodos: Buscamos de forma sistemática en cuatro bases de datos ensayos controlados aleatorios (ECA) que evaluaran la utilidad de la endoscopia de control programada versus la endoscopia única en pacientes con UPA. Nuestro outcome primario fue el resangrado. Los outcomes secundarios fueron la necesidad de cirugía, la mortalidad y el número de unidades de sangre transfundidas (NUST). Todos los meta-análisis se realizaron mediante un modelo de efectos aleatorios. Se calcularon el riesgo relativo (RR) combinado y la diferencia de medias (DM), con sus intervalos de confianza (IC) del 95% para los resultados categóricos y continuos, respectivamente. El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó mediante la herramienta Cochrane RoB 2.0 y la calidad de la evidencia (QoE) se calificó con el enfoque GRADE. Resultados: Se incluyeron ocho ECA de texto completo y dos resúmenes de ECA (n = 1513). No encontramos diferencias en resangrado (RR, 0,78; IC 95%, 0,53-1,14, QoE moderada), cirugía (RR, 0,58; IC 95%, 0,291,15, QoE moderada), mortalidad (RR, 0,89; 95% IC, 0,46-1,71, QoE moderada) o NUST (DM, -0,01 unidades; IC del 95%, -0,3 a 0,28, QoE baja) entre la segunda revisión y la endoscopia única. Los análisis de sensibilidad tuvieron resultados similares a los análisis principales. Conclusiones: La endoscopia de control de rutina no fue más eficaz que la endoscopia única en pacientes con UPA.
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RESUMEN La enfermedad celiaca (EC) es un síndrome malabsortivo autoinmune que se presenta con intolerancia al gluten (gliadina). Los síntomas más frecuentes son diarrea, esteatorrea, pérdida de peso, debilidad, deficiencia de vitaminas y minerales. La probabilidad de desarrollar una EC complicada es relativamente baja, entre las principales manifestaciones de la misma tenemos esprue refractario, el linfoma de células T y la yeyunoileitis ulcerativa (YU) de los cuales pocos casos debutan con hemorragia digestiva. A continuación, presentamos el caso de un paciente de 51 años de edad que debutó con hemorragia digestiva debido a EC complicada, en donde se realizó video endoscopía digestiva alta (VEDA), videocolonoscopia (VCC), cápsula endoscópica (CE), enteroscopia y biopsia de yeyuno e íleon confirmando el diagnóstico de EC y yeyunoileitis ulcerativa.
ABSTRACT Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune malabsorption syndrome that presents with intolerance to gluten (gliadin), a protein found in wheat. The most common symptoms are diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, weakness, vitamin and mineral deficiency. The probability of developing complicated CD is relatively low, among its main manifestations we have refractory sprue, T-cell lymphoma and ulcerative jejunitis (UY) of which a few cases develop gastrointestinal bleeding. Furthermore, we present the case of a 51-year-old patient who developed intestinal hemorrhage due to complicated CD, where upper digestive video endoscopy (VEDA), video colonoscopy (VCC), capsule endoscopy (CE) and biopsy of the jejunum and ileum were performed confirming the diagnosis of CD along with ulcerative jejunoileitis.
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ABSTRACT Introduction: In 2020, the world suffered a major impact from the COVID-19 pandemic, especially due to the high transmissibility of the virus. It is a disease that predominates with respiratory manifestations, but there is involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, causing symptoms ranging from mild to more severe. Highlighting gastrointestinal bleeding, it is a symptom resulting from the involvement of the SARS-CoV-2 virus described by several reports and case series. Methods: through an integrative literature review, of a qualitative nature, works that corresponded to the eligibility criteria were selected, totaling 16 articles included in this review. Results: of the patients who manifested gastrointestinal symptoms associated with the disease, common comorbidities and clinical manifestations were identified, in addition to therapies used to treat the infection, which were predisposing factors for the development of gastrointestinal bleeding. Conclusion: The presence of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with COVID-19 is established in the literature, since the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease directly affect the GIT. Early recognition of symptoms and suspicion of gastrointestinal involvement allows better management of patients and complications.
