Quiste de duplicación duodenal en un paciente pediátrico. Reporte de caso / Duodenal duplication cyst in a pediatric patient. Case report

Introducción. Los quistes de duplicación duodenal son malformaciones raras, que ocurren durante el desarrollo embriológico del tracto gastrointestinal. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de un niño de tres años, con cuadro clínico de dolor abdominal, náuseas y vómitos. La ecografía y la tomografía computarizada informaron una imagen quística entre el hígado, riñón derecho y colon. Resultados. Se realizó laparoscopia encontrando un quiste de duplicación duodenal con moco en la primera porción del duodeno. Se practicó una resección del quiste y mucosectomía del segmento restante. Conclusión. Los síntomas de un quiste de duplicación duodenal son inespecíficos y su hallazgo frecuentemente es incidental. El tratamiento quirúrgico depende del tamaño, la ubicación y su relación con la vía biliar.

Introduction. Duodenal duplication cysts are rare malformations that occur during the embryological development of the gastrointestinal tract. Clinical case. The case of a three-year-old boy with abdominal pain, nausea, and vomiting is presented. Ultrasound and computed tomography revealed a cyst between the liver, right kidney, and colon. Results. Laparoscopy was performed, finding a duodenal duplication cyst with mucus in the first portion of the duodenum. A resection of the cyst and mucosectomy of the remaining segment were performed. Conclusion. The symptoms of a duodenal duplication cyst are nonspecific and its finding is frequently incidental. Surgical treatment depends on the size, location, and relationship to the bile duct.

Tumor inflamatorio miofibroblástico gastrointestinal. Reporte de caso / Gastrointestinal myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor. Case report

Introducción. El tumor miofibroblástico inflamatorio es una enfermedad proliferativa rara, de etiología incierta, caracterizada por la proliferación de miofibroblastos epitelioides o fusionados mezclados con células inflamatorias, predominantemente mononucleares. En general se considera una lesión benigna, aunque en algunos casos esta neoplasia ha mostrado un comportamiento agresivo en cuanto a recidiva local y metástasis. El tratamiento definitivo es la resección quirúrgica completa. Caso clínico. Paciente de 67 años con dos meses de evolución de fiebre y masa abdominal, en quien se realizó una tomografía computarizada de abdomen que identificó una lesión de aspecto infiltrativo tumoral, comprometiendo la grasa retroperitoneal en la transcavidad de los epiplones. Por vía percutánea se tomó una biopsia que informó un pseudotumor inflamatorio retroperitoneal. Fue llevado a cirugía radical abdominal, con patología quirúrgica final que describió un tumor miofibroblástico inflamatorio de compromiso multifocal, adherido a la serosa del estómago e intestino delgado, sin compromiso muscular. Discusión. El tumor inflamatorio miofibroblástico es una entidad rara, de etiología por esclarecer y difícil diagnóstico. Presentamos el caso clínico de un paciente con tumor inflamatorio miofibroblástico gastrointestinal.Conclusión. Se describe el caso clínico de un paciente con un tumor inflamatorio miofibroblástico gastrointestinal, de presentación rara en nuestro medio. Es importante la comparación con casos similares para poder hacer conclusiones útiles en la práctica clínica

Introduction. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare proliferative disease of uncertain etiology, characterized by the proliferation of epithelioid or fused myofibroblasts mixed with predominantly mononuclear inflammatory cells. In general, it is considered a benign lesion, although in some cases this neoplasm has shown aggressive behavior in terms of local recurrence and metastasis. The definitive treatment is complete surgical resection. Clinical case. A 67-year-old patient with a two-month history of fever and an abdominal mass underwent a computed tomography scan of the abdomen that identified an infiltrative tumor, compromising the retroperitoneum fat in the lesser cavity. A biopsy was taken percutaneously, which reported a retroperitoneal inflammatory pseudotumor. He was taken to radical abdominal surgery, with final surgical pathology describing an inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor with multifocal involvement attached to the serosa of the stomach and small intestine without muscle involvement. Discussion. Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor is a rare entity, of unknown etiology and difficult to diagnose. We present a clinical case of gastrointestinal myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor to better understand this entity.Conclusion. The clinical case of a patient with a gastrointestinal myofibroblastic inflammatory tumor, a rare presentation in our environment, is described. Comparison with similar cases is important to draw useful conclusions in clinical practice

