Protein profile of purified plasma- and aqueous humor-derived extracellular vesicles from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis

ABSTRACT Purpose: To characterize the extracellular vesicle protein cargo in the aqueous humor and plasma of patients with ocular toxoplasmosis. Methods: Aqueous humor and plasma were collected from six patients with active ocular toxoplasmosis and six patients with cataract. Extracellular vesicles were isolated, and western blotting and mass spectrometry were performed for protein analysis. Results: All plasma samples from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis and cataract were positive for the tetraspanins CD63 and TSG101. However, the aqueous humor from patients with ocular toxoplasmosis was positive only for CD63. Sixty-seven new unreported proteins were identified in the aqueous humor and plasma of patients with the ocular toxoplasmosis and cataract. Of the 67 proteins, 10 and 7 were found only in the cataract and ocular toxoplasmosis groups, respectively. In general, these proteins were involved in immune system activation and retina homeostasis and were related to infections and retina-associated diseases. Conclusion: The distinct protein signatures between ocular toxoplasmosis and cataract may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. However, more studies are needed to better understand the role of these proteins in the pathogenesis of ocular toxoplasmosis.

Biopsia en carcinoma escamoso de orofaringe

La biopsia en carcinoma escamoso de orofaringe es un paso fundamental para su diagnóstico, por lo que es relevante conocer los diferentes tipos de ésta. Actualmente, se reconocen 4 tipos de biopsia en este tipo de carcinoma, cada uno de las cuales presentan indicaciones específicas: Biopsia incisional, excisional, punción con aguja fina (PAF) y biopsia liquida. La más frecuente y recomendada es la biopsia incisional por su rapidez y poca morbilidad asociada. Tanto la biopsia excisional como la PAF se reservan para casos de metástasis cervical de primario desconocido dependiendo de la etapa del análisis del paciente en particular. Finalmente, existe un fuerte desarrollo de la biopsia liquida, especialmente mediante el estudio del biomarcador ctHPV-DNA, el cual al ser un marcador sensible y específico para este tipo de carcinoma puede cambiar el paradigma del diagnóstico en un futuro cercano.

Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma biopsy is a fundamental step in the diagnosis; therefore, it is relevant to know its different types. Currently, four types of biopsy are recognized for this type of carcinoma, each of which has specific indications: incisional biopsy, excisional biopsy, fine needle aspiration (FNA), and liquid biopsy. The most frequent and recommended procedure is incisional biopsy, because of its speed and low associated morbidity. Both excisional biopsy and FNA are reserved for cases of cervical metastasis of unknown primary depending on the stage of analysis of the particular patient. Finally, there is a strong development in liquid biopsy, especially through the study of the ctHPV-DNA biomarker, which is a sensitive and specific marker for this type of carcinoma, and may change the diagnostic paradigm in the near future.

The role of DNA methylation detection in the early diagnosis and prognosis of lung cancer / 中华检验医学杂志

Lung cancer is the leading type of cancer death, and most patients with lung cancer are diagnosed at an advanced stage and have a very poor prognosis. Although low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) has entered the clinic as a screening tool for lung cancer, its false-positive rate is more than 90%. As one of the epigenetic modifications of research hotspots, DNA methylation plays a key role in a variety of diseases, including cancer.Hypermethylation of tumor suppressor genes and hypomethylation of proto-oncogenes are important events in tumorigenesis and development. Therefore, DNA methylation analysis can provide some useful information for the early screening, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of lung cancer. Although invasive methods such as tissue biopsy remain the gold standard for tumor diagnosis and monitoring, they also have limitations such as inconvenience in sampling. In recent years, there has been a rapid development of liquid biopsy, which can detect primary or metastatic malignancies and reflect the heterogeneity of tumors. In addition, the blood sample can be collected in a minimally invasive or non-invasive format and is well tolerated in older and frail patients. This article explores some of the emerging technologies for DNA methylation analysis and provides an overview of the application of DNA methylation in the diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.

Liquid biopsy using urinary cell-free DNA is significant in the detection and treatment of urologic diseases / 现代泌尿外科杂志

Urine is produced from the urinary system, and urinary cell-free DNA (cfDNA) carries genomic DNA directly secreted from urinary system.Urine samples are non-invasive, unlimited in quantity and easy to obtain, making urinary cfDNA a promising biomarker for urologic diseases.This article reviews the progress of clinical application of urinary cfDNA in urologic diseases.

