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Aim: This study aims to focus on traditional agricultural practices which are gaining momentum around the globe as an energy efficient and sustainable approach in the changing climate condition. In this study, an attempt was under taken to quantify the energy use, green house gas emission and global warming potential of rice cultivated by traditional method in terraced low land. Methodology: The data were collected through Focused Group Discussion (FGD) from farmers of the study area using the questionnaire. The sample size was calculated by Neyman method. Results: Total input and output energy required for traditional rice production were 8513.0 MJ ha-1 and 77356.88 MJ ha-1, respectively. Energy use efficiency was calculated as 9.01. Total global warming potential (GWP) was 610.19 CO2 eq ha-1. In this study, the output and input carbon were found to be 2580.48 and 164.75 kg C ha-1, respectively and the carbon efficiency ratio was 15.66. Energy productivity of this traditional method of rice production system was approximately 1.21 to 3.64 times higher than that of other rice production system. Interpretation: Rice is the staple food of tribal's habited in the highland region of Eastern Ghats Odisha, India, and these tribal people mostly cultivate rice by traditional method. This traditional rice production system can be considered as an environmental friendly and sustainable agricultural system in this changing climatic condition, and this system is also economical than the conventional rice cultivation practices.
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Muchas enfermedades neurológicas son condiciones crónicas complejas influenciadas en muchos niveles por cambios en el medio ambiente. El cambio climático (CC) se refiere a la gama más amplia de cambios locales, regionales y globales en los patrones climáticos promedio, impulsados principalmente, en los últimos 100 años, por actividades antropogénicas. Diversas variables climáticas se asocian con una mayor frecuencia de convulsiones en personas con epilepsia. Es probable que los riesgos se vean modificados por muchos factores, que van desde la variación genética individual y la función del canal dependiente de la temperatura, hasta la calidad de la vivienda y las cadenas de suministro globales. Los diferentes tipos de epilepsia parecen tener una distinta susceptibilidad a las influencias estacionales. El aumento de la temperatura corporal, ya sea en el contexto de la fiebre o no, tiene un papel crítico en el umbral convulsivo. Es probable que los vínculos entre el cambio climático y la epilepsia sean multifactoriales, complejos y, a menudo, indirectos, lo que dificulta las predicciones. Actualmente necesitamos más datos sobre los posibles riesgos en enfermedades; entre ellas la epilepsia. Se presentan 2 casos clínicos que refieren cambios en la frecuencia de sus crisis en relación a las altas temperaturas registradas.
Many neurological diseases are complex chronic conditions influenced on many levels by changes in the environment. Climate change refers to the widest range of local, regional, and global changes in average weather patterns, driven primarily, over the past 100 years, by anthropogenic activities. Various climatic variables are associated with an increased frequency of seizures in people with epilepsy. Risks are likely to be modified by many factors, ranging from individual genetic variation and temperature-dependent channel function, to housing quality and global supply chains. Different types of epilepsy appear to have different susceptibility to seasonal influences. Increased body temperature, whether in the context of fever or not, plays a critical role in the seizure threshold. The links between climate change and epilepsy are likely to be multifactorial, complex, and often indirect, making predictions difficult. We currently need more data on the possible risks of disease; among them epilepsy. We present 2 clinical cases that refer to changes in the frequency of their seizures in relation to the high temperatures recorded.
Subject(s)
Humans , Child , Climate Change , Epilepsy/drug therapy , Central Nervous System Depressants/therapeutic use , Valproic Acid/therapeutic use , Levetiracetam/therapeutic use , Melatonin/therapeutic use , Anticonvulsants/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Organizations of all life forms from species to ecosystems are impacted by the global process of Climate Change. Human civilizations are also vulnerable to changing climatic conditions. Scientific evidence shows that anthropogenic activities have resulted in global warming of 1.1 degrees Celsius. This is increasingly impacting nature so also human life everywhere. Despite efforts to adapt to the changing climate extreme events such as heatwaves over land and in the ocean droughts and flooding have caused widespread and pervasive impacts on cities and infrastructure and limit the chances of a livable future for all. In a naturally occurring process of climate change, destructive impacts have become more likely due to human interventions. The extent and magnitude of climate change impacts are larger for each additional fraction of warming than estimated so are the risks projected for the future. The impact involves severe and widespread disruptions to nature and to society, reducing our ability to grow nutritious food or provide clean drinking water. Multiple climate hazards are also occurring simultaneously with often cascading impacts. These impacts are becoming increasingly complex and challenging to manage. How these will affect nature and people depends on the speed and level. After the study of almost 100 review articles on climate change, we have shared an overview of what exactly happening to our environment and what are repercussions the future generation is going to face.
