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Objective To analyze the efficacy of two-staged laparoscopic Fowler-Stephens surgery through the Hay's triangle approach for the treatment of high cryptorchidism in children.Methods The clinical data of 116 children with high cryptorchidism in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed,among which 43 children who underwent laparoscopic testicular extraction and fixation through the Hay's triangle approach were selected as the control group,and 73 children who underwent two-staged laparoscopic Fowler-Stephens surgery through the Hay's triangle approach were selected as the study group.The changes of sex hormone levels and testicular function before and after surgery were compared between the two groups.All patients were followed up for 6 months,and the testicular volume was reviewed and the occurrences of complications were recorded.Results There was no significant difference in the testicular volume before and after surgery between the two groups(P>0.05),and there was no significant difference in the total incidence of postoperative complications between the two groups(P>0.05).After surgery,the levels of serum follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH),estradiol(E2)and luteinizing hormone(LH)in the two groups were significantly lower than those before surgery(P<0.05),and the levels of serum testosterone(T),anti-Mullerian hormone(AMH),inhibin B(INHB)and INHB/FSH were significantly higher than those before surgery(P<0.05).However,there was no significant difference between the two groups(P>0.05).Conclusion The two-staged Fowler-Stephens surgery is effective in the treatment of high-risk cryptorchidism.It can establish a good collateral circulation by disconnection of spermatic cord vessels and gubernaculum testis,and the testis can be lowered to a satisfactory position in the scrotum.
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Scientific job value evaluation helps to improve the refined human resource management of hospitals. This study focused on the information management department from among administrative functional departments at a tertiary hospital. Starting from October 2022, the Hay′s evaluation method was applied to evaluate the job value of seven positions. Results of the job value evaluation were used in the design of job promotion pathways. The human resource business partner was responsible for diagnosing problems based on the hospital′s job value evaluation objectives, organizing the Hay′s evaluation, compiling evaluation results, and designing job promotion pathways. Job value evaluation results showed that the scores of the junior, intermediate, and senior levels in the software development position were the highest among all positions, with 118.02 points, 365.76 points, and 1 506.60 points, respectively. According to the hierarchical division result, the call center position was divided into 5 levels from P1 to P5, the system operation and maintenance position, hardware maintenance position, and network security position were divided into 6 levels from P1 to P6 respectively, while the data analysis position and software development position were divided into 8 levels from P1 to P8. The project management position had the highest technical requirements and must be undertaken by personnel of level P4 and above. It was divided into 5 levels from P4 to P8. The hierarchical coefficient of P1 level for each position was 1.0, while the hierarchical coefficient of P8 level for project management and software development positions was the highest, both at 24.4, while the hierarchical coefficient of P5 level for call center positions was only 5.0. Based on the results of job value evaluation, job requirements and assessment requirements for each position level could be designed, so that each employee could clearly understand their career development path. This study can provide reference for promoting the refined management of hospital human resources.
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Background: Novel feeding strategies should be developed to produce high-quality meat in current goat production systems. Objective: To evaluate the effects of castration and the association of spineless cactus with sugarcane bagasse or elephant grass hay on nutrient intake, digestibility, performance, feeding behavior and carcass traits of feedlot kids. Methods: A total of 24 male kids (12 castrated and 12 intact), with an average initial weight of 18.5 ± 3.8 kg were allotted to a completely randomized 2 x 2 factorial design (sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay; intact or castrated), and confined for 70 days. Results: Nutrient intake and animal performance were similar between treatments. Sugarcane bagasse increased, when compared to elephant grass hay, the digestibility of dry matter (66.12 vs 62.88; p=0.005), crude protein (74.26 vs 70.95; p=0.029) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (91.94 vs 83.07; p<0.001). The forage source affected the time spent resting, ruminating and total chewing time, but there was no effect of diet on feeding and rumination efficiencies. Elephant grass hay increased, when compared to sugarcane bagasse, hot carcass weight (9.87 vs 10.79; p=0.025) and hot carcass yield (43.81 vs 46.87; p=0.013). Intact kids produced heavier hot carcasses when compared with castrated kids (10.80 vs 9.86; p=0.014). Conclusion: Feeding intact or castrated kids with sugar cane bagasse or elephant grass hay do not affect nutrient intake and performance. Feedlot goats have improved carcass traits if kept intact and fed elephant grass hay.
Antecedentes: Se requiere desarrollar nuevas estrategias de alimentación para producir carne de alta calidad en los sistemas actuales de producción de cabras. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la castración y asociación de palma forrajera con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante sobre la ingesta de nutrientes, digestibilidad, rendimiento, comportamiento de alimentación y caracteristicas de la canal de cabritos de engorde. Métodos: Un total de 24 cabritos (12 castrados y 12 intactos) con peso inicial promedio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg fueron asignados a un diseño factorial 2 x 2 completamente al azar (bagazo de caña de azucar o heno de pasto elefante; castrados o intactos) y confinados durante 70 días. Resultados: La ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento animal fueron similares entre tratamientos. El bagazo de caña de azúcar aumentó, en comparación con el heno de pasto elefante, la digestibilidad de la materia seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), de la proteína cruda (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) y de los carbohidratos no fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). La fuente de forraje afectó el tiempo de descanso, de rumia, y el tiempo total de masticación, pero no hubo efecto de la dieta sobre la eficiencia alimentacia y de la rumia. El heno de pasto elefante aumentó, en comparación con el bagazo, el peso de la canal caliente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) y el rendimiento de la canal caliente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Los animales intactos produjeron canales calientes más pesadas en comparación con los castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusión: La alimentación de cabritos enteros o castrados con bagazo de caña de azúcar o heno de pasto elefante no afecta la ingesta de nutrientes y el rendimiento. Los cabritos tienen mejores características de canal si se alimentan con heno de pasto elefante y se dejan enteros.