RESUMO Introdução: em 2020 o mundo sofreu um grande impacto com a pandemia pela doença COVID-19, em especial pela alta transmissibilidade do vírus. É uma doença que predomina com manifestações respiratórias, porém existe um acometimento do trato gastrointestinal, causando desde sintomas leves a mais graves. Destacando o sangramento gastrointestinal, é um sintoma decorrente do acometimento do vírus SARS-CoV-2 descrito por diversos relatos e séries de casos. Métodos: por meio de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, de caráter qualitativo, foram selecionados trabalhos que correspondessem aos critérios de elegibilidade, totalizando 16 artigos incluídos nesta revisão. Resultados: dos pacientes que manifestaram sintomas gastrointestinais associados a doença, foram identificadas comorbidades e manifestações clínicas em comum, além de terapias utilizadas como tratamento da infecção, que foram fatores predisponentes para o desenvolvimento de sangramentos gastrointestinais. Conclusão: a presença de sangramento gastrointestinal em pacientes com COVID-19 é um dado firmado na literatura, uma vez que os mecanismos fisiopatológicos da doença afetam diretamente o TGI. O reconhecimento precoce dos sintomas e a suspeita do acometimento gastrointestinal permite um melhor manejo dos pacientes e das complicações.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the value of aspartate aminotransferase-to-platelet ratio index (APRI) and platelet-albumin-bilirubin (PALBI) score in predicting the risk of esophagogastric variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis. MethodsA total of 119 patients with liver cirrhosis who were admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University from May 2021 and June 2022 were enrolled, and clinical data, routine blood test results, serum biochemistry, and coagulation test results were collected from all patients. According to the presence or absence of esophagogastric variceal bleeding, the patients were divided into non-bleeding group with 59 patients and bleeding group with 60 patients, and a comparative analysis was performed for the two groups. The independent samples t-test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups, and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups; the chi-squared test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups. The multivariate Logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for esophagogastric variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis and establish a nomogram predictive model. ResultsThe male patients accounted for 75.00% in the bleeding group and 40.68% in the non-bleeding group, and there was a significant difference in sex composition between the two groups (χ2=14.384, P<0.001). Chronic hepatitis B was the main etiology in both the bleeding group and the non-bleeding group (53.33% vs 38.98%), and there was no significant difference in composition ratio between the two groups (χ2=2.464, P=0.116). Compared with the non-bleeding group, the bleeding group had a significantly higher activity of AT-IIIA (t=3.329, P=0.001) and significantly lower levels of PLT, TBil, Ca, TC, and TT (all P<0.05). There were significant differences in APRI and PALBI between the two groups (χ2=6.175 and 19.532, both P<0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that APRI (odds ratio [OR]=0.309, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.109 — 0.881, P=0.028), PALBI (OR=7.667, 95%CI: 2.005 — 29.327, P=0.003), Ca (OR=0.001, 95%CI: 0.000 — 0.141, P=0.007), TC (OR=0.469, 95%CI: 0.226 — 0.973, P=0.042), and TT (OR=0.599, 95%CI: 0.433 — 0.830, P=0.002) were independent influencing factors for esophagogastric variceal bleeding in liver cirrhosis. A nomogram model was established based on the above factors and had an index of concordance of 0.899 and a well-fitted calibration curve. ConclusionAPRI and PALBI have a good value in predicting esophagogastric variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis, and the nomogram model established based on this study can predict the incidence rate of esophagogastric variceal bleeding in patients with liver cirrhosis.
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Objective To retrospectively analyze the epidemiological trend of children with lower gastrointestinal bleeding in recent 10 years,and investigate the change of their disease burden,so as to provide a theoretical basis for the accurate prevention and control of children's lower gastrointestinal bleeding. Methods A total of 671 children with "lower gastrointestinal bleeding" who were diagnosed in our hospital from 2012 to 2021 were collected as research subjects. To analyze the microscopic examination rate and common etiology of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children in the past 10 years,as well as the epidemiological characteristics of different age groups, different regions and different basic diseases; Calculate and compare the rate of disability life lost (YLD), early death life lost (YLL) and disability adjusted life year (DALY) of children with lower gastrointestinal bleeding within 10 years, and calculate the annual change percentage (AAPC) to analyze the change trend of disease burden. Results The microscopic examination rate of children with lower gastrointestinal bleeding showed a trend of increasing in the past 10 years (P18 years old, hypertension and gastroenteritis. The DALY rate, YLL rate and YLD rate caused by lower gastrointestinal bleeding in the past 10 years showed an upward trend (P<0.05). Conclusion The microscopic examination rate of lower gastrointestinal bleeding in children was graduallyincreasing,and the prevalence rate of basic diseases such as boys,hypertension and gastroenteritis was increasing;in addition,the disease burden caused by children's lower gastrointestinal bleeding was also increasing year by year and should be protected.
