Genetic Diversity and Path Analysis in Rice Germplasms (Oryza sativa L.)

The present study was based on the germplasm evaluation experiment, which involved the evaluation of 45 germplasms/lines including three checks viz. NDR-97, NDR2065 and Saraju-52. The experiment was conducted in Augmented Block Design with three replications. The field experiment was carried out in Kharif season 2022 at the Crop Research Station (CRS), Masodha and lab experiments were conducted in the Seed Testing Laboratory, Seed Technology Section, Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya (U.P.). The path coefficient analysis was worked out by using simple correlation among 13 characters to estimate the direct and indirect effect of different characters on grain yield per plant. The highest positive total effect (direct + indirect) on grain yield per plant was exhibited by panicle bearing tiller per plant (0.699) followed by germination % (0.360), seed viability (0.227) and vigour index – I (0.209). The highest number of genotypes appeared in the cluster – II (13), followed by cluster – III (8), cluster – IV(6), cluster – V(6), cluster – I(5), cluster – IX(5), cluster – VI(3), cluster – VII(1), and cluster – VIII(1). The maximum intra-cluster distance was observed in case of cluster – IX (64641.91) followed by cluster – V (5584.50), cluster – VI (5363.09), cluster – I (3918.44), cluster – II (3483.30), Cluster – IV (3303.54), Cluster – VII(0.00) and cluster – VII (0.00). The highest cluster mean for days to 50% flowering was recorded for Cluster-I (102.8) followed by Cluster – VII (99), cluster-V (96.66), cluster-VIII (96) cluster IX (96), Cluster III (95.75) cluster IV (95.65) cluster VI (94.67) cluster II (91.51).

Genetic Divergence Analysis for Yield and Quality Traits in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Germplasm under Irrigated Conditions

The present investigation was carried out to conduct genetic divergence analysis for yield and quality traits in rice (Oryza sativa L.) germplasm under irrigated conditions. The experiment was conducted at crop research farm, Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences. Prayagraj. The experiment was performed with 40 rice genotypes with 13 quantitative characters and 8 qualitative characters. Analysis of variance revealed that all the genotypes showing significant at 1% level of significance for all the characters. According to mean table Shiats dhan-7, Shiats dhan-2 show greater mean in grain yield per plant. Genetic parameters show PCV greater than GCV in all the characters, the traits Grain yield per plant and biological yield exhibits greater in both GCV and PCV. Heritability showing high range of estimates in all the characters as Days to maturity, Days to 50% flowering exhibit greater among all the characters. Number of spikelets per panicle, biological yield shows highest among the characters in Genetic advance. According to D2 analysis, the total genotypes are divided into five clusters, Cluster II showing greater in Intra cluster distance, Cluster V and Cluster I combination showing greater in Inter cluster distances. The Cluster IV showing highest among the clusters in the mean of Grain yield per plant. According to percentage contribution Grain yield per plant showing highest among the characters. Quality analysis had done on 35 genotypes, based upon quality characters Hulling percentage showing genotype Ajaya greater and genotype MTU-2032 shows greater in Kernel elongation ratio.

Variability Study Analysis for Half-sib Families under Control Environmental Conditions in Neolamarckia cadamba (Kadamb)

Neolamarckia cadamba is a widespread medium-sized deciduous forest tree over most of India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka. Twenty-half-sib progenies of kadamb (Neolamarckia cadamba) from various regions in Bihar, Rajasthan, and Uttar Pradesh were sown in a glasshouse in 2022 in order to assess the genetic diversity using non-hierarchical Euclidean cluster analysis. Significant variation was seen in the biomass and morphological traits of a few plus trees. Under greenhouse conditions, significant differences were seen in the growth parameters of plus tree progenies. Six clusters were formed from the twenty NPTs, according to the genetic divergence analysis. Clusters V and VI were found to have the greatest inter-cluster distance (5.530). The cluster (4.258) displayed the highest intra-cluster distance. As a result, there was a genetic divergence between clusters. Therefore, in order to obtain high-yielding genotypes in Neolamarckia cadamba, hybridization involving trees of clusters VI and V is advised. Collar diameter was a major factor in the creation of genetic diversity and contributed the most to the overall divergence. The superior plus trees of cluster V (NPT4, NPT5, NPT11, NPT12, NPT13, NPT17) and cluster VI (NPT18, NPT19, NPT20) may be taken into consideration as possible parents for a future tree improvement program in Neolamarckia cadamba due to their high cluster mean and large genetic distance.

