Lumbar puncture for neurosyphilis investigation in asymptomatic patients with HIV-syphilis coinfection: a cross-sectional study among infectious disease specialists

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Syphilis is a major public health issue worldwide. In people living with human immunodeficiency virus (PLHIV), there are higher incidences of both syphilis and neurosyphilis. The criteria for referring PLHIV with syphilis for lumbar puncture is controversial, and the diagnosis of neurosyphilis is challenging. OBJECTIVE: To describe the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of infectious disease specialists and residents in the context of care for asymptomatic HIV-syphilis coinfection using close-ended questions and case vignettes. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted in three public health institutions in São Paulo (SP), Brazil. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, we invited infectious disease specialists and residents at three academic healthcare institutions to answer a self-completion questionnaire available online or in paper form. RESULTS: Of 98 participants, only 23.5% provided answers that were in line with the current Brazilian recommendation. Most participants believed that the criteria for lumbar puncture should be extended for people living with HIV with low CD4+ cell counts (52.0%); in addition, participants also believed that late latent syphilis (29.6%) and Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL) titers ≥ 1:32 (22.4%) should be conditions for lumbar puncture in PLHIV with no neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSION: This study highlights heterogeneities in the clinical management of HIV-syphilis coinfection. Most infectious disease specialists still consider syphilis stage, VDRL titers and CD4+ cell counts as important parameters when deciding which patients need lumbar puncture for investigating neurosyphilis.

Sífilis e outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis em pessoas soropositivas em região de tríplice fronteira internacional Brasil- Paraguai-Argentina / Syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections in seropositive people in the triple international border region Brazil-Paraguay-Argentina / Sífilis y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual en personas seropositivas en la región de la triple frontera internacional Brasil-Paraguay-Argentina

Este estudo objetivou identificar a prevalência de Sífilis e outras Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis, bem como o comportamento sexual de risco em indivíduos com vírus da imunodeficiência humana na região da tríplice fronteira, Brasil, Paraguai e Argentina. Estudo transversal, descritivo/quantitativo, realizado no Serviço de Atenção Especializada de Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil. A amostra populacional final consistiu-se de 307 pacientes e os dados foram coletados no Sistema de Informação de Exames Laboratoriais e por meio de um questionário estruturado. Foram incluídos pacientes que viviam com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida. O estado in- fectado e as variáveis independentes foram verificados com o emprego das análises uni- variada e multivariada (p≤0,05). Entre os 307 participantes, a prevalência de Sífilis e ou- tras Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis foi de 9,5% e 5,2%, respectivamente. Para o diagnóstico de Sífilis, houve prevalência da faixa etária de 18 a 44 anos, nacionalidade brasileira, residência em Foz do Iguaçu, estudantes de graduação em Cidade do Leste, ≥ 12 anos completos de estudo, estado civil solteiro, um a cinco parceiros sexuais masculi- nos, baixo uso de preservativo e declarado ter recebido orientações sobre infecções sexu- almente transmissíveis (<0,05). A frequência de teste de carga viral do vírus da imunode- ficiência humana foi de 25,7% e 12,1% detectaram carga viral no último exame realizado. Esses achados indicam que as infecções sexualmente transmissíveis, sobretudo a Sífilis, decorreu de comportamentos sexuais de risco entre pessoas que viviam com o vírus da imunodeficiência humana/síndrome da imunodeficiência adquirida na região da tríplice fronteira, Brasil-Paraguai-Argentina.

This study aimed to identify the prevalence of Syphilis and other Sexually Transmitted Infections, as well as sexual risk behavior in individuals with human immu- nodeficiency virus in the triple border region, Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. Cross- sectional, descriptive/quantitative study, carried out at the Specialized Care Service in Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil. The final population sample consisted of 307 patients and data were collected in the Laboratory Test Information System and through a structured ques- tionnaire. Patients living with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodefi- ciency syndrome were included. The infected state and the independent variables were verified using univariate and multivariate analyzes (p≤0.05). Among the 307 participants, the prevalence of syphilis and other sexually transmitted infections was 9.5% and 5.2%, respectively. For Syphilis diagnoses, there was a prevalence of the 18-44 year old age group, Brazilian nationality, Foz do Iguaçu residency, undergraduate students in East City, ≥ 12 full years of education, single marital status, one to five male sex partners, low condom use, and declared having received guidelines on sexually transmitted infections (<0.05). The frequency of human immunodeficiency virus V viral load testing was 25.7% and 12.1% had detected viral load in their last exam performed. These findings indicate that sexually transmitted infections, especially syphilis, resulted from sexual risk behav- iors among people living with the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodefi- ciency syndrome in the triple border region, Brazil-Paraguay-Argentina.

Este estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar la prevalencia de Sífilis y otras Infecciones de Transmisión Sexual, así como el comportamiento sexual de riesgo en in- dividuos con virus de inmunodeficiencia humana en la triple región fronteriza, Brasil, Paraguay y Argentina. Estudio transversal, descriptivo/cuantitativo, realizado en el Ser- vicio de Atención Especializada de Foz do Iguaçu, Brasil. La muestra poblacional final fue de 307 pacientes y los datos fueron recolectados en el Sistema de Información de Pruebas de Laboratorio y a través de un cuestionario estructurado. Fueron incluidos pa- cientes portadores del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana/síndrome de inmunodeficien- cia adquirida. El estado de infección y las variables independientes se verificaron medi- ante análisis univariantes y multivariantes (p≤0,05). Entre los 307 participantes, la prev- alencia de sífilis y de otras infecciones de transmisión sexual fue del 9,5% y del 5,2%, respectivamente. Para los diagnósticos de sífilis, hubo prevalencia en el grupo de edad de 18 a 44 años, nacionalidad brasileña, residencia en Foz do Iguaçu, estudiantes de pregrado en Ciudad del Este, ≥ 12 años completos de educación, estado civil soltero, de uno a cinco compañeros sexuales masculinos, bajo uso de preservativo y declaración de haber reci- bido orientaciones sobre infecciones de transmisión sexual (<0,05). La frecuencia de pruebas de carga viral del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana V fue del 25,7% y en el 12,1% se había detectado carga viral en el último examen realizado. Estos hallazgos in- dican que las infecciones de transmisión sexual, especialmente la sífilis, son el resultado de comportamientos sexuales de riesgo entre las personas que viven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana/síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida en la región de la triple frontera, Brasil-Paraguay-Argentina.