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Soil is a major reservoir of terrestrial carbon and it plays an important role in the global carbon cycle. The soil organic carbon (SOC) is the fundamental factor for sustainable agriculture because of the ability in maintaining the soil fertility which is critical to soil productivity. Soil carbon pool has gained paramount importance in the recent decades owing to the alarming issues of climate change and global warming. Land use change was found to have a larger net effect on SOC storage than projected climate change. Depending on the land use management practices, soils can be a net sink or source for CO2. In this regard the present study was carried out to assess the impact of different land uses on carbon storage and mineralization in soils of selected agro-ecological units of south Kerala.The agro-ecological units (AEUs) of south Kerala namely, southern coastal plain (AEU 1), Onattukara sandy plain (AEU 3), southern laterites (AEU 8), south central laterites (AEU 9) and southern and central foothills (AEU 12) were selected. In each AEU, different agricultural land use categories as described by IPCC for the carbon inventory such as, garden land (coconut), wet land (rice), fallow (uncultivated) and plantation (rubber) were also selected for the study. The potential for carbon mineralization in soil was assessed by evaluating factors such as Total organic carbon, mineralizable carbon, particulate organic carbon, global warming potential, carbon distribution, and turnover. The total organic carbon and particulate organic carbon were higher in rubber land use and AEU 12. The mineralizable C content in soil varied from 1.40 to 3.45, 1.18 to 3.41, 1.04 to 3.04, 1.23 to 3.35 and 1.01 to 3.02 mg g?¹ in AEU 1, 3, 8, 9 and 12 respectively. The highest value was observed from AEU 1 and rice land use. Similar trend was obtained for global warming potential of soils based on CO2 evolution which varied from 31.82 to 78.41, 26.89 to 79.02, 22.89 to 69.02, 28.03 to 76.06 and 22.96 to 68.64 in AEU 1, 3, 8, 9 and 12 respectively. The C proportion and turnover rates were in the range of 0.25 to 0.77 and 0.04 to 0.17 respectively. The C proportion was the highest in AEU 12 and rubber land use whereas the C turnover was the highest in AEU 1 and rice land use.
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Aims and Study Area: A study conducted to identify how climate change affects water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector for Barguna Sadar Upazila.Methodology: This study applied inductive reasoning methods with inductive and statistical generalization criteria. Used mixed method approach where both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from study areas. However, this study also triangulated findings from literature review and conducted Geo Spatial Analysis that enhanced the strength of the study findings.Results: From the quantitative findings it was identified that 32% reported they don’t even know what the risk factors of climate change are, among them 41% female which is very alarming for WASH. However, from the KII respondents reported to have waterlogging, increase of temperature, heavy rainfall, and scarcity of water in their locality. 37% of respondents reported to not available the drinking water in all year round and they mentioned it happens due to lower groundwater level, increase salinity in water, damage of water source and draught. 60% of the respondents reported that their latrines were destroyed by a cyclone/tidal surge/water lodging and 33% reported to experience water borne disease in the past three months. Only 10% of respondents agreed that they have sufficient knowledge of the result of climate changes in the WASH sector. Only 5% of women agreed they have access to WASH Management systems during cyclone/tidal surge/water lodging. A total of 30% respondents reported that climate change resulted in extra burden for women and girls in WASH sector.Conclusion: This study identified that mostly climate change impacts women and girls as have less knowledge on impacts of climate changes in WASH. From those findings this study identified some recommendations which can improve the conditions in WASH sector in Barguna as well as Coastal belt of Bangladesh.
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Global warming is a never-ending disastrous threat to the world and the existence of life. For many years, researchers have been cautioning about the disastrous results on the climate if the world touches average temperatures of 1.5ºC above the pre-industrial levels. High-temperature stress affects the growth and development of crops, Reduced photosynthesis and transpiration lead to lower biomass and increased respiration, leading to faster depletion of stored carbohydrates and reduced growth. Altered mineral nutrition and enzyme activity leads to nutrient imbalance and oxidative stress and eventually lowers yields to significant levels. Thermotolerance is a complex trait, and along with agronomic practices, there is a need for the identification and characterization of genotypes for heat tolerance, which is a prerequisite for crop improvement. Temperature Induction Response (TIR) is a high-throughput means successfully employed for assessing, identifying, and screening crop plants for thermotolerance in different crop species. TIR is based on the principle of the LD50 concept and acquired thermotolerance, which is crop-specific in nature. Hence, this review focuses on the relevance, methodology, standardization, mechanism, utilisation and significance of the TIR technique for crop improvement in different crop species to combat heat stress.