Circulating Tumor DNA Detection Technology and Its Application Value in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment / 生物化学与生物物理进展

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) comes from tumor, reflecting the genetic information of the tumor well, and will change with the progress of tumor. In recent years, the unique capabilities of ctDNA have attracted much attention and been widely studied. In this paper, based on the summary of the source, properties and sample processing of ctDNA, its detection technology and application in cancer diagnosis and treatment are reviewed. The roles and importance of ctDNA reference material in second-generation sequencing are described. The urgency of establishing uniform standards and specifications of ctDNA in various processes, such as samples collection, storage, quantitative testing and data analysis, has been pointed out.

Innovative insights into extrachromosomal circular DNAs in gynecologic tumors and reproduction

Originating but free from chromosomal DNA, extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) are organized in circular form and have long been found in unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes. Their biogenesis and function are poorly understood as they are characterized by sequence homology with linear DNA, for which few detection methods are available. Recent advances in high-throughput sequencing technologies have revealed that eccDNAs play crucial roles in tumor formation, evolution, and drug resistance as well as aging, genomic diversity, and other biological processes, bringing it back to the research hotspot. Several mechanisms of eccDNA formation have been proposed, including the breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) and translocation-deletion-amplification models. Gynecologic tumors and disorders of embryonic and fetal development are major threats to human reproductive health. The roles of eccDNAs in these pathological processes have been partially elucidated since the first discovery of eccDNA in pig sperm and the double minutes in ovarian cancer ascites. The present review summarized the research history, biogenesis, and currently available detection and analytical methods for eccDNAs and clarified their functions in gynecologic tumors and reproduction. We also proposed the application of eccDNAs as drug targets and liquid biopsy markers for prenatal diagnosis and the early detection, prognosis, and treatment of gynecologic tumors. This review lays theoretical foundations for future investigations into the complex regulatory networks of eccDNAs in vital physiological and pathological processes.

hTERT gene methylation in circulating DNA, tumor, and surrounding tissue in breast cancer: a prospective study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) enzyme, encoded by the hTERT gene, synthesizes protective telomeric sequences on chromosomes and plays a fundamental role in cancer formation. Methylation of the hTERT gene has an upregulatory effect, increasing hTERT enzyme synthesis and allowing continuous tumor cell division. OBJECTIVE: In a group of patients with breast cancer, we aimed to analyze the methylation status of hTERT in the tumor, surrounding tissue, and circulating free deoxyribonucleic acid (cfDNA) of blood collected on the day of mastectomy and then approximately one year later. DESIGN AND SETTING: A prospective study was conducted at a university hospital in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. METHODS: Samples were collected from 15 women with breast cancer on the day of mastectomy and approximately one year postoperatively. cfDNA was analyzed by sodium bisulfite conversion, followed by polymerase chain reaction, electrophoresis, and silver nitrate staining. RESULTS: Methylation of hTERT was detected in the tumors and surrounding tissues of all 15 patients. Five patients displayed hTERT methylation in the cfDNA from the blood of the first collection. Of the ten patients who returned for the second collection, three showed methylation. Two patients with methylation in the first collection did not display methylation in the second collection. One patient with no methylation in the first collection displayed methylation in the second collection, and one patient had a diminished level of methylation in the second collection. CONCLUSION: Only one-third of patients displayed methylation in their cfDNA, which may be related to the success of chemotherapy.

Avaliação funcional do silenciamento por siRNA de P-gp em linhagens de glioblastoma e investigação do potencial papel de P-gp como biomarcador nesse tumor / Functional evaluation of siRNA silencing of P-gp in glioblastoma cell lines and investigation of the potential role of P-gp as a biomarker in this tumor