Construção e validação de tecnologia educacional para prevenção do hiv/aids em mulheres privadas de liberdade / Construction and validation of educational technology for hiv/aids prevention in women deprived of freedom / Construcción y validación de tecnología educativa para la prevención del vih/sida en mujeres privadas de libertad

RESUMO: Objetivo: descrever o processo de elaboração e validação de tecnologia educacional para prevenção do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana em população feminina privada de liberdade. Método: estudo metodológico realizado em um complexo prisional no Centro Oeste do Brasil, de janeiro a julho de 2019, utilizando escala Likert de quatro pontos. Os dados foram analisados com testes Alfa de Cronbach e KAPPA. Considerou-se o Índice de Validade de Conteúdo mínimo de 0,80 para validação e concordância mínima de 75%. Resultados: os itens do material foram pertinentes com obtenção do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo total de (IVCt=0,87) para especialistas e (IVCt=0,95) para mulheres. Os especialistas avaliaram a cartilha, classificando-a com grau de recomendação "superior" (média de 91%). Houve adequações, alcançando, ao final, índice de concordância superior a 88,7%. Conclusão: acredita-se que essa tecnologia represente um avanço para a Saúde Pública, já que utilizou medidas e instrumentos confiáveis e apropriados para o público-alvo.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the process of elaboration and validation of educational technology for prevention of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in female population deprived of freedom. Method: methodological study conducted in a prison complex in the Midwest of Brazil, from January to July 2019, using a four-point Likert scale. Data were analyzed with Cronbach's Alpha and KAPPA tests. A minimum Content Validity Index of 0.80 was considered for validation and minimum 75% agreement. Results: The items of the material were relevant with a total Content Validity Index of (CVI t=0.87) for specialists and (CVI t=0.95) for women. The specialists evaluated the booklet, classifying it with a "superior" degree of recommendation (average of 91%). There were adjustments, reaching, in the end, a concordance index higher than 88.7%. Conclusion: we believe that this technology represents an advance for Public Health, since it used reliable and appropriate measures and instruments for the target audience.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir el proceso de elaboración y validación de tecnología educativa para la prevención del Virus de Inmunodeficiencia Humana en población femenina privada de libertad. Método: estudio metodológico realizado en un complejo penitenciario del Centro-Oeste de Brasil, de enero a julio de 2019, utilizando una escala Likert de cuatro puntos. Los datos se analizaron con las pruebas alfa de Cronbach y KAPPA. Se consideró un Índice de Validez del Contenido mínimo de 0,80 para la validación y un acuerdo mínimo del 75%. Resultados: los ítems del material fueron pertinentes con la obtención del Índice de Validez de Conocimiento total de (IVCt=0,87) para especialistas e (IVCt=0,95) para mujeres. Los expertos evaluaron el folleto, calificándolo de "superior" (media del 91%). Hubo adecuaciones, alcanzando, al final, índice de concordancia superior a 88,7%. Conclusión: esta tecnología representa un avance para la sanidad pública, ya que utiliza medidas e instrumentos fiables y apropiados para el público objetivo.

Advances in research of multimorbidity among HIV-positive individuals / 上海预防医学

Multimorbidity is the co‑existing of two or more chronic diseases or health problems. Widespread access to antiretroviral therapy has led to a marked improvement in the immune status and life expectancy among HIV-positive individuals. HIV-positive individuals suffer from higher burden of chronic non-communicable diseases and are more likely to show a premature aging and frailty trend compared with the general population. The consequent increase in the prevalence of multimorbidity leads to the increasing in medical and economic burden， and different comorbidity patterns may indicate different risk factors and have different effects on health outcomes， posing challenges to healthcare and comprehensive management for HIV-positive individuals. This review summarizes research advances in prevalence， associated factors and patterns of comorbidities among HIV-positive individuals.

Advances in the research of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120 inhibitors / 药学学报

From the process of human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) invading cells, the combination of gp120 and CD4 is the first step for HIV-1 to invade cells. Interfering with this process can prevent HIV from recognizing target cells and inhibit virus replication. Therefore, HIV-1 gp120 is an important part of the HIV-1 life cycle. Fostesavir, a phosphatate prodrug derived from the gp120 inhibitor BMS-626529 modified by the prodrug strategy, was approved for the treatment of adult patients with multidrug resistant HIV-1 infection by the US FDA and the European Medicines Agency in 2020 and 2021, respectively. In this review, we focus on the research progress of small molecule inhibitors targeting the interaction of gp120-CD4 from the perspective of medicinal chemistry, in order to provide reference for the subsequent research of gp120 inhibitors.

