Neoplasia quística mucinosa en la vía biliar intrahepática. Presentación de dos casos / Mucinous cystic neoplasm in the intrahepatic bile duct. Presentation of two cases

Introducción. Las neoplasias quísticas mucinosas del hígado son tumores poco frecuentes, equivalen a menos del 5 % de todas las lesiones quísticas hepáticas y se originan generalmente en la vía biliar intrahepática, con poco compromiso extrahepático. En la mayoría de los casos su diagnóstico es incidental dado que es una entidad generalmente asintomática con un curso benigno; sin embargo, hasta en el 30 % pueden ser malignas. En todos los casos se debe hacer una resección quirúrgica completa de la lesión. Caso clínico. Se presentan dos pacientes con diagnóstico de neoplasia quística mucinosa en la vía biliar intrahepática, así como sus manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos imagenológicos y tratamiento. Discusión. Debido a su baja incidencia, esta patología constituye un reto diagnóstico, que se puede confundir con otro tipo de entidades más comunes. El diagnóstico definitivo se hace de forma histopatológica, pero en todos los casos, ante la sospecha clínica, se recomienda la resección completa. Conclusión. Se presentan dos pacientes con diagnóstico de neoplasias quísticas mucinosas del hígado, una entidad poco frecuente y de difícil diagnóstico

Introduction. Mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver are rare tumors, accounting for less than 5% of all liver cystic lesions, and generally originate from the intrahepatic bile duct with little extrahepatic involvement. In most cases its diagnosis is incidental since it is a generally asymptomatic entity with a benign course; however, up to 30% can have a malignant course. In all cases, complete surgical resection of the lesion must be performed. Clinical case. Two patients with a diagnosis of mucinous cystic neoplasm in the intrahepatic bile duct are presented, as well as their clinical manifestations, imaging findings, and treatment. Discussion. Due to its low incidence, this pathology constitutes a diagnostic challenge, which can be confused with other types of more common entities. The definitive diagnosis is made histopathologically, but in all cases, given clinical suspicion, complete resection is recommended. Conclusion. Two patients with a diagnosis of mucinous cystic neoplasms of the liver are presented, a rare entity that is difficult to diagnose

Establishment and validation of a nomogram risk prediction model for infection complications in patients after hepatectomy for liver cancer / 临床肝胆病杂志

Objective To investigate the risk factors of infection after hepatectomy for liver cancer, and to establish and validate a risk prediction model. Methods The clinical data of 167 patients with primary liver cancer who underwent hepatectomy in People's Hospital of Wuhan University from January 2020 to March 2022 were retrospectively collected. All patients were divided into postoperative infection group ( n =28) and non-infection group ( n =139) according to whether postoperative infection complications occurred. The t -test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. Univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis were used to screen the risk factors of infection after hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma, and a nomogram risk prediction model for postoperative infection was established. All patients were randomly divided into training cohort ( n =119) and the validation cohort ( n =48) according to the ratio of 7∶ 3, the Bootstrap method was used for internal validation of the model, and the model calibration curve and ROC curve were used to evaluate the calibration and discrimination of the nomogram model. Results Postoperative infection occurred in 28 of 167 patients (16.8%). Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes, CONUT score ≥4 points, preoperative NLR, operation time, intraoperative blood loss, and drainage tube placement time > 7 d were independent risk factors for infection after hepatectomy for liver cancer (all P 7 d has good predictive performance and has high predictive value for high-risk patients.

Cambios fisiopatológicos y complicaciones de las resecciones hepáticas / Physiopathological changes and complications of liver resections / Alterações fisiopatológicas e complicações das ressecções hepáticas

Las modernas técnicas quirúrgicas y anestésicas han permitido ampliar el número de intervenciones quirúrgicas a nivel hepático por diversas patologías. Logrando disminuir su moralidad pero manteniendo al día de hoy elevados niveles de morbilidad. Durante la cirugía hepática se producen cambios hemodinámicos vinculados a la movilización del hígado, a los clampeos y a las pérdidas sanguíneas independientemente de la vía de abordaje. En el postoperatorio las complicaciones o cambios fisiopatológicos derivan de las lesiones producidas por los fenómenos de isquemia y reperfusión; y aquellas producidas por la regeneración hepática. Dicha capacidad depende no solo de la cantidad de hígado remanente sino también de la posible hepatopatía preexistente. La insuficiencia hepática postoperatoria es la complicación más temida y se manifiesta con ictericia, ascitis, encefalopatía y alteraciones en la paraclínica como la hiperbilirrubinemia y descenso del tiempo de protrombina. Las complicaciones quirúrgicas dependen del procedimiento realizado y se dividen principalmente en biliares y vasculares. Las secuelas de las hepatectomías dependen de factores como el estado general del paciente, la presencia hepatopatía, el acto quirúrgico y la cantidad y calidad del hígado remanente.