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Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is the second most important food in the world after wheat. Most rice is now grown in areas where the temperature is higher than the optimum growing temperature (28/22°C); therefore, a further increase in average temperature or high temperature occurring in the sensitive phase of the crop can affect growth and yield. Clutter. For every 1°C increase in daytime maximum/night minimum temperature from 28°C/21°C to 34°C/27°C, rice yield decreases by 7% to 8%. Additionally, the benefits that crops derive from high atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations must be lost due to warming. The thermal stability of cell membranes is thought to correlate well with yield performance. Temperature is important in photosynthesis, but too hot can cause reduced photosynthesis of leaves and reduced distribution of dry matter to shoots and roots. The disadvantage of temperature is not limited to the above-ground rice. The underground area is affected, if not more, by the flood, and the temperature of the soil changes due to the heat. Future increases in global temperatures threaten people worldwide who depend on crops for their health and food security. In the past, the stress of the crisis on rice production focused on the rice crop. This review highlights the importance of rice in the world, the effect of high temperature on the growth, quality, yield and properties of rice, and the need for future research.
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Background: Climate change has continued to pose a global concern, as the resulting effect of the increase in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions continues to have significant consequences on the planet and its inhabitants. One of the major sectors contributing to the greenhouse effect is the healthcare sector, however, it is one of the sectors that has been overlooked and under reported. Objective: This article aims at reviewing the carbon footprint of healthcare facilities in Nigeria and its impact on climate change, while highlighting important and effective strategies towards addressing it. Methods: Data was obtained through a systematic review of available research articles obtained online via PubMed and Google scholar search engines, using the key words; climate change, healthcare facilities, global warming, and carbon footprint. Results: Effective policy and regulatory frame works are essential towards addressing the carbon footprint of healthcare facilities; however a lot of gap still exists in curbing the effect of GHG emissions by healthcare facilities in Nigeria, as majority of healthcare facilities in Nigeria still rely significantly on the combustion of fossil fuels for generation of power due to its epileptic electrical power supply. Conclusion: There is great need in addressing the effect of the carbon footprint of healthcare facilities on climate change. This can be achieved through the use of renewable energy technologies like solar and wind power, as well as the use of energy conservative measures such as the use of LED lighting and High-efficiency Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems.
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Aim: To find out the CH4 and CO2 emission pattern and the considerable amount of SOC sequestered by using different organic sources in sandy clay loam soil. Study Design: Randomized Block Design. Place and Duration of the Study: The study was conducted in a farmer's field at Ayanathur, which is geographically located at 11°23’N latitude, 79°29'E longitude, and an altitude of +26 m MSL. Duration of the study confined to 2 years cycle from September 2016 to January 2018 I and II crops respectively. Methodology: Different sources of organic manures viz., Farm Yard Manure @ 12.5 t ha-1, vermicompost, pressmud, poultry manure, and composted coirpith are each @ 5 t ha-1 were applied as basally and incorporated along with Azospirillum and phosphobacteria @ 2 kg ha-1 as a soil application at the time of last ploughing. Fertilizers were applied as per the treatment schedule of 150:50:50 kg N, P, and K ha-1 was followed throughout the period of study through urea, Di Ammonium phosphate and muriate of potash for rice crops. An open path LICOR analyzer 7700 and 7500 for CH4 and CO2 to find the CH4 and CO2 fluxes during the period of study through calibration of eddy covariance fluxes emissions were calculated. Results: Combined application of a Recommended dose of fertilizers along with Farmyard manure @ 12.5 t ha-1 reduced the CH4 emission by 13.6 and 15 % over other organic sources in rice whereas, the CO2 emission by 54.4 and 53.8% and 61.5 and 53.9 % over other organic sources in rice and sunflower respectively. Concomitantly, the SOC increased by 6.8 and 7.5% in rice and 4,7 and 4.4% in sunflower over other organic sources.