Antecedentes: Novas estratégias de alimentação devem ser desenvolvidas para produção de carne de qualidade nos atuais sistemas de produção de caprinos. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da castração e da associação da palma forrageira com o bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante no consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, desempenho, comportamento ingestivo e características de carcaça de cabritos confinados. Métodos: Um total de 24 caprinos (12 castrados e 12 não castrados), com peso inicial médio de 18,5 ± 3,8 kg, distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 (bagaço de cana de açúcar ou feno de capim elefante; inteiros ou castrados), confinados durante 70 dias. Resultados: O consumo de nutrientes e o desempenho dos animais foram semelhante entre os tratamentos. O bagaço de cana elevou, quando comparado com o feno, a digestibilidade da matéria seca (66,12 vs 62,88; p=0,005), proteína (74,26 vs 70,95; p=0,029) e carboidratos não fibrosos (91,94 vs 83,07; p<0,001). As fontes de fibra afetaram os tempos de ócio, ruminação e mastigação total, mas não houve efeito para as eficiências de alimentação e ruminação. O feno de capim elefante aumentou, quando comparado com o bagaço, o peso de caracaça quente (9,87 vs 10,79; p=0,025) e o rendimento de carcaça quente (43,81 vs 46,87; p=0,013). Os animais inteiros produziram carcaças quentes mais pesadas em comparação aos castrados (10,80 vs 9,86; p=0,014). Conclusão: Alimentar caprinos inteiros ou castrados com bagaço de cana ou feno de capim-elefante não interfere no consumo de nutrientes e desempenho. Caprinos confinados terão as características de carcaça melhoradas se mantidos intactos e alimentados com feno de capim elefante.
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Objective:To conduct a position evaluation of functional departments directors by means of Hay guide-chart profile (Hay) and international position evaluation (IPE) for heads of public hospital departments, and a comparative analysis of the results, for reference in reforming the performance-related pay system of the functional departments.Methods:From July to August of 2021, positions of ten functional department directors of a public tertiary general hospital were selected, and expert groups within and out of the hospital were invited for a position evaluation using both Hay and IPE. Cronbach α and intraclass correlation coefficient were used in the reliability and consistency evaluation. Technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was conducted to compare the differences between results of both methods, with the position value ranked by quartiles. Results:22 position evaluation forms were issued and 20 were recovered (12 for in-hospital experts and 8 for extramural experts). In Hay evaluation, the scores of medical affairs department and hospital head office were higher, averaging 757.30 and 727.21 respectively, and those of logistics management department were the lowest, being 279.94. In-hospital experts scored lower than those extramural experts on the posts of directors of scientific research management department, Party committee office and medical insurance department, while the scores of the directors of the hospital head office were higher than those extramural experts. In IPE evaluation, the position values of hospital head office and medical affairs department were the highest, averaging 680.25 and 621.00 respectively, and the score of the logistics management department was the lowest, being 365.05. In-hospital experts scored lower than those extramural experts on the posts of directors of Party committee office, scientific research management department and logistics management department, while the scores of the directors of the hospital head office were higher than those of extramural experts. The Cronbach α coefficients of position value scoring of functional department heads evaluated by two evaluation methods were 0.943 (Hay) and 0.800 (IPE) respectively. The hospital head office and medical affairs department ranked the first quartile, the Party committee office and nursing department ranked the second, while the medical insurance department and logistics department ranked the third and fourth respectively. In addition, the ranking differences of the information technology department, human resource department, financial department and scientific research management department were within one quartile. Conclusions:The position evaluation results of Hay and IPE are consistent, but the former is more sensitive. Ranking of position values by quartiles via TOPSIS can support the reform of performance-related pay system of functional departments of public hospitals.
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Abstract Introduction: Allergic rhinitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the nasal mucosa, mediated by immunoglobulin E, affecting 1 in 6 individuals. The treatment aims at attaining symptomatic control with minimal side effects, a requirement for new alternative therapies, including phototherapy, as it has an immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory effect. Objective: To identify the effectiveness of phototherapy in the treatment of allergic rhinitis through a meta-analysis. Methods: We searched Web of Science, Scielo, PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro, and LILACS databases, using the terms: ''intranasal irradiation'', ''phototherapy'' and ''allergic rhinitis''. The R software Metafor package was used for the meta-analysis and the effect size was calculated for each symptom individually. Results: All symptoms decreased considerably after phototherapy: rhinorrhea (ES• = -1.35; p < 0.0001; I2 = 91.84%), sneezing (ES• = -1.24; p < 0.0001; I2 = 91.43%), nasal pruritus (ES• = -1.10; p < 0.0001; I2 = 91.43%); nasal obstruction (ES• = -1.11; p < 0.0001; I2 = 91.88%). The effects were more significant in perennial allergic rhinitis than in the seasonal type. Conclusion: Considering the effect size and the statistical significance attained in our study, rhinophototherapy showed to be an effective treatment for reducing the nasal symptom scores triggered by AR.
Resumo Introdução: A rinite alérgica é uma doença inflamatória crônica da mucosa nasal, imunomediada por imunoglobulina E, que afeta 1/6 dos indivíduos. O tratamento visa o controle dos sintomas com efeitos colaterais mínimos, uma prerrogativa para novas terapias alternativas, como a fototerapia, por apresentar efeitos imunossupressor e imunomodulador. Objetivo: Identificar, mediante uma metanálise, a eficácia da fototerapia no tratamento da rinite alérgica. Método: Usamos as bases de dados: Web of Science, Scielo, PubMed, SCOPUS, PEDro e LILACS, com os termos de busca: intranasal irradiation, phototherapy, allergic rhinitis. Para a metanálise foi usado o pacote metafor do software R, o tamanho do efeito foi calculado para cada sintoma separadamente. Resultados: Todos os sintomas apresentaram diminuição significante após a fototerapia: coriza (ES =-1,35; p < 0,0001; I2 = 91,84%), espirros (ES =-1,24; p < 0,0001; I2 = 91,43%), prurido nasal (ES =-1,10; p < 0,0001; I2 = 91,43%); obstrução nasal (ES =-1,11; p < 0,0001; I2 = 91,88%), com efeitos mais expressivos na rinite alérgica perene do que na rinite alérgica sazonal. Conclusão: Considerando-se a magnitude do efeito e a significância estatística alcançadas em nosso estudo, a rinofototerapia demonstrou-se um tratamento eficaz para a redução dos escores dos sintomas nasais desencadeados pela rinite alérgica.