Modern surgical and anesthetic techniques have made it possible to increase the number of liver surgeries for various pathologies. This has reduced morbidity but still maintains high levels of morbidity. During hepatic surgery, hemodynamic changes related to liver mobilization, clamping and blood loss occur independently of the approach route. In the postoperative period, complications or pathophysiological changes derive from the lesions produced by ischemia and reperfusion phenomena; and those produced by hepatic regeneration. This capacity depends not only on the amount of remaining liver but also on the possible pre-existing hepatopathy. Postoperative liver failure is the most feared complication and manifests with jaundice, ascites, encephalopathy and paraclinical alterations such as hyperbilirubinemia and decreased prothrombin time. Surgical complications depend on the procedure performed and are mainly divided into biliary and vascular. The sequelae of hepatectomies depend on factors such as the patient's general condition, the presence of liver disease, the surgical procedure and the quantity and quality of the remaining liver.

As modernas técnicas cirúrgicas e anestésicas tornaram possível aumentar o número de cirurgias hepáticas para várias patologias. Isto levou a uma diminuição da morbidade, mas ainda mantém altos níveis de morbidade. Durante a cirurgia hepática, ocorrem alterações hemodinâmicas ligadas à mobilização hepática, pinçamento e perda de sangue, independentemente da via de aproximação. No período pós-operatório, complicações ou alterações fisiopatológicas derivam de lesões causadas por fenômenos de isquemia e reperfusão, e aquelas causadas pela regeneração hepática. Esta capacidade depende não apenas da quantidade de fígado restante, mas também de uma possível doença hepática pré-existente. A insuficiência hepática pós-operatória é a complicação mais temida e se manifesta com icterícia, ascite, encefalopatia e alterações paraclínicas, tais como hiperbilirrubinemia e diminuição do tempo de protrombina. As complicações cirúrgicas dependem do procedimento realizado e são divididas principalmente em biliares e vasculares. As seqüelas de hepatectomias dependem de fatores como o estado geral do paciente, a presença de doença hepática, o procedimento cirúrgico e a quantidade e qualidade do fígado restante.

ALPPS monosegmento, una variante de hepatectomía extrema para resección de metástasis hepáticas de cáncer colorrectal

La resección quirúrgica con márgenes negativos de las metástasis hepáticas de cáncer colorectal, representa la única opción de tratamiento con potencial curativo, sin embargo, el 85% de estos pacientes son considerados irresecables a la evaluación inicial, ya sea por número, tamaño y localización de las metástasis o por un remanente hepático futuro insuficiente. ALPPS es una técnica quirúrgica compleja, que permite en dos tiempos operatorios, la resección de extensas porciones de parénquima hepático tras un periodo de incremento volumétrico del remanente, que alcanza el 80% en un periodo de 9 días, lo que supera ampliamente a otras técnicas como la embolización/ligadura portal preoperatoria. Pese a cuestionamientos iniciales relativos a la morbimortalidad asociada, la significativa ganancia de masa hepatocelular lograda con ALPPS, ha permitido el tratamiento exitoso de pacientes con alta carga tumoral metastásica hepática, tensionando principios fundamentales clásicamente considerados para la realización de hepatectomías mayores en forma segura. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar la experiencia inicial con la aplicación de la técnica de ALPPS llevado al extremo de dejar un remanente hepático constituido por un único segmento.