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La amiloidosis intestinal es una enfermedad sistémica rara y subdiagnosticada, la cual se caracteriza por el depósito extracelular de proteínas que se agrupan en fibras amiloides. Esta entidad es infrecuente y suele ser una forma de presentación en el contexto de una amiloidosis sistémica, cuyo diagnóstico se basa en la presencia a amiloide en la histología. La clínica suele ser inespecífica; diarrea crónica, pérdida de peso, dolor y distensión abdominal; siendo la hemorragia digestiva una manifestación muy poco frecuente. Se presenta el caso de una mujer de 61 años con clínica de baja de peso, distención abdominal, náuseas, vómitos y melena. En la tomografía se evidenció un engrosamiento mural de asas yeyunales con captación de contraste, hallazgo que se corroboró con enteroscopia anterógrada a doble balón en el cual se evidenciaron múltiples úlceras en yeyuno, signos de atrofia, friabilidad y dilatación de luz yeyunal. En la anatomía patológica se aprecia arquitectura vellositaria distorsionada y ulcerada con histoquímica positiva a Rojo Congo e inmunohistoquímica lambda (+++). Además, se realizó aspirado de médula ósea y biopsia de hueso compatible con infiltración de mieloma múltiple monoclonal a cadena Lambda. Durante la estancia hospitalaria la paciente cursó con complicaciones como la desnutrición crónica, infección recurrente y varios episodios de suboclusión intestinal; caracterizada por neumatosis intestinal; debido a múltiples episodios de estas complicaciones la paciente fallece. Dentro de la práctica clínica en gastroenterología la amiloidosis intestinal como parte del diagnóstico diferencial de la hemorragia digestiva alta es infrecuente, por lo que los antecedentes de diagnóstico de mieloma múltiple u otras gammapatías monoclonales asociadas a cadenas ligeras es crucial para un diagnóstico precoz y tratamiento adecuado.
Intestinal amyloidosis is a rare and underdiagnosed systemic disease, which is characterized by the extracellular deposition of proteins that are grouped into amyloid fibers. This entity is rare and is usually a form of presentation in the context of systemic amyloidosis, the diagnosis of which is based on the presence of amyloid in histology. The clinic is usually non-specific; chronic diarrhea, weight loss, abdominal pain and bloating; Gastrointestinal bleeding is a very rare manifestation. The case of a 61-year-old woman with symptoms of weight loss, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting and long hair is presented. Tomographically, a wall thickening of jejunal loops with contrast uptake was evidenced, a finding that was corroborated by a double-balloon anterograde stereoscopy in which multiple were evidenced. The pathology shows distorted and ulcerated villous architecture with positive histochemistry for Congo Red and LAMBDA (+++) immunohistochemistry. In addition, bone marrow aspirate and bone biopsy compatible with infiltration of Lambda chain monoclonal multiple myeloma were performed. During the hospital stay, the patient developed complications such as chronic malnutrition, recurrent infection and several episodes of intestinal subocclusion; characterized by intestinal pneumatosis; due to multiple episodes of these complications, the patient died. Within clinical practice in gastroenterology, intestinal amyloidosis as part of the differential diagnosis of upper gastrointestinal bleeding is infrequent, so a history of diagnosis of multiple myeloma or other monoclonal gammopathy associated with light chains is crucial for early diagnosis and adequate treatment.
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INTRODUCCIÓN. La necrosis esofágica aguda es un síndrome raro que se caracteriza endoscópicamente por una apariencia negra circunferencial irregular o difusa de la mucosa esofágica intratorácica, la afectación es generalmente del esófago distal y la transición abrupta de mucosa normal en la unión gastroesofágica, con extensión proximal variable. CASOS. Se presentan dos casos con diferentes comorbiliades, presentación de signos y síntomas, antecedentes y tratamiento, teniendo en común el diagnóstico a través de endoscopía digestiva alta. RESULTADOS. Caso clínico 1: tratamiento clínico basado en hidratación, suspensión de vía oral, omeprazol intravenoso y sucralfato; mala evolución clínica caracterizada por: disfagia, intolerancia oral y recurrencia del sangrado digestivo alto, se realiza colocación de gastrostomía endoscópica. Caso clínico 2: esófago con mucosa con fibrina y parches de necrosis extensa, se realiza compensación tanto de foco infeccioso pulmonar como hidratación y nutrición, en estudios complementarios se observa masa colónica, con estudio histopatológico confirmatorio de adenocarcinoma de colon en estado avanzado. DISCUSIÓN. La esofagitis necrotizante aguda es una entidad inusual, de baja prevalencia e incidencia, asociada con estados de hipoperfusión sistémica y múltiples comorbilidades que favorezcan un sustrato isquémico. Al revisar los reportes de casos que hay en la literatura médica, los casos que reportamos se correlaciona con las características clínicas, epidemiológicas, endoscópicas y factores de riesgo causales de la enfermedad. La presentación clínica más frecuente es el sangrado digestivo alto, que se debe correlacionar con el hallazgo endoscópico clásico. Nuestro primer caso reportado termina con la colocación de una gastrostomía para poder alimentarse. CONCLUSIÓN. El pronóstico de la necrosis esofágica aguda es malo y se requiere un alto índice de sospecha clínica y conocimiento de esta infrecuente patología para un diagnóstico temprano y un manejo oportuno. Se requiere una evaluación por endoscopia digestiva alta. Es una causa de sangrado gastrointestinal que conlleva tasas altas de mortalidad, principalmente en adultos mayores frágiles. El reconocimiento temprano y la reanimación agresiva son los principios fundamentales para un mejor resultado de la enfermedad.