A qualitative study on high risk behaviors of HIV/AIDS among young adult males in Shandong Province / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To identify high risk behaviors and infection related factors among young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province, to provide evidence for targeted AIDS prevention and control strategies.@*Methods@#By using convient sampling method, an face to face in depth interview on HIV related behaviors was conducted among young adult males newly diagnosed with HIV/AIDS in Shandong Province in July 2021.@*Results@#A total of 31 young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS were interviewed. All were male and infected through homosexuality behavior. Average age was (20.6±1.8) years. Totally 90.3% (28/31) were enrolled in tertiary education at the time of diagnosis. The findings revealed that 93.5% (29/31) of participants got infection due to unprotected homosexual behavior with the temporary partner whose HIV infection status was unknown, and 86.2% (25/29) got in touch with these temporary partner by social software. The awareness rate of knowledge about AIDS among all the participants was 100%, however, 83.9% (26/31) reported occasion condom usage while having homosexual behavior, and 16.1% (5/31) never did. Totally 74.2% (23/31) of the young adult males diagnosed with HIV/AIDS had a history of HIV testing before diagnosis.@*Conclusion@#The primary high risk behavior of HIV infection in young adult students are unawareness of HIV infection status for temporary sexual partner and the separation of knowing and doing. A targeted strategy should be developed to control the spread of HIV in young adult students.

Clinical characteristics and survival of patients with HIV/AIDS and pulmonary tuberculosis / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and pulmonary tuberculosis, and investigate their survival and influencing factors of survival. Methods A total of 107 patients with HIV/AIDS and pulmonary tuberculosis were selected. The relationships of clinical symptoms, CT findings and CD4 cell count with positive laboratory tests were analyzed. Th survival of patients was investigated, and independent risk factors for death were analyzed. Results Most the 107 patients had symptoms such as cough, chest pain and fatigue. CT findings mainly included patchy shadow (75.70%), tree-in-bud sign (46.73%), nodular shadow (35.51%) and pulmonary hilar or mediastinal lymph node enlargement (86.92%). The proportion of lesions ≥ 3 pulmonary fields (47.66%) was higher. The positive rates of purified protein derivative (PPD), acid-fast bacilli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis were significantly higher in the CD4 cell count > 200/µL group than in the ≤200/µL group (P<0.05). There were statistically significant differences in body mass index (BMI), baseline CD4 cell count, multidrug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and standard anti-tuberculosis treatment between the survival group and the death group (P<0.05). Baseline CD4 cell count ≤200/µL, MDR-TB, and no standard anti-tuberculosis treatment were independent risk factors for death of patients with HIV/AIDS and pulmonary tuberculosis (P<0.05). Conclusion The clinical symptoms and imaging manifestations of patients with HIV/AIDS and pulmonary tuberculosis are complex and diverse, but characteristic. Baseline CD4 cell count ≤200/µL, MDR-TB and no standard anti-tuberculosis treatment are main risk factors for death of the patients.

Comportamiento epidemiológico del VIH-SIDA en Panamá / Epidemiological behavior of Hiv-Aids in Panama / Comportamento epidemiológico do vírus da aids no Panamá

La infección por el Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Humana (VIH) es un problema de salud pública mundial; que tiene efectos a nivel individual, familiar y social; así como sobre los aspectos económicos, políticos y sociales de un país. Requiere la inversión de innumerables recursos, y de la acción conjunta de personas, gobiernos, ONG y sociedad civil, para lograr su control. Es un estudio descriptivo donde se analizaron datos secundarios proporcionados por el departamento de Epidemiología del Ministerio de Salud (MINSA) sobre el comportamiento de las infecciones por VIH para el periodo 1984-2019 en la República de Panamá. Se reportaron un total de 2042 casos de VIH en este intervalo y se observó un aumento de la prevalencia en el año 2018. En Panamá, la transmisión del VIH/SIDA ha ido aumentando desde la aparición del primer caso en Panamá en el año 1984. Y el sexo más afectado son los hombres.

Abstract The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a global public health problem that has effects at the individual, family, and social level, as well as on the economic, political and social aspects of a country. It requires the investment of countless resources and the joint action of people, governments, NGOs, and civil society to achieve its control. It is a descriptive study where secondary data on the behavior of HIV infections for the period 1984-2019 in the Republic of Panama, provided by the Department of Epidemiology of the Ministry of Health (MINSA), were analyzed. A total of 2042 HIV cases were reported in this interval, and an increase in prevalence in 2018 was observed. In Panama, the transmission of HIV/AIDS has been increasing since the first case appeared in Panama in 1984, and the sex most affected is men.

Resumo: A infecção pelo Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV) é um problema global de saúde pública; que tem efeitos nos níveis individual, familiar e social; bem como sobre os aspectos econômicos, políticos e sociais de um país. Requer o investimento de inúmeros recursos, e a ação conjunta de indivíduos, governos, ONGs e sociedade civil, para alcançar seu controle. O presente trabalho é um estudo descritivo onde foram analisados dados secundários fornecidos pelo Departamento de Epidemiologia do Ministério da Saúde (MINSA) sobre o comportamento das infecções pelo HIV para o período 1984-2019 na República do Panamá. Foram notificados 2.042 casos de HIV nesse intervalo e observado aumento da prevalência em 2018. No Panamá, a transmissão do HIV/AIDS vem aumentando desde que o primeiro caso apareceu no Panamá em 1984. E o sexo mais afetado são os homens.