Genetic Divergence Study in Different Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes under Irrigated and Drought Stress Condition

Thirty rice genotypes were evaluated to study genetic divergence under irrigated and drought stress conditions in randomized block design at Bagusala farm, M. S. Swaminathan School of Agriculture, CUTM, Odisha, during summer 2019. The main objective of this experiment was to identify reproductive phase drought tolerant genotypes through study the effect of drought stress on yield, yield attributing and biochemical traits performance of selected genotypes using Mahalanobis D2 statistics. Set of 30 genotypes were grouped in to five and nine clusters under irrigated and drought situation. Under irrigated conditions cluster-Ⅰ was largest cluster with 22 genotypes followed by cluster-Ⅱ includes 5 genotypes cluster-Ⅲ, IV and V each consisted with only one genotype. Under drought condition, genotypes were grouped into nine different clusters, cluster-Ⅰ was the largest cluster involving 20 genotypes followed by cluster-Ⅱ having 3 genotypes whereas, cluster-Ⅲ, IV, Ⅴ, Ⅵ, Ⅶ, Ⅷ and Ⅸ were recorded with single genotype. The maximum intra cluster distances under irrigated conditions were found in cluster- Ⅱ (27111.9) followed by cluster-Ⅰ (17587.7). Whereas, in case of stress cluster-Ⅱ had maximum distance (21110.9) fallowed by cluster-Ⅰ (17957.8). Under irrigated maximum inter-cluster distances recorded between cluster-Ⅱ and Ⅴ (62310.8) followed by cluster-Ⅳ and Ⅴ (57656.0). In case of stress maximum inter cluster distances recorded between cluster -Ⅱ and Ⅶ (69865.5) fallowed by cluster- Ⅷ and Ⅸ (67848.9), cluster-Ⅱ and Ⅸ (65239.2). Under irrigate conditions highest manifestation towards genetic divergence was exhibited by chlorophyll followed by plant yield, 1000 grain weight, proline, number of spikelets, carbohydrates, grain weight, phenols, panicle length, panicle weight, flavonoids, number of filled grains, plant height and number of tillers. In case of drought stress, maximum percentage contribution towards to the genetic divergence was observed for Proline followed by carbohydrates, plant height, plant yield, grain weight, chlorophyll, number of spikelets, flavonoids, 1000grain weight, filled grains, phenols, panicle weight, panicle length and number of tillers, while other trait like root length did not contribute to the total divergence. The genotypes grouped under cluster Ⅰ, Ⅲ, Ⅴ, Ⅷ namely MTU1010, MTU1075, MTU1224, RNR2465 and Manipur black rice exhibited maximum drought tolerance under stress conditions. These genotypes can be used as the donor parents for development of drought tolerant lines in crop improvement programme.

Assessment of Genetic Divergence in White Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Genotypes for Yield and Yield Contributing Traits

The present investigation is carried out to study the genetic divergence among 55 finger millet genotypes for fourteen quantitative characters using Mahalanobis D2 statistics during kharif, 2020. D2 statistics indicated that the genotypes studied were genetically diverse. The 55 genotypes of finger millet were grouped into 6 clusters irrespective of geographical diversity, indicating no parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. Clusters I had highest number of 50 genotypes and remaining all clusters had solitary. A wider genetic diversity was observed for the different traits studied among the genotypes as evidenced by the formation of six clusters. Out of fourteen quantitative traits studied grain yield per plant contributed majorly towards divergence with the value of 15.65% followed by productive tillers per plant contributes (12%), harvest index (10%) and other traits contribute minorly for divergence.

Genetic Divergence on Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) Genotypes Grown under Late Sown Conditions