INTRODUCTION. Acute esophageal necrosis is a rare syndrome that is characterized endoscopically by an irregular or diffuse circumferential black appearance of the intrathoracic esophageal mucosa, the involvement is generally of the distal esophagus and the abrupt transition of normal mucosa at the gastroesophageal junction, with variable proximal extension. CASES. Two cases are presented with different comorbidities, presentation of signs and symptoms, history and treatment, having in common the diagnosis through upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. RESULTS. Clinical case 1: clinical treatment based on hydration, oral suspension, intravenous omeprazole and sucralfate; poor clinical evolution characterized by: dysphagia, oral intolerance and recurrence of upper digestive bleeding, endoscopic gastrostomy placement was performed. Clinical case 2: esophagus with mucosa with fibrin and patches of extensive necrosis, compensation of both the pulmonary infectious focus and hydration and nutrition is performed, in complementary studies a colonic mass is observed, with a confirmatory histopathological study of colon adenocarcinoma in an advanced state. DISCUSSION. Acute necrotizing esophagitis is an unusual entity, with low prevalence and incidence, associated with states of systemic hypoperfusion and multiple comorbidities that favor an ischemic substrate. When reviewing the case reports in the medical literature, the cases we report correlate with the clinical, epidemiological, endoscopic characteristics and causal risk factors of the disease. The most common clinical presentation is upper gastrointestinal bleeding, which must be correlated with the classic endoscopic finding. Our first reported case ends with the placement of a gastrostomy to be able to feed. CONCLUSION. The prognosis of acute esophageal necrosis is poor and a high index of clinical suspicion and knowledge of this rare pathology is required for early diagnosis and timely management. Evaluation by upper gastrointestinal endoscopy is required. It is a cause of gastrointestinal bleeding that carries high mortality rates, mainly in frail older adults. Early recognition and aggressive resuscitation are the fundamental principles for a better outcome of the disease.
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Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Gastrostomy , Endoscopy, Digestive System , Esophageal Diseases , Gastroenterology , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage/drug therapy , Necrosis , Pathology , Omeprazole , Sucralfate , Deglutition Disorders , Mortality , Endoscopy, Gastrointestinal , Ecuador , Esophageal MucosaABSTRACT
Nuestro objetivo fue desarrollar un test diagnóstico para predecir la etiología de la Hemorragia Digestiva Alta Variceal (HDAV). Realizamos un estudio de cohorte retrospectivo. Se revisaron historias clínicas de pacientes mayores de 18 años con Hemorragia Digestiva Alta (HDA) que acudieron al servicio de emergencia del Hospital Cayetano Heredia (HCH) de Lima-Perú entre el 2019 a 2022, se recolectaron datos demográficos, de laboratorio y clínicos; posteriormente, se identificaron variables predictivas de HDAV mediante una regresión logística múltiple. A cada variable con capacidad predictiva se les asignó un puntaje con un punto de corte y sirvió para construir una escala predictiva de HDAV. Se incluyeron 197 historias clínicas de pacientes con HDA, de los cuales 127 (64%) tuvieron sangrado de causa no variceal, y, 70 (36%), variceal. Se identificaron 4 factores predictivos independientes: hematemesis (vómito rojo) (OR: 4,192, IC 95%: 1,586-11,082), recuento de plaquetas (OR: 3,786, IC 95%: 1,324-10,826), antecedente de HDA (OR: 2,634, IC 95%: 1,017-6,820), signos de enfermedad hepática crónica (OR: 11,244, IC 95%: 3,067-35,047), con los que se construyó una escala predictiva, con un punto de corte >7 y ≤7; que mostró una sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo, valor predictivo negativo, cociente de probabilidad positivo, y, negativo de 58,6%, 90,6%, 77,4%, 79,9%, 6,20, y 0,46 respectivamente. En conclusión, la escala predictiva con un punto de corte >7 es útil para predecir la presencia de la HDAV en pacientes que acuden a la emergencia por HDA.