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Humans , Nasal Obstruction , Rhinitis, Allergic, Perennial , Rhinitis, Allergic/therapy , Phototherapy , Nasal MucosaABSTRACT
ABSTRACT: This study examined the use of the Gompertz, Groot, monomolecular, Richards and two-compartment-logistic mathematical models to investigate the kinetics of in vitro gas production of diets composed of combinations of Gliricidia hay or silage. In addition, the effects of Gliricidia hay or silage inclusion on the in vitro cumulative gas production of these diets were evaluated. Rumen fermentation kinetics were analyzed by the in vitro cumulative gas production methodology. The model parameters were estimated using the Gauss Newton method, with the exception of the Richards model, which was used by Marquardt's algorithm. Model fit was assessed using the determination coefficient, F test for parameters identity, concordance correlation coefficient, root mean square error of prediction, and decomposition of mean square error of prediction into mean error, systematic bias and random error. The models were compared for accuracy (pairwise mean square error of prediction) and precision (delta Akaike's information criterion). All model evaluation and comparison statistics were calculated using Model Evaluation System software version 3.2.2. The Groot and Richards models did not differ from each other (P>0.05) and were the most precise and accurate (P<0.05). Therefore, the Groot model was selected due to its better accuracy and precision and easier access to the parameters. The inclusion of Gliricidia silage in the diet resulted in an increase in the time to obtain the maximum rate of degradation and in the time after incubation when half of the asymptotic level was reached. The Groot model is recommended to estimate the average curve. Dietary inclusion of Gliricidia silage alters the gas production curve due to the longer time required for the diet to reach the maximum rate of degradation, this can increase the time the diet remains in rumen and promote a reduction in the consumption.
RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar os modelos matemáticos Gompertz, Groot, monomolecular, Richards e logístico bicompartimental para estudar a cinética de produção de gás in vitro de dietas compostas de combinações de feno ou silagem de Gliricídia. Além disso, avaliou-se os efeitos da inclusão de feno ou silagem de Gliricídia sobre a produção cumulativa de gás in vitro destas dietas. A cinética de fermentação ruminal foi avaliada pela metodologia de produção cumulativa de gás in vitro. Os parâmetros dos modelos foram estimados usando o método de Gauss Newton, com exceção do modelo de Richards, que foi usado algoritmo de Marquardt. O ajuste dos modelos foi avaliado por meio do coeficiente de determinação, teste F para a identidade dos parâmetros, coeficiente de correlação e concordância, raiz quadrada do quadrado médio do erro da predição e a decomposição do quadrado médio do erro da predição em erro médio, vício sistemático e erro aleatório. Os modelos foram comparados quanto à acurácia (quadrado médio da predição pareado) e quanto à sua precisão (critério de informação delta de Akaike). Todas as estatísticas de avaliação e comparação dos modelos foram calculadas usando o software Model Evaluation System versão 3.2.2. Os modelos de Groot e Richards não diferiram entre si (P>0.05) e foram os mais precisos e acurados (P<0.05). Portanto, modelo de Groot foi selecionado devido apresentar melhor acurácia e precisão e apresentar maior facilidade na obtenção dos parâmetros. A inclusão da silagem de Gliricídia na dieta, resultou em elevação no tempo para obtenção da máxima taxa de degradação e no tempo após a incubação em que metade do nível assintótico foi atingido. Recomenda-se a utilização do modelo de Groot para estimativa da curva média. A inclusão da silagem de Gliricídia altera a curva de produção de gás devido o maior tempo necessário para que a dieta atingisse a máxima taxa de degradação, isso pode elevar o tempo de permanência da dieta no rúmen e promover redução no consumo.
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This study aimed to assess the possible occurrence of reproductive changes in male goats associated with ingestion of Cenostigma pyramidale hay. Sixteen animals divided into two experimental groups, G1 and G2 (control group) were used. Animals in G1 received 2% of forage, based on live weight (LW), composed of 100% of C. pyramidale, and animals in G2 received 2% of Panicum maximum "Massai' grass hay, based on LW. Both groups received 1% of concentrated feed supplementation based on LW, along with mineralized salt and water ad libitum. The goats were subjected to weighing, testicular biometry, and semen and blood collection every 30 days. After 120 days, the animals were castrated and their testes were collected. Testicular measurements were performed and fragments were collected for histological processing to determine the gonadosomatic index (GSI), diameter of the seminiferous tubules, height of the germinal epithelium (HGE), volumetric proportion and volume of the testicular parenchyma components, total length of the seminiferous tubules, length of the seminiferous tubules per gram of testis, and leydigosomatic and tubulosomatic indexes. The data were evaluated for normality using the Student's t-test. Data with normal distribution were assessed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the non-parametric data were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test, both at 5% probability. Statistically significant differences (p<0.05) were observed for GSI (G1=0.48 ±0.08 and G2=0.34 ±0.09) and HGE (G1=52.95 ±2.99 and G2=.47.63 ±2.67) between treatments. Consumption of C. pyramidale hay increased LW and, consequently, testicular weight, contributing to high GSI. In conclusion, ingestion of C. pyramidale has no toxic effect on the testicular, seminal and histological parameters of goat testis. Due to its nutritional characteristics, consumption of this plant improves animal body development. Because C. pyramidale is adapted to semi-arid regions, it can be an alternative source of feed for goats during periods of shortage.(AU)
Para avaliar a possível ocorrência de alterações reprodutivas em caprinos machos associado ao consumo de Cenostigma pyramidale, foram utilizados 16 animais divididos em dois grupos experimentais, G1 e G2 (grupo controle). Animais pertencentes ao G1 receberam 2% de volumoso, com base no peso vivo (PV), constituído de 100% de C. pyramidale e o G2 receberam 2%, com base no PV, de feno de Panicum maximum 'Massai'. Todos os grupos receberam 1%, com base no PV, de suplementação concentrada, além de sal mineralizado e água ad libitum. A cada 30 dias os animais eram submetidos à pesagem, biometria testicular e coletas de sêmen. O sêmen foi avaliado quanto ao volume, turbilhonamento, vigor, motilidade, concentração espermática, defeitos maiores, menores e totais. Após 120 dias os animais foram castrados e os testículos coletados. Foram realizadas as mensurações testiculares e coletados fragmentos para o processamento histológico, para determinação do índice gonadossomático, diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, altura do epitélio germinativo, proporção volumétrica e volume dos componentes do parênquima testicular, comprimento total dos túbulos seminíferos, comprimento de túbulo seminífero por grama de testículo, índices leydigossomático e tubulossomático. Os dados foram avaliados quanto à normalidade pelo teste t de Student, os dados com distribuição normal foram analisados por análise de variância com 5% de probabilidade e os não paramétricos, pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis, a 5% de probabilidade. Houve diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para índice gonadossomático (G1=0,48±0,08 e G2=0,34±0,09) e altura do epitélio germinativo (G1=52,95±2,99 e G2=47,63±2,67) entre os tratamentos. O feno de catingueira promoveu aumento no peso corporal e consequentemente maior peso testicular, o que contribui para elevação do IGS. Concluiu-se que o consumo da C. pyramidale não possui efeito tóxico sobre os parâmetros testiculares, seminais e histológicos do testículo dos caprinos e que a planta, por suas características nutricionais promoveu melhora no desenvolvimento corporal dos animais e por ser uma planta adaptada ao clima do semiárido, se constitui uma fonte alternativa de alimentação para esta categoria animal, durante períodos de escassez de alimento.(AU)