In the current experiment, 102 chickpea.germplasm showed wide range of variation for various characters were evaluated during Rabi 2017-18 along with BG 372, Udai and Pant G 186 as checks varieties in Augmented Block Design at Agronomy Research Farm of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Ayodhya (U.P.). The observations were recorded on 11 quantitative characters viz., days to 50 per cent flowering, days to maturity, primary branches per plant, secondary branches per plant, plant height (cm), pods per plant, seeds per pod, biological yield per plant (g), seed yield per plant (g), harvest index (%) and 100-seed weight (g). A statistical investigation of each character's genetics yielded a number of results. Higher seed yield per plant was generated by genotypes GJG 1416, followed by BG 256, GJG 1416, PhuleG0819. Seed yield per plant had positive and extremely significant associations with secondary branches per plant, pods per plant, seeds per pod, biological yield per plant, harvest index, and 100-seed weight. Primary branches per plant were shown to have positive significant associations with seed output per plant, where as plant height was determined to be non-significant. It showed a poor, non-significant correlation with the number of days until 50% blooming and the number of days till maturity. Biological yield per plant (g) and the Harvest index were found to be significant direct components of seed yield per plant by path analysis. The traits mentioned above that were significant direct and indirect components ought to be taken into account when creating a chickpea selection strategy that would produce high yielding varieties. The 11 clusters formed in divergence analysis contained genotypes of heterogeneous origin there by indicating no parallelism between genetic and geographic diversity. In this context, the maximum inter-cluster distance was recorded between cluster X and XI (12.201) followed by cluster III and XI (11.254), cluster VI and XI (11.125) and cluster VII and XI (10.875). Therefore, crosses between members of cluster separated by high inter-cluster distances are likely to throw desirable segregants.

Genetic Divergence for Grain Yield and Its Components in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Experimental Investigation

The present investigation Comprises 34 advanced breeding lines including checks of bread wheat and experiment was conducted in a complete randomized block design with three replications at the research farm department of genetics and plant breeding, RVSKVV, B.M. College of Agriculture, Khandwa during Rabi season (November 2021 to April 2022) for estimation of the multivariate analysis of divergence. The advanced breeding lines were grouped into seven clusters. Cluster III contained the highest number of advanced breeding lines(12) and clusters V, VI, and VII contained the lowest (1 each). The inter-cluster distance in most cases was larger than the intra cluster distance which indicated that wider diversity is present among the advanced breeding lines of distant grouped. The highest intra cluster distance was observed in cluster IV revealed maximum genetic divergence among its constituents. The highest inter-cluster distance was found between cluster VI and VII and the lowest was between cluster V and VI. Highest cluster mean exhibited in cluster VII for most of the agro-morphological traits i.e. number of tillers/plant, spike length, spike weight, number of grain/spike followed by cluster II for grain filling period, days to maturity and plant height. On the basis of genetic diversity analysis, maximum percent contribution towards genetic divergence in 34 advanced breeding lines were found in grain filling period, days to maturity, number of grain/spike, days to 50% flowering, biological yield per plant and harvest index. Such differences in the genetic component of traits studied in the manuscript can be applied as a source of variation in other breeding programmes and crossing nurseries for wheat improvement.

Genetic Divergence Studies of Submergence Tolerant Rice Genotype

The present investigation was carried out with 24 rice genotypes including both indigenous and exotic collections/varieties/lines under both normal transplanted condition and in submerged condition and observation for various morphophysiological, quantitative and qualitative traits by using randomized block design at the Research Farm of ‘Tirhut College of Agriculture, Dholi, Dr Rajendra Prasad Central Agricultural University, during Kharif season of 2019. All the 24 genotypes grouped into 3 clusters using D2 statistics. Intra cluster distance was at most in case of Cluster II while highest inter cluster distance was detected between Cluster III and Cluster II. Cluster III contains maximum yield attributing traits so it can be used for hybridization programme of above-mentioned traits. Crop Growth Rate at 30DAS showed maximum contribution towards total divergence while minimum contribution was exhibited by Number of Fertile Spikelet.

Molecular characterisation and genetic affinities of Cyclophyllidean cestodes infecting wild rats in Peninsular Malaysia

@#Cestode infections is widely reported in rodents, however species identification remains problematic due to the genetic or interspecies variation. Therefore, this study was aimed to verify the Cyclophyllidean parasites recovered from wild rats captured from different forest types using molecular based methods. Maximum-likelihood (ML) and neighbour-joining (NJ) trees were constructed inferred from 18 small subunit nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (18SrDNA) and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit one gene (COX1) sequences of cestode worms recovered from 124 individuals from four rat species. Sequences obtained from both Hymenolepis diminuta and Hydatigera parva represents the first records in Malaysia. All the sequences were successfully amplified with product with total length of 205 and 1202 base pairs (bp), respectively. Three cestode species from the Family Hymenolepididae (Hymenolepis diminuta) and Family Taeniidae (Hydatigera parva; Hydatigera taeniaeformis) were successfully characterized using phylogenetic analyses and haplotype networking. Phylogenetic analysis showed that H. diminuta, Hydatigera parva (Hy. parva) and Hydatigera taeniaeformis (Hy. taeniaeformis) formed its own monophyletic clade in 18SrDNA analyses. Results also showed that Hy. taeniaeformis shared the same haplotype group with Hy. taeniaeformis from China (COX1) and linked with Hy. taeniaeformis from Japan (18SrDNA) while the Malaysian H. diminuta clearly formed a separate haplotype and networked with other regions. The Malaysian Hy. parva isolation, on the other hand, appeared to be genetically distinct from the European Hy. parva (Spain) strain, but closely linked to the local isolates. Molecular methods employed successfully improved in the detection of complex species in this group. The findings showed that molecular data can be useful to deeply study intra-specific variation in other cestode worms.