Our objective was to develop a diagnostic test to predict the etiology of Variceal Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (VUGIB). We conducted a retrospective cohort study. Medical records of patients over 18 years of age with Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding (UGIB) who attended the emergency service of Hospital Cayetano Heredia (HCH) in Lima-Peru between 2019 and 2022 were reviewed; demographic, laboratory and clinical data were collected. Subsequently, predictive variables of variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding (VUGIB) were identified using multiple logistic regression. Each variable with predictive capacity was assigned a score with a cut-off point and served to build a predictive scale for VUGIB. 197 medical records of patients with UGIB were included, of which 127 (64%) had non-variceal bleeding, and 70 (36%), variceal. Four independent predictors were identified: hematemesis (red vomit) (OR: 4,192, 95% CI: 1.586-11.082), platelet count (OR: 3.786, 95% CI: 1.324-10.826), history of UGIB (OR: 2.634, 95% CI: 1.017-6.820), signs of chronic liver disease (OR: 11.244, 95% CI: 3.067-35.047), with which a predictive scale was constructed, with a cut-off point >7 and ≤7; which showed a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positive likelihood ratio, and negative of 58.6%, 90.6%, 77.4%, 79.9%, 6.20, and 0.46 respectively. In conclusion, the predictive scale with a cut-off point >7 is useful for predicting the presence of VUGIB in patients who attend the emergency room for UGIB.
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Background: Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is defined as any bleeding from a site in the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the ligament of Treitz (fore-gut). Patients with Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage present with a wide range of clinical severity ranging from trivial bleeds to fulminant and lethal exsanguinations. It is associated with multiple risk factors and multiple co-morbid condition. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 56 patients who were subjected to endoscopy and were studied for 6 months. Appropriate statistical method had been applied wherever needed. Results: In the studied population among 56 patients, most common cause of UGIB was variceal bleed 45 (80%); most common of age group with variceal bleed belonged to 40-59 years, Grade III varices were most commonly found 23 (52%). The mean Rockall score was 4.7 which indicated that most patients belong to moderate risk group. The need of packed red blood cell transfusion and chances of rebleeding were more in high-risk group compared to low and moderate risk group. Patient mortality were only observed in high-risk group compared to low and moderate risk group. Conclusions: Upper GI endoscopy is beneficial in both diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of patients with UGIB. Rockall score helped in identifying that most of the patients belonged to moderate and high-risk group. Rockall score has been found to correlate well with clinical outcome, including need for transfusions, rebleeding and mortality, and may be used for effective triage of patients.
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Background: Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage is defined as any bleeding from a site in the gastrointestinal tract proximal to the ligament of Treitz (fore-gut). Patients with Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage present with a wide range of clinical severity ranging from trivial bleeds to fulminant and lethal exsanguinations. It is associated with multiple risk factors and multiple co-morbid condition. Methods: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. A total of 56 patients who were subjected to endoscopy and were studied for 6 months. Appropriate statistical method had been applied wherever needed. Results: In the studied population among 56 patients, most common cause of UGIB was variceal bleed 45 (80%); most common of age group with variceal bleed belonged to 40-59 years, Grade III varices were most commonly found 23 (52%). The mean Rockall score was 4.7 which indicated that most patients belong to moderate risk group. The need of packed red blood cell transfusion and chances of rebleeding were more in high-risk group compared to low and moderate risk group. Patient mortality were only observed in high-risk group compared to low and moderate risk group. Conclusions: Upper GI endoscopy is beneficial in both diagnostic and therapeutic treatment of patients with UGIB. Rockall score helped in identifying that most of the patients belonged to moderate and high-risk group. Rockall score has been found to correlate well with clinical outcome, including need for transfusions, rebleeding and mortality, and may be used for effective triage of patients.
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Presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 32 años con antecedente de Neurofibromatosis tipo 1, que se presenta por hemorragia de intestino delgado activo, diagnosticada inicialmente al observar sangrado en ileoscopía, al cursar con inestabilidad hemodinámica se realiza angiotomografía abdominal identificando a nivel de yeyuno medio una masa con captación de contraste y sangrado activo por lo cual se realiza una angiografía con embolización arterial de la rama que irriga dicha zona. Con el paciente estable, se realizó una enteroscopía anterógrada de doble balón, observando una lesión subepitelial, ulcerada, se realiza tatuaje endoscópico y finalmente se envía a cirugía para resección mediante laparoscopia. El estudio anatomopatológico fue compatible con un tumor estromal gastrointestinal (GIST) yeyunal.