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Animals , Male , Semen , Testis , Goats , Analysis of Variance , Semen Analysis , Fabaceae/chemistryABSTRACT
Determining if reproductive failures in ewes at the semiarid region in the state of Bahia are related to the consumption of the species Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P. Lewis, and this study was developed using pregnant ewes divided into six groups: G1, G2, G3, G4 with six animals each, G5 and G6 with ten animals. Each group received fence leaves in the proportion of 1%, 2%, 0.5%, and 0.25% of live weight (LW) respectively; G5 and G6, with ten animals each, receiving 0.25% and 0.5% of the LW, respectively, and the Control Group, comprising 16 ewes, were grass feeding (Cynodon dactylon). Ewes from G1 to G4 were the same, except for two, and started ingestion of the plant four days after ending of natural mating on the 80th day of gestation, while those regarding from G5 to G6 groups started ingestion on the 26th day of gestation ending on the 98 day. The ultrasonographic test was performed weekly. In G1 ewes (1%), there was an embryonic loss on the 32nd and 39th days of gestation and abortion on the 46th day. In G2 (2%), the embryo loss was earlier (on the 26th day of gestation), and abortion on the 46th day of gestation. In G3 group (0.5%), there was an embryonic loss around the 40th day of gestation. In G4 group (0.25%), it was observed the occurrence of one death lamb with bone malformations. In G6 (0.5%), abortion occurred later (108 days), followed by retained placenta. This was also verified in G5 group (0.25%). The presence of fetal malformation was found in death lambs born in G4 group, born alive from G5 and G6 groups, and one aborted from G6. In G5 and G6 groups, there were also genetic alterations on surviving lambs. In addition to these results, recurrent estrus was observed without gestation in G1, G2, G3, and G4 ewes. From the Control Group, 13 normal lambs were born without genetic alterations; furthermore, concerning a quadruple birth, three lambs were born dead. The results infer that species of C. pyramidale in low doses causes reproductive losses in pregnant ewes, therefore it is not recommended for sheep diet over the first 60 days of gestation.(AU)
Para determinar se falhas reprodutivas em ovelhas na região semiárida da Bahia estão relacionadas ao consumo de Cenostigma pyramidale (Tul.) Gagnon & G.P. Lewis, foi realizado um estudo utilizando-se ovelhas prenhes divididas em seis grupos e dois Grupos Controle. Os grupos G1, G2, G3 e G4 com seis animais cada. Cada grupo recebeu folhas fenadas na proporção de 1%, 2%, 0,5% e 0,25% do peso vivo (PV) respectivamente; G5 e G6, com 10 animais cada, que receberam 0,25% e 0,5% do PV respectivamente. Os Grupos Controle foram alimentados com ração e capim (Cynodon dactylon). Ovelhas dos grupos 1 a 4 iniciaram ingestão da planta quatro dias após monta natural com término aos 80 dias de gestação, enquanto as dos grupos 5 a 6 iniciaram ingestão no 26º dia de gestação com término aos 98 dias. Avaliação ultrassonográfica foi realizada semanalmente. Nos animais do G1 (1%), verificou-se perda embrionária aos 32 e 39 dias de gestação, e aborto aos 46 dias. Nos do G2 (2%) a perda embrionária foi mais precoce (26 dias), e aborto aos 46 dias. No G3 (0,5%), houve perda embrionária em torno dos 40 dias. No G4 (0,25%), verificou-se ocorrência de natimorto com malformações aos 150 dias de gestação. No G6 (0,5%) o aborto ocorreu mais tardiamente (108 dias), seguido de retenção de placenta. Essa ocorrência também foi verificada no G5 (0,25%). A presença de malformação fetal foi encontrada em fetos natimorto do G4, nascidos vivos do G5 e G6, e um abortado do G6. No G5 e G6 também foram observadas alterações de aprumos em cordeiros sobreviventes. Do Grupo Controle nasceram 13 borregos normais, porém uma ovelha apresentou gestação quádrupla com três natimortos. Os resultados inferem que C. pyramidale fenada em baixas doses causa perdas reprodutivas em ovelhas gestantes, não sendo por isso recomendada para a dieta de ovelhas durante os primeiros 60 dias de gestação.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Plant Poisoning/veterinary , Teratogens , Abortion, Veterinary/etiology , Sheep, Domestic/abnormalities , Embryo Loss/etiology , Fabaceae/poisoningABSTRACT
Objective To analyze the dynamic changes in the expression and function of peripher-al typeⅡinnate lymphoid cell (ILC2) subpopulation and the activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT6) in children with hay fever during pollen season. Methods A total of 10 patients with hay fever, 10 patients with house dust mite ( HDM)-sensitized asthma and 12 healthy controls ( HC) were enrolled in this study. Changes in peripheral ILC2 and the intracellular expression of Th2-related cyto-kines were detected by flow cytometry during and outside the pollen season. Peripheral Lin- cell population was isolated from each group and cultured with the presence of IL-25 or IL-33 for 7 d. The concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13 in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Expression of phospho-STAT6 at protein level was quantified by Western blot. Results Within the pollen season, the percentage of peripheral ILC2 cells was significantly higher in children with hay fever [(23. 09±7. 86)%] than in children with HDM-sen-sitized asthma [(6. 84±3. 85)%, P<0. 05] and healthy children[(1. 69±0. 87)%, P<0. 05]. In the non-pollen season, the peripheral ILC2 cells in children with hay fever presented a decreasing trend [(11. 30±2. 45)%], but was still higher than that in HDM-sensitized asthmatics [(3. 76±1. 96)%, P<0. 05] and HC [(1. 32±0. 91)%, P<0. 05] at the same time point. Moreover, peripheral IL-13+ILC2 cells in children with hay fever [(6. 94±3. 16)% vs(4. 17±1. 98)%, P<0. 05] and in HDM-sensitized asthmatics [(1. 89 ±0. 70)% vs(1. 44±0. 55)%, P<0. 05] during the pollen season were significantly higher than those in the non-pollen season. After the in vitro stimulation with IL25 or IL-33, the levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in culture supernatants were both increased in children with hay fever and HDM-sensitized asthmatics, and a synergis-tic action was observed when IL25 and IL-33 were used in combination. Meanwhile, the protein level of phospho-STAT4 in Lin-cells was significantly up-regulated in the hay fever group after stimulation with IL25 and IL-33. Conclusions During the pollen season, the abnormal number and function of ILC2 subpopula-tion in children with hay fever might be another cause of the occurrence of clinical symptoms in a short period of time or acute exacerbation.