O fenômeno conhecido como multidrug resistance (MDR) observado no câncer é um grande desafio na busca por terapias mais eficientes. Esse fenótipo é o resultado da combinação de vários fatores, como a alta expressão de bombas de efluxo da superfamília de proteínas transportadoras ABC, que impedem o acúmulo de quimioterápicos dentro das células tumorais. A expressão de proteínas ABC como a P-gp, codificada pelo gene Abcb1, é frequentemente associada a um prognóstico ruim em vários tumores, incluindo o glioblastoma (GB). Assim, este projeto tem como objetivo investigar as funções desse transportador (além de seu conhecido envolvimento em MDR) na malignidade do GB, avaliando seu envolvimento nas capacidades de sobrevivência, migração e regulação da apoptose, bem como seu potencial como biomarcador em GB via biópsia líquida. Para isso, a expressão de P-gp foi reduzida via siRNA e a presença de cfRNA de P-gp foi avaliada no plasma de pacientes com GB. Os resultados demonstraram, após testes em diferentes linhagens celulares, uma diminuição significativa na viabilidade celular verificada por MTT após o silenciamento de P-gp, além de uma possível relação do transportador com o aumento da apoptose visto que, seu silenciamento aumentou significativamente a população apoptótica induzida pela privação de soro medida usando o kit Caspase-Glo® 3/7. Por outro lado, nossos resultados do ensaio de scratch não mostraram alterações significativas nos padrões migratórios de GB. Em relação à biópsia líquida, o RNA foi extraído do plasma de pacientes diagnosticados com GB e os níveis de P-gp foram comparados com o tecido tumoral correspondente e com amostras de plasma de voluntários saudáveis. Pela primeira vez, foram detectados níveis de expressão de cfRNA da P-gp em pacientes com GB, enquanto os voluntários saudáveis não apresentaram níveis de P-gp circulante detectáveis em nossos experimentos. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam que ABCB1/P-gp pode ter um impacto significativo na biologia tumoral do GB, além de sua função estabelecida de MDR. Futuramente, a detecção de P-gp circulante no sangue poderia integrar uma assinatura molecular mais ampla para o diagnóstico do GB.(AU)

The phenomenon known as multidrug resistance (MDR) observed in cancer is a major challenge in the search for more efficient therapies. This phenotype is the result of a combination of various factors, such as the high expression of efflux pumps from the ABC transporter superfamily of proteins, which prevent the accumulation of chemotherapeutic agents within tumor cells. The expression of ABC proteins such as P-gp, encoded by the Abcb1 gene, is often associated with a poor prognosis in various tumors, including glioblastoma (GB). Thus, this project aims to investigate the functions of this transporter (in addition to its known involvement in MDR) in GB malignancy by evaluating its involvement in survival, migration, and apoptosis regulation capacities, as well as its potential as a biomarker in GB via liquid biopsy. For this purpose, P-gp expression was reduced via siRNA, and the presence of P-gp cfRNA was evaluated in the plasma of GB patients. The results demonstrated, after testing in different cell lines, that P-gp expression was successfully temporarily diminished through siRNA so that its function in migration, proliferation, and regulation of programmed cell death could be evaluated through functional assays such as scratch, MTT, and caspase activity assays. A significant decrease in cell viability was observed after P-gp silencing, along with a possible relationship of Pgp with increased apoptosis, as its silencing significantly increased the apoptotic population induced by serum deprivation measured using the Caspase-Glo® 3/7 kit. On the other hand, the scratch assay results did not show significant changes in GB migratory patterns. Regarding liquid biopsy, RNA was extracted from the plasma of patients diagnosed with GB, and P-gp levels were compared with corresponding tumor tissue and plasma samples from healthy volunteers. For the first time, levels of cfRNA expression of P-gp were detected in GB patients, while healthy volunteers did not show detectable levels of circulating P-gp in our experiments. Together, the results indicate that ABCB1/P-gp may have a significant impact on GB tumor biology, in addition to its established function in MDR. In the future, the detection of circulating P-gp in blood could integrate a broader molecular signature for GB diagnosis.(AU)

Application of liquid biopsy technology in early screening and diagnosis of pancreatic cancer / 国际检验医学杂志

Pancreatic cancer is a kind of digestive system tumor with insidious clinical manifestations,rapid development and very poor prognosis,and its early diagnosis and surgical treatment can significantly improve the survival rate and prognosis of patients.So far,no tumor marker with sufficient sensitivity and specificity for early pancreatic cancer has been found for tumor screening.In recent years,more and more pancreatic canc-er-related tumor markers have been discovered and studied.Liquid biopsy has shown potential utility in a range of applications,with the advantages of non-invasive,non-destructive,real-time,multiple,and has broad prospects in many aspects of tumor diagnosis and treatment.This article discusses and summarizes the screen-ing and early diagnosis of circulating tumor cells and circulating tumor DNA in liquid biopsy,so as to provide reference for early detection and early treatment of pancreatic cancer.