CHAMPS score in predicting mortality of patients with acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥2, in-hospital onset, albumin <2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥2, steroid use score in predicting mortality in patients with nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and compare it with the Glasgow-Blatchford score; the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score; the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score; and Complete Rockall score. METHODS: The data of patients with acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding who visited the emergency department during the study period were obtained from the hospital automation system by using the classification of disease codes and analyzed in this retrospective study. Adult patients with endoscopically confirmed nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding were included in the study. Patients with bleeding from the tumor, bleeding after endoscopic resection, or missing data were excluded. The prediction accuracy of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2, in-hospital onset, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2, steroid use score was calculated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and compared with that of Glasgow-Blatchford score, the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score, the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score, and Complete Rockall score. RESULTS: A total of 805 patients were included in the study, and the in-hospital mortality rate was 6.6%. The performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2, in-hospital onset, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2, steroid use score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.812, 95%CI 0.783-0.839) was better than Glasgow-Blatchford score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.683, 95%CI 0.650-0.713, p=0.008), and similar to the the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.829, 95%CI 0.801-0.854, p=0.563), the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.794, 95%CI 0.764-0.821, p=0.672), and Complete Rockall score (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.761, 95%CI 0.730-0.790, p=0.106). CONCLUSION: The performance of the Charlson Comorbidity Index ≥ 2, in-hospital onset, albumin < 2.5 g/dL, altered mental status, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status ≥ 2, steroid use score in predicting in-hospital mortality for our study population is better than Glasgow-Blatchford score and similar to the the age, blood tests, and comorbidities score, the albumin, international normalized ratio; alteration in mental status, systolic blood pressure, and age 65 score, and Complete Rockall score.

Relação de sintomas gastrointestinais e a infecção por Covid-19 na população pediátrica: protocolo scoping review / Relationship of gastrointestinal symptoms and Covid-19 infection in pediatric population: scoping protocol review / Relación de síntomas gastrointestinales e infección por Covid-19 en población pediátrica: revisión de protocolo de alcance

Objetivo: Mapear o conhecimento acerca dos desfechos de sintomas gastrointestinais associados a Covid-19 na população pediátrica. Método: Trata-se de um protocolo de scoping review seguindo as recomendações do Instituto Joanna Briggs e do PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR): Checklist and Explanation. A busca será realizada nas bases de dados Embase, Google Acadêmico, PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, CINAHL, Scielo, Web of Science e Portal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde. Serão utilizados os descritores criança, recém-nascido, trato gastrointestinal e Covid-19 e termos alternativos. Os resultados serão apresentados em formato de tabelas e analisados de forma descritiva. Conclusão: Esse protocolo norteará o desenvolvimento da revisão de escopo acerca do conhecimento sobre os achados clínicos e desfechos gastrointestinais na população pediátrica com diagnóstico de Covid-19.

Objective: To map the knowledge about the outcomes of gastrointestinal symptoms associated with Covid-19 in the pediatric population. Method: This is a scoping review protocol following the recommendations of the Joanna Briggs Institute and the PRISMA Extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-scr): Checklist and Explanation. The search will be performed in the databases Embase, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, CINAHL, Scielo, Web of Science and Portal of the Virtual Health Library. The descriptors child, newborn, gastrointestinal tract and Covid-19 and alternative terms will be used. The results will be presented in table format and analyzed descriptively. Conclusion: This protocol will guide the development of a scope review on knowledge about clinical findings and gastrointestinal outcomes in the pediatric population diagnosed with Covid-19.

Objetivo: Mapear el conocimiento sobre los resultados de los síntomas gastrointestinales asociados a Covid-19 en la población pediátrica. Método: Se trata de un protocolo de revisión de alcance siguiendo las recomendaciones del Instituto Joanna Briggs y la Extensión PRISMA para Revisiones de Alcance (PRISMA-scr): Checklist and Explanation. La búsqueda se realizará en las bases de datos Embase, Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, CINAHL, Scielo, Web of Science y Portal de la Biblioteca Virtual de Salud. Se utilizarán los descriptores child, newborn, gastrointestinal tract y Covid-19 y términos alternativos. Los resultados se presentarán en formato de tabla y se analizarán de forma descriptiva. Conclusiones: Este protocolo guiará el desarrollo de una revisión de alcance sobre el conocimiento de los hallazgos clínicos y los resultados gastrointestinales en la población pediátrica diagnosticada de Covid-19.

P2X7 receptor antagonist improves gastrointestinal disorders in spontaneously hypertensive rats

The purinergic system participates in the control of blood pressure. Hypertension promotes the occurrence of gastrointestinal disorders such as intestinal inflammation and gastric emptying delay. This study aimed i) to investigate the participation of the P2X7 receptor blocker Brilliant Blue G (BBG) on gastric emptying of solids and changes in oxidative stress in the gastric fundus, duodenum, and colon of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and ii) to study the putative relationship of this effect with the renin-angiotensin system. Rats were divided into five groups: Control, SHR, SHR+BBG, SHR+BBG+ATP, and SHR+BBG+ANG II. In the gastrointestinal tract, we assessed gastric emptying (GE) and oxidative stress markers (NOx, MPO, GSH, SOD). We observed a decrease in the GE rate (P<0.05) in SHR vs control rats (21.8±2.0% vs 42.8±3.5%). The decrease in GE was returned (P<0.05) to control levels by BBG in SHR rats (21.8±2.0% vs 41.6±3.2%). Co-administration of ATP or ANG II together with BBG bypassed the effect of the P2X7 antagonist on GE in SHR (P<0.05) (21.9±5.0% vs 25.6±3.0% vs 41.6±3.2%). The MPO activity increased (P<0.05) in the gastric fundus of SHR compared to control rats (6.12±2.26 vs 0.077±0.02 UMPO/mg tissue); this effect was prevented (P<0.05) by BBG (0.55±0.15 vs 6.12±2.26 UMPO/mg tissue). Data demonstrated that blockage of P2X7 receptors with BBG can improve the GE delay and oxidative stress biomarkers in SHR animals. This preventive effect of BBG on GE delay was abrogated by ANG II and ATP, thus prompting crosstalk between renin-angiotensin and the purinergic signaling systems underlying this phenomenon.