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Objective@#To analyze the dynamic changes in the expression and function of peripheral type Ⅱ innate lymphoid cell (ILC2) subpopulation and the activity of signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT6) in children with hay fever during pollen season.@*Methods@#A total of 10 patients with hay fever, 10 patients with house dust mite (HDM)-sensitized asthma and 12 healthy controls (HC) were enrolled in this study. Changes in peripheral ILC2 and the intracellular expression of Th2-related cytokines were detected by flow cytometry during and outside the pollen season. Peripheral Lin- cell population was isolated from each group and cultured with the presence of IL-25 or IL-33 for 7 d. The concentrations of IL-5 and IL-13 in culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Expression of phospho-STAT6 at protein level was quantified by Western blot.@*Results@#Within the pollen season, the percentage of peripheral ILC2 cells was significantly higher in children with hay fever [(23.09±7.86)%] than in children with HDM-sensitized asthma [(6.84±3.85)%, P<0.05] and healthy children[(1.69±0.87)%, P<0.05]. In the non-pollen season, the peripheral ILC2 cells in children with hay fever presented a decreasing trend [(11.30±2.45)%], but was still higher than that in HDM-sensitized asthmatics [(3.76±1.96)%, P<0.05] and HC [(1.32±0.91)%, P<0.05] at the same time point. Moreover, peripheral IL-13+ ILC2 cells in children with hay fever [(6.94±3.16)% vs(4.17±1.98)%, P<0.05] and in HDM-sensitized asthmatics [(1.89±0.70)% vs(1.44±0.55)%, P<0.05] during the pollen season were significantly higher than those in the non-pollen season. After the in vitro stimulation with IL25 or IL-33, the levels of IL-5 and IL-13 in culture supernatants were both increased in children with hay fever and HDM-sensitized asthmatics, and a synergistic action was observed when IL25 and IL-33 were used in combination. Meanwhile, the protein level of phospho-STAT4 in Lin- cells was significantly up-regulated in the hay fever group after stimulation with IL25 and IL-33.@*Conclusions@#During the pollen season, the abnormal number and function of ILC2 subpopulation in children with hay fever might be another cause of the occurrence of clinical symptoms in a short period of time or acute exacerbation.
ABSTRACT
The conservation of haylage (a pre-dried feed) can be challenging, since there is an increased risk of mould growth, which can contaminate this foodstuff with mycotoxins. However, when the hygienic quality is secured, haylage enhances grass palatability and provide enough supply of dry matter throughout the year. Due to the lack of information regarding its effect on blood parameters in horses fed exclusively with this foodstuff, the aim of this study is to provide information regarding its use in comparison to hay and ensure that it does not affect horses' biochemical profile. Twelve Quarter Horse broodmares were distributed into two groups, each fed with Tifton-85 (Cynodon spp.) hay or haylage for a period of 28 days, and the biochemical profile was done in five different times (T0 before the experiment started and, chronologically, seven days apart - T1, T2, T3 and T4), It was analyzed total protein (TP) and its fractioning; enzymes alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and γ-glutamyl-transferase; endogenous catabolism products urea and creatinine; and ions calcium and phosphorus. Mycotoxins in haylage were also investigated and remained below the legislation thresholds. Only TP was higher in the last sampling (T4) of the haylage group, which may be related to the foodstuff's higher protein digestibility. No differences were observed between serum enzymes, urea, creatinine and Ca/P from both experimental groups. Haylage has proven to be safe, when well prepared for horses, without causing impairing side effects, as shown by the normal serum biochemistry parameters presented in this study.(AU)
A conservação do haylage (alimento pré-seco) pode ser desafiadora, considerando o aumento do risco de crescimento de fungos, com consequente produção de micotoxinas. Entretanto, quando a qualidade da higiene e armazenamento é assegurada, o haylage aumenta a palatabilidade da forragem e fornece suplemento de matéria seca suficiente ao longo do ano. Devido à falta de informação relativa aos efeitos dessa alimentação nos parâmetros sanguíneos de equinos alimentados exclusivamente com essa dieta, o objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o perfil bioquímico sanguíneo dos equinos após administração da haylage em comparação com feno. Doze matrizes Quarto de Milha foram distribuídas em dois grupos, cada um recebendo feno ou haylage de Tifton 85 (Cynodon spp.) por um período de 28 dias. O perfil bioquímico foi realizado em cinco tempos (T) diferentes (T0, antes do início do experimento e cronologicamente, a cada sete dias após o fornecimento das dietas - T1, T2, T3 e T4) para análise de proteína total (PT) e seu perfil fracionado, das enzimas alanina aminotransferase, aspartato aminotransferase, γ-glutamil-transferase, dos produtos de catabolismo creatinina e ureia e, dos íons cálcio e fósforo. Micotoxinas no haylage foram investigadas e mantiveram-se abaixo dos limites determinados pela legislação brasileira. O perfil bioquímico revelou, somente, elevação da PT em T4 no grupo que recebeu haylage, o que pode estar relacionado à sua maior digestibilidade proteica. Nenhuma diferença foi observada nos outros parâmetros estudados em ambos os grupos experimentais. Conclui-se que Haylage é comprovadamente seguro, quando bem preparado para equinos, sem causar efeitos na saúde geral, conforme demonstrado pelos exames bioquímicos no presente estudo.(AU)
Subject(s)
Animals , Biochemical Phenomena , Cynodon/growth & development , Horses/physiology , Animal Feed/analysisABSTRACT
This research aimed to evaluate the dry matter yield, structural composition and nutritive characteristics of diploid and tetraploid annual ryegrass cultivars on different phenological development to haymaking on lowland soils. The experimental design was developed based on randomized blocks with split plots, four cultivars of annual ryegrass (BRS Ponteio and FEPAGRO São Gabriel, diploid; INIA Escorpio and KLM 138, tetraploid), and three phenological crop phases (vegetative, pre-blossoming and blossoming). Were evaluated, dry matter yield, leaf:stem ratio, leaf weight ratio, tiller population density, specific leaf area, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber. All data were submitted to analysis of variance and the means were compared by Tukey-Kramer test (p< 0,05). Highest forage mass is obtained with harvest in blossoming stage. Tetraploid cultivars present better leaf proportion and higher content of crude protein during vegetative stage. The decrease the in concentration of protein with the change of phenological stage is less evident on diploid cultivars. The vegetative stage enables harvest forage with high nutritional value, with lower production of biomass.