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Introducción: El conocimiento actual de los peligros del estrés térmico por calor en el entorno laboral, relacionado con el calentamiento global y los efectos sobre la tensión por calor es incipiente. Objetivo: Recopilar la evidencia disponible sobre los efectos del calentamiento global, para la salud de los trabajadores. Material y Métodos: Se realizó una revisión sistemática recuperando revisiones y metaanálisis disponibles en PubMed/MEDLINE y ScienceDirect utilizando las palabras claves: cambio climático; calentamiento global; estrés por calor; salud ocupacional y enfermedades ocupacionales para obtener tantas referencias como fuese posible, filtradas por "revisión sistemática y metaanálisis". La búsqueda se restringió a artículos publicados en inglés desde 2012 hasta julio de 2022. Resultados: Se recuperaron 541 referencias y finalmente 10 artículos fueron seleccionados para un análisis en profundidad. Los artículos incluidos se publicaron entre 2014 y 2022, pero la mayoría se emitieron a partir de 2018. La mayor parte de los estudios abordó las enfermedades y lesiones asociadas al estrés térmico por calor en el lugar de trabajo. Los factores de riesgo y exposición al calor en trabajadores al aire libre y las métricas de estrés térmico por calor aparecieron en seis estudios. Cuatro artículos hicieron mención a las medidas de enfriamiento o mitigación del calor. Conclusiones: Los trabajadores expuestos al calor extremo tienen mayor riesgo de estrés térmico por calor, especialmente aquellos de países en desarrollo de regiones tropicales. Esos trabajadores incluyen el sector agrícola, de la construcción, bomberos, mineros, soldados y trabajadores de manufactura entre otros.
Introduction: Current knowledge of the hazards of heat stress in the work environment, related to global warming and the effects on heat stress, is incipient. Objective: To compile the available evidence of the effects of global warming on the health of workers. Material and Methods: A systematic review was performed retrieving reviews and meta-analyses available in PubMed/MEDLINE and ScienceDirect, using the keywords: climate change, global warming, heat stress, occupational health, and occupational diseases to obtain as many references as possible, filtered by "systematic review and meta-analysis". The search was restricted to articles published in English from 2012 to July 2022. Results: A total of 541references were retrieved and 10articles were finally selected for an in-depth analysis. The included articles were published between 2014 and 2022, but most of them were issued from 2018 onwards. Most of the studies addressed diseases and injuries associated with heat stress in the workplace. Risk factors and heat exposure in outdoor workers and heat stress metrics appeared in six studies. Four articles mentioned cooling or heat mitigation measures. Conclusions: Workers exposed to extreme heat are at increased risk of heat stress, especially those in developing countries in tropical regions. Those workers include agriculture and construction workers, firefighters, miners, soldiers, and manufacturing workers, among others.
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Several social and environmental factors such as industrialization, deforestation, erosion of toxic pollutants have played dominant role in the increase rate of the global warming. This notion has affected the various segments of the planet. Sectors such as Fishery, Firming, and Agroforestry and Forest management sectors have been facing deleterious realities because of the greenhouse emission from the last few decades. In recent times, scientist has become apprehensive about the fact of reducing the negative effects caused by the global warming. Moreover, several studies have circulated various strategies to mitigate the risk factors of greenhouse effects to protect the future of the planate.
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The global impact of climate change remains a grave concern to every nation, from severe droughts in East Africa to wildfires in Australia and extreme floods and landslides in India, Nepal and Bangladesh, and, recently, the devastating floods witnessed in Nigeria, climate change challenges continue to escalate. Climate change is driving people out of their homes and ushering in a world of poverty. Extant literature avers that at the centre of mitigating the adverse effects of climate change and stimulating the desired action is communication. Consequently, this paper seeks to interrogate the centrality of communication as a tool in the hands of policymakers, the media and international donor agencies in stimulating public consciousness in Nigeria towards climate change challenges and adaptation. Leveraging a quantitative and exploratory approach and using surveys with structured and unstructured questionnaire questions, the study exposed gaps in citizens' knowledge of the causes of climate change and revealed the level of awareness of climate change challenges, people's attitudes to climate change, sources of information, and desired medium of communication among the Nigerian public. The study highlights the interplay between the contents of climate change communication and actionable steps that are easy to be understood and relatively simple to be followed by the citizens. Finally, the paper contends that much more needs to be done in sensitising citizens on climate change while suggesting a combination of alternative communication strategies that promise to stimulate citizens' awareness of climate change challenges and adaptation in Nigeria.