We present the case of a 32-year-old male patient with a history of Neurofibromatosis type 1, who presented with active small bowel bleeding, initially diagnosed by observing bleeding in ileoscopy, presenting with hemodynamic instability, abdominal angiotomography was performed, identifying a mass with contrast enhancement and active bleeding at the middle jejunum level, for which an angiography with arterial embolization of the branch that supplies said area is performed. With the patient stable, a double-balloon antegrade enteroscopy was performed, observing a subepithelial, ulcerated lesion, endoscopic tattooing was performed and finally surgery was sent for resection by laparoscopy. The pathology study was compatible with a jejunal gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST).
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Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm with a poor prognosis. When it manifests clinically with cold jaundice, general repercussion or dyspepsia, it usually corresponds to a locally advanced tumor. Enterorrhagia as a form of presentation of pancreatic cancer is extremely infrequent; it corresponds to a severe form with an ominous prognosis. We present the case of a 61-year-old man who attended emergency service for enterorrhagia associated with organic abdominal pain and general repercussions, to whom a diagnosis of pancreatic tail cancer was diagnosed. Colonoscopy revealed mucosal infiltration with intense edema, erythema, necrosis, and spontaneous bleeding at the level of the splenic exure of the colon. Histology conrmed colonic infiltration by pancreatic neoplasm. Computed tomography allowed staging in stage IV. Palliative surgical treatment was performed, with a survival of 3 months.
El cáncer de páncreas corresponde a una neoplasia maligna con pobre pronóstico. Cuando se manifiesta clínicamente con ictericia fría, repercusión general o dispepsia, habitualmente corresponde a un tumor localmente avanzado. La enterorragia como forma de presentación del cáncer de páncreas es extremadamente infrecuente, corresponde a una forma grave y de pronóstico ominoso. Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 61 años que consultó por enterorragia asociada a dolor abdominal de características orgánicas y repercusión general, en el que se realizó diagnóstico de cáncer de cola de páncreas. La colonoscopía evidenció a nivel del ángulo esplénico del colon, infiltración mucosa con intenso edema, eritema, necrosis y sangrado espontáneo. La histología confirmó la infiltración colónica por neoplasma de páncreas. La tomografía computarizada permitió su estadificación en estadio IV. Se realizó tratamiento quirúrgico paliativo, con una sobrevida de 3 meses.
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Introducción. El angiosarcoma es una neoplasia vascular originada a nivel del endotelio, de baja frecuencia, conocido por su agresividad y crecimiento acelerado. Alcanza solo el 1 al 2 % del total de los sarcomas. La presentación gastrointestinal es infrecuente y su incidencia es poco conocida debido al escaso reporte de casos en la literatura. Suele identificarse en etapas avanzadas debido a la dificultad del diagnóstico histopatológico por sus características morfológicas, siendo necesario aplicar tinciones especiales o estudio inmunohistoquímico. Caso clínico. Por su interés y singularidad, presentamos el caso de un paciente masculino de 54 años, quien consultó con hemorragia digestiva profusa, anemización y requerimiento de terapia transfusional. Resultados. Durante el proceso diagnóstico, en la endoscopia encontraron diversas lesiones multifocales que se extendían por gran parte del tracto gastrointestinal. El estudio histopatológico mostró angiosarcoma gastrointestinal. Discusión. El angiosarcoma del tracto gastrointestinal es extremadamente infrecuente, de difícil diagnóstico y bajas posibilidades de manejo curativo, con opciones terapéuticas limitadas, lo que configura un mal pronóstico a corto plazo
Introduction. Angiosarcoma is a vascular neoplasm originating from endothelial cells, known for its aggressiveness, accelerated growth and reduced frequency. Reach only 1 to 2% of total sarcomas. Gastrointestinal presentation is extremely rare, the true incidence is poorly known, due to the limited reports of this entity in the literature. It is usually identified in advanced stages in view of the difficulty of the histopathological diagnosis, attributable to its morphological characteristics, being necessary to apply special stains or immunohistochemical study. Case report. Due to their interest and uniqueness, we present the case of a 54-year-old male patient, who presented with a profuse gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, and requirement for transfusion therapy. Results. The endoscopy detected several multifocal lesions that extended most of the gastrointestinal tract. The histopathological study showed gastrointestinal angiosarcoma. Discussion. Angiosarcoma of the gastrointestinal tract is extremely uncommon, difficult to diagnose and has low possibilities of curative management, with limited therapeutic options, which configures a poor prognosis in the short term
Subject(s)
Humans , Gastrointestinal Neoplasms , Hemangiosarcoma , Sarcoma , Lymphatic Vessel Tumors , Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage , Neoplasms, Vascular TissueABSTRACT
SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Gastrointestinal bleeding is an important part of gastrointestinal emergencies. This study aimed to examine the association between ABO blood groups and mortality in patients who were admitted to the emergency department and diagnosed with upper gastrointestinal bleeding. METHODS: The patients with upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the emergency department of a tertiary hospital in Turkey and the data of healthy blood donors were studied. The data of these patients were analyzed, and it was determined that the primary outcome was in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: The study was completed with 274 patients and 274 control group. The mean age of these patients was 65.1±18.2 years, and 64.2% of patients were males. It was found that the in-hospital mortality rate of patients with O blood group (16.2%) was statistically significantly higher than non-O blood group (7.5%) (p:0.032). CONCLUSION: The study concluded that the mortality rate of gastrointestinal bleeding patients with O blood group was higher compared to patients with other blood groups. Physicians can use ABO blood groups to predict mortality risk in gastrointestinal bleeding.
