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Background: DNA extraction is a fundamental technique in molecular biology that involves isolating DNA from biological samples for various downstream applications, including PCR and sequencing. Phenol-chloroform DNA extraction is an alternate method of the CTAB method for genomic DNA extraction. This method typically yields more DNA than the CTAB with high purity. It is useful for high molecular weight/long fragment DNA determinations. This study aims to extract DNA from plant tissues using the phenol-chloroform method and compare the response of different plant leaves to this method. Methods: In this study, we provide a step-by-step guide to DNA extraction from five different plant species, including Ficus capensis (Cape fig or Cape banyan), Ficus exaspirata (Forest Sandpaper), Mangifera indica (Mango), Gmelina arborea (Gamhar), and Bauhinia purpurea (Butterfly tree). The DNA isolation protocol involved several steps, such as grinding the plant tissue, adding NaCl solution, using a chloroform-isoamyl alcohol mixture to extract DNA, and further purification with phenol-chloroform-isoamyl alcohol. Isopropanol was used to precipitate the DNA, and ethanol was used to wash the DNA pellet to remove any remaining contaminants. Finally, the DNA pellet was dissolved in TE buffer for storage. Results: The results showed the successful implementation of the phenol chloroform method for isolating DNA from selected plant tissues. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive protocol for DNA extraction from plant tissue using readily available laboratory reagents and equipment. Conclusion: The protocol can be modified to accommodate different plant species and sample types and can facilitate further research in plant genetics and biotechnology.

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Background: Injectable contraception, Depot Medroxy-Progesterone Acetate (DMPA), is a popular birth control option due to its safety, effectiveness, and discretion. It offers three months protection with minimal impact on the daily lives, reducing the need for frequent visits to healthcare facilities. Understanding women’s experiences with DMPA is crucial for improving the quality of contraceptive services and their reproductive health outcomes. This study aimed to elucidate the experiences and perspectives of women using injectable contraceptive - Depot Medroxy-Progesterone Acetate. Methodology: The study employed a Phenomenological approach, with in-depth, semi-structured interviews among ten women, aged 21-40 years, who received DMPA at a Family Planning Clinic in Tamil Nadu, India. Participants who had used DMPA for at least three months to one year were selected using convenience sampling. Data were analysed and identified themes through the Colaizzi method. Results: Thematic analysis revealed eight key themes: reasons for choosing DMPA, decision-making process, concerns and discontinuation, information sources, management strategies, willingness to recommend, reluctance to recommend, and suggestions for improving DMPA utilization. Conclusions: This study highlights the need for enhancements in injectable contraceptive services, providing insights to inform future family planning policies and strategies.

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This paper addresses the optimization of multi-item inventory systems under unpredictability , utilizing a probabilistic approach to account for fluctuating demand and supply. The primary goal is to create a robust Model of Inventory that optimizes order quantities and reorder points across multiple items, while minimizing total costs such as holding, shortage, and setup costs. The model incorporates stochastic variables, including demand distributions and lead times, to reflect real-world uncertainties. By applying probabilistic optimization techniques and leveraging dynamic programming, the study evaluates different inventory policies and assesses their effectiveness under various uncertainty scenarios. The results demonstrate the model's capacity to improve inventory performance, reduce costs, and balance trade-offs between service levels and stockouts. Additionally, sensitivity analyses are conducted to understand the influence of key parameters such as demand variability, storage constraints, and risk preferences on optimal solutions, providing valuable insights for decision-makers in supply chain management.

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Background: Plants have long been recognized as having a wide range of biological properties, including antibacterial, analgesic, anticancer, antipyretic, and antihypertensive action. They are also a significant source of several chemicals with biological activity. The Rutaceae family consists of a shrub Atalantia monophylla. It is available all over India. The extracts from its leaves have been reported to have antimicrobial and antiviral properties. Aims and Objectives: The objectives of the study were to evaluate the extraction protein content and antimicrobial activity of A. monophyla protein extract. The objective of the present study is to isolate protein extract from the aqueous extract of A. monophyla and to screen for antimicrobial activity. Materials and Methods: The A. monophylla protein isolate was prepared from aqueous extract. The protein isolate was done using the ammonium sulfate method and quantified using Lowry’s method. Agar disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration were used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the extract. Results: The Lowry’s method revealed 5.73 mg/mL protein isolate. The microbiological studies revealed significant inhibitions of microbes. Conclusion: The AM protein extract has significant microbiological action.