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RESUMEN Objetivo. Analizar el clima en los últimos treinta años en el Noroeste de Minas y sus impactos en la producción lechera. Materiales y Métodos. Se utilizó la base de datos del Instituto Nacional de Meteorología durante el período de 1985 a 2017 en las ciudades de Unaí, Paracatu, Arinos y Formoso/ MG. Para cada mes y año, se calculó la temperatura mínima promedio (Tmin), la temperatura máxima (Tmax), la humedad relativa (HR), el Índice de Temperatura y Humedad (THI), el Índice de Temperatura de Globo Y Bulbo Húmedo (WBGT), la estimación de la disminución de la producción de leche (DMP) y la DMP en días críticos (DMPc). Resultados. Los resultados se evaluaron utilizando la función Im de R, y la prueba t para comprobar la hipótesis nula de que el coeficiente de regresión era igual a cero con un nivel de significación del 5%. Se observó un aumento de los valores Tmax y Tmim de 0.6-0.9°C respectivamente. Los valores de THI y WBGT en los municipios muestran estados de peligro y emergencia. Las DMP obtenidas fueron de 2.8 kg vaca-1 día-1 (Paracatu y Formoso), 3.2 kg vaca-1 día-1 en Unaí y entre 3.7 y 4.6 kg vaca-1 día-1 en Arinos. Conclusiones. Se verifica que la condición térmica en las ciudades estudiadas está fuera de la considerada zona termoneutral, siendo necesarias modificaciones ambientales primarias y secundarias para garantizar el bienestar de los animales e índices ganaderos satisfactorios.
ABSTRACT Objective. To analyze the climate in the last thirty years in the Northwest of Minas and its impacts on dairy production. Materials and Methods. The database of the National Institute of Meteorology was used during the period from 1985 to 2017 in the cities of Unaí, Paracatu, Arinos and Formoso/ MG. For each month and year, the average minimum temperature (Tmin), maximum temperature (Tmax), relative humidity (RH), Temperature and Humidity Index (THI), Wet-bulbe Globe Temperature Index (WBGT), estimate of the decrease in milk production (DMP) and DMP on critical days (DMPc) were calculated. Results. The results were evaluated using the lm function of R, and the t test to test the null hypothesis that the regression coefficient was equal to zero with a significance level of 5%. An increase in Tmax and Tmim values by 0.6-0.9°C respectively was observed. The THI and WBGT values in the municipalities show states of danger and emergency. The DMP obtained were 2.8 kg cow-1 day-1 (Paracatu and Formoso), 3.2 kg cow-1 day-1 in Unaí and between 3.7 and 4.6 kg cow-1 day-1 in Arinos. Conclusions. It is verified that the thermal condition in the studied cities is outside the considered thermoneutral zone, being necessary primary and secondary environmental modifications to guarantee the welfare of the animals and satisfactory livestock indexes.
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Introducción: La alteración del clima planetario, atribuida directa o indirectamente a la actividad humana, que modifica la composición de la atmósfera mundial y se suma a la variabilidad natural del clima, es conocida como cambio climático global. Sus efectos en la salud, directos e indirectos, ya presentes, perturbarán a la mayoría de las poblaciones en las próximas décadas y pondrán en riesgo la vida y el bienestar de miles de millones de personas. Objetivo: Describir, a partir de una revisión, los principales riesgos para la salud humana derivados de la mayor frecuencia e intensidad de episodios de estrés térmico derivados del cambio climático. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica relativa a los efectos de la temperatura sobre la salud humana, así como su influencia sobre la mortalidad general, en el periodo 2008 hasta 2021, en las bases de datos Scopus, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, Ebsco, LiLACS, así como, otras fuentes y recursos de información disponibles en Internet. Se utilizó el vocabulario controlado del Descriptor en Ciencias de la Salud. Resultados: Se recuperaron 32 publicaciones sobre de la influencia del clima y sus cambios en la salud humana que plantearon, por lo general, que las altas temperaturas guardaron relación con el incremento de la mortalidad principalmente por enfermedades cardiovasculares, cerebrovasculares y respiratorias, se han convertido en un contribuyente considerable a la carga de morbilidad. Conclusiones: Las temperaturas extremas incrementan la morbilidad y mortalidad agudas, principalmente en grupos de riesgo. La promoción de una adecuada hidratación y el uso de ropas adecuadas, ayudará a las personas en la prevención de afecciones por las temperaturas extremas, erigiéndose en acciones individuales de protección contra los efectos de la mayor frecuencia e intensidad de eventos de estrés térmico asociado al cambio climático, a incorporar a la cotidianidad.