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ABSTRACT Background: We evaluated the association between polymorphisms in the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) (-G308A) gene and upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) in schistosomiasis. Methods: This was a transverse study involving 294 Brazilian patients infected with Schistosoma mansoni. Results: The homozygous A/A genotype in TNF-α (-G308A) showed a risk association (prevalence ratio = 1.90, p = 0.008) with UGIB. There was no statistically significant difference in serum TNF-α levels between the clinical groups. Conclusions: The polymorphic TNF-α (-G308A) can be a risk factor for UGIB, in addition to being a potentially predictive factor for the severity of UGIB in schistosomiasis.
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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the outcomes of cirrhotic patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. METHODS: A retrospective longitudinal observational study was carried out evaluating 38 cirrhotic patients undergoing transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. The outcomes were evaluated in an outpatient follow-up period of 3 months. The assumed significance level was 5%. RESULTS: The indications for transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt were refractory ascites in 21 (55.3%), variceal hemorrhage in 13 (34.2%), and hydrothorax in 4 (10.5%) patients. There was development of hepatic encephalopathy in 10 (35.7%) patients after transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt. From the 21 patients with refractory ascites, resolution was observed in 1 (3.1%) patient, and in 16 (50.0%) patients, there was ascites control. Regarding transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt after variceal bleeding, 10 (76.9%) patients remained without new bleeding or hospitalizations in the follow-up period. The global survival in the follow-up period in patients with and without hepatic encephalopathy was 60 vs. 82%, respectively (p=0.032). CONCLUSION: Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt can be considered in decompensated cirrhotic patients; however, the development of hepatic encephalopathy which can shorten survival should be focused.
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SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥2, in-hospital onset, albumin <2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥2, steroid use score in predicting mortality in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and compare it with the Glasgow-Blatchford score; the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score; the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score; and Complete Rockall score. METHODS: The data of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding who visited the emergency department during the study period were obtained from the hospital automation system by using the classification of disease codes and analyzed in this retrospective study. Adult patients with endoscopically confirmed nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding were included in the study. Patients with bleeding from the tumor, bleeding after endoscopic resection, or missing data were excluded. The prediction accuracy of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2, in-hospital onset, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2, steroid use score was calculated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and compared with that of Glasgow-Blatchford score, the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score, the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score, and Complete Rockall score. RESULTS: A total of 805 patients were included in the study, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 6.6%. The performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2, in-hospital onset, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2, steroid use score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.812, 95%CI 0.783-0.839) was better than Glasgow-Blatchford score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.683, 95%CI 0.650-0.713, p=0.008), and similar to the the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.829, 95%CI 0.801-0.854, p=0.563), the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.794, 95%CI 0.764-0.821, p=0.672), and Complete Rockall score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.761, 95%CI 0.730-0.790, p=0.106). CONCLUSION: The performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2, in-hospital onset, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2, steroid use score in predicting in-hospital mortality for our study population is better than Glasgow-Blatchford score and similar to the the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score, the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score, and Complete Rockall score.