Distribución de virus de papiloma humano de alto riesgo oncogénico y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual en mujeres paraguayas con y sin virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana

El virus de papiloma humano de alto riesgo oncogénico (VPH-AR) es causa necesaria pero no suficiente para la ocurrencia de cáncer de cuello uterino (CCU). Mujeres portadoras del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) presentan mayor riesgo de desarrollar lesiones precursoras del cáncer de cuello de útero, por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo prospectivo de corte transversal fue determinar la frecuencia de VPH-AR y otras infecciones de transmisión sexual-ITS (condilomas, sífilis, virus del herpes simple, gonorrea, citomegalovirus, hepatitis B) en 218 mujeres con y sin VIH que acudieron al Programa Nacional de Lucha contra el SIDA (PRONASIDA) desde julio 2017 hasta marzo 2021. Se encontró que 16/54 (29,6%) mujeres VIH-positivas presentaron infección por VPH-AR en comparación a 41/164 (25%) mujeres VIH-negativas (p>0,05). En relación a la edad, mujeres VIH positivas presentaron una frecuencia comparable de infección por VPH-AR (30 años 30,2%), a diferencia de mujeres VIH negativas donde hubo una disminución significativa de la infección por VPH-AR luego de los 30 años (30 años 18,8%, p= 0,028). Esto podría explicarse por la inmunosupresión observada en mujeres VIH positivas que podría favorecer infecciones persistentes, sugiriendo que deben ser controladas más cercanamente. Además, se observó mayor frecuencia de otras ITS en mujeres VIH positivas (29,6% vs 15,8%, p=0,026), lo cual sugiere que aparte del monitoreo más cercano, es fundamental fortalecer la educación sobre factores de riesgo para la ITS sobre todo VPH y VIH, así como la realización de prevención primaria por vacunación contra el VPH.

High-risk human papillomavirus (HPV-HR) is a necessary but not sufficient cause for cervical cancer (CC). Women carriers of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) present an increased risk for the development of cervical cancer precursor lesions, therefore, the objective of the present prospective cross-sectional study was to determine the frequency of HPV-HR and other sexually transmitted infections-STIs (condylomas, syphilis, herpes simplex virus, gonorrhoea, cytomegalovirus, hepatitis B) in 218 women with and without HIV who attended the Ministry of Health from July 2017 to March 2021. It was found that 16/54 (29.6%) HIV-positive women had HPV infection compared to 41/164 (25%) HIV-negative women (p>0.05). In relation to age, HIV-positive women had a comparable frequency of HPV infection (30 years 30.2%), unlike HIV-negative women whom above 30 years of age presented a significant decrease in HPV-AR infection (30 years 18.8%, p:0.028). This could be explained by the immunosuppression observed in HIV-positive women which could favour persistent infections, suggesting that they should be controlled more closely. In addition, other STIs were observed to be more frequent in HIV-positive women (29.6% vs 15.8%, p:0.026), which suggests that apart from closer monitoring, it is essential to strengthen education on risk factors for STIs, especially HPV and HIV, as well as the implementation of primary prevention by vaccination against HPV.

Pericarditis purulenta por Mycobacterium Tuberculosis y Streptococcus Pneumoniae. Revisión del tema, a propósito de un caso

La pericarditis purulenta es una patología poco frecuente pero que conlleva alta mortalidad. En la era pre antibióticos, se observaba en pacientes con neumonía complicada y las cocáceas gram positivas eran los gérmenes frecuentemente involucrados. Por otro lado, la pericarditis tuberculosa representa el 1% del total de casos de tuberculosis, aunque es frecuente zonas endémicas, principalmente asociada a la infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Presentamos el caso de un paciente de 19 años, en situación calle, infectado con VIH, con diagnóstico de pericarditis purulenta, donde se demostró la co-infección de Mycobacterium tuberculosis y Streptecoccus pneumoniae en el pericardio. La pericarditis purulenta polimicrobiana es poco frecuente y la co-infección por los gérmenes mencionados es anecdótica. A pesar del tratamiento antimicrobiano, el aseo quirúrgico, los esteroides y la fibrinolisis intrapericárdica, esta patología tiene un pronóstico ominoso, en parte, debido a la condición basal de los enfermos que la padecen.

Purulent pericarditis is a rare disease with a high mortality rate. In the pre-antibiotic era it was observed as a complication in patients with pneumonia. Gram-positive coccaceae were the most commonly implicated bacteria. Tuberculous pericarditis represents 1% of all tuberculosis (TBC) cases, although it is common in endemic areas, associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We present the case of a 19-year-old homeless, admitted with HIV and malnutrition, diagnosed with purulent pericarditis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Streptococcus pneumoniae were found as a cause of purulent pericarditis. Polymicrobial purulent pericarditis is a rare condition and co-infection with the bacteria previously mentioned is merely anecdotal. Despite antimicrobial treatment, surgical management, steroids, and intrapericardial fibrinolysis, this pathology has an ominous prognosis, due in part to the pre-existing condition of these patients.

Variaciones por edad y sexo en las tendencias de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social: 2003-2017 / Gender and age-related variations in human immunodeficiency virus infection trends at the Mexican Institute of Social Security: 2003-2017

Resumen Introducción: Hacer el diagnóstico y tratar a portadores del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana ha llevado a identificar mayor prevalencia de esa infección y, por lo tanto, de un mayor riesgo de transmisión de este virus. Objetivo: Conocer la tendencia en México de los nuevos casos de portadores de infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en el Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) en el periodo 2003-2017. Métodos: Se analizaron pacientes asegurados en el IMSS. Se obtuvieron datos de 42 181 casos recién diagnosticados y se analizaron las variaciones relacionadas con el sexo y la edad. Se obtuvieron las tasas estandarizadas por edad por 100 000 personas. Resultados: El cambio porcentual anual promedio más alto en hombres se documentó en adolescentes varones (13.0, IC 95 % = 9.9, 16.1). Se registraron tendencias heterogéneas en las mujeres, con una disminución total significativa (-2.2, IC 95 % = -3.4, -1.0), pero también se observaron tendencias crecientes en algunos grupos. Conclusiones: Los resultados sugieren que en el IMSS, la epidemia de la inmunodeficiencia humana adquirida se concentra en hombres, con tendencia creciente particularmente en adolescentes.