Introduction: The alteration of the planetary climate, attributed directly or indirectly to human activity, which modifies the composition of the world atmosphere and adds to the natural variability of the climate, is known as global climate change. Its direct and indirect health effects, already present, will disturb most populations in the coming decades and put the lives and well-being of billions of people at risk. Objective: To describe, based on a review, the main risks to human health derived from the greater frequency and intensity of episodes of thermal stress derived from climate change. Methods: A bibliographic review was carried out regarding the effects of temperature on human health, as well as its influence on general mortality, in the period 2008 to 2021, in the Scopus, PubMed/Medline, SciELO, Ebsco, LiLACS, as well as other information sources and resources available on the Internet. The controlled vocabulary descriptors in Health Sciences were used. Results: 32 publications on the influence of climate and its changes on human health were recovered, which generally stated that high temperatures were related to the increase in mortality, mainly due to cardiovascular, cerebrovascular and respiratory diseases, and have become a significant contributor to the burden of disease. Conclusions: Extreme temperatures increase acute morbidity and mortality, mainly in risk groups. The promotion of adequate hydration and the use of adequate clothing will help people in the prevention of conditions caused by extreme temperatures, establishing individual actions to protect against the effects of the greater frequency and intensity of heat stress events associated with climate change, to incorporate into daily life.
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Resumo Considerando as mudanças climáticas e o impacto das temperaturas elevadas na saúde humana, especialmente devido ao aquecimento global, são relevantes as ações de prevenção ao calor voltadas aos trabalhadores que laboram a céu aberto. Neste ensaio, são apresentados resultados de recentes pesquisas, bem como destacadas inovações tecnológicas para monitoramento do calor no Brasil. Também são expostas reflexões sobre o futuro do trabalho a céu aberto diante das mudanças climáticas. O trabalho a céu aberto é em geral caracterizado por atividades pesadas, que geram elevado calor metabólico. Contudo, são escassos os esforços no campo da Saúde e Segurança do Trabalho para a busca de alternativas que minimizem ou eliminem os efeitos do calor para os trabalhadores. Além disso, as alternativas de proteção dos trabalhadores são reduzidas. O Monitor IBUTG é apresentado como inovação tecnológica de monitoramento remoto do calor em ambiente a céu aberto. Apesar das medidas de controle previstas em lei para proteção dos trabalhadores submetidos ao calor, em razão do aquecimento global, serão necessários intervenções inovadoras e controles especiais da exposição ao calor nos ambientes externos. Portanto, é desejável maior empenho na produção de conhecimento com vistas a fomentar a elaboração ou o aprimoramento de políticas públicas.
Abstract Given the current climate change and high-temperature impact on human health, especially due to global warming, actions for heat prevention focused on outdoor workers are relevant. This essay presents the results of recent research and highlights technological innovations for heat monitoring in Brazil. Also, it reflects on the future of outdoor work given climate change. Outdoor work is generally characterized as heavy, leading to higher metabolic heat production. However, Occupational Safety and Health have made few efforts to find alternatives to minimize or eliminate heat impact on workers. Moreover, the worker's protection alternatives are reduced. WBGT Monitor is presented as a technological innovation for remote heat monitoring in outdoor environments. Despite the control measures provided to workers subjected to heat, global warming demands innovative interventions and special exposure controls at outdoor workplaces. Thus, an increased commitment to knowledge production to elaborate or improve public policy is desirable.
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Drought is a predominant factor responsible for yield reduction throughout the world. The current scenario of climate change and global warming are further causing frequent and severe droughts, which emphasizes the need to understand the response of plants to drought stress. Hence, it is imperative to develop a system wherein water utilization is more efficient in agriculture. In this context, the plant root system which is in close association with soil assumes greater importance and they play an important role in plant growth and development by exploiting soil water and nutrients. Root traits such as root diameter, length, specific area, angle, length and density are considered useful traits for improving plant growth under drought conditions. This review on root dynamics under drought stress presented here provides readers with the latest information on root system architecture, genetics, physiology and molecular responses of roots under drought stress.
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The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a plan of action for people, planet and prosperity. Thousands of years and centuries of colonisation have passed the precarious housing conditions, food insecurity, lack of sanitation, the limitation of surveillance, health care programs and climate change. Chagas disease continues to be a public health problem. The control programs have been successful in many countries in reducing transmission by T. cruzi; but the results have been variable. WHO makes recommendations for prevention and control with the aim of eliminating Chagas disease as a public health problem. Climate change, deforestation, migration, urbanisation, sylvatic vectors and oral transmission require integrating the economic, social, and environmental dimensions of sustainable development, as well as the links within and between objectives and sectors. While the environment scenarios change around the world, native vector species pose a significant public health threat. The man-made atmosphere change is related to the increase of triatomines' dispersal range, or an increase of the mobility of the vectors from their sylvatic environment to man-made constructions, or humans getting into sylvatic scenarios, leading to an increase of Chagas disease infection. Innovations with the communities and collaborations among municipalities, International cooperation agencies, local governmental agencies, academic partners, developmental agencies, or environmental institutions may present promising solutions, but sustained partnerships, long-term commitment, and strong regional leadership are required. A new world has just opened up for the renewal of surveillance practices, but the lessons learned in the past should be the basis for solutions in the future.