Assessment of genetic divergence of mango genotypes using multivariate techniques

Aim: The study was carried out to assess the overall genetic variability of 60 mango (Mangifera indica) genotypes for important fruit quality and yield characteristics to select better parents for mango breeding programme. Methodology: A total of 17 variables were scored and subjected to multivariate analysis. ANOVA, descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and principal component analysis were used to investigate variability among the genotypes for the selected traits. Results: Significant phenotypic variability was observed for studied traits. Cluster analysis classified all genotypes into two major groups according to shared similarity. Principal component analysis revealed that traits like fruit weight, fruit diameter, pulp content and pulp: stone ratio contributed positively, while fruit shape index, TSS:acid ratio, stone and peel traits contributed negatively for a large proportion of the observed variability. Interpretation: Pusa Arunima, Pusa Shresth, Pusa Lalima, Mallika, Ramkela, Amrapali, Extreema, Neelum, Gulab Jamun, S.B. Alibagh, Tommy Atkins, Primor-de-Amoreira genotypes were found unique for fruit and yield attributing traits, thus making them potential donor parent for fruit weight, fruit color, fruit diameter, fruit shape, pulp and pulp: stone traits in mango hybridization programme.

Selection of Coffea canephora parents from the botanical varieties Conilon and Robusta for the production of intervarietal hybrids / Seleção de genitores de Coffea canephora das variedades botânicas Conilon e Robusta visando à produção de híbridos intervarietais

ABSTRACT: The objective of this research was to quantify the genetic divergence of potential Coffea canephora parents, with the goal of developing progenies that associate the best traits of the Conilon and Robusta botanical varieties for hybrid vigor expression. Thus, 10 morphological and productive characteristics of 130 clones of Conilon and Robusta botanical varieties and their intervarietal hybrids were evaluated over 2 years. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with four replicates of four plants per plot. For selection of parents, the main component analysis was used to associate values with reference points obtained from the average of each botanical variety. The first two principal components allowed for the separation of the botanical varieties representing the variability contained in the original data with 76% for the first year and 69% for the second year. Although, the genotype × years interaction had significant effects, there were minor differences in the grouping from one year to the next, which is associated with the higher repeatability estimates observed in this study. It was observed that crosses with the 16-1-81I, 9-1-82L, and 13-1-61I parents of the botanical variety Robusta and the 167I, 890E, and 130I parents of the Conilon botanical variety presented greater potential for obtaining selection gains.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a divergência genética entre matrizes de C. canephora visando desenvolver progênies que associem características das variedades botânicas Conilon e Robusta à expressão do vigor do híbrido. Para isso, foram avaliadas dez características morfológicas e produtivas de 130 clones das variedades botânicas Conilon, Robusta e de híbridos intervarietais, ao longo de dois anos, em delineamento de blocos casualizados com quatro repetições de quatro plantas por parcela. Para seleção de genitores foi utilizada a técnica de componentes principais associada a pontos referenciais obtidos a partir da média de cada variedade botânica. Os dois primeiros componentes principais permitiram a separação das variedades botânicas e dos híbridos intervarietais com uma representação da variabilidade contida nos dados originais de 76% no primeiro ano e 69% no segundo ano. Apesar da significância da interação genótipos x anos, observou-se pouca diferença no agrupamento ao longo do tempo, o que está associado às maiores estimativas de repetibilidade observadas nesse estudo. Observou-se que as matrizes 16-1-81I, 9-1-82L e 13-1-61I da variedade botânica Robusta e as matrizes 167I, 890E e 130I da variedade botânica Conilon apresentaram maior potencial para a obtenção de ganhos com a seleção.