Abstract Introduction: Diagnosing and treating human immunodeficiency virus carriers has led to the identification of a higher prevalence of said infection and, therefore, of a higher risk of transmission of the virus. Objective: To find out the trend of new cases of human immunodeficiency virus infection carriers at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) in Mexico within the 2003-2017 period. Methods: Patients affiliated to the IMSS were analyzed. Data from 42,181 newly-diagnosed cases were collected, with variations related to gender and age being observed. Age-standardized rates per 100,000 population were obtained. Results: The highest mean annual percentage change in males was documented in adolescents (13.0, 95% CI = 9.9, 16.1). Heterogeneous trends were recorded for women, with a significant overall decrease (-2.2, 95% CI = -3.4,-1.0), but growing trends were also observed in some groups. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the human immunodeficiency epidemic in patients cared for at the Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social is concentrated in males, with a growing trend particularly in adolescents.

Experiencia en cirugía de condilomas anales en mayores de 15 años / Experience in anal condyloma surgery in patients older than 15 years

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en cirugía electiva de condilomas anales en pacientes mayores de 15 años en un hospital terciario de la Región Metropolitana. Material y Método: Estudio observacional retrospectivo y descriptivo, en el cual se analizan las intervenciones quirúrgicas electivas realizadas entre 2008 a 2021. Resultados: Dentro del período analizado se obtuvo 165 cirugías de condilomas anales, lo que corresponde a 137 pacientes en total. El 85% de los pacientes son de sexo masculino, el 68% de los pacientes son VIH positivo, un 87% de los pacientes MSM (hombres que tienen sexo con otros hombres) son VIH positivo, el 34% de los pacientes tiene antecedente de ETS, el 46% de los pacientes recibió terapia tópica como tratamiento preoperatorio o posoperatorio. Un 25% de los pacientes presenta recidiva en su historia personal, un 21% de los pacientes presenta lesiones anales intraepiteliales de alto grado, un 6% presenta carcinoma escamoso infiltrante. No hubo mortalidad descrita. Discusión: El presente estudio, describe la experiencia en cirugía de condilomas de un hospital terciario de la Región Metropolitana de Chile, cuya población corresponde a un estrato socioeconómico medio y bajo. Se logra describir a la población que es intervenida de condilomas acuminados, además de sus resultados quirúrgicos precoces y a largo plazo. Conclusión: El presente estudio, presenta una población de 137 pacientes operados de condilomas anales, a partir de los hallazgos de la cirugía. Se cumple el objetivo del estudio de caracterizar en un período de 12 años los resultados quirúrgicos de dicha serie, algo no reportado previamente en la literatura chilena.

Objective: To describe the experience in elective surgery for anal condylomas in patients over 15 years of age in a tertiary hospital in the Metropolitan Region. Materials and Method: Retrospective and descriptive observational study about elective surgical interventions performed between 2008 to 2021. Results: Within the analyzed period, 165 anal warts surgeries were obtained, corresponding to 137 patients. 85% of the patients are male, 68% are HIV positive, 87% of the MSM patients are HIV positive, 34% of the patients have a history of STDs, 46% of the patients received topical therapy as preoperative or postoperative treatment. 25% present recurrence in their personal history, 21% present high-grade anal intraepithelial lesions, 6% present infiltrating squamous carcinoma. There was no reported mortality. Discussion: The present study describes the experience in condyloma surgery in a tertiary hospital in the Metropolitan Region of Chile, whose population corresponds to a medium and low socioeconomic stratum. It is possible to describe the population that undergoes surgery for this reason, in addition to its early and long-term surgical results. Conclusion: The present study presents a population of 137 patients operated on for anal condylomas, based on the findings of the surgery. The objective of the study to characterize the surgical results of this series over a 12-year period is fulfilled, something not previously reported in the Chilean literature.

Linfadenitis por Mycobacterium en pacientes inmunocompetentes y viviendo con VIH/sida / Lymphodenitis by Mycobacterium in immunocompetent and living with HIV/AIDS patients

RESUMEN Introducción: La coinfección del virus de inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH) y la tuberculosis ha alterado su presentación histológica, esto es particularmente frecuente en las linfadenitis. Objetivos: Realizar la caracterización etiológica de linfadenopatías producidas por el género Mycobacterium, destacar la importancia del diagnóstico precoz de esta enfermedad para evitar diseminación de la infección, tanto en pacientes inmunocompetentes como inmunodeficientes, específicamente con VIH/sida. Método: Se realizó estudio descriptivo-prospectivo entre enero de 2017 y enero de 2019. Durante este período se recibieron 5640 muestras, de estas 81 obtenidas a partir de tejido ganglionar; la toma de muestra mayoritariamente fue quirúrgica 74 (91,35 %) y 7 (8,64 %) por biopsia aspirativa (BAAF). Del total de muestras, 60 (74,07 %) procedían de pacientes con VIH/sida, las muestras se descontaminaron por el método de ácido sulfúrico al 4 %, se cultivaron en medio sólido Löwenstein-Jensen e incubaron a 37°C. Se realizaron lecturas semanalmente. Para identificar Mycobacterium tuberculosis se realizó la prueba rápida comercial inmunocromatográfica SD TB AgMPT64. Resultados: De 81 muestras analizadas se obtuvieron 22 (27,16 %) aislamientos, 16 (72,72 %) de Mycobacterium tuberculosis, y 6 (27,27 %) de especies no tuberculosas. De estas, 18 (81,81 %) procedían de pacientes con VIH/sida. Conclusión: Por todo lo antes expuesto es importante la vigilancia diagnóstica en este tipo de infección extrapulmonar, tanto para M. tuberculosis como para otras especies no tuberculosas y poder comenzar tempranamente el tratamiento específico evitando la diseminación de la infección, pues esta puede tener consecuencias fatales, sobre todo en pacientes con algún tipo de inmunosupresión, como aquellos con VHI/sida. Si un paciente mantiene fiebre prolongada, con linfadenopatías, sin síntomas respiratorios y no responde a los tratamientos con antibióticos, es necesario pensar en este tipo de infección.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The coinfection of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and tuberculosis has altered its histological presentation; this is particularly frequent in lymphadenitis. Objective: To carry out the etiological characterization of lymphadenopathies produced by the genus Mycobacterium, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis of this disease to avoid dissemination of the infection, both in immunocompetent and immunodeficient patients, specifically HIV / AIDS. Methods: A descriptive-prospective study was carried out between January 2017 - January 2019. During this period, 5640 samples were received, of these 81 obtained from lymph node tissue, the sample collection was mostly surgical 74 (91.35%) and 7 (8.64%) by aspiration biopsy (BAAF). Of the total samples, 60 (74.07%) were from HIV / AIDS patients, the samples were decontaminated by the 4% sulfuric acid method and cultured in solid Löwenstein-Jensen medium and incubated at 370C, the readings were made weekly. For the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the commercial SD TB AgMPT64 immunochromatographic rapid test was performed. Results: Of 81 samples analyzed, 22 (27.16%) isolates were obtained, 16 (72.72%) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB), and 6 (27.27%) of non-tuberculous species, of these 18 (81.81%) were from HIV / AIDS patients. Conclusion: For all the above, diagnostic surveillance is important in this type of extrapulmonary infection, both for M tuberculosis and for other non-tuberculous species and to be able to start specific treatment early, avoiding the spread of the infection, since it can have fatal consequences on all in patients with some type of immunosuppression, such as HIV/AIDS. If a patient maintains a prolonged fever, with lymphadenopathy, without respiratory symptoms and does not respond to antibiotic treatment, it is necessary to consider this type of infection.