R0 resection of colorectal liver metastases is the main curative treatment option; however, 85% of patients are considered initially unresectable, either due to number, size and location of metastases or insufficient future liver remnant. ALPPS is a complex surgical technique, which allows, in two operative times, the resection of extensive portions of liver parenchyma after a period of volumetric remnant increase, which reaches 80% in 9 days, far exceeding other techniques as well as preoperative portal embolization / ligation. Despite initial doubts regarding the associated morbidity and mortality, the significant gain in hepatocellular mass achieved with ALPPS has allowed the successful treatment of patients with high hepatic metastatic tumor burden, questioning fundamental principles classically considered for safely performing major hepatectomies. The aim of this article is to show the initial experience with the ALPPS technique application taken to the extreme of leaving a liver remnant made up of a single segment.

Hemangioma hepático gigante único: serie de casos con seguimiento de pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente / Single giant liver hemangioma: case series with follow-up of patients treated surgically

El tratamiento del hemangioma hepático gigante (HHG), sigue siendo motivo de controversia. El objetivo de este estudio fue reportar los resultados de pacientes con HHG resecados quirúrgicamente en términos de morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO). Serie de casos con seguimiento. Se incluyeron pacientes con HHG, sometidos a cirugía de forma consecutiva, en Clínica RedSalud Mayor, entre 2011 y 2020. La variable resultado fue MPO. Otras variables de interés fueron: tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Las pacientes fueron seguidas de forma clínica. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión. Se intervinieron 5 pacientes, con una mediana de edad de 38 años. La medianas del tiempo quirúrgico y estancia hospitalaria; fueron 75 min y 4 días respectivamente. La MPO fue 20 % (1 caso de seroma). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 41 meses, los pacientes se encuentran asintomáticos y no se ha verificado morbilidad alejada. La resección quirúrgica de un HHG se puede realizar con escasa morbilidad, tanto en términos numéricos como de gravedad de la complicación observada.

SUMMARY: Treatment of giant hepatic hemangioma (GHH) remains controversial. The aim of this study was to report the outcomes of surgically resected GHH patients in terms of postoperative morbidity (POM). Case series with follow-up. Patients with GHH who underwent surgery consecutively at the RedSalud Mayor Clinic between 2011 and 2020 were included. The outcome variable was POM. Other variables of interest were surgical time, hospital stay and mortality. The patients were followed up clinically. Descriptive statistics were used, with measures of central tendency and dispersion. Five patients underwent surgery, with a median age of 38 years. The median surgical time and hospital stay; were 75 min and 4 days respectively. The MPO was 20 % (1 case of seroma). With a median follow-up of 41 months, the patients are asymptomatic, and no distant morbidity has been verified. Surgical resection of GHH can be performed with low morbidity, both in terms of numbers and the severity of the complication observed.

Hepatectomía derecha totalmente laparoscópica para trasplante hepático con donante vivo adulto-adulto: técnica quirúrgica y experiencia inicial en Chile / Pure laparoscopic right hepatectomy for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation: surgical technique and initial experience in Chile

Resumen El trasplante hepático con donante vivo (THDV) es un procedimiento complejo y desafiante para el cirujano, ya que exige garantizar tanto la máxima seguridad para el donante, así como también, la mejor calidad del injerto para el receptor. Debido a lo anterior, la implementación de la cirugía mini-invasiva ha sido lenta en esta área. Sin embargo, en los últimos 10 años, gracias a los avances que ha experimentado la cirugía hepática laparoscópica, ha aumentado el interés de algunos grupos altamente especializados por incorporar la cirugía mini-invasiva a la cirugía del donante, principalmente en trasplante hepático donante vivo adulto-pediátrico (THDVA-P). Los favorables resultados obtenidos en esta área incluso han llevado a los expertos en el tema, a categorizar el abordaje laparoscópico para la cirugía del donante como el procedimiento estándar en THDVA-P. Contrario a lo anterior, la implementación de la laparoscopía para trasplante hepático donante vivo adulto-adulto (THDVA-A), es más compleja y requiere en su mayoría, una hepatectomía de lóbulo derecho o izquierdo para cumplir con las necesidades volumétricas del receptor. Esta cirugía es de mayor dificultad y riesgo para el donante, por lo que su indicación por vía mini-invasiva está limitada a centros de alto volumen y preparación, tanto en laparoscopía, como en trasplante hepático. En este trabajo, se busca dar a conocer la técnica quirúrgica y nuestra experiencia inicial con la primera hepatectomía derecha totalmente laparoscópica (HDTL) para THDVA-A realizada en Chile.