Genetic dissimilarity among the physiochemical characteristics of fruit from pepper accessions / Dissimilaridade genética entre acessos de pimenta para caracteres físico-químico de fruto

The objective was to evaluate the genetic variability among pepper accessions al the physical and chemical characteristics of fruit. Pepper accesses are from the Germplasm Bank at the Federal University of Uberlandia - Monte Carmelo Campus (Universidade Federal de Uberlândia-UFU, Campus Monte Carmelo, MG, Brazil). The experiment was conducted from November 2013 to March 2014 at UFU's Experimental Station on the Monte Carmelo campus, MG, Brazil. The statistical design consisted of randomized blocks with 47 treatments and four replications. Multivariate analyzes were performed for quantitative traits in 47 pepper access by principal component analysis. Means were compared by Scott-Knott test ( = 0.05). Mature fruits were collected 120 days after transplant and used to determine titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (SS), pH and SS/TA. There was genetic variability among accessions. The 47 accessions showed high soluble solids content of 9.08 ° Brix, acidity of 0.22, pH of 5.50 and an SS/TA ratio of 33.8. This last characteristic is of great importance in the food processing industry. UFU accession 28 has high levels of SS and TA and is therefore a candidate for Pepper breeding programs that target the needs of the food processing industry.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a variabilidade genética entre acessos de pimenta para características físico-químico de fruto. Os acessos de pimenta utilizados são provenientes do Banco de Germoplasma da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. O experimento foi conduzido entre novembro de 2013 a março de 2014, na Estação Experimental de Hortaliças da UFU, campus Monte Carmelo. O delineamento estatístico utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com 47 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Foi realizada análise multivariada para caracteres quantitativos utilizando análise de componentes principais. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste Scott-Knott ( = 0,05). Frutos maduros foram colhidos 120 dias após o transplante e utilizados para determinar a acidez titulável (AT), sólidos solúveis totais (SST), pH e relação SS / AT. Houve variabilidade genética entre os acessos. Os 47 acessos apresentaram alto teor de sólidos solúveis de 9,08 ° Brix, acidez de 0,22, pH de 5,50 e uma relação SS / AT de 33,8. Esta última característica é de grande importância na indústria de processamento de alimentos. O acesso UFU 28 revelou níveis elevados de SS e AT se destacando entre os demais. Os acessos que destacaram são promissores para fomentar futuros programas de melhoramento genético de pimenta com boas características para indústria de processamento.

Divergence Analysis for Yield and Quality Traits in Some Indigenous Basmati Rice Genotypes [Oryza sativa L.].

Genetic divergence was assessed among 23 genotypes of basmati rice representing different regions of India on the basis of yield and quality characteristics utilizing Mahalanobis D2 analysis. Based on the genetic distance (D2 values), the rice genotypes were grouped into six clusters. Of the six clusters formed cluster VI consisted of maximum eight genotypes followed by cluster V accommodating six genotypes, cluster I with four genotypes, cluster III and IV with three genotypes each and cluster II with one genotype. The results indicated that there was some degree of similarity of genotypes clustered together on the basis of their origin. However, the pattern of distribution of some genotypes from different eco-geographical regions was found random, indicating that geographical diversity and genetic diversity were not related. The maximum intra cluster distance was observed for the cluster III. The highest genetic divergence was observed between the clusters IV and I exhibiting wide diversity. The genotypes representing cluster VI are more yielding combined with excellent cooking quality. Among different traits, plant height, kernel length, elongation ratio and amylose content had maximum contribution towards total divergence may be used as selection parameters in segregating generations. Intelligent selection of genotypes from the clusters may be used as potential donors for future hybridization programmes to develop varieties and hybrids of high yield without much compromise on quality.

Variability and Genetic Divergence in Sesame (Sesamum Indicum L.).

A collection of 280 sesame genotypes of different ecogeographical origin was evaluated using augumented block design along with four checks. Analysis of variance revealed the presence of significant variability among genotypes for all the characters studied. The highest heritability coupled with highest genetic advance was observed for capsules per plant indicating the predominance of additive gene effects. Whereas lower estimates of heritability and genetic advance was revealed for days to maturity and capsule length suggesting the presence of nonadditive gene action for controlling these traits. Based on diversity the genotypes were grouped into 12 clusters and highest intercluster distance was observed between cluster VI & XII followed by cluster VI & IX, cluster II & VI and cluster III & IV. Among the traits studied capsule per plant and plant height contributed maximum for studying divergence while no contribution from capsule length. Hybridization involving genotypes of cluster VI with KMR 3 (cluster XII) may result in exploiting maximum heterosis to produce desirable transgressive segregants for crop improvement.