Impact of early-onset preeclampsia on feeding tolerance and growth of very low birth weight infants during hospitalization / Efeito da pré-eclâmpsia precoce na tolerância alimentar e no crescimento de recém-nascidos de muito baixo peso durante a hospitalização

ABSTRACT Objective: The provision of adequate enteral nutrition to preterm infants is a great challenge, and preeclampsia (PE) may have a detrimental effect on the safety of nutrition supply. This study aims to investigate the influence of early-onset PE on preterm infants' enteral feeding tolerance and growth during hospitalization. Methods: This is a prospective study with 55 preterm infants <34 weeks born to PE mothers matched by gestational age with 55 preterm infants born to normotensive mothers from 2013 to 2016. We evaluated maternal, gestational, and neonatal clinical data. The outcomes were feeding intolerance and growth during hospitalization. Comparison between groups was performed by Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, chi-square test, or Fisher's exact test. Multiple logistic regression was used to investigate whether PE was an independent risk factor for feeding intolerance. Results: The mean gestational age was 30 weeks. Preterm infants of mothers with PE had lower birth weight and were smaller at discharge. Feeding intolerance was frequent, but necrotizing enterocolitis was rare in this sample (PE=4% vs. control=2%) with no difference between groups. Preterm infants of mothers with PE had worse growth outcomes; however, PE was not an independent risk factor for feeding intolerance. The increase in gestational age was a protective factor, and being born small for gestational age (SGA) increased the risk of feeding intolerance by six times. Conclusions: Preterm infants of mothers with early-onset PE were more likely to be born SGA and had a worse growth trajectory during hospitalization. In adjusted analyses, however, low gestational age and SGA were independent predictors of feeding intolerance.

RESUMO Objetivo: A nutrição enteral adequada para recém-nascidos prematuros é um grande desafio, e a pré-eclâmpsia (PE) pode comprometer a segurança da oferta alimentar. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar a influência da PE de início precoce na tolerância alimentar e no crescimento de prematuros durante a hospitalização. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, com 55 prematuros <34 semanas de mães com PE pareados por idade gestacional e com 55 prematuros de mães normotensas, de 2013 a 2016. Foram avaliados dados clínicos maternos, gestacionais e neonatais. Os desfechos foram intolerância alimentar e crescimento durante a hospitalização. Na comparação entre grupos, utilizaram-se teste t de Student ou de Mann-Whitney e teste qui-quadrado ou exato de Fisher. Regressão logística múltipla foi usada para investigar se a PE é fator de risco para intolerância alimentar. Resultados: A idade gestacional média foi de 30 semanas. Prematuros de mães com PE tiveram menor peso ao nascer e eram menores na alta. A intolerância alimentar foi frequente, mas a enterocolite necrosante foi rara nesta amostra (PE=4% vs. controle=2%), sem diferença entre grupos. Prematuros de mães com PE tiveram pior crescimento, mas a PE não foi fator independente de risco para intolerância alimentar. O aumento da idade gestacional foi fator de proteção, e nascer pequeno para a idade gestacional (PIG) aumentou em seis vezes o risco de intolerância alimentar. Conclusões: Prematuros de mães com PE de início precoce tiveram maior probabilidade de nascer PIG e pior trajetória de crescimento na hospitalização. Em análises ajustadas, baixa idade gestacional e PIG foram preditores independentes de intolerância alimentar.

Tc-99m scan for pediatric bleeding Meckel diverticulum: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Objective: Meckel diverticulum (MD) is a common malformation of the digestive tract, often accompanied by serious complications. It is important to find safe and effective diagnostic methods for screening MD. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a technetium-99m (Tc-99m) scan for pediatric bleeding MD. Methods: The authors conducted a systematic review of studies published in PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science before 1 January 2023. Studies based on PICOS were included in this systematic review. The flow chart was made by PRISMA software. The quality of included studies was assessed by RevMan5 software (QUADAS-2: Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies-2). The sensitivity, specificity, and other measurements of accuracy were pooled using Stata/SE 12.0 software. Results: Sixteen studies with 1115 children were included in this systematic review. A randomized-effects model was used for the meta-analysis because of significant heterogeneity. The combined sensitivity and specificity were 0.80 [Confidence Interval (95% CI, 0.73-0.86) and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.86-0.98)], respectively. The area under the curve (AUC) was 0.88 (95% CI, 0.85-0.90). Publication bias (Begg's test p = 0.053) was observed. Conclusion: Tc-99m scan has high specificity, but moderate sensitivity, which is always influenced by some factors. Hence, the Tc-99m scan has some limitations in the diagnosis of pediatric bleeding MD.