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Aim: This study analyzes the economic value of ecotourism in the Peechi reservoir of Kerala, focusing on cultural ecosystem services (CES) provided by the reservoir. Methodology: Consumer surplus of visitors visiting the reservoir was estimated using travel cost methodology, employing both primary and secondary data collection methods. Results: Peechi reservoir attracts an average of 165,061 visitors annually, generating revenue of ?29,03,631.88 and ?3,35,434.38 as entry and parking fees, respectively. Applying travel cost methodology, the total economic value of ecotourism at Peechiwas estimated at ?32,39,066.25 per year. The estimated potential economic value of the Peechi reservoir was ?120,309,765 with a consumer surplus of ?757.58. Interpretation: The CES offered by the reservoir ecosystem have not received enough attention. Recognizing the intrinsic value of these under appreciated services can serve as a powerful catalyst for their conservation, fostering a cycle of awareness, informed decision making, and responsible tourism, ultimately paving the path towards sustainable development.

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The presented work highlights the use of the quality by design methodology in accordance with International Council on Harmonization (ICH) recommendations for developing an reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic (RP-HPLC) method for apixaban (APX) and clopidogrel (CLP). An efficient approach based on a factorial design incorporating the essential method parameters of the RP-HPLC method such as flow rate, pH, and proportion of organic phase, is presented. The optimum conditions for analysis were derived by using Design Expert software 10.0 Version, i.e., Hypersil ODS C18 column (5.0?, 25cm ×4.6mm), methanol and 0.05M potassium dihydrogen phosphate buffer (63.5:36.5%v/v, pH 3) as mobile phase, and 0.8 ml/minute as the flow rate. The derived condition gave excellent resolution between APX and CLP with Rt of 4.89 and 14.35 minutes, respectively, with the best possible system suitability parameters. The developed method presented excellent linearity in the range of 1.25–3.75 µg/ml for APX and 37.5–112.5 µg/ml for CLP at 245 nm. The optimized method was further validated in accordance with ICH guidelines on analytical method validation. Finally, the approach was successful in determining APX and CLP from a binary combination.

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Background: The image quality of tissues obtained with high-resolution imaging systems depends on several factors including the quality of sections prepared by different tissue processing methods. Fresh frozen sections and formalin-fixed paraffin- embedded (FFPE) sections are the two routinely employed methods in histopathological examination having their own merits and demerits. Aims and Objectives: We tested the feasibility of a hybrid tissue processing method that could reduce the processing time without compromising the quality of processed and stained tissues. Materials and Methods: Bovine pancreatic tissue was utilized to standardize the process. The steps included fixation of tissue in formalin, followed by embedding in optimal cutting temperature compound and then cryo-sectioning to obtain 50 ?m slices for immunostaining. The prepared thick slices were immunostained with islet markers and assessed by confocal imaging. Results: The images revealed that the staining quality was comparable with FFPE sections, though the tissue processing time was significantly curtailed. The modified Leica microsystems scoring system revealed a nearly 80% overall total score for the processed tissue specimens, indicating acceptable levels of quality of the tissues. We also observed that the staining quality of these formalin-fixed cryo-slices was preserved without tissue deterioration for up to 1 month when stored in formalin, indicating its storage potential for future applications. Conclusion: The proof of concept of the hybrid tissue processing method tested in this study will encourage researchers to extrapolate its use to the human pancreas, other solid organs, and other staining techniques for evaluating its general utility.