Sequence analysis of ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer 2 of sym-patric populations of Anopheles sinensis of different feeding preferences / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To investigate the existence of genetic divergence of sympatric populations of Anopheles sinensis of different feeding preferences based on the rDNA-ITS2 sequence differences. Methods A large number of wild anopheles popu-lations were trapped all night by man-baited net and calf-baited net that had been set up between high-density natural villages of An. sinensis populations and vector-breeding sites,from which two groups of An. sinensis were separated by morphological iden-tification and brought back to the lab for conventional breeding. A large closed greenhouse which temperature and humidity was appropriate was selected as research settings of mark-release-recapture methods by female mosquitoes ,in the center of which above An. sinensis populations baited by man and calf and respectively correspondingly marked by red and yellow phosphors were released in together,in each side of which An. sinensis were recaptured simultaneously by man-baited net and calf-baited net. An. sinensis populations trapped by man twice were brought back to the lab and bred with man-blood,correspondingly ones trapped by calf with calf-blood. Man-preferring and calf-preferring strains were screened respectively from An. sinensis which had been baited by man and calf by the mark-release-recapture methods after parent and F1 mosquitoes,and sequencing and aligning of both rDNA-ITS2 were conducted via PCR amplification. Results The recapture ratios of wild parental mosquitoes An. sinensis of man-preferring group by man-baited net and calf-baited net were 54.07%(339/627)and 45.93%(288/627)re-spectively,and ones of calf-preferring group by man-baited net and calf-baited net were 58.01%(409/705)and 41.99%(296/705)respectively. Two groups of parental mosquitoes trended towards selecting the original blood hosts in host-seeking prefer-ence(χ2=19.42,P<0.01). The recapture ratios of F1 mosquitoes An. sinensis of man-preferring group by man-baited net and calf-baited net were 63.43%(765/1 206)and 36.57%(441/1 206),and ones of calf-preferring group by man-baited net and calf-baited net were 68.22%(1 039/1 523)and 31.78%(484/1 523). Two groups of F1 mosquitoes had more significant characteris-tics of selecting the original blood hosts in host-seeking preference(χ2=271.69,P<0.01)and showed the genetic differentia-tion phenomenon,but the results of sequencing and aligning of the rDNA-ITS2 via PCR amplification showed no difference in base sequence between the two strains and both were 469 bp. Conclusions The genetic divergence based on the rDNA-ITS2 se-quence does not happen in An. sinensis sympatric populations of different feeding preferences.

Genetic diversity of Gastrodia elata based on SRAP analysis / 中草药

Objective: In order to correctly identify the different germplasm resources of Gastrodia elata and gain the excellent germplasm resources, SRAP molecular marker was used to analyze the genetic diversity of G. elata. Methods: G. elata was collected from seven different areas, which included 24 smaples of G. elata f. elata, G. elata f. g1auca and G. elata f. viridis, the DNA figerprint of G. elata was constructed with SRAP molecular marker, and the genetic diversity was analyzed. Results: Six huandred Thirty-seven belts were amplified by 33 primers pairs, and the polymorphic percentage was 73.16%. The range of genetic similarity coefficient was 0.404 0-0.908 0, the genetic similarity coefficient among G. elata f. elata was in the range of 0.906 6-0.996 4, and those of G. elata f. g1auca, G. elata f. viridis, and hybrid was in the range of 0.410 4-0.999 6, 0.541 0-0.950 4 and 0.578 2, respectively. They showed small genetic differences. The analysis of molecular variance showed higher percentages of genetic variation within population than those among populations in all species. Populations showed higher genetic structure (FST = 0.33, P < 0.05). In addition, artificial cultivation had influence to the genetic differentiation, but not significantly. So in terms of different cultivation conditions so far had no significant impact on the genetic differentiation of G. elata. Mantel's test has been used to detect the correlation between genetic distance and geographic distance of all sorts of germplasm resources, the result had no significant correlation, and due to the limited number of samples, the result is not representative. Conclusion: SRAP molecular marker method can more effectively reflect the genetic polymorphisms of G. elata. Compared with other two phenotypes, G. elata f. elata is more conservative and has lower genetic diversity. The other two variants have higher genetic diversity.

Principal Component and Cluster Analyses in Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) MillSp].