Efficacy and safety of submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection for multiple submucosal tumors of upper gastrointestinal tract / 中华消化内镜杂志

In order to evaluate the efficacy and safety of submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection (STER) for the treatment of multiple submucosal tumors (SMT) in the upper gastrointestinal tract, data of 24 cases with upper gastrointestinal SMT (including 56 SMT lesions) treated at Taizhou Municipal Hospital and Shanghai East Hospital from January 2016 to June 2021 were collected for retrospective observation. The treatment effect, occurrence of major adverse events and follow-up results were analyzed. The results showed that 19 cases (79.2%) underwent tumor resection through one tunnel, and 5 cases (20.8%) underwent tumor resection through two tunnels. The length of the tunnel was 3-12 cm, with an average of 6.2 cm. The surgical time ranged from 19 to 130 minutes, with an average of 55.6 minutes. The overall resection rate was 89.29% (50/56). The hospitalization time was 2-7 days, with an average of 3.5 days. Major adverse events occurred in 2 cases (8.3%), all of which were mucosal injuries, and were cured with titanium clips and self expanding metal sealing stents. During a follow-up period of 6-64 months, with an average of 32.0 months, there was no residual tumor, tumor implantation tunnel, local recurrence, distant metastasis or death. To sum up, STER is safe and feasible for the treatment of multiple SMT in the upper gastrointestinal tract. The main resection method is single tunnel, and double tunnel is required for multiple SMT far apart.

Uptake characteristics of 68Ga-FAPI-04 and 18F-FDG in surgical wounds after radical surgery for gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To explore the uptake characteristics and temporal changes of 68Ga-fibroblast activation protein inhibitors (FAPIs) and 18F-FDG in the anastomotic site of reconstructed digestive tracts after radical surgery for gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma. Methods:A cohort of 43 patients (28 males, 15 females; age range 28-79 years) who underwent radical surgery for gastrointestinal adenocarcinoma and underwent 18F-FDG PET/CT follow-up between November 2020 and June 2022 in the First Affiliated Hospital of the Air Force Medical University was prospectively included. One week after the 18F-FDG PET/CT examination, 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET/CT imaging was performed. ROIs were drawn on the PET images at the highest uptake level of anastomotic sites of reconstructed digestive tract and abdominal wall incisions, and SUV max and target-to-background ratio (TBR) were determined. χ2 test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test (Bonferroni correction) and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were supplied. Results:There were 86 surgical wounds (13 gastric-intestinal anastomotic sites, 14 esophagus-intestinal anastomotic sites, 16 intestinal-intestinal anastomotic sites, and 43 abdominal wall incisions) included. In 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET imaging, SUV max of gastric-intestinal anastomotic sites was higher than that of abdominal wall incisions, with a statistically significant difference (adjusted P=0.014). The TBR did not show statistically significant differences among different types of surgical wounds ( H=3.88, P=0.275). In 18F-FDG PET imaging, SUV max of gastric-intestinal, esophagus-intestinal, and intestinal-intestinal anastomotic sites were all higher than that of abdominal wall incisions, with statistically significant differences (adjusted all P<0.001). There were no statistically significant differences in TBR among different types of surgical wounds ( H=3.02, P=0.388). In 68Ga-FAPI-04 PET imaging, the TBR of all types of anastomotic sites exhibited a decreasing trend with increasing postoperative time. Except for intestinal-intestinal anastomotic sites, the differences in TBR between < 0.5-year and ≥ 1.5-year groups were statistically significant for other types of surgical wounds (adjusted P<0.05). In 18F-FDG PET imaging, the TBR of abdominal wall incisions showed a decreasing trend with increasing postoperative time. However, the TBR of other types of surgical wounds did not show a decreasing trend, and the differences in TBR among different time groups were not statistically significant ( H values: 0.53-2.75, P values: 0.252-0.768). In comparing the two PET imaging agents, for all surgical wounds within the <0.5-year and 0.5-1.5-year groups, the 68Ga-FAPI-04 TBR was consistently higher than the 18F-FDG TBR ( z values: -3.17 and -2.55, P values: 0.002 and 0.011). However, in the ≥1.5-year group, the TBR values tended to be consistent, and the differences were not statistically significant ( z=-0.70, P=0.485). Conclusions:The 18F-FDG uptake in the anastomotic sites of reconstructed digestive tracts reaches a low level under half a year after surgery and does not significantly change over time, while the 68Ga-FAPIs uptake remains relatively high within the first 1.5 years after surgery but decreases over time. These patterns suggest that clinical attention should be paid to the differential diagnosis of anastomotic inflammation or fibrosis, which resulting in agent uptake and local tumor recurrence.

Predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters combined with inflammatory markers for medium-term outcome in patients with primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B cell lymphoma / 中华核医学与分子影像杂志

Objective:To explore the predictive value of 18F-FDG PET/CT metabolic parameters combined with inflammatory markers for the medium-term efficacy of chemotherapy in patients with primary gastrointestinal diffuse large B cell lymphoma (PGI-DLBCL). Methods:From April 2011 to May 2020, 67 patients (37 males, 30 females, age: 28-85 years) with PGI-DLBCL examined by 18F-FDG PET/CT before chemotherapy in Changhai Hospital, Navy Medical University were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were treated with cyclophosphamide+ doxorubicin+ vincristine+ prednisone (CHOP) or rituximab+ CHOP (R-CHOP) regimens, and the medium-term efficacy was evaluated after 2-4 cycles of chemotherapy. The effect outcome was divided into complete remission (CR) group and non-CR (NCR) group based on the Lugano lymphoma response evaluation criteria. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences of SUV max, peak of SUV (SUV peak), metabolic tumor volume (MTV), total lesion glycolysis (TLG), platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) between two groups. The independent risk factors of NCR were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression and the binary logistic regression model was established according to the results. The model was tested with external validation data ( n=15). Results:Of 67 PGI-DLBCL patients, 28(41.8%) were CR and 39(58.2%) were NCR. SUV peak, MTV, TLG, PLR and NLR in NCR group (17.3(12.3, 28.1), 73.8(42.9, 141.7) cm 3, 887.5(300.9, 2 075.3) g, 203.9(155.7, 297.1), 3.9(3.0, 4.9)) were significantly higher than those in CR group (9.5(6.2, 15.2), 11.3(4.7, 23.2) cm 3, 85.2(35.5, 214.6) g, 149.3(102.8, 173.1), 2.2(1.8, 4.6); z values: from -6.41 to -2.33, all P<0.05). The logistic regression model was as follows: P=1/(1+ e - x), x=0.100×MTV+ 0.024×PLR-8.064. The prediction accuracy for NCR risk was 86.57%(58/67), with the accuracy of 13/15 tested by external validation data. Conclusion:MTV combined with PLR has a good predictive value for medium-term efficacy of CHOP/R-CHOP chemotherapy in patients with PGI-DLBCL.

Lesión de la mucosa intestinal asociada a cristales: serie de casos y revisión de la literatura / Intestinal mucosal lesion associated with crystals: Case series and literature review

Resumen La lesión de la mucosa asociada a cristales es un cuadro clínico importante en un subconjunto de pacientes urémicos a los que se les administran resinas de intercambio catiónico como el sulfonato de poliestireno sódico (Kayexalate) y sevelamer para el tratamiento de la hiperpotasemia y la hiperfosfatemia, respectivamente. La necrosis colónica en estos pacientes es rara, pero puede estar asociada a una lesión gastrointestinal mortal, con una tasa de mortalidad del 33%. Los secuestrantes de ácidos biliares son otro tipo de resina que teóricamente son biológicamente inertes. Se presentan dos casos de colitis asociada a cristales. El primer paciente tenía antecedentes de múltiples intervenciones quirúrgicas y patologías del tracto gastrointestinal, y estaba en manejo con colestiramina. Se realizó una sigmoidectomía en la que se encontraron varios focos de cristales. El segundo paciente tenía antecedente de enfermedad renal crónica que requirió el uso de Kayexalate y se presentó al servicio de urgencias con una hemorragia grave del tracto gastrointestinal inferior. Se realizó una colectomía parcial en la que se detectaron cambios morfológicos relacionados con el depósito de cristales. Las resinas pueden producir un amplio espectro de lesiones mortales de la mucosa, por lo que el diagnóstico precoz es fundamental para disminuir la mortalidad y mejorar el pronóstico. Sin embargo, es incierto si el consumo de colestiramina y Kayexalate, así como el depósito de sus cristales en el tracto gastrointestinal son el factor causal de la lesión de las mucosas. Por tanto, la presencia de resinas debería ayudar a establecer el diagnóstico correcto y el tratamiento médico oportuno para evitar resultados nocivos.

Abstract Crystal-associated mucosal injury is a crucial clinical picture in a subset of uremic patients who are given cation exchange resins such as sodium polystyrene sulfonate (Kayexalate) and sevelamer to treat hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia, respectively. Colonic necrosis in these patients is rare but may be associated with fatal gastrointestinal injury, with a mortality rate of 33%. Bile acid sequestrants are another type of resin that is theoretically biologically inert. Two cases of colitis associated with crystals are presented. The first patient had a history of multiple surgeries and pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract and was treated with cholestyramine. A sigmoidectomy was performed in which several crystal foci were found. The second patient had a history of chronic kidney disease requiring Kayexalate and attended the emergency department with severe lower GI bleeding. A partial colectomy was performed in which morphological changes related to the deposit of crystals were detected. Resins can cause a broad spectrum of malignant mucosal lesions, so early diagnosis is essential to reduce mortality and improve prognosis. However, it is uncertain whether the consumption of cholestyramine and kayexalate, as well as the deposition of their crystals in the GI tract, are the causative factor of mucosal damage. Therefore, resins should help establish the correct diagnosis and prompt medical treatment to avoid harmful results.