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Introducción: La duración de la lactancia materna es crucial para la salud infantil, sin embargo, la prevalencia ha disminuido en los últimos años, situando a los niños en una población de riesgo. Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados a la duración de la lactancia materna en niños menores de 2 años en el Perú 2021-2022. Metodología: Estudio analítico transversal, a través del análisis secundario de datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES) del año 2021 y 2022. El tamaño muestral fue de 4951 niños/niñas con sus respectivas madres. Se evaluaron factores infantiles y maternos utilizando el Estadístico F corregida para el análisis bivariado con una significancia estadística p<0,05 y un intervalo de confianza al 95%. Finalmente, para medir la asociación se calculó la razón de prevalencia cruda (RPc) y la razón de prevalencia ajustada (RPa) mediante la Regresión de Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: El 85,3% tuvo una duración de 0-6 meses y solo el 14,7% tiene una duración hasta los 23 meses. El no contacto piel a piel precoz bebe-madre (p <0,01) (RPa 1,19) y el consumo de bebidas diferentes a la leche materna los primeros 3 días de nacido (p <0,01) (RPa 0,66) se asociaron con una duración hasta los 6 meses de lactancia materna. Las madres adolescentes tuvieron un 30,7% de duración de lactancia materna de 6 meses (p<0,01) (RPa 2,49), por el contrario, el lugar de residencia rural, el grado no superior y un menor ingreso económico permiten una lactancia materna por más de 6 meses. Discusión: Los resultados asocian no recibir contacto piel a piel precoz bebe-madre, edad materna igual o menor de 18 años, grado superior, lugar de residencia urbano y mayor ingreso económico con una menor duración de lactancia materna en niños menores de 2 años.

Introduction: The duration of breastfeeding is crucial for child health; however, the prevalence has decreased in recent years, placing children in a population at risk. Objective: To determine the factors associated with the duration of breastfeeding in children under 2 years of age in Peru 2021-2022. Methodology: Cross-sectional analytical study, through the secondary analysis of data from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES) of 2021 and 2022. The sample size was 4951 children with their respective mothers. Infant and maternal factors were evaluated using the F-statistic corrected for bivariate analysis with a statistical significance of p<0.05 and a 95% confidence interval. Finally, to measure the association, the crude prevalence ratio (cPR) and the adjusted prevalence ratio (aPR) were calculated using Poisson regression with robust variance. Results: 85.3% had a duration of 0-6 months and only 14.7% had a duration of up to 23 months. Early baby-mother skin-to-skin non-contact (p <0.01) (aPR 1.19) and consumption of beverages other than breast milk in the first 3 days of birth (p <0.01) (aPR 0.66) were associated with a duration of breastfeeding up to 6 months. Adolescent mothers had a 30.7% duration of breastfeeding of 6 months (p<0.01) (aPR 2.49), on the contrary, the place of rural residence, the non-higher grade and a lower economic income allow breastfeeding for more than 6 months. Discussion: The results were associated with not receiving early skin-to-skin contact between the baby and the mother, maternal age equal to or less than 18 years, higher grade, urban place of residence and higher economic income with a shorter duration of breastfeeding in children under 2 years of age.

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Abstract Objective: To evaluate exclusive breastfeeding at discharge and hospital length-of-stay in pre-term infants undergoing or not the Kangaroo-Mother Care Method (KMC). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted including preterm infants < 1800 g admitted to the neonatal unit of a KMC reference center. The infants were grouped into the KMC group and the non-KMC group. Multiple logistic and Poisson regressions were performed to evaluate the association between the KMC and two outcomes, exclusive breastfeeding at discharge, and hospital length-of-stay, adjusted for potential confounders. Results: 115 mother-infant dyads were included, 78 in the KMC group and 37 in the non-KMC group. In the bivariate analysis, the KMC group had a lower prevalence of maternal adverse conditions (6% vs. 32%, p < 0.001), a higher number of prenatal visits (median 6 vs. 3.5, p < 0.001), higher gestational ages (median 32 vs. 31 weeks, p < 0.05), higher birth weights (median 1530 vs. 1365 g, p < 0.01), a lower prevalence of necrotizing enterocolitis (3.8% vs. 16.2%, p < 0.05), parenteral nutrition (50% vs. 73%, p < 0.05), and deep vascular access (49.7% vs. 78.4%, p < 0.01), a higher prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding (65% vs. 8%, p < 0.001) and a shorter length of hospital stay (median 28 vs. 42 days, p < 0.001). In the multiple regression analysis, the KMC group was 23 times more likely to be exclusively breastfed at discharge (OR = 23.1; 95% CI = 4,85-109,93) and had a 19% reduction in the hospital length-of-stay (IDR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.76-0.86) compared to the non-KMC group. Conclusions: The KMC is associated with better short-term neonatal outcomes and should be encouraged in all Brazilian maternity hospitals.