Living donor liver transplantation is a complex and challenging procedure. The surgeon needs to guarantee maximum safety for the donor, as well as the best quality of the graft for the recipient. For this reason, the implementation of mini-invasive surgery has been slow in this area. However, in the last 10 years, due to the advances in laparoscopic liver surgery, the interest of some highly specialized groups has increased in incorporating mini-invasive surgery into donor surgery, mainly in pediatric living donor liver transplantation. The favorable results obtained in this field, have even led to turn this procedure, into the technique of choice for pediatric living donor liver transplantation. Nevertheless, this procedure is even more challenging for adult-to-adult living donor transplantation. To meet the volumetric criteria of an adult, a complete hepatectomy of right or left lobe is mostly required. This surgery is of greater complexity and risk for the donor, so its indication by minimally invasive approach is limited to high-volume centers with preparation, both in laparoscopy and liver transplants. In this report we seek to present our surgical technique and initial experience with the first pure laparoscopic right hepatectomy for adult-to-adult living donor liver transplantation carried out in Chile.

Investigation of the effect of ultrasonography-guided bilateral erector spinae plane block on postoperative opioid consumption and pain scores in patients undergoing hepatectomy: a prospective, randomized, controlled study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: There is still a debate about what constitutes effective and safe postoperative analgesia in hepatectomy surgery. Erector spinae plane (ESP) block may be an important part of multimodal analgesia application in hepatectomy surgery. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effects of ultrasound-guided bilateral erector spinae plane block combined with intravenous (iv) patient-controlled analgesia (iv PCA), in comparison with iv PCA alone, in hepatectomy surgery. DESIGN AND SETTINGS: Randomized prospective single-blinded study in a tertiary university hospital. METHODS: Fifty patients scheduled for elective hepatectomy surgery were included in the study. Patients were randomized into the ESP group or the control group. In the ESP group, bilateral ESP block was performed preoperatively and iv PCA was used. In the control group, only iv PCA was used. Numerical rating scale (NRS) scores at rest and coughing, analgesic requirements and occurrences of nausea and vomiting were recorded. RESULTS: Intraoperative and postoperative opioid consumption, rescue analgesia requirement and resting and dynamic NRS scores were significantly lower in the ESP group (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference between two groups in terms of the presence of dynamic pain after the first postoperative hour. While all patients in the control group had nausea and vomiting, 24% of the patients in the ESP group did not have nausea and vomiting. CONCLUSION: This study showed that ESP block can be used as a part of multimodal analgesia, with the benefit of reducing opioid consumption and postoperative nausea and vomiting in hepatectomy surgery. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN12620000466943.

Liver regeneration after extensive hepatectomy in rats: effect of preoperative chemotherapy with intravenous 5-fluorouracil

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of preoperative intravenous chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil on liver regeneration in an experimental model of major hepatectomy in rats. Methods: Wistar rats were divided into two groups of 20 animals each and submitted to 70% hepatectomy 24 h after intravenous injection of 5-fluorouracil 20 mg/kg (fluorouracil group, FG) or 0.9% saline (control group, CG). After hepatectomy, each group was subdivided into two subgroups of 10 animals each according to the day of sacrifice (24 h or 7 days). Liver weight during regeneration, liver regeneration rate using Kwon formula, and the immunohistochemical markers proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki-67 were used to assess liver regeneration. Results: At early phase (24 h after hepatectomy) it was demonstrated the negative effect of 5-fluorouracil on liver regeneration when assessed by Kwon formula (p < 0.0001), PCNA analysis (p = 0.02). With regeneration process complete (7 days), it was possible to demonstrate the sustained impairment of chemotherapy with 5-fluorouracil on hepatocytes regeneration phenomenon when measured by Kwon formula (p = 0.009), PCNA analysis (p = 0.0001) and Ki-67 analysis (0.001). Conclusions: Preoperative chemotherapy with intravenous 5-fluorouracil negatively affected the mechanisms of liver regeneration after major hepatectomy in rats.