O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o rendimento de matéria seca, composição estrutural e características nutritivas de cultivares de azevém anual, diploides e tetraploides em diferentes estádios fenológicos, para fenação, em solos de várzea. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com parcelas divididas, com quatro cultivares de azevém anual (BRS Ponteio e FEPAGRO São Gabriel, diploides; INIA Escorpio e KLM 138, tetraploides) e três estádios fenológicos (vegetativo, pré-florescimento e florescimento). Foram avaliadas: rendimento de matéria seca, relação folha/colmo, razão de peso foliar, densidade populacional de perfilhos, área foliar específica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey-Kramer (p <0,05). A maior massa de forragem é obtida com a colheita no estádio de florescimento. As cultivares tetraploides apresentam melhor proporção foliar e maior teor de proteína bruta durante o período vegetativo. A diminuição na concentração de proteína, com a mudança de estádio fenológico é menos evidente nas cultivares diploides. O estágio vegetativo possibilita a colheita de forragem com alto valor nutricional, mas com menor produção de biomassa.
Subject(s)
Ploidies , Soil , Lolium , Analysis of Variance , Biomass , Nutritive ValueABSTRACT
Summary Background: the conventional method of fiber analysis using neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) was proposed by Peter Van Soest. The main advantage of this method is the precision of results; however, reagents are costly and laboratory work requires long runtime and labor. Objective: to compare analytical data from different methodologies used to assess NDF and ADF contents. Methods: means obtained with the conventional method were compared through Dunnett's test (α=5%) with values from alternative methods using autoclave as the digester system. A completely randomized design in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement was used. Results: NDF content through alternative methods was assessed for Tifton 85 hay, babassu meal and sugarcane, whereas ADF was only determined for babassu meal. NDF and ADF did not differ (p(0.05) between non-sequential or sequential analysis for all the feedstuffs and methods studied, except for ADF in corn silage. Conclusion: alternative methodologies allow reducing operating costs and time but lack uniformity and accuracy for analyzing ADF in corn silage.
Resumen Antecedentes: la determinación de los valores de fibra detergente neutra (FDN) y fibra detergente ácida (FDA) es de gran importancia en la nutrición animal, siendo el método tradicional de análisis el propuesto por Van Soest. Este método presenta como ventaja principal la precisión de los resultados, sin embargo la rutina de laboratorio en su ejecución implica mucho tiempo debido a sus etapas manuales, además de ser un método de alto costo que genera considerables proporciones de residuos químicos. Objetivo: evaluar diferentes metodologías propuestas para la análisis de las FDN y FDA mediante la medición de los datos analíticos. Métodos: las medias obtenidas por el método tradicional fueron comparadas con las medias de métodos alternativos que usan una autoclave como sistema digestor por el test de Dunnette (α=5%). Un diseño completamente aleatorio, en un diseño factorial 4x2 fue adoptado. Resultados: los métodos alternativos fueron recomendadas para las determinaciones de FDN por el heno de Tifton 85, salvado de harina de babasú y caña de azúcar, mientras que las determinaciones de los valores de FDA apenas para el salvado de harina de babasú. Los resultados de los análisis de FDN y FDA no fueron significativamente diferentes (p(0.05) entre los análisis no secuencial y secuencial, en todos los alimentos y métodos estudiados, a excepción de la determinación de FDA en el ensilaje de maíz. Conclusión: las metodologías alternativas permitieron ganancias significativas con la reducción de costos operacionales y del tiempo de análisis, pero sin uniformidad en la precisión de los análisis involucrados.
Resumo Antecedentes: as determinações dos teores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e em fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) são de extrema importância na nutrição animal, tendo como método convencional de análise o proposto por Van Soest. Esse método apresenta como principal vantagem a precisão dos resultados, no entanto, a rotina laboratorial da sua execução demanda muito tempo por possuir etapas manuais, além do que é um método de custo elevado e que gera resíduos químicos em proporções consideráveis. Objetivo: avaliar diferentes metodologias propostas para análise da FDN e FDA, através da verificação dos dados analíticos. Métodos: as médias obtidas pelo método convencional foram comparadas com as médias de métodos alternativos que utilizam a autoclave como sistema digestor, pelo teste de Dunnette (α=5%). O delineamento adotado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em um esquema fatorial 4x2. Resultados: os métodos alternativos foram recomendados para determinação de FDN no feno de Tifton 85, farelo de babaçu e cana-de-açúcar, enquanto para as determinações dos teores de FDA, apenas no farelo de babaçu. A precisão observada nas análises dos teores de FDN e FDA não diferiram significativamente (p(0.05) quanto a análise não sequencial e sequencial, em todos os alimentos e métodos estudados, com exceção da determinação de FDA na silagem de milho. Conclusão: as metodologias alternativas permitiram ganhos significativos com a redução dos custos operacionais e do tempo da análise, mas sem uniformidade na precisão das análises desenvolvidas.