Manifestaciones gastrointestinales de la nfermedad de Behçet / Gastrointestinal manifestations of Behçet´s disease

Resumen La Enfermedad de Behçet (EB), es una entidad poco común, idiopática, de naturaleza crónica y recurrente con afectación multisistémica. Entre ellos, el tracto gastrointestinal ha suscitado especial interés, al asociarse a mayor morbimortalidad y dado sus presentaciones heterogéneas puede simular otras enfermedades gastrointestinales y ser un gran reto diagnóstico para el gastroenterólogo. Por lo tanto, presentamos una revisión narrativa donde se pretenderá describir las manifestaciones gastrointestinales de la EB y sus diagnósticos diferenciales.

Abstract Behçet's Disease (BD) is a rare, idiopathic, chronic and relapsing entity; characterized by multisystem involvement. The gastrointestinal tract has aroused special interest, as it is associated with higher morbidity and mortality and given its heterogeneous presentations, being able to simulate other gastrointestinal pathologies, becoming a great diagnostic challenge for gastroenterologists. Therefore, we present a narrative review, where we intend to describe the possible gastrointestinal manifestations of BD and its differentials.

Gastrointestinal involvement due to graft-versus-host disease / Compromiso gastrointestinal por enfermedad de injerto contra huésped

Abstract Graft-versus-host disease is a common complication after stem cell transplantation. The digestive tract is affected in many patients who suffer from it, with consequences that can be fatal. The proper approach, which includes endoscopic studies, allows ruling out differential diagnoses and managing the disease early.

Resumen La enfermedad de injerto contra huésped es una complicación frecuente después del trasplante de células madre. El tracto digestivo se afecta en una gran proporción de los pacientes que la sufren, con consecuencias que pueden llegar a ser fatales. El abordaje adecuado, que incluye el uso de estudios endoscópicos, permite descartar diagnósticos diferenciales y brindar un manejo temprano de la enfermedad.

Manifestaciones Gastrointestinales de COVID-19: puesta al día y revisión de literatura / Gastrointestinal Manifestations of COVID-19: update and literature review

The Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the beta coronavirus family, it is the cause of the COVID-19 disease and the pandemic that has revolutionized and challenged the medical research profession and health systems around the world. With the first coronavirus SARS-CoV, the important role of the angiotensin 2-converting enzyme (ACE2) in the pathophysiology of the disease caused by the virus was discovered, a discovery that would lay the foundations on which research on the new coronavirus is based. The virus is capable of producing disease with a wide spectrum of clinical presentation, from asymptomatic patients to patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) requiring admission to intensive care units (ICU). The most commonly described symptoms are fever, cough, myalgia, and dyspnea. However, and with advances in the knowledge of SARS-CoV-2 infection, it has been discovered that gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequent and have been associated with severe disease. Viral RNA has been found in feces, urine, blood, and other fluids, which could mean that there are other routes of infection that have not been considered a threat by the medical community until now. In this article, an updated bibliographic review of this topic is presented, with articles selected from the PubMed platform.

Enfermedad de Crohn fistulizante en una adolescente / Fistulizing Crohn's disease in an adolescent girl: a case report

RESUMEN Introducción: la enfermedad de Crohn es una enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal de causa desconocida con una génesis multifactorial que afectan todo el tracto digestivo, desde la boca hasta el ano. Presentación de caso: se describe un caso de una adolescente de 18 años de edad con historia de múltiples ingresos hospitalarios por cuadros de fiebre, diarreas, cólicos abdominales y desnutrición proteico energética que a los nueve años se le hace diagnóstico de una colitis ulcerosa, con una respuesta no favorable al tratamiento con salazosufalpiridina, mesalazina, esteroides orales e inmunosupresores. A los 16 años de edad presenta fisuras y fistulas perianales. Por la histología se concluye que es enfermedad de Crohn; fue necesario la realización de ileostomía y tratamiento con anticuerpos monoclonales (infliximab), primera experiencia de su uso en Pinar del Río. Conclusiones: presentó una respuesta muy favorable con cicatrización total de las fisuras y las fístulas perianales, desarrollo de caracteres sexuales secundarios, así como su menarquia y recuperación nutricional.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disease of unknown cause with a multifactorial genesis affecting the entire digestive tract, from the mouth to the anus. Case report: an 18-year-old adolescent girl with a history of multiple hospital admissions for fever, diarrhea, abdominal colic and protein-energy malnutrition. At the age of 9 she was diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, with an unfavorable response to treatment with salicylazosulfapyridine, mesalazine, oral steroids and immunosuppressant. At 16 years old she presented fissures and perianal fistulas, histologically concluded as Crohn's disease, and it was necessary to perform an ileostomy and treatment with monoclonal antibodies (infliximab), the first experience of its use in the province. Conclusions: she presented a very favorable response with total healing of the fissures and perianal fistulas, development of secondary sexual characteristics as well as her menarche and nutritional recovery.