Preoperative simulative resection in laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To formulate surgical strategies and guide the implementation of laparoscopic anatomical hepatectomy with preoperative simulative resection.Methods:Twenty-two cases of hepatocellular carcinoma undergoing laparoscopic lobe, segment, subsegment and combined segment liver resection following preoperative simulative resection from Sep 2020 to Jan 2022 were enrolled in this study retrospectively.We observed and analyzed the operation time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative hospital stay and postoperative complication.Results:All patients underwent laparoscopic hepatectomy successfully according to the preoperative simulative resection plan without conversion, some of them adjusted plan according to preoperative simulative resection. The median operation time was 170.0 min, the median intraoperative blood loss was 150.0 ml, the median times of pringle maneuver was done on 4 episodes, and the median postoperative hospital stay was 6.5 days. There were no severe postoperative complications in all cases.Conclusion:Preoperative simulative resection can plan the range of surgical resection accurately by visualizing important anatomical structures,greatly helping the actual surgical hepatectomy.

Hepatectomy combined with radiofrequency ablation on liver cross section for hepatocellular carcinoma with microvascular invasion / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate radiofrequency ablation-assisted liver resection on early recurrence of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) with microvascular invasion (MVI).Methods:A total of 82 HCC patients from Jun 2015 to Jun 2020 were divided into assisted group ( n=41) and control group ( n=41) after local hepatectomy.And by pathology,both groups were further substratified into with or without MVI subgroups. Results:There was no statistically significant difference in the baseline data between two groups,nor there was difference in recurrence-free survival rate between the two groups ( χ 2=0.177, P=0.674). However, by subgroup analysis, the recurrence-free survival rate of ablation assisted group was higher than that of the simple local hepatectomy group among MVI positive patients ( χ 2=5.096, P = 0.024).Multivariate analysis showed that only tumor diameter ( HR=1.32, 95% CI: 1.02-1.72, P=0.036) was an independent risk factor for local recurrence at the incisal margin, while mode of operation ( HR=0.15 ,95% CI: 0.04-0.52 ,P=0.003) and MVI ( HR=8.65 ,95% CI: 2.19-34.19 ,P=0.002) were independent risk factors for intrahepatic distant metastasis. Conclusion:Local hepatectomy assisted by intraoperative radiofrequency ablation on hepatic cross section could effectively reduce the postoperative early recurrence rate for hepatocellular carcinoma patients with MVI.

Role of quadrate lobe hepatectomy in the management of complex iatrogenic high biliary tract injury / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate partial ventral hepatectomy in the treatment of patients with complicated iatrogenic high bile duct injury.Methods:The clinical data of 8 cases of complicated iatrogenic high bile duct injury treated with the assistance of hepatic ventral segmentectomy from Mar 2013 to May 2020 at Hunan Provincial People's Hospital was retrospectively analyzed.Results:Among the 8 patients, 5 patients underwent partial Ⅳb lobectomy, and 3 patients received partial Ⅳb and Ⅴ segmentectomy of the liver. All the operation was successful without death in hospital. One case developed subphrenic infection and seroperitoneum, which was healed by anti-infection treatment and abdominocentesis. The postoperative follow-up time was 5-90 months, and all of patients are doing well. There was no stenosis in intrahepatic bile duct by postoperative cholangiography or MRI.Conclusions:Quadrate lobe hepatectomy provides a wide view for the treatment of complicated iatrogenic high bile duct injury by fully opening the first porta hepatis and exposing the primary and secondary bile duct branch helping establish a wide patent tension free bile duct-jejunostomy.

Reoperation of biliary-enteric anastomotic stricture after surgery for congenital choledochal cysts / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To analyze the causes of postoperative stricture of biliary-enteric anastomotic for congenital choledochal cysts.Methods:These 28 patients underwent salvage operation on an average 15 years (0.2-25 years) after initial surgeries at the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital from Jan 2014 to Jun 2018.Results:In 26 patients the biliary-enteric anastomotic stenosis was benign, and in 2 the stricture was caused by cancerration. In 26 cases the Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy was redone,among them 8 cases underwent concurrent hepatectomy for a better exposure of the intrahepatic bile duct. In 2 cases the anastomotic stenosis was found to be caused by canceration with extensive intraabdominal metastasis ,an external drainage was adopted. There were no inhospital deaths, and no serious complications. The postoperative follow-up time was 6-67 months. Two cancerated patients died within half a year, and the remaining patients had no long-term complications.Conclusions:Biliary-enteric anastomotic stenosis is one of the serious complications in postoperative patients for congenital choledochal cysts. Hence a wide, tension free biliary-enteric anastomosis performed by a experienced hand is necessary.