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Objective To investigate the changes in percentage and function of CD4+CD25+regu-latory T cells ( Tregs) in peripheral blood of patients with hay fever. Methods A total of 20 patients with hay fever, 20 patients with house dust mite-induced allergic asthma and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all subjects to isolate PBMCs. Percentages of Tregs in PBMCs were measured by flow cytometry. CD4+CD25+ Tregs and CD4+CD25-T cells ( Teffs) were isola-ted by immunomagnetic cell sorting. Effects of CD4+CD25+Tregs on the proliferation of Teffs were evaluated by MTT assay. Expression of Foxp3 and TGF-β1 at mRNA level was analyzed by RT-PCR. Results During the pollen season, the percentage of circulating Tregs in patients with hay fever [(1. 82+0. 82)%] was sig-nificantly lower than that in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic asthma [(2. 96±1. 34)%] and health subjects [(5. 78±2. 29)%] (both P<0. 05). Expression of Foxp3 at mRNA level was significantly reduced in patients with hay fever (0. 46±0. 25) as compared with that of the house dust mite-induced aller-gic asthma (0. 64±0. 31) and healthy control (1. 04±0. 21) groups (both P<0. 05). Expression of TGF-β1 at mRNA level in both hay fever (0. 34±0. 27) and house dust mite-induced allergic asthma (0. 43±0. 31) groups was lower than that of the healthy control group (0. 99±0. 34). Treg-mediated suppression of Teff proliferation was significantly decreased in patients with hay fever [(17. 1±8. 4)%] as compared with that in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic asthma [(21. 4±9. 1)%]) and healthy subjects [(36. 0± 13. 9)%] (P<0. 05). Conclusion Decreased percentage and defective function of Tregs might be one of the major causes for the occurrence and development of hay fever in children during the pollen season.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the changes in percentage and function of CD4+CD25+regu-latory T cells ( Tregs) in peripheral blood of patients with hay fever. Methods A total of 20 patients with hay fever, 20 patients with house dust mite-induced allergic asthma and 20 healthy subjects were enrolled in this study. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all subjects to isolate PBMCs. Percentages of Tregs in PBMCs were measured by flow cytometry. CD4+CD25+ Tregs and CD4+CD25-T cells ( Teffs) were isola-ted by immunomagnetic cell sorting. Effects of CD4+CD25+Tregs on the proliferation of Teffs were evaluated by MTT assay. Expression of Foxp3 and TGF-β1 at mRNA level was analyzed by RT-PCR. Results During the pollen season, the percentage of circulating Tregs in patients with hay fever [(1. 82+0. 82)%] was sig-nificantly lower than that in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic asthma [(2. 96±1. 34)%] and health subjects [(5. 78±2. 29)%] (both P<0. 05). Expression of Foxp3 at mRNA level was significantly reduced in patients with hay fever (0. 46±0. 25) as compared with that of the house dust mite-induced aller-gic asthma (0. 64±0. 31) and healthy control (1. 04±0. 21) groups (both P<0. 05). Expression of TGF-β1 at mRNA level in both hay fever (0. 34±0. 27) and house dust mite-induced allergic asthma (0. 43±0. 31) groups was lower than that of the healthy control group (0. 99±0. 34). Treg-mediated suppression of Teff proliferation was significantly decreased in patients with hay fever [(17. 1±8. 4)%] as compared with that in patients with house dust mite-induced allergic asthma [(21. 4±9. 1)%]) and healthy subjects [(36. 0± 13. 9)%] (P<0. 05). Conclusion Decreased percentage and defective function of Tregs might be one of the major causes for the occurrence and development of hay fever in children during the pollen season.
ABSTRACT
Ankyloblepharon-ectodermal defects-cleft lip and/or palate (AEC) syndrome, also known as Hay-Wells syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder characterized by congenital ectodermal dysplasia. It is caused by mutations in p63 gene. Six isoforms are generated from the TP63 gene mutation and the main isoform expressed in postnatal skin is Np63a, which functions as a key regulator of epidermal integrity. We have experienced a 1-day-old female baby with skin erosions, ankyloblepharosis, and cleft palate that require treatment for skin care and feeding difficulties. Missense mutation in TP63 1657(th) T → A transition was found in the genetic test performed in the patient, and this genotype has not been reported in a previously variant. The patient was found dead at 91days of birth and the cause of death was estimated by aspiration.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Cause of Death , Cleft Palate , Ectodermal Dysplasia , Genotype , Lip , Mutation, Missense , Palate , Parturition , Protein Isoforms , Skin , Skin CareABSTRACT
As vitaminas são compostos orgânicos necessários em poucas quantidades no organismo, todavia indispensáveis para as funções metabólicas. Elas se inserem em inúmeras reações metabólicas, fisiológicas e imunes das células, necessárias para a manutenção da saúde animal, além de atuarem como imunoestimulante. Embora a dieta rica em folhagens verdes frescas forneça quantidades suficientes de vitaminas A, D e E a suplementação intensiva com alimentos conservados na forma de feno ou silagem pode reduzir em até 50 % dos teores destas vitaminas no alimento. Diante disso, a proposta do trabalho foi verificar se a administração parenteral de vitaminas A, D e E age como imunoestimulante em garrotes estabulados e alimentados exclusivamente com feno de tifton. Para tanto 14 bovinos foram divididos em dois grupos homogêneos, sendo o grupo S, suplementado com vitamina A, D e E em dose única de 30 mL por via intramuscular; e o grupo C, sem suplementação. Ambos os grupos foram alojados em baias parcialmente privadas de sol, e alimentados com feno por um período de três meses. A avaliação imune foi realizada por hemogramas e ensaio de função leucocitária (metabolismo oxidativo e fagocitose) nos momentos antes do tratamento, três e dez dias após os tratamentos. Tendo em vista que a suplementação com polivitamínicos A, D e E aumentou a porcentagem da atividade de células granulocítica e a intensidade da atividade de células mononucleares, além de intensificar o efeito antioxidante prolongando a sobrevida de hemácias e neutrófilos, conclui-se que esta suplementação promoveu efeito benéfico na resposta imune de bezerros da Raça Holandesa, apesar dos efeitos deletérios da alimentação exclusiva com feno e da privação parcial da incidência solar direta.