Research progress on liquid biopsy and its combination of radiology in diagnosis of pulmonary nodules / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Lung cancer is a malignant tumor with the highest mortality worldwide, and its early diagnosis and evaluation have a crucial impact on the comprehensive treatment of patients. Early preoperative diagnosis of lung cancer depends on a variety of imaging and tumor marker indicators, but it cannot be accurately assessed due to its high false positive rate. Liquid biopsy biomarkers can detect circulating tumor cells and DNA in peripheral blood by non-invasive methods and are gradually becoming a powerful diagnostic tool in the field of precision medicine for tumors. This article reviews the research progress of liquid biopsy biomarkers and their combination with clinical imaging features in the early diagnosis of lung cancer.

Research progress of liquid biopsy in the diagnosis and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma / 国际外科学杂志

Liver cancer is the second largest cancer in China, with the majority being hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC), which has a significant adverse impact on the lives and health of the Chinese people. Liquid biopsy is a new type of examination method with peripheral blood as the main examination subject. Compared with conventional tumor tissue pathology, liquid biopsy has less trauma, and the detection items can more accurately represent a certain tumor tissue group, more directly reflect the biological behavior of tumor tissue in the patient′s body. It is widely used in tumor screening, staging and grading, tumor individualized treatment monitoring, and prognosis evaluation. The following is mainly about the diagnosis, therapeutic effect evaluation and prognosis prediction of liquid biopsy in HCC from three aspects: circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), exosome and circulating tumor cells (CTC), and the challenges faced by liquid biopsy technology at present are briefly described and its future development is prospected.

Platelet RNA enables accurate detection of ovarian cancer: an intercontinental, biomarker identification study

Platelets are reprogrammed by cancer via a process called education, which favors cancer development. The transcriptional profile of tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) is skewed and therefore practicable for cancer detection. This intercontinental, hospital-based, diagnostic study included 761 treatment-naïve inpatients with histologically confirmed adnexal masses and 167 healthy controls from nine medical centers (China, n = 3; Netherlands, n = 5; Poland, n = 1) between September 2016 and May 2019. The main outcomes were the performance of TEPs and their combination with CA125 in two Chinese (VC1 and VC2) and the European (VC3) validation cohorts collectively and independently. Exploratory outcome was the value of TEPs in public pan-cancer platelet transcriptome datasets. The AUCs for TEPs in the combined validation cohort, VC1, VC2, and VC3 were 0.918 (95% CI 0.889-0.948), 0.923 (0.855-0.990), 0.918 (0.872-0.963), and 0.887 (0.813-0.960), respectively. Combination of TEPs and CA125 demonstrated an AUC of 0.922 (0.889-0.955) in the combined validation cohort; 0.955 (0.912-0.997) in VC1; 0.939 (0.901-0.977) in VC2; 0.917 (0.824-1.000) in VC3. For subgroup analysis, TEPs exhibited an AUC of 0.858, 0.859, and 0.920 to detect early-stage, borderline, non-epithelial diseases and 0.899 to discriminate ovarian cancer from endometriosis. TEPs had robustness, compatibility, and universality for preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cancer since it withstood validations in populations of different ethnicities, heterogeneous histological subtypes, and early-stage ovarian cancer. However, these observations warrant prospective validations in a larger population before clinical utilities.

Application of a novel urine DNA predictor for non-invasive early diagnosis and monitoring minimal residual disease in upper tract urothelial carcinoma / 中华泌尿外科杂志