Effect of controlled low central venous pressure with milrinone on laparoscopic hepatectomy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of controlled low central venous pressure with milrinone on laparoscopic hepatectomy in the patients.Methods:Fifty American Society of Anesthesiologists physical statusⅠ-Ⅲ patients of both sexes, aged 18-64 yr, with body mass index of 18-30 kg/m 2, of Child-Pugh grade A or B, undergoing elective laparoscopic hepatectomy, were divided into 2 groups ( n=25 each) using a random number table method: milrinone group (group M) and nitroglycerin group (group NG). After the start of surgery, milrinone 0.5 μg·kg -1·min -1 was continuously infused in group M, and nitroglycerin was continuously infused with the initial dose of 0.5 μg·kg -1·min -1 to maintain central venous pressure (CVP)≤5 mmHg in group NG.Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded on admission to the operation room (T 0), at skin incision (T 1), at the beginning of liver resection (T 2), at completion of liver resection (T 3), at the end of operation (T 4), and CVP, cardiac index and stroke volume variation were recorded at T 1-4.Internal jugular vein blood samples were collected to determine the concentrations of hemogloblin, blood lactate at T 1 and T 4, and serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine concentrations at 1, 3 and 7 days after surgery.The score of blood oozing in hepatic surgical field, amount of norepinephrine used, blood loss, postoperative recovery and occurrence of complications within 7 days after operation were recorded. Results:Compared with group NG, cardiac index was significantly increased at T 2, 3, the CVP was decreased at T 2, the blood oozing score, blood loss, consumption of norepinephrine, and concentrations of blood lactate were decreased, and the postoperative drainage indwelling time was shortened in group M ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and creatinine concentrations and incidence of postoperative complications at 1, 3 and 7 days after operation between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusions:Milrinone is better than nitroglycerin in decreasing central venous pressure, reducing blood loss, maintaining stable circulatory function and tissue perfusion in laparoscopic hepatectomy.

Effect of goal-directed fluid therapy based on permissive high stroke volume variation guidance on residual liver function in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic hepatectomy / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of goal-directed fluid therapy (GDFT) based on permissive high stroke volume variation (SVV) guidance on residual liver function in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic hepatectomy.Methods:A total of 100 elderly patients of either sex, aged 65-80 yr, with body mass index of 18.5-24.9 kg/m 2, of American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status Ⅱ or Ⅲ, with Child-Pugh grade A or B, scheduled for elective laparoscopic hepatectomy, were divided into 2 groups ( n=50 each) by the random number table method: SVV-guided GDFT group (group SG) and CVP-guided fluid replacement group (group C). Intraoperative fluid management was divided into 2 stages.The first stage was from the start of surgery to the completion of liver resection, the SVV was maintained at 13%-20% in group SG, and the low CVP was maintained at 0-5 cmH 2O in group C. The second stage was from completion of liver resection to the end of the operation, SVV was maintained at 9%-13%, additional hydroxyethyl starch 3 ml/kg was given or repeatedly administered when SVV>13% (for 5 min) or when the response to previous fluid replacement was positive (SVV increased by more than 10%), and the infusion rate was slowed down when the SVV was 9%-13% in group SG, and CVP was maintained at 5-12 cmH 2O in group C. Mean arterial pressure and heart rate were recorded on admission to the operating room, at skin incision (T 1), at the start of liver resection (T 2), at completion of liver resection (T 3) and at the end of operation (T 4). The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, transfusion volume, urine volume and levels of serum lactic acid before operation and at the end of operation were recorded.Blood samples from the median cubital vein were collected at T 0-4 to measure blood glucose and cortisol concentrations.The concentrations of serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin and albumin were measured before operation, at 1, 3 and 5 days after operation, and prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, thrombin time and Fib were recorded.The concentrations of serum interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha and C-reactive protein were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay before operation and at the end of operation, and the postoperative complications and length of hospital stay were recorded. Results:Compared with group C, mean arterial pressure and heart rate were significantly decreased at T 2, 3, blood loss was reduced, transfusion volume and urine volume were increased, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time were shortened at the end of operation, serum concentrations of interleukin-6 and lactic acid and concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in serum at 5 days after operation were decreased, and the length of hospital stay was shortened in group SG ( P<0.05). Conclusions:GDFT based on permissive high SVV guidance can improve residual liver function in elderly patients undergoing laparoscopic hepatectomy.