An unusual testicular mass in a young male: Metastasis from occult gastric carcinoma

Metastases to the testis are uncommon. Signet-ring cell carcinomas from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) can rarely disseminate to the testicles, mimicking primary testicular malignancies with signet-ring cells. We hereby describe a case of a 26-year-old male who presented with left testicular swelling, multiple lymphadenopathies, and normal serum tumor markers. Lymph node biopsy revealed clusters and singly lying signet-ring cells. Judicious use of immunohistochemistry confirmed the tumor to be GIT primary. Further investigations confirmed a gastric tumor extending to the duodenum. Although rare, metastatic tumors to the testis should be considered in differential diagnoses of testicular masses in a young patient, particularly when serum germ cell tumor markers are normal or mildly deranged.

Successful endoscopic removal of a swallowed toothbrush, a therapeutic challenge. A case report / Extracción endoscópica exitosa de un cepillo de dientes, un reto terapéutico. Reporte de caso

Abstract Introduction: Toothbrush swallowing, whether voluntary or accidental, is a rare event and must be handled as an emergency, because these foreign bodies, due to their length and hardness, are not expected to pass completely through the digestive tract and may cause serious complications. Case presentation: A 22-year-old woman with an eating disorder (bulimia nervosa) involuntarily swallowed a toothbrush while inducing vomiting. Unfortunately, after the initial assessment in the emergency department, and due to the lack of symptoms, her psychiatric history, and the fact the toothbrush was not observed in imaging studies, she was discharged. Due to the patient's insistence that she was telling the truth, she was referred to a secondary healthcare institution by her treating physician, where the successful endoscopic extraction of the toothbrush was performed 36 hours after it was swallowed. The procedure was carried out with the patient under sedation and by experts in digestive extraction who used an overtube, foreign body forceps, and polypectomy loops. Conclusion: Cases of toothbrush swallowing are rarely reported and occur mainly in people with mental illnesses, such as eating disorders involving self-induced vomiting. Therefore, in these cases, physicians should always believe what these patients say, even in the absence of symptoms and imaging findings, as this enables their timely referral to a digestive service to confirm whether the toothbrush was swallowed or not and to perform the endoscopic extraction as soon as possible, since it can cause serious complications due to its characteristics.

Resumen Introducción. La ingesta de cepillos de dientes, voluntaria o accidental, es una situación poco frecuente que requiere ser tratada como una emergencia, pues por su longitud y dureza, no se espera que estos cuerpos extraños tengan un tránsito completo por el tracto digestivo, lo que puede causar graves complicaciones. Presentación del caso. Mujer de 22 años con trastorno alimentario (bulimia nerviosa) quien al inducirse vomito ingirió involuntariamente un cepillo de dientes. Lamentablemente, después de la valoración inicial en el servicio de urgencias, debido a que no presentaba síntomas, a su antecedente psiquiátrico y a la no identificación del cepillo en estudios de imagen, fue dada de alta. Ante la insistencia de la paciente de decir la verdad, fue remitida por su médico tratante a una institución de salud de segundo nivel, donde, a las 36 horas de la ingesta, se realizó la extracción endoscópica exitosa del cepillo. El procedimiento fue realizado bajo sedación por expertos en extracción digestiva usando un sobretubo, pinzas para cuerpos extraños y asas de polipectomía. Conclusión. Los casos de ingesta de cepillos de dientes son raramente reportados y ocurren principalmente en personas con trastornos psiquiátricos como desórdenes alimentarios que involucran la inducción de vómito. Por tanto, en estos casos siempre se debe creer la versión del paciente, incluso en ausencia de síntomas y hallazgos imagenológicos, pues esto posibilita una remisión oportuna al servicio digestivo para confirmar la ingesta y realizar la extracción endoscópica lo más pronto posible, ya que, por sus características, pueden causar graves complicaciones.

Validação da pontuação Rockall no sangramento do trato gastrointestinal superior em um hospital terciário colombiano / Validation of the rockall score in upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding in a colombian tertiary hospital