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Human health has been negatively impacted by the difficult environmental conditions produced by climate change. The health industry, paradoxically, generates a carbon footprint (CF) that drives climate change and represents 9.8% of the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the United States (2013) and 6.3% of CF in England (2017). A considerable portion of these emissions comes from the clinical practice of anesthesia. Anesthetic gases present global warming potentials (GWPs) of up to 3,714 times higher than CO2 throughout their life cycles, from their manufacture and use to their disposal. In this context, this review compiled and assessed the environmental impacts of the anesthetic strategy in clinical practice, making use of the life cycle analysis tool. This review describes how the anesthetic technique has a major impact on CF, through the emission of GHG expressed through tools such as the GWP. As an example, at the manufacturing stage, the GWP of halogenated gases is up to 2,540 kg COeq versus 21 kg COeq for Propofol. This and other variables determine the contribution of the anesthetic technique in the emission of GHG. Finally, this review aims to help health care providers make informed decisions when considering the CH and sustainability of each anesthetic technique.
La salud de las personas se ha visto afectada negativamente debido a las difíciles condiciones ambientales producidas por el cambio climático. La industria sanitaria, paradójicamente, genera una huella de carbono (HC) que impulsa el cambio climático y representa el 9,8% de las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) en Estados Unidos (2013) y el 6,3% de la HC en Inglaterra (2017). Una parte considerable de estas emisiones proviene de la práctica clínica de la anestesia. Los gases anestésicos presentan potenciales de calentamiento global (GWP) de hasta 3.714 veces superiores al CO2 a lo largo de su ciclo de vida, desde su fabricación y uso, hasta su eliminación. En este contexto, esta revisión compiló y evaluó los impactos ambientales de la estrategia anestésica en la práctica clínica, haciendo uso de la herramienta de análisis del ciclo de vida. Esta revisión describe como la técnica anestésica presenta un impacto de magnitud en la HC, a través de la emisión de GEI expresado a través de herramientas como es el GWP. Como ejemplo, en el caso de los gases halogenados estos pueden generar hasta 2.540 kg COeq en su etapa de fabricación frente a 21 kg COeq para el Propofol. Esta y otras variables determinan el aporte de la técnica anestésica en la emisión de GEI. Finalmente, esta revisión tiene como objetivo ayudar al cuerpo médico a tomar decisiones informadas al considerar la HC y la sustentabilidad de cada técnica de anestesia.
Subject(s)
Humans , Greenhouse Effect , Global Warming , Carbon Footprint , Biological Monitoring , Anesthesia , AnesthesiologyABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Climate change is a health problem and, at the same time, health systems are important contributors. Hospitals stand out due to their high rates of energy consumption, resources and waste generation. The purpose of the study is to know and identify the determinants of sanitary waste and the measures that can be implemented that allow reducing the production of hospital waste, seeking to achieve a general and updated appreciation of this phenomenon and taking into account hospital sustainability. METHOD: A bibliographic search was carried out in pubmed that included keywords related to the concepts of carbon footprint, recycling and hospital waste. The screening yielded a total of 37 articles and later 12 publications founded from references (or that were previously known by the authors) were added. RESULTS: The results are presented into 5 points known as the "5 Rs", named below. "Reduce" (through adequate segregation of waste, correct management of effluents and energy, significant reduction of excesses and automatic administration of anesthetic gases), "Reuse" (through device reprocessing, reusable material and donation), "Recycle", "Rethink" (with examples such as selection of less polluting gases, selective use of containers, staff education) and "Investigate" through different models. DISCUSSION: Several of the recognized measures could have an application in many hospital areas despite the fact that most of the available evidence refers to the operating room. The organization and education of the personnel is important in order to implement the measures found.