Objective:To study the value of urine-based multi-dimensional bioinformatics evaluation model (utLIFE model) in early diagnosis and postoperative monitoring of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC).Methods:Morning urine samples of patients clinically diagnosed with UTUC without bladder cancer from Peking University First Hospital from August 2022 to October 2022 were collected. Urine samples were collected before and after surgery, and DNA was extracted for gene sequencing. The utLIFE model previously constructed by our center was used to calculate the score, based on 155 gene mutation sites and copy number variation, and the score ≥60 was defined as utLIFE positive. The sensitivity of utLIFE model in diagnosis of UTUC was analyzed with postoperative pathology as the gold standard. The utLIFE scores before and after operation were also compared.Results:A total of 53 patients were included in this study, all of whom were confirmed as UTUC by postoperative pathology. The median age of patients was 66 (59, 72) years. Twenty-four cases (45.3%) of UTUC tumors were located in the renal pelvis, 26 cases (49.1%) were located in the ureter, and 2 cases (5.7%)involved both ureter and renal pelvis. There were 27 patients (50.9%) at T 1stage and 26 patients (49.1%) at ≥T 2 stage. Preoperative utLIFE score of 53 patients was 79 (70, 84). The sensitivity of preoperative utLIFE diagnosis of UTUC was 96.2% (51/53). utLIFE showed similar high sensitivity in T 1 stage and ≥T 2 stage [100.0% (27/27) vs. 92.3% (24/26), P=0.236], in N 0 and ≥N 1 stage [ 95.0% (38/40) vs. 100.0% (5/5), P=1.000]. In addition, the sensitivity of preoperative utLIFE was higher than that of urine cytology [ 95.2% (20/21) vs. 23.8% (5/21). P<0.001], fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) [ 92.6% (25/27) vs. 55.5% (15/27), P=0.004] and ureteroscopy [ 86.7% (13/15) vs. 60.0% (9/15), P=1.000]. A total of 45 patients postoperative utLIFE samples were collected, and the postoperative utLIFE score was significantly lower than that of preoperative [ 36 (18, 61) vs. 79 (70, 84), P<0.001]. Conclusions:utLIFE, as a non-invasive urine DNA bioinformatics assessment model, is significantly superior to cytology and FISH in early detection and has high sensitivity in diagnosis of UTUC, and can reflect perioperative minimal residual disease levels.

Cell cycle related long non-coding RNAs as the critical regulators of breast cancer progression and metastasis

Cell cycle is one of the main cellular mechanisms involved in tumor progression. Almost all of the active molecular pathways in tumor cells directly or indirectly target the cell cycle progression. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the molecular mechanisms involved in cell cycle regulation in tumor cells. Since, early diagnosis has pivotal role in better cancer management and treatment, it is required to introduce the non-invasive diagnostic markers. Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) have higher stability in body fluids in comparison with mRNAs. Therefore, they can be used as efficient non-invasive markers for the early detection of breast cancer (BCa). In the present review we have summarized all of the reported lncRNAs involved in cell cycle regulation in BCa. It has been reported that lncRNAs mainly affect the cell cycle in G1/S transition through the CCND1/CDK4-6 complex. Present review paves the way of introducing the cell cycle related lncRNAs as efficient markers for the early detection of BCa.

Liquid biopsy in CNS tumors: Current status & future perspectives

Precise classification of central nervous system (CNS) malignancies is vital for the treatment and prognostication. Identification of noninvasive markers can be of importance to guide treatment decisions and in monitoring treatment response. CNS tumors are classified based on morphology with an essential complement of molecular changes, including mutations, amplifications, and methylation. Neuroimaging is the mainstay for initial diagnosis and monitoring tumor response with obvious limitations of imprecise tumor typing and no information on diagnostic, predictive and prognostic markers. Liquid biopsy has evolved as a diagnostic tool in body fluids and is being investigated as a surrogate for tissue biopsy in managing primary and metastatic brain tumors. Liquid biopsy refers to analyzing biological fluids such as peripheral blood, urine, pleural effusion, ascites, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); however, peripheral blood remains the primary source of fluid biopsy. The analytes include cell-free DNA (cfDNA) circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating micro RNAs (miRNAs), circulating proteins and extracellular vesicles (EVs). Analysis of these components is actively used for early cancer detection, auxiliary staging, prognosis assessment, detection of minimal residual disease (MRD), and monitoring drug resistance in various solid tumors. In recent years, liquid biopsy has been studied in CNS tumors, and analysis of CTCs and cfDNA have become relevant research topics. In the current review, we have explained the clinical potential of liquid biopsy in CNS tumors to assist in diagnosing and predicting prognosis and response to treatment.