Caracterización de los pacientes con VIH/sida en Guanabacoa, La Habana / Characterization of HIV or AIDS Patients from Guanabacoa, Havana

Introducción: La infección por VIH es actualmente una pandemia que afecta millones de personas, que provoca complicaciones y la muerte a muchos pacientes. Objetivo: Caracterizar clínica y epidemiológicamente a los pacientes con VIH/sida, pertenecientes al municipio de Guanabacoa, La Habana. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo en el municipio de Guanabacoa, La Habana, en el periodo comprendido entre enero 1986 y diciembre 2019. El universo de estudio quedó conformado por 647 pacientes con diagnóstico de VIH/sida. Las principales variables a medir fueron: edad, sexo, orientación sexual, color de la piel, estado civil y nivel escolar. Resultados: Predominó el sexo masculino sobre el femenino (538 v/s 109), el grupo de edad de 20 -29 años, la homosexualidad (404 pacientes, para un 62,44 por ciento) y el color de piel blanca (51,93 por ciento) y valor p < 0,0001, los solteros (526 pacientes) y los pacientes con nivel escolar de secundaria básica (292 pacientes). Conclusiones: Predominó el sexo masculino, la homosexualidad, el color de piel blanca, los solteros y el nivel escolar de secundaria básica(AU)

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is currently a pandemic affecting millions of people, causing complications and death to many patients. Objective: To characterize, clinically and epidemiologically, patients with HIV or AIDS in Guanabacoa Municipality, Havana. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in Guanabacoa Municipality, Havana, between January 1986 and December 2019. The study universe consisted of 647 patients diagnosed with HIV or AIDS. The main variables to be measured were age, sex, sexual orientation, skin color, marital status, and school level. Results: There was a predominance of the male sex over the female (538 versus 109), together with the age group 20-29 years, homosexuality (404 patients, 62.44 percent), and the white skin color (51.93 percent); P-value was under 0.0001. There was also a predominance of single patients (526) and patients with junior high school level (292). Conclusions: The male sex, homosexuality, white skin color, single as marriage status, and junior high school level predominated(AU)

Sarcoma de Kaposi en diagnóstico tardío de VIH/sida / Kaposi sarcoma in late HIV/AIDS diagnosis

Introducción: El sarcoma de Kaposi es una neoplasia maligna multifocal de células endoteliales, que se presenta con lesiones características en la piel, boca y ganglios linfáticos. Objetivo: Describir un caso de sarcoma de Kaposi que, por sus características, entorpeció el diagnóstico de infección por VIH. Presentación del caso: Paciente masculino, de 30 años, diagnosticado recientemente con síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida, sin tratamiento. Fue referido a la consulta de cirugía maxilofacial para biopsia de adenopatía cervical derecha. Durante el examen físico se observó edema generalizado en ambos miembros inferiores, con lesiones hiperpigmentadas de aspecto macular y papular de varias tonalidades. En la mucosa del paladar duro se apreció una lesión pigmentada violácea, que abarcaba la línea media palatina y se extendía hacia la hemiarcada izquierda. Se realizó la exégesis de la adenopatía con fines diagnósticos, con lo cual se confirmó sarcoma de Kaposi. Conclusiones: La falta de familiaridad con las características clínicas, así como la falta de una biopsia de las lesiones cutánea y un examen completo de la cavidad oral, ocasionaron que esta neoplasia pasara desapercibida en los exámenes médicos de rutina en el caso presentado, lo que condujo a un bajo índice de sospecha de la infección por VIH/sida y retrasó el tratamiento oportuno. Cuando la inmunosupresión está avanzada, el sarcoma de Kaposi relacionado al síndrome de inmunodeficiencia adquirida tiende a ser más agresivo(AU)