ABSTRACT Background Rockall score is the most widely used prognostic scale for assessing risk of complications from non-varicose upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB). Several studies have been conducted in adult populations with non-varicose UGIB in different parts of the world, with conflicting findings regarding the extent of association between the score and some morbidity and mortality outcomes. Also, there is controversy regarding the best cut-off point for the score. Moreover, no studies validating this score in Colombia have been carried out. Objective To assess the diagnostic performance of the Rockall score in predicting rebleeding and mortality in patients with non-varicose UGIB. Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted in patients requiring upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGIE) for non-varicose bleeding. The pre-and post-endoscopy Rockall scores were calculated and outcomes, including mortality, UGIB-associated mortality and in hospital rebleeding were determined at the 1 and 3-month time points. The association between the scores and these outcomes was assessed using the chi2 or the Fisher test, whereas the discrimination ability of the score was determined using the areas under the ROC curve (AUC). High discrimination ability was considered to exist in cases in which an AUC ≤0.7 with α=0.05 could be rejected. Results Overall, 177 patients were analyzed. In-hospital outcomes at 1 and 3 months were 12%, 17% and 23% for general mortality, 6%, 12% and 15% for UGIB mortality, and 19%, 30% and 37% for rebleeding. The post-endoscopy Rockall score was associated with the three outcomes at the three time points assessed, while the pre-endoscopy score was only associated with general mortality at the three time points, and rebleeding at 1 and 3 months. Regarding discrimination ability, although the AUC was greater than expected by randomness (0.5) in all cases, only one AUC ≤0.7 was rejected in the post-endoscopy score for in-hospital UGIB mortality (AUC=0.901; 95%CI: 0.845—0.958), at 1 month (AUC=0.836; 95%CI: 0.717—0.954) and at 3 months (AUC=0.869; 95%CI: 0.771—0.967), and for rebleeding at 1 month (AUC=0.793; 95%CI: 0.725—0.861) and at 3 months (AUC=0.806; 95%CI: 0.741—0.871). Conclusion An association was found between the Rockall score and rebleeding and mortality in patients with non-varicose UGIB. Only the post-endoscopy score had a high predictive ability for rebleeding and UGIB mortality.

RESUMO Contexto O escore de Rockall é a escala de prognóstico mais amplamente usada para avaliar o risco de complicações de sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso. Vários estudos foram conduzidos em populações adultas com sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso em diferentes partes do mundo, com achados conflitantes quanto à extensão da associação entre o escore e alguns desfechos de morbimortalidade. Há também controvérsias em relação ao melhor ponto de corte para a pontuação. Além disso, não foram realizados estudos que validem essa pontuação na Colômbia. Objetivo Avaliar o desempenho diagnóstico do escore de Rockall na previsão de ressangramento e mortalidade em pacientes com sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso. Métodos Um estudo de coorte prospectivo foi conduzido em pacientes que necessitaram de endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) para sangramento não varicoso. Os escores de Rockall pré e pós-endoscopia foram calculados e os resultados, incluindo mortalidade, mortalidade associada ao sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso e ressangramento intra-hospitalar foram determinados nos pontos de tempo de 1 e 3 meses. A associação entre os escores e esses desfechos foram avaliados pelo teste de chi2 ou Fisher, enquanto a habilidade de discriminação do escore foi determinada pelas áreas sob a curva ROC (AUC). Alta capacidade de discriminação foi considerada existente nos casos em que uma AUC ≤0,7 com α=0,05 poderia ser rejeitada. Resultados No geral, 177 pacientes foram analizados. Os desfechos hospitalares em 1 e 3 meses foram de 12%, 17% e 23% para mortalidade geral, 6%, 12% e 15% para mortalidade com hemorragia digestiva alta e 19%, 30% e 37% para ressangramento. O escore de Rockall pós-endoscopia foi associado aos três desfechos nos três momentos avaliados, enquanto o escore pré-endoscopia foi associado apenas à mortalidade geral nos três momentos, e ressangramento em 1 e 3 meses. Em relação à capacidade de discriminação, embora a AUC fosse maior do que o esperado pela aleatoriedade (0,5) em todos os casos, apenas uma AUC ≤0,7 foi rejeitada no escore pós-endoscopia para mortalidade com hemorragia digestiva alta intra-hospitalar (AUC =0,901; 95%IC: 0,845—0,958), em 1 mês (AUC =0,836; 95%IC 0,717—0,954) e em 3 meses (AUC =0,869; 95%IC: 0,771—0,967), e para ressangramento em 1 mês (AUC =0,793; 95%IC: 0,725—0,861) e aos 3 meses (AUC =0,806; 95%IC: 0,741—0,871). Conclusão Foi encontrada associação entre o escore de Rockall, ressangramento e mortalidade em pacientes com hemorragia digestiva alta não varicosa. Apenas o escore pós-endoscopia teve alta capacidade preditiva para ressangramento e mortalidade por sangramento gastrointestinal superior não varicoso.

Lymphomatous Polyposis: Case Report and Literature Review / Poliposis linfomatosa: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura

Abstract Lymphomatous polyposis (LP) is the endoscopic feature of primary gastrointestinal mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), a rare type of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and a typical but rare endoscopic pattern of gastrointestinal tract involvement (GIT) by nodal MCL. We present the case of a 62-year-old man with nodal MCL, with LP as a manifestation of GIT, and review the literature.

Resumen La poliposis linfomatosa (PL) es la característica endoscópica del linfoma de células del manto (LCM) gastrointestinal primario, un tipo infrecuente de linfoma no Hodgkin (LNH) de células B, así como un patrón endoscópico típico, pero infrecuente, del compromiso del tracto gastrointestinal (TGI) por LCM nodal. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 62 años con LCM nodal, con PL como manifestación del compromiso gastrointestinal, y realizamos una revisión de la literatura.