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Background: Calcaneus is the largest tarsal bone, comprising four articular surfaces: the posterior, middle, and frontal facets connecting to the talus, and the distal articular surface of the cuboid. Intra-articular calcaneal fractures, making up 75% of calcaneal fractures, often result from high-energy trauma and can significantly impact health outcomes. These fractures are classified using the Sanders and Essex-Lopresti systems. Methods: This prospective study evaluates outcomes of joint depression intra-articular calcaneal fractures treated using operative techniques over three years. Twenty patients with 24 fractures underwent either open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) or closed reduction with the ESSEX-LOPRESTI technique. Vital signs, radiological evaluations, and CT scans were conducted pre-operatively. Bohler’s angle, Gissane’s angle, and heel width were measured. The American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) score assessed functional outcomes post-operatively. Statistical analysis compared pre- and post-operative results. Results: The study divided 24 intra-articular calcaneal fracture cases equally between ORIF and closed reduction. Hospital stays varied, with 50% staying 0-5 days. Immobilization ranged from 1½ to 3 months, with 58% needing 2 months. Post-treatment, 80% returned to their previous occupations. ORIF showed better outcomes, with 58% achieving normal ROM and 20% scoring excellent on AOFAS, compared to no excellent scores in closed reduction. ORIF had fewer complications, with lower malunion and infection rates. Conclusion: The study has concluded that ORIF provides better functional outcomes and fewer complications than closed reduction for treating intra-articular calcaneal fractures.

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Background: Limb deformities present significant challenges in orthopedic surgery, necessitating precise and effective corrective techniques. Recent advancements in surgical methods have enhanced the outcomes for patients, offering superior functional and radiographic results. This study aims to compare traditional and advanced surgical techniques for limb deformity corrections, evaluating their efficacy, safety, and recovery outcomes. Methods: A retrospective and prospective cohort study was conducted on 200 patients with limb deformities treated surgically between January 2020 and December 2023. Participants aged 5-65 years with congenital or acquired limb deformities were included. Data were collected on patient demographics, deformity characteristics, surgical techniques, and postoperative outcomes. Advanced techniques such as the Ilizarov method, hexapod external fixators, minimally invasive procedures, 3D printing technology, and the use of biologics were compared with traditional methods. Outcomes were assessed using LEFS, SF36, radiographic evaluations, complication rates, and recovery times. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS. Results: The advanced techniques group demonstrated significantly better functional outcomes with higher LEFS and SF-36 scores. Radiographic assessments showed more accurate deformity corrections and better alignment. Complication rates were lower in the advanced group, with fewer instances of infection, nonunion, hardware failure, and revision surgeries. Recovery times were shorter, with faster return to full weight-bearing and daily activities. Conclusion: Advancements in surgical techniques significantly improve outcomes for patients with limb deformities. The adoption of these innovative methods in clinical practice can lead to better patient care, reduced complications, and quicker recoveries, ultimately enhancing the quality of life for affected individuals.

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The market places and agricultural area were polluted due to vegetable wastes and also impact on environment pollution. Fungi play important role in degradation and utilization of vegetables waste and convert it into the biocompost. Many fungi are capable to degrading and utilizing cellulose, hemicelluloses as a carbon and energy sources. There are many nutritional, salts and physical factors impact on the cellulase production. In the present study phosphorous and sulphur used as the source and study were made the effect of these sources on cellulase production of ten dominating fungi. The Cellulase production activity was made by cup-plate method. In the present investigation, isolated fungi were determined by the production of cellulase. Very interesting results was found in case of phosphorous sources like, potassium dihydrogen phosphate highest cellulase production showed by Rhizopus stolonifer and lowest showed by Alternaria alternata. Sodium dihydrogen phosphate and ammonium phosphate was proved stimulatory for cellulase enzyme production in selected ten dominating fungi. In case of sulphur source Rhizopus stolonifer showed were maximum cellulase production in zinc sulphate followed by Aspergillus niger, Penicillium species. The minimum cellulase enzyme production was recorded by Curvularia lunata in the presence of sodium sulphate. Production of cellulase activity of fungi were useful to degraded vegetable waste and shortly it convert into valuable product that is compost.