Introduction: Kaposi sarcoma is a multifocal malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells which presents with characteristic lesions on the skin, mouth and lymph glands. Objective: Describe a case of Kaposi sarcoma with characteristics that hindered HIV infection diagnosis. Case presentation: A case is presented of a male 30-year-old patient recently diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, and not following any treatment. The patient was referred to the maxillofacial surgery service for right cervical adenopathy biopsy. Physical examination revealed generalized edema in both lower limbs, with hyperpigmented lesions of macular and papular appearance and various shades of color. A purplish pigmented lesion was detected in the hard palate mucosa. The lesion covered the palatal midline and extended toward the left hemiarch. Exeresis of the adenopathy was performed for diagnostic purposes, confirming the diagnosis of Kaposi sarcoma. Conclusions: Lack of familiarity with the clinical characteristics of Kaposi sarcoma, and not performing a biopsy of the skin lesions and a complete examination of the oral cavity, made the neoplasm go unnoticed to routine medical tests, leading to low suspicion of HIV/AIDS infection and delaying timely treatment. In advanced immunosuppression, Kaposi sarcoma related to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome tends to be more aggressive(AU)

Fatores preditores da transmissão vertical do vírus da imunodeficiência humana em recém-natos: Uma nova abordagem / Predictors of vertical hiv transmission in newborns: a new approach

Introdução: A transmissão materno-fetal do vírus da imunodeficiência humana, no Brasil, atinge ainda grandes proporções, levando a elevadas taxas de morbimortalidade na infância e vida adulta dos indivíduos afetados. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar o perfil epidemiológico dos pacientes pediátricos em tratamento ou que foram expostos ao vírus do HIV no município de Criciúma/SC. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo observacional transversal, retrospectivo, descritivo e de abordagem quantitativa. Foram analisadas 110 crianças e adolescentes, entre 0 e 18 anos, no período de julho de 2016 a junho de 2018. Resultados: Totalizaram-se 23 (20,9%) pacientes que são soropositivos confirmados e 87 (79,1%) que estão em acompanhamento para possível infecção ou que tiveram alta do serviço por não terem adquirido o vírus. Quanto ao diagnóstico materno prévio, 24 (21,8%) mães não tinham o diagnóstico prévio e representaram 16 (69,6%) das infecções verticais, 86 (78,2%) sabiam de sua soropositividade, resultando em 7 (30,4%) crianças infectadas pelo HIV. Já entre os não infectados, 8 (9,2%) eram filhos de mães que não tinham o diagnóstico, e em 79 (90,8%) crianças, a mãe já tinha o diagnóstico. O uso profilático de terapia antirretroviral (TARV) materno foi observado em 82 (74,5%) e não utilizado em 28 (25,5%) crianças. Conclusão: A transmissão vertical do HIV foi vista com maior prevalência nas crianças em que não foram utilizadas medidas profiláticas, demonstrando que o diagnóstico materno prévio, a profilaxia com TARV durante a gestação e a amamentação têm valor significativo na transmissão vertical do HIV.

Introduction: Maternal-fetal transmission of HIV in Brazil is still high, with high morbidity and mortality rates during childhood and adulthood in affected individuals. The objective of this study was to analyze the epidemiological profile of pediatric patients undergoing treatment for or who were exposed to the HIV virus in the city of Criciúma, SC, Brazil. Methods: A cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive, and quantitative analysis of 110 children and adolescents between birth and 18 years of age was conducted between July 2016 and June 2018. Results: A total of 23 (20.9%) patients were confirmed seropositive, while 87 (79.1%) are being followed up for possible infection or were released for seronegativity. Regarding previous diagnosis, 24 (21.8%) previously undiagnosed mothers had 16 (69.6%) vertically infected children, and 86 (78.2%) mothers knew they were seropositive, resulting in 7 (30.4%) vertical infections. Among the uninfected, 8 (9.2%) were children of previously undiagnosed mothers, while the mothers of 79 (90.8%) had been diagnosed. Prophylactic maternal antiretroviral therapy was applied in 82 (74.5%) cases and was not applied in 28 (25.5%) cases. Conclusions: There was a higher prevalence of vertical HIV transmission when prophylactic measures were not used, which demonstrates that prior maternal diagnosis and antiretroviral prophylaxis during pregnancy and breastfeeding have significant value in vertical HIV transmission.

What anthropometric indicators are associated with insulin resistance? Cross-sectional study on children and adolescents with diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Studies that test associations between anthropometric indicators and insulin resistance (IR) need to provide better evidence in the context of the pediatric population (children and adolescents) with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), as anthropometric indicators present a better explanation of the distribution of body fat. OBJECTIVE: To test the associations between anthropometric indicators and insulin resistance (IR) among children and adolescents diagnosed with HIV. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study on 65 children and adolescents (8-15 years) infected with HIV through vertical transmission conducted at the Joana de Gusmão Children's Hospital, Florianópolis, Brazil. METHODS: The anthropometric indicators measured were the abdominal (ASF), triceps (TSF), subscapular (SSF) and calf (CSF) skinfolds. The relaxed arm (RAC), waist (WC) and neck (NC) circumferences were also measured. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated from the relationship between body mass and height. IR was calculated through the Homeostasis Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were used. RESULTS: After adjustment for covariates (sex, bone age, CD4+ T lymphocytes, CD8+ T lymphocytes, viral load, and physical activity), associations between IR and models with SSF and CSF remained. Each of these explained 20% of IR variability. For females, in the adjusted analyses, direct associations between IR and models with ASF (R² = 0.26) and TSF (R² = 0.31) were observed. CONCLUSIONS: SSF and CSF in males and ASF and TSF in females were associated with IR in HIV-infected children and adolescents.