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La estrategia de disposición y generación de residuos influye en el cambio climático y éste, al mismo tiempo, afecta la salud de las personas, incrementando la frecuencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares, respiratorias e infecciosas, entre otras. Los sistemas sanitarios son contribuyentes importantes, debido a sus altas tasas de consumo de energía, recursos y generación de desechos. Esta revisión de la literatura pretende obtener una apreciación general y actualizada de los determinantes de desechos sanitarios y las medidas implementables para disminuir la producción de residuos hospitalarios y nuestro impacto en el medio ambiente. MÉTODO: Se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Medline que incluyó palabras clave relacionadas a huella de carbono, reciclaje y residuos hospitalarios. El cribado arrojó un total de 48 publicaciones. RESULTADOS: Se presentan los resultados organizados en 5 puntos, a los que se les conoce como las "5 R" y que corresponden a "Reducir" (a través de segregación adecuada de residuos, correcta gestión de efluentes, energía y disminución de excesos), "Reusar" (a través de reprocesamiento de dispositivos), "Reciclar" (transformación de residuos), "Repensar" (búsqueda de nuevas formas, innovadoras y sustentables, de las prácticas clínicas) e "Investigar" (Research, generar nuevo conocimiento). DISCUSIÓN: Numerosas estrategias pueden ser implementadas para contribuir a la sustentabilidad hospitalaria y podrían tener una aplicación en muchas áreas, a pesar de que la mayoría de la evidencia disponible hace referencia al sector quirúrgico. La investigación nos ofrece herramientas para desarrollar nuevas alternativas de gestión, donde la organización y educación del personal son esenciales.
Subject(s)
Humans , Global Warming , Sustainable Development , Hospitals , Climate Change , Medical Waste Disposal , Equipment Reuse , Conservation of Natural Resources , Carbon Footprint , RecyclingABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Climate change is a health problem and, at the same time, health systems are important contributors. Hospitals stand out due to their high rates of energy consumption, resources and waste generation. The purpose of the study is to know and identify the determinants of sanitary waste and the measures that can be implemented that allow reducing the production of hospital waste, seeking to achieve a general and updated appreciation of this phenomenon and taking into account hospital sustainability. METHOD: A bibliographic search was carried out in pubmed that included keywords related to the concepts of carbon footprint, recycling and hospital waste. The screening yielded a total of 37 articles and later 12 publications founded from references (or that were previously known by the authors) were added. RESULTS: The results are presented into 5 points known as the "5 Rs", named below. "Reduce" (through adequate segregation of waste, correct management of effluents and energy, significant reduction of excesses and automatic administration of anesthetic gases), "Reuse" (through device reprocessing, reusable material and donation), "Recycle", "Rethink" (with examples such as selection of less polluting gases, selective use of containers, staff education) and "Investigate" through different models. DISCUSSION: Several of the recognized measures could have an application in many hospital areas despite the fact that most of the available evidence refers to the operating room. The organization and education of the personnel is important in order to implement the measures found.
INTRODUCCIÓN: La estrategia de disposición y generación de residuos influye en el cambio climático y éste, al mismo tiempo, afecta la salud de las personas, incrementando la frecuencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares, respiratorias e infecciosas entre otras. Los sistemas sanitarios son contribuyentes importantes, debido a sus altas tasas de consumo de energía, recursos y generación de desechos. Esta revisión de la literatura pretende obtener una apreciación general y actualizada de los determinantes de desechos sanitarios y las medidas implementables para disminuir la producción de residuos hospitalarios y nuestro impacto en el medio ambiente. MÉTODO: Se realizó una amplia búsqueda bibliográfica en la base de datos Medline que incluyó palabras clave relacionadas a huella de carbono, reciclaje y residuos hospitalarios. El cribado arrojó un total de 48 publicaciones. RESULTADOS: Se presentan los resultados organizados en 5 puntos, a los que se les conoce como las "5 R" y que corresponden a "Reducir" (a través de segregación adecuada de residuos, correcta gestión de efluentes, energía y disminución de excesos), "Reusar" (a través de reprocesamiento de dispositivos), "Reciclar" (transformación de residuos), "Repensar" (búsqueda de nuevas formas, innovadoras y sustentables, de las prácticas clínicas) e "Investigar" (Research, generar nuevo conocimiento). DISCUSIÓN: Numerosas estrategias pueden ser implementadas para contribuir a la sustentabilidad hospitalaria y podrían tener una aplicación en muchas áreas, a pesar de que la mayoría de la evidencia disponible hace referencia al sector quirúrgico. La investigación nos ofrece herramientas para desarrollar nuevas alternativas de gestión, donde la organización y educación del personal son esenciales.