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Background: Jigsaw is a cooperative teaching strategy used in education that promotes collaboration and group learning among students. Aims and Objectives: The aim of the study was to assess the knowledge level of students following the Jigsaw teaching method and to analyze the student’s perspective regarding its design and implementation. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 100 phase one MBBS students in October 2023. The students were randomly divided into 20 core groups with five students each and a case scenario with five sub-questions was shared. Then, each sub question was assigned to a member, and they were regrouped to form expert groups where the students interacted and discussed the respective sub topics. Later, the participants were back in the core groups where they applied their knowledge for peer teaching. Knowledge assessment both before and after the activity was done to determine the effectiveness of the method. Student perception survey was used to evaluate the design, implementation, and effectiveness of the Jigsaw teaching method in Physiology. Results: The mean post-test scores were significantly higher than the mean pre-test scores (6.94 ± 1.84 vs. 4.75 ± 1.71, P < 0.001). About 94% of students agreed that Jigsaw teaching method provided better understanding of the topic and 95% of students opinionated that this was helpful in developing communication skills, positive peer relation and leadership qualities. Conclusion: Jigsaw is an effective teaching method which encourages active participation and teamwork among students to provide deeper understanding of the subject.

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Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDSs) represent a significant breakthrough in addressing bioavailability challenges by enhancing the solubilization of poorly water-soluble drugs, ensuring consistent formulation properties, and facilitating easy industrial scale-up. Despite their liquid form posing some limitations, these challenges can be effectively addressed by solidifying SEDDSs, offering numerous advantages. The solidification of SEDDS has opened avenues for overcoming limitations associated with liquid formulations. Different approaches to solidification of SEDDS have been investigated to overcome the practical limitations of liquid formulations. Each method offers a plethora of benefits such as improved physiochemical stability, extended gastric residence time, controlled release of the drug, enhanced bioavailability, ease of handling, dose accuracy, and so on. While limitations persist, ongoing research is paving the path for the commercialization of solid SEDDS formulations with enhanced therapeutic effects. In light of previous publications, the current review paper makes an effort to give a comprehensive account of the most recent advancements in solid SEDDSs technology, with a focus on the formulation aspects of various types of novel solid self-emulsifying dosage forms for oral and nonoral drug delivery.

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The assessment of toxicological concentrations of possible genotoxic contaminants in drug substances was regarded as an important and challenging discipline . The International Conference and Harmonization (ICH) recommended that most pharmaceutical products be allowed to include 1.5 ?g/day of a genotoxic contaminant. The goal study was to develop a quick and accurate HPLC method for measuring potential genotoxic impurities (PGIs) in Dapson drug substances. The chromatographic conditions were appropriately optimized with the Phosphate and Acetate buffer on C18 & C8 columns to achieve a decent separation and response of each impurities peak with the Dapsone. A C8 column has been used with Phosphate buffer with the linear gradient combination with Acetonitrile as mobile phase and multiple wavelengths used based on UV maxima of respective impurity. According to International conference of Harmonization (ICH) criteria for the quantification of each impurity, method validation for HPLC was carried out regarding specificity, the limit of detection (LOD), the limit of quantification (LOQ), linearity, accuracy (recovery), precision, and solution stability. Three separate batches of Dapsone were successfully subjected to the desired procedures for the Genotoxic (GTI) determination and found not detected. The corelation coefficient observed > 0.99 in linearity and 70% to 130% recovery observed in the accuracy during method validation hence method can be considered linear and accurate and can be used for testing of genotoxic impurity in Dapsone drug substances.