Aspectos epidemiológicos de las infecciones de transmisión sexual en mujeres de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba / Epidemiologic aspects of sexually transmitted infections in women from the province of Santiago de Cuba

Introducción: Las infecciones de transmisión sexual constituyen un relevante problema de salud a nivel mundial; particularmente afectan la salud sexual de las mujeres ocasionando dolencias y efectos muy negativos, como la infertilidad, los embarazos ectópicos y el cáncer cervicouterino. Objetivo: Describir las características epidemiológicas de las infecciones de transmisión sexual relevantes en mujeres de Santiago de Cuba. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo en la provincia de Santiago de Cuba de la población femenina que presentó infecciones de transmisión sexual durante el período 2007-2017, detallando cada afección según año, municipio, edad, entre otras variables de interés. Asimismo, se analizaron la frecuencia, las tasas de incidencia, las tendencias y las variaciones temporales. Resultados: Las entidades clínicas predominantes fueron el síndrome de dolor pélvico y la secreción vaginal, en tanto, las menos frecuentes resultaron ser el herpes genital y la blenorragia. En el análisis por cada tipo de infección se observó una mayor afectación en féminas de edades jóvenes. Conclusiones: Las infecciones de transmisión sexual constituyen un serio problema de salud en mujeres de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, que deviene causa importante de embarazos ectópicos y esterilidad. Sin embargo, se debe mejorar la vigilancia epidemiológica de estas enfermedades, pues existe un marcado subregistro de algunas y, por ende, una inadecuada atención, sobre todo en el sexo femenino.

Introduction: Sexually transmitted infections constitute an outstanding health problem worldwide; they particularly affect the sexual health of women causing ailments and very negative effects as infertility, ectopic pregnancies and cervical uterine cancer. Objective: To describe the epidemiologic characteristics of the outstanding sexually transmitted infections in women from Santiago de Cuba. Methods: A descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in the province of Santiago de Cuba in the female population that presented sexually transmitted infections during 2007-2017, with details of each affection according to year, municipality, age, among other variables of interest. Also, frequency, rates of incidence, tendencies and temporary variations were analyzed. Results: The predominant clinical entities were the pelvic pain syndrome and vaginal secretion, as long as, the less frequent were genital herpes and blennorrhagia. In the analysis for each type of infection a higher affectation was observed in young females. Conclusions: Sexually transmitted infections constitute a serious health problem in women from the province of Santiago de Cuba that becomes important cause of ectopic pregnancies and sterility. However, the epidemiologic surveillance of these diseases should be improved, because there is a marked subrecord of some of them and, therefore, an inadequate care, mainly in the female sex.

Virus de la hepatitis E

Resumen El virus de la hepatitis E (VHE) es uno de los principales agentes etiológicos de hepatitis entérica en el mundo. En países en vía de desarrollo, la seroprevalencia oscila entre 20 y 50% y en países desarrollados entre 4,4 y 21%. Clínicamente los casos de infección por VHE en individuos inmunocompetentes cursan como una hepatitis viral aguda auto limitada; por el contrario, en mujeres embarazadas, individuos receptores de trasplantes de órganos e individuos que conviven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), la infección puede manifestarse como una hepatitis crónica y grave. En América Latina, sólo Brasil y Argentina reportan cifras en individuos que conviven con el VIH. Se requieren más estudios en nuestra región que permitan determinar la prevalencia del VHE en individuos inmunosuprimidos, donantes de sangre y población general para adoptar medidas que garanticen un diagnóstico oportuno, acceso a la atención y el control de la transmisión.

Abstract The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main etiological agents of enteric hepatitis in the world. In developing countries its sero-prevalence ranges from 20 to 50% and in developed countries from 4.4% to 21%. Clinically, cases of HEV infection in immunocompetent individuals present as self-limited acute viral hepatitis; conversely, in pregnant women, transplanted individuals, and individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the infection can manifest as chronic and severe hepatitis. In Latin America, only Brazil and Argentina report figures for individuals living with HIV. More studies are required in our region to determine the prevalence of HEV in immunosuppressed individuals, blood donors, and the general population to adopt measures that guarantee timely diagnosis, access to care, and control of transmission.

Estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas por pessoas idosas com HIV / Coping strategies adopted by elderly people with HIV in Brazil

Resumo Objetivo desvelar as estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas pelas pessoas idosas no percurso de suas vidas para superar as dificuldades vivenciadas pela condição de ser uma pessoa com HIV. Métodos Estudo qualitativo pautado no método história oral. Participaram seis idosos com HIV de um município da grande mesorregião oeste catarinense. A coleta dos dados foi realizada por meio de entrevista em profundidade no Serviço de Atendimento Especializado (SAE) e no domicílio das pessoas idosas. A análise de dados foi realizada por meio da análise de conteúdo temática. Resultados As estratégias de enfrentamentos adotadas estiveram centradas no apoio dos profissionais de saúde (rede formal) e por parte da família e amigos (rede informal). Alguns adotam o sigilo do diagnóstico como modo de enfrentar os atos discriminatórios e de preconceito, já a espiritualidade fortaleceu a resiliência e a fé no tratamento e na recuperação. Conclusão As estratégias de enfrentamento adotadas pelas pessoas idosas contribuíram para um viver mais adaptado a essa realidade, com menor sofrimento e maior resiliência.

Abstract Objective It aims at unveiling the coping strategies adopted by the elderly people in the course of their lives to overcome the difficulties experienced by the condition of being a person with HIV. Methods Qualitative study based on the oral history method. Six older adults with HIV from a city in the great west mesoregion of Santa Catarina took participated in it. Data was collected through in-depth interviews at the Specialized Care Service (SAE) and the elderly people's homes. Data analysis was performed through thematic content analysis. Results The coping strategies adopted were centered on the support of health care professionals (formal network) and the part of relatives and friends (informal network). Some adopt the confidentiality of the diagnosis as a way of facing discriminatory acts and prejudice, while spirituality strengthened resilience and faith in treatment and recovery. Conclusion The coping strategies adopted by the elderly patients contributed to living more adapted to this reality, with less suffering and greater resilience.