Current status of adjuvant therapy after surgical resection for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and microvascular invasion / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Hepatectomy and liver transplantation are the most effective radical treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma, but the high recurrence rate after surgery which seriously affects the prognosis of patients cannot be ignored. Microvascular invasion (MVI) is a risk factor for postoperative recurrence and metastasis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. There is no consensus or guideline recommendation locally or intermutually on postoperative adjuvant therapy of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma with MVI. Appropriate selection of postoperative adjuvant therapy is worth more in-depth discussion. This article reviews recent and relevant studies on postoperative adjuvant therapy for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma and MVI, including local anti-tumor therapy, systemic chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy and combination therapy, with the aim to provide better reference to clinicians in managing these patients with postoperative adjuvant therapy.

Application of radiofrequency ablation assisted ALPPS in liver cancer patients with insufficient future liver remnant / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To analyze the apply effect of radiofrequency ablation assisted associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (RALPPS) in liver cancer patients with insufficient future liver remnant (FLR).Methods:The data of 29 patients who underwent RALPPS in the First Affiliated Hospital of the Army Military Medical University from June 2014 to July 2020 were analyzed, including 25 males and 4 females, aged (46.6±9.9) years. The patients were divided into the second stage group (completed the second stage operation, n=18) and the first stage group (completed only the first stage operation, n=11) according to whether they had successfully completed the second stage operation. FLR, percentage of FLR in standard liver volume (percentage of FLR), growth rate of FLR, liver function after operation, operation time and radiofrequency ablation time of first stage operation, surgical complications were compared between the two groups. Results:The percentage of FLR before the first stage operation was (30.0±7.0)% in 29 patients, and the second stage operation was completed in 18 patients (62.1%). After the first stage operation, the aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase in the second stage group were 519.0 (362.9, 696.0) U/L and 391.8 (297.2, 591.1) U/L, which were better than those of the first stage group 931.0 (711.7, 1131.9) U/L and 851.3 (426.6, 888.0) U/L (both P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in FLR and percentage of FLR before the first stage operation, duration time, amount of bleeding and time of radiofrequency ablation of the first stage operation (all P>0.05). In the second stage group, the interval between two operations was (21.6±6.7) days, the FLR before the second stage operation was (623.2±101.8) cm 3, the FLR percentage was (49.0±7.0)%, and the FLR growth rate was (19.0±5.0)%. In the first stage group, there were 11 patients (100.0%) who developed complication after first stage operation, induding 7 patients (63.6%) with complication above Clavien-Dindo grade Ⅲb. In the second stage group, 18 patients (100.0%) developed complication after the first stage operation. There were no complication above grade Ⅲb. The causes of 11 patients who did not completed secondary surgery included poor liver function and insufficient FLR in 4 patients, tumor progression in 6 patients, and death in 1 patient. Conclusion:RALPPS is a therapeutic option for liver cancer patients with insufficient FLR, and the therapeutic effect is reasonable.