Forty nine genotypes of pigeonpea representing the broad spectrum of variation were assessed for twelve characters using principal component analysis and cluster analysis. These genotypes were grouped into 8 clusters by using cluster analysis. Principal component analysis identified five principal components with eigen values more than one which contributed 80.10 per cent of the cumulative variance. The genotypes LRG-41 and SM- 97, MRG-1001, WRG 51-Y, RST-16 and ICP 7035 were selected from the above analysis appeared to be desirable for inclusion in crossing programme aimed for improvement of pigeonpea.

Genetic Divergence Studies in Mungbean (Vigna Radiata L. Wilczek).

Genetic divergence using D2 statistic of forty genotypes of various agro-climatic region for ten quantitative characters revealed existence of considerable genetic diversity in the material. The genotypes were grouped into eleven clusters. Cluster VIII contained the highest number of nine genotypes followed by cluster V with seven genotypes. The pattern of distribution of genotypes from different geographical location into eleven clusters were random, demonstrating that geographical isolation may not be the only factor causing genetic diversity. The highest intra-cluster distance was observed for cluster VI (112.02) and the lowest was observed for cluster II (6.24). While the highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster III and X (493.41). Harvest index contributed maximum to diversity. Cluster IX with WGG-66 recorded the highest mean for yield contributing characters viz., plant height, branches/plant, pods/plant and clusters/plant. Therefore it was suggested that more emphasis should be given this genotype as parents for crossing with genotypes of other clusters which may produce novel recombinants with desirable traits.

COI barcode versus morphological identification of Culex ( Culex ) (Diptera: Culicidae) species: a case study using samples from Argentina and Brazil

Sequences of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene from adults of 22 Culex ( Culex ) species from Argentina and Brazil were employed to assess species identification and to test the usefulness of COI for barcoding using the best close match (BCM) algorithm. A pairwise Kimura two-parameter distance matrix including the mean intra and interspecific distances for 71 COI barcode sequences was constructed. Of the 12 COI lineages recovered in the Neighbour-joining topology, five confirmed recognised morphological species ( Cx. acharistus , Cx. chidesteri , Cx. dolosus , Cx. lygrus and Cx. saltanensis ) with intraspecific divergences lower than 1.75%. Cx. bilineatus is formally resurrected from the synonymy of Cx. dolosus . Cx. maxi , Cx. surinamensis and the Coronator group species included were clustered into an unresolved lineage. The intraspecific distance of Cx. pipiens (3%) was almost twice the interspecific between it and Cx. quinquefasciatus (1.6%). Regarding the BCM criteria, the COI barcode successfully identified 69% of all species. The rest of the sequences, approximately 10%, 18% and 3%, remained as ambiguously, mis and unidentified, respectively. The COI barcode does not contain enough information to distinguish Culex ( Cux. ) species.

Dissimilaridade genética de girassol por meio de caracteres quantitativos / Agronomic performance and genetic dissimilarity sunflower

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar, por meio de caracteres quantitativos, a dissimilaridade genética entre cultivares de girassol em diferentes localidades, além da concordância entre os métodos, visando à extração de linhagens para possíveis cruzamentos. Foram cultivados oito híbridos de girassol em duas localidades no noroeste do Rio Grande do Sul, com solo predominantemente do tipo Latossolo Vermelho distrófico. Foram utilizados métodos multivariados para determinar a divergência genética, utilizando a distância generalizada de Mahalanobis. Apesar dos rendimentos distintos entre locais e cultivares, os métodos de agrupamento tiveram concordância entre si. Para obtenção de populações segregantes, a cultivar 'Olisun 5', independente da localidade, demonstrou-se com maior potencial de hibridação, tendo as maiores contribuições por meio do número de aquênios por capítulo e altura de inserção do capítulo.

The aim of this study to evaluate by means of quantitative traits, the genetic dissimilarity among sunflower cultivars in different locations, in addition to the agreement between the methods in order to extract lines for future crosses. There were eight sunflower hybrids grown in two locations in northwestern Rio Grande do Sul, mainly with soil type Oxisol. Multivariate methods were used to determine the genetic diversity, using the Mahalanobis distance. Although the different yield between locations and cultivars, methods of grouping agreed among them selves. To obtain segregating populations, regardless of location, the cultivate 'Olisun 5', demonstrated greater potential for hybridization, with major contributions through number of achenes per chapter and height of the insertion section.