Vitamins are organic compounds which are required in small quantities in the body, however essential for the metabolic functions. They participate in numerous metabolic reactions, physiological and immune cells, needed to maintain animal health, as well as act as immunostimulants. Although the diet rich in fresh green foliage provides sufficient amounts of vitamin A, D and E, intensive supplementation with food stored in the form of hay or silage can reduce up to 50% of the levels of these vitamins in food. Given this, the proposal of this study was to verify how the parenteral administration of vitamins ADE acts as immunostimulant in steers fed exclusively with hay of tifton. For that, 14 cattle were divided into two homogeneous groups: Group S, supplemented with vitamin A, D e E given in a single intramuscular dose of 30mL, and Group C without supplementation. Both groups were housed in private stalls and fed with hay for a period of three months. Immune evaluation was performed by blood count and testing of leukocyte function (oxidative metabolism and phagocytosis) in the moments before treatment, three and ten days after the treatments. Considering that supplementation with vitamin A, D e E increased the percentage of granulocytic cell activity and the intensity of the activity of mononuclear cells, as well as intensified the antioxidant effect prolonging the survival of red blood cells and neutrophils, it can be concluded that this treatment had a beneficial effect on the immune response of Holstein calves, despite the damaging effects of exclusive feeding hay, and the partially deprivation of solar incidence.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Cattle , Cynodon/immunology , Cynodon/metabolism , Diet/veterinary , Dietary Vitamins/analysis , Reactive Oxygen Species/analysis , Dietary Supplements/analysis , Vitamin A/immunology , Vitamin D/immunology , Vitamin E/immunologyABSTRACT
RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi quantificar e identificar a ocorrência dos principais gêneros de fungos, no solo, material vegetal morto, raiz e parte aérea no capim Tifton 85, adubado com biofertilizante suíno, 7 dias após o início da rebrota. As avaliações foram realizadas, durante seu desenvolvimento (15; 22; 29 e 36 dias após o início da rebrota), no momento do enfardamento e no feno, com 30 dias de armazenamento. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com quatro locais de coleta no campo de produção de feno (solo, parte aérea da planta, raiz e material vegetal morto), e 6 tempos de avaliação para parte aérea da planta (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias início da rebrota, no momento do enfardamento e com 30 dias de armazenamento) e quatro tempos de avaliação para solo, raiz e material vegetal morto (15; 22; 29; e 36 dias após início da rebrota). Na contagem e identificação dos gêneros dos fungos referentes a cada parte da planta e solo, foram calculadas as médias e essas submetidas à análise descritiva. Uma maior população fúngica foi observada no material vegetal morto e solo, predominando o gênero Penicillium em todas as partes da planta estudadas.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to quantify and identify the occurrence of the main genres of fungi soil, dead plant material, roots and shoots in Tifton 85 fertilized with swine biofertilizer, 7 days after start of regrowth. The evaluation were carried out during development (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of age) at the time of baling, hay and 30 days of storage. The experimental design was randomized blocks with split plots in time sub with 4 sampling sites (soil, plant tops, roots and dead plant material), and 6 times of evaluation for aerial part of the plant (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of regrowth, at the time of baling and 30 days of storage) and 4-cycle assessment for soil, roots and dead plant material (15, 22, 29 and 36 days of regrowth). In the counting and identification of genera of fungi belonging to each part of the plant and soil were averaged and those submitted to descriptive analysis. Greater fungal population was observed in soil and dead plant material, predominantly Penicillium in all parts of the plant studied.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Valproate is used as a prophylactic drug for migraine, but it is not be effective in all patients. We used medical records to investigate which clinical factors affected the response to valproate in patients with migraine as an original headache, and established a scoring system for predicting the clinical response to prophylactic therapy. METHODS: We investigated clinical factors from the medical records of 95 consistent responders (CRs) and 24 inconsistent responders (IRs) to valproate. RESULTS: Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of hyperlipidemia and hay fever and the complication of depression or other psychiatric disorder were significant factors that independently contributed to a negative response, with odds ratios of 6.024 [no vs. yes; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.616–22.222], 2.825 (no vs. yes; 95% CI=1.046–7.634), and 2.825 (no vs. yes; 95% CI=1.052–7.576), respectively. A predictive index (PI) of the clinical response to valproate in patients with migraine was calculated using the regression coefficients of these three factors as an integer, and the index was significantly higher for IRs than for CRs (1.46±1.10 vs. 0.69±0.74, mean±SD, p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The obtained PI may represent an appropriate scoring system for predicting the responses in these patients.
Subject(s)
Humans , Depression , Headache , Hyperlipidemias , Logistic Models , Medical Records , Migraine Disorders , Odds Ratio , Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal , Risk Factors , Valproic AcidABSTRACT
La primera parte de este artículo se dedicó a presentar las líneas de investigación biológica experimental que se realizan en la Homeopatía; ahora, esta segunda entrega se enfoca, de inicio, en la presentación y el análisis de 25 estudios de notable calidad metodológica que permiten evaluar científicamente la eficacia clínica de la medicina hahnemanniana. Cabe decir que a pesar de que la realización de estos trabajos es complicada y de que sus resultados varían, en conjunto nos ayudan a concluir que no es tan fácil afirmar, como una simple visión general, que la Homeopatía es un placebo. A continuación, el doctor Bernard Poitevin enlista las hipótesis que distintos grupos de científicos han tratado de corroborar o desmentir para dar respuesta a una de las interrogantes más frecuentes que se le plantean a la Homeopatía: cuál es el mecanismo de acción del medicamento homeopático (y, en consecuencia, qué tipo de información tiene y de qué manera interactúa con el organismo del paciente). Los resultados obtenidos hasta ahora no son concluyentes, ya que este tipo de investigaciones son todavía muy recientes. Finalmente, el autor nos recuerda que la Homeopatía es una disciplina evolutiva y, como tal, debe eludir los dogmatismos e incluso cuestionar sus principios fundamentales cuando sea necesario. Sólo a través de la investigación a fondo de aquellos problemas científicos que plantea la Homeopatía será posible acallar las críticas y, sobre todo, se tendrá un mejor conocimiento de esta disciplina médica, lo que en consecuencia mejorará su aplicación y efectividad...
The first part of this paper was dedicated to show the lines of experimental biological research being conducted in homeopathy; now, this second part focuses, at first, to the presentation and analysis of 25 studies of high methodological quality that allows to evaluate scientifically the clinical efficacy of Hahnemanns medicine. We can say that although the realization of these studies is complicated and that their results may vary, together they help us to conclude that it is not so easy to say, as a simple overview that homeopathy is a placebo. Then Dr. Bernard Poitevin lists the hypothesis that different groups of scientists have tried to corroborate or deny to answer one of the most frequent questions posed to homeopathy: what is the mechanism of action of homeopathic medicine (and therefore what type of information does it has and how it interacts with the patients body). The results so far are inconclusive, since this type of research is still very recent. Finally, the author reminds us that homeopathy is an evolving discipline and, as such, must avoid dogmatism and even to question its fundamental principles when necessary. Only through a profound research of those scientific problems that Homeopathy propose It will be possible to silence criticism and, above all, we will have a better knowledge of this medical discipline, which consequently will improve its implementation and effectiveness...