Effect of surgical resection on the survival of patients with CNLC stage Ⅱ hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the effect of surgical resection on the prognosis of patients with China Liver Cancer Staging (CNLC)-Ⅱ hepatocellular carcinoma.Methods:Patients with CNLC-Ⅱ hepatocellular carcinoma between 2004 and 2015 from the SEER database were included. A total of 3 764 patients were enrolled, with the age (64±11)(18-93) years, including 2 935 males and 829 females. Among them, 2 825 patients underwent non-surgery treatment (NST), 510 patients underwent liver resection (LR), and 429 patients underwent local ablation (LA). The effects of different treatment modalities on overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) were evaluated by using Kaplan-Meier analysis, propensity score matching analysis, and subgroup analysis. Cox regression were used to analyze the prognosis.Results:The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival rates of LR group were 76.3%, 51.9% and 34.0% respectively, which were significantly higher than those in LA group (71.7%, 34.8% and 24.9%, χ 2=18.50, P<0.001), and those in NST group (46.8%, 16.1% and 8.4%, χ 2=276.00, P<0.001). Similarly, the 1-, 3-, and 5-year cancer-related survival rates of LR group were 80.2%, 58.9%, and 41.8% respectively, which were significantly higher than those in LA group (75.9%, 42.8%, and 32.6%, χ 2=15.20, P<0.001), and those in NST group (52.3%, 21.5% and 12.7%, χ 2=245.00, P<0.001). Cox regression analysis showed that age, tumor size, chemotherapy, pathological grade, AFP levels, and surgical modalities were independent prognostic factors (all P<0.05). Propensity score matching analysis further showed that the prognosis of LR patients was significantly better than NST group [median OS: 52 months (95% CI: 38-60) vs. 10 months (95% CI: 7-16), P<0.001; median CSS: 59 months (95% CI: 44-77) vs. 11 months (95% CI: 8-18), P<0.001]. However, subgroup analysis showed no clinical benefit from surgical resection when the tumor size exceeded 10.0 cm. Conclusions:It was suggested that surgical resection could improve the OS and CSS of patients with CNLC-Ⅱ hepatocellular carcinoma.

Prognosis of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy to treat patients with hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the safety and outcomes of associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods:The clinical data of HCC patients who underwent hepatectomy at the University of Hongkong-Shenzhen Hospital from April 2014 to December 2020 were retrospectively analyzed. Of 57 HCC patients who were enrolled, there were 43 males and 14 females, aged (51±14) years old. According to the surgical method, the patients were divided into two groups: patients with pre-operative residual liver volume/standard liver volume <30% who underwent ALPPS procedure by anterior approach formed the study group ( n=20), and patients who underwent right hepatectomy with residual liver volume/standard liver volume ≥35% formed the control group ( n=37). Clinicopathological data and prognosis were reviewed and compared between the two groups. The patients were followed up via outpatient service and telephone. Results:There were more patients with well-moderately differentiated HCC in the study group than in the control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). All patients in the study group successfully completed two-step hepatectomy. Compared with the control group, the operative duration [644(535, 780) vs. 352 (269, 401) min], intraoperative blood loss [1 650 (1 338, 2 200) vs. 650 (500, 925) ml], and proportion of patients requiring blood transfusion (60.0% vs. 29.7%) were increased in the study group. The difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the incidence of grade III or higher complications between the study group and the control group [30.0% (6/20) vs. 18.9% (7/37), χ 2=0.91, P=0.341]. The 1-, 2- and 3-year overall survival rates were 90.0%, 63.8% and 46.4% respectively, and the corresponding tumor-free survival rates were 53.3%, 35.6%, and 35.6% respectively for the study group. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survival rates were 71.4%, 63.4%, 51.7%, and tumor-free survival rates were 39.0%, 18.5%, 9.3% in the control group respectively. There was no significant difference in the postoperative survival rate and tumor-free survival rate between the two groups ( P>0.05). Conclusion:ALPPS was safe and feasible for treatment of right hepatocellular carcinoma with insufficient residual liver volume, and its survival outcomes was similar with one-stage right hepatectomy for HCC patients.

Use of the target territory hepatic artery dye-injection method in anatomical hepatectomy / 中华肝胆外科杂志

The clinical data of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent anatomical hepatectomy at the Affiliated Huaian No.1 People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from June 2021 to January 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Of 4 patients, there were 3 males and 1 female, aged (52.0±3.7) years. These patient underwent anatomical hepatectomy using the " target territory hepatic artery dye-injection" method. There were 2 patients with right hemi liver tumors with portal vein tumor thrombus, and 1 patient with a right anterior section tumor which involved the ventral segment of right anterior branch of portal vein. One patient had a left hemi liver tumor with portal vein tumor thrombus. The surgical operations were right hemihepatectomy combined with thrombectomy of portal vein in 2 patients, right anterior sectionectomy in 1 patient, and left hemihepatectomy combined with thrombectomy of portal vein in 1 patient. There were no postoperative complications including bile fistula or bleeding. The "Target territory hepatic artery dye-injection" method could be used in appropriate by selected patients.