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Background: Gamification, the integration of game elements into non-gaming contexts, has gained significant attention in education, including medical education. Researches revealed that gamification elements such as points, badges, levels, and feedback are commonly used in higher education. Gamification is seen as a tool that can help millennial and Gen Z students, who prefer social learning ecosystems, in competency development and contextual learning. A review of gamification-based learning tools in both preclinical and clinical settings highlighted heightened student engagement and superior educational outcomes, but competitive gamification yielded unexpected results, with students spending limited time and resisting competitiveness. Aims and Objectives: This paper presents a cross-sectional study conducted in India to assess the orientation and application of gamification among faculty members of Medical Physiology. The study aimed to identify the advantages, challenges, and potential of gamification in enhancing the quality of medical education in India. Materials and Methods: The authors addressed the deficiency in the orientation and application of gamification tools in medical education by conducting a questionnaire-based cross-sectional study among medical physiologists in various Indian institutions and colleges. Results: Results showed that approximately 25% of the faculty members surveyed in India were oriented toward gamification, with slightly more orientation among junior faculties and those from northern India. There were regional variations in the use of specific gamification elements, such as points and badges, letterboards, and storyline elements. Conclusion: The study highlighted a promising trend of gamification adoption among medical physiologists, while also noting that a significant portion of faculty members remained unoriented and had yet to explore the benefits of gamification in medical education. The paper emphasized the need for proactive promotion and application of gamification tools to enhance teaching and learning methods in medical education.

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Background: The new competency-based medical education represents a paradigm shift from a teacher-centered to student-centered learning. Symposium ensures the active participation of students as compared to didactic lectures (DL). It is necessary to introduce methods that encourage the active participation of students. Aims and Objectives: The aims and objectives of the study are to compare the effectiveness of symposium and DL as teaching methods among 1st year MBBS students and to evaluate the feedback regarding the teaching methods from students. Materials and Methods: A quasi- experimental study was conducted among 100 1st year MBBS students to evaluate the effectiveness of symposium and DL as teaching methods in physiology. Six relevant topics in physiology were chosen. A pre-test in the form of MCQ was used to assess knowledge regarding the topic. Students were divided into groups “A” and “B” based on their roll numbers. Group “A” attended the symposium, while the group “B” students attended DL. At the end of the session, the same questionnaire was provided to all students (post-test) to assess the knowledge gained. The groups crossed over after three topics. Feedback was taken from students at the end of six sessions. Statistical analysis was performed using IBM SPSS version 20.0 software. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was used to test the statistical significance of the difference in the mean of different tests from baseline to post-test findings, and a Mann–Whitney U-test was used for comparing the feedback score between two teaching methods. Results: There was a statistically significant increase in the post-test scores in the symposium group in three topics. On evaluating the feedback form, 93.2% of students opined that symposium-based learning was more interesting. Also, 54.1% of students preferred symposium over DL. Conclusion: Symposium is an effective learning method that improves students’ learning outcomes in physiology.

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Background: The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used in the conventional assessment of acid-base status. In 1983, P. Stewart put up an alternate strategy. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation uses variations in PCO2 and bicarbonate to explain the acid-base state. On the other hand, the Stewart theory states that albumin, inorganic phosphate, PCO2, Strong Ion Difference (SID), and SID dictate acid-base status. Therefore, these variables have an important role in clinical management. The metabolic acidosis caused by unmeasured anions is accurately identified by the Stewart physiochemical approach, and it is a predictor of mortality in patients with leptospirosis. Aims and Objectives: Comparison of the leptospirosis patient’s S. albumin (requiring ABG analysis) and arterial blood gas (ABG) analysis parameters (pH, PO2, PCO2, HCO3-, BE, SaO2, S.Na+, S.K+, S.Cl, S.PO4 3-, and anion gap) to compare the conventional and Stewart methods and determine the type of acid-base disturbances present in leptospirosis patients in the intensive care unit. Materials and Methods: Following approval by the ethics committee, ABG and S. Albumin were taken from the clinical notes of fifty patients. The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, in its conventional form, was unable to identify complex acid-base problems. Thus, we integrated this with the Stewart method. Results: The majority of leptospirosis patients had a mixed disorder characterized by respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, and metabolic alkalosis. The most prevalent conditions were metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, and metabolic alkalosis. Stewart’s method can help explain the cause of metabolic disorders. Stewart’s approach also made occult acid-base disorders visible. Conclusion: Stewart’s approach emphasizes the significance of Na+, K+, Cl-, Alb, and PO4 3- and clarifies their part in the development of metabolic abnormalities, particularly those involving Alb and PO4 3-. This demonstrates unequivocally that the cause of the metabolic abnormalities can be explained by Stewart’s method, which is highly helpful in planning the management.