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Objective:Of all spontaneous bleeding complications in patients with acute ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) is the most common and of specific interest, because it can be prevented by several prophylactic measures. The purpose of this study was to investigate the in-hospital incidence, associated outcomes, and predictors of UGIB after STEMI.Methods:In this retrospective study, we analyzed the records of 2 791 patients with acute STEMI admitted to Beijing Anzhen Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University between January 2018 and January 2022. The patients were divided into the UGIB group ( n=61) and non-UGIB group ( n=2 730) according to the presence or absence of upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, respectively. Baseline clinical conditions, coronary lesions, in-hospital deaths, and in-hospital adverse events were compared between the two groups. Logistic regression analysis was also performed for risk factors that could lead to UGIB. Results:The in-hospital incidence of UGIB after STEMI was 2.2% (61/2 791). Hospital stay was significantly longer in the UGIB group [8(6, 12) days vs. 5 (4, 7) days, Z=3.28, P<0.001] and in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in the UGIB group than in the non-UGIB group (9.8% vs. 0.8%, χ2=0.63, P=0.001). Patients with UGIB were significantly older than those without UGIB (63±11 years vs. 58±11 years, t=-3.75, P<0.001). The serum creatinine level of UGIB patients was significantly higher than that of non-UGIB patients [(80(62, 98) mmol/L vs. 73(64, 84) mmol/L, Z=1.68, P=0.007], the red blood cell count of UGIB patients was significantly lower than that of non-UGIB patients [4.1(3.8, 4.6)×10 12/L vs. 4.6(4.2, 4.9)×10 12/L, Z=2.61, P<0.001], and the hemoglobin concentration of UGIB patients was significantly lower than that of non-UGIB patients [129(109, 141) g/L vs. 141(130, 152) g/L, Z=2.52, P<0.001]. Brain natriuretic peptide levels were significantly higher in UGIB patients than in non-UGIB patients [331(165, 644) ng/L vs. 181(89, 333) ng/L, Z=2.42, P<0.001]. Logistic regression analysis showed that age ( OR=1.045, 95% CI 1.009-1.082, P=0.013); hemoglobin ( OR=1.594, 95% CI 1.150-2.210, P=0.005); hematocrit ( OR=0.181, 95% CI 0.060-0.546, P=0.002); and mean hemoglobin concentration ( OR=0.845, 95% CI 0.752-0.951, P=0.005) were independent risk factors for UGIB in patients with STEMI. Logistic regression analysis of risk factors for in-hospital death revealed that concurrent UGIB was an independent risk factor for in-hospital death in patients with STEMI ( OR=2.954, 95% CI 0.635-13.751, P=0.024). Conclusions:The incidence of in-hospital UGIB in STEMI patients was 2.2%, and the in-hospital mortality rate of STEMI complicated with UGIB increased to 9.8%. Concurrent UGIB was an independent risk factor for in-hospital death in patients with STEMI. The most important predictors of in-hospital UGIB in patients with STEMI were age, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and mean hemoglobin concentration.
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Objective:To investigate the predictive value of albumin-bilirubin score combined with Glasgow-Blatchfordscale(GBS) in the short-term prognosis of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.Methods:Eighty-one patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage who were treated in JingzhouHospital Affiliated to Yangtze University from May 2020 to May 2022 were selected as the research subjects, according to the prognosis of patients within 30 d, they were divided into poor prognosis group (35 cases) and fair prognosis group (46 cases). Clinical data were collected and the levels of albumin (ALB), creatinine (Cr), hemoglobin (Hb), total bilirubin (TBIL), urea nitrogen (BUN) and the scores of ALBI, GBS were compared between the two groups. The independent risk factors of short-term prognosis in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage were analyzed by Logistic multivariate regression analysis. The predictive value of ALBI score and GBS score for short-term prognosis of acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage was evaluated. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve were drawn, and the area under the curve was calculated and compared.Results:There were no significant differences in baseline data such as gender, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, smoking history, drinking history, drug use, syncope, mental changesand comorbidities between the two groups ( P>0.05). The age in the poor prognosis group was higher than that in the fair prognosis group: (65.60 ± 7.90) years vs. (62.60 ± 7.50) years, there was statistical difference ( P<0.05). The levels of BUN, TBIL and GBS scores in the poor prognosis group were higher than those in the fair prognosis group: (9.86 ± 2.94) mmol/L vs.(8.56 ± 2.66) mmol/L, (20.70 ± 12.31) μmol/L vs. (11.71 ± 8.11) μmol/L, (10.77 ± 1.59) scores vs. (7.91 ± 1.91) scores; the levels of Hb, Cr, ALB and ALBI scores were lower than those in the fair prognosis group: (74.97 ± 16.47) g/L vs.(84.01 ± 19.44) g/L, (65.72 ± 12.08) μmol/L vs. (70.37 ± 11.52) μmol/L, (25.67 ± 4.30) g/L vs. (32.62 ± 5.07) g/L, (0.75 ± 0.47) scores vs. (1.37 ± 0.43) scores, there were statistical differences ( P<0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed that ALB, TBIL and ALBI, GSB scores were independent risk factors for death within 30 din patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage ( P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve of ALBI score and GBS score were 0.922 and 0.875, while the area under the curve of combined was 0.958, the sensitivity was 94.29%, and the specificity was 84.78%, which were significantly higher than predicted alone ( Z = 1.87, 2.44; P<0.05). Conclusions:ALBI score combined with GBS has good predictive value for short-term prognosis in patients with acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.