Evolving trends in lung cancer: Epidemiology, diagnosis, and management

Lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers globally and accounts for most of the cancer?related deaths in India. Comprehensive data on lung cancer in India are lacking. This review aimed to discuss the epidemiological trends of lung cancers and driver mutations as well as the recent advancements in molecular diagnostics and therapeutic options primarily in non杝mall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in India. Electronic databases, such as PubMed and Google Scholar, were searched to retrieve the relevant literature published in the past 5 years. As per the GLOBOCAN 2018 report, lung cancer was ranked the fourth leading cause of cancer (5.9% cases) in India, in all ages and sexes. Furthermore, 63,475 of all cancer?related deaths (8.1%) were attributed to lung cancer (cumulative risk 0.60), making it the third leading cause of cancer?related mortality. The common targets for treatment in lung cancer patients mainly include EGFR mutation, ALK and ROS1 rearrangements and PDL1 expression. In India, EGFR mutations and ALK re?arrangement are commonly reported, but there is limited data of PD?L1 expression. Molecular testing has gained importance as several biomarkers are being targeted to treat lung cancer patients. Surgery, radiotherapy, systemic chemotherapy, and personalized molecular?targeted therapy prolong the overall survival (OS) in patients with NSCLC. Although chemotherapy and molecular?targeted therapies have greatly improved the clinical outcomes, prolonged disease control could not be attained in NSCLC patients without a driver mutation. In this situation, immunotherapy seems to be potentially beneficial to obtain long?lasting disease control with minimal adverse events.

Current progress of liquid biopsy in early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Early diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is of great significance in the management of patients. Liquid biopsy is a promising tool to use for early diagnosis of liver cancer by detecting tumor expressions through analyzing circulating tumor components such as circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells and extracellular vesicles. The advantages of using liquid biopsy include easy collection of specimen samples and its good sensitivity and specificity for HCC detection. In this review, recent research progress on liquid biopsy on HCC is discussed with the aim to provide updated information on early diagnosis of HCC.

Research progress on the application of artificial intelligence technology in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial tumors / 口腔疾病防治

@#With the improvement of computer computing capability and the accumulation of a large amount of medical data, artificial intelligence is gradually being applied in the diagnosis of oral and maxillofacial tumors. Artificial intelligence technology can assist doctors in clinical diagnosis and improve the efficiency of clinical work and the accuracy of diagnosis. In recent years, researchers have focused primarily on the recognition of medical images. The commonly used method is to annotate a large number of images by experts for learning image features by machines. The available literature has been able to utilize artificial intelligence technology to diagnose tumors by analyzing medical images, pathological sections, and tumor photos. The main issues in the current research are uneven labeling data quality, small data size, limited research problems, and single data modalities. These problems need to be solved through the continuous improvement of algorithms and the accumulation of high-quality data. The future direction of artificial intelligence applications should be to integrate medical data from multiple sources, assist doctors in diagnosis, and explore a variety of noninvasive and easy-to-use new methods for the early diagnosis of tumors. This may completely change the existing diagnosis and treatment model of oral and maxillofacial tumors.

Research Progress of PD-L1 Expression in Circulating Tumor Cells in Malignant Tumors / 肿瘤防治研究

In recent years, with the in-depth study of PD-1 and PD-L1 and the development of immunotherapy, the first problem is how to screen the beneficiaries. Recent clinical studies have shown that the expression level of PD-L1 in circulating tumor cells (CTC) can be used as a potential biomarker to play a guiding role in immunotherapy of malignant tumors. This article reviews the latest clinical research progress on the expression of PD-L1 in circulating tumor cells in various solid tumors.

Research Progress of Exosome-based Liquid Biopsy in Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer / 肿瘤防治研究

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly malignant tumor of the digestive system. Due to the lack of sensitive and effective detection markers, the tumor is usually at a relatively advanced stage in initial diagnosis. Therefore, early detection of PC is crucial for timely treatment and better prognosis. Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by cells. They have a lipid bimolecular membrane structure to ensure the stable existence of a large number of biologically active substances contained therein. So they can accurately reflect the characteristics of parental cells. Exosomes are widely present in various body fluids and can non-invasively, conveniently and real-timely extracted, with the potential to become a marker for early tumor diagnosis. Previous studies have shown that compared with traditional diagnostic methods, exosomes showed higher sensitivity and specificity in the early diagnosis of various cancers. This article reviews the research progress of exosomes in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.