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AВSTRACТ From a macroeconomic viewpoint, development theories have ranged from those that privilege international cooperation to those that maintain that the alternative for overcoming poverty is sustainable economic growth. In the middle has been development economics, whose studies have moved away from fieldwork as a modality for empirical research. The purpose of this article is to reflect on the central arguments of the experimental approach proposed by Esther Duflo and Abhijit Banerjee, applied from the perspective of economics, to understand and combat poverty. The main ideas, criticisms, and debates suggested by both the academic field and public management are presented. The epistemological scope of this theory will be relevant if it stimulates an interdisciplinary approach to poverty where the poor are considered as subjects and not as agents of an analytical model. JEL CLASSIFICATION A12, C90, 010, 130, 131, 138, 139

RESUMO Do ponto de vista macroeconômico, as teorias do desenvolvimento têm variado entre as que privilegiam a cooperação internacional e as que defendem que a alternativa à superação da pobreza é o crescimento econômico sustentável. A economia do desenvolvimento, cujos estudos se têm afastado do trabalho de campo como modalidade de investigação empírica, tem estado numa posição intermédia. O objectivo deste artigo é reflectir sobre os princípios centrais da abordagem experimental proposta por Esther Duflo e Abhijit Banerjee, aplicada a partir da perspectiva da economia, para compreender e combater a pobreza. São apresentadas as principais ideias, críticas e debates propostos tanto ao campo académico como à administração pública. O alcance epistemológico desta teoria será relevante na medida em que estimula uma visão interdisciplinar da pobreza, onde os pobres são considerados como sujeitos e não como agentes de um modelo analítico. CLASSIFICAÇÃO JEL A12, C90, 010, 130, 131, 138, 139

RESUMEN Desde una visión macroeconómica, las teorías de desarrollo han oscilado desde las visiones que privilegian la cooperación internacional, hasta las que sostienen que la alternativa para superar la pobreza es el crecimiento económico sostenible. En medio ha quedado la economía del desarrollo cuyos estudios se han alejado del trabajo de campo como modalidad para la investigación empírica. El objetivo de este artículo es reflexionar sobre los planteamientos centrales del enfoque experimental propuesto por Esther Duflo y Abhijit Banerjee, aplicado desde la economía, para entender y combatir la pobreza. Se da cuenta de sus principales ideas, críticas y debates propuestos tanto al campo académico como a la gestión pública. Los alcances epistemológicos de esta teoría serán relevantes en la medida que estimulen una lectura interdisciplinar de la pobreza, donde se considere a los pobres como sujetos y no como agentes de un modelo analítico. CLASIFICACIÓN JEL: A12, C90, 010, 130, 131, 138, 139

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Objective: The present investigation aimed to prepare a smilax china loaded nanoemulsion using tween 80 as a surfactant and propylene glycol as a co-surfactant. Formulation of such drugs in nanoparticulate drug delivery will be advantageous for reducing dosing frequency, longer residence time, improved permeation, and patient compliance.Methods: High-speed homogenization method. The smilax china oil was prepared by collecting the extract of smilax china leaves into the coconut oil and then used as a solvent. The authentication studies of smilax china and coconut oil were evaluated for their organoleptic and physicochemical characteristics. The quantitative estimation and pre-formulation study of quercetin was carried out which has major anti-psoriatic properties. Surfactant and co-surfactant were selected and the solubility studies of oil and Surfactants were done. The nanoemulsion was characterized by particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, and entrapment efficiency (%).Results: This nanoemulsion provides the particle size and entrapment efficiency range between 80.52 to 89.78 nm and 68.66 to 70.16 % respectively. Batch SC1 showed the lowest particle size, PDI, and optimized drug entrapment effectiveness (%), indicating good particle size consistency within the remaining formulation batches. The optimized formulation SC 1 was found to be stable for 90 d.Conclusion: The formulated nanoemulsion showed significant antipsoriasis activity due to the presence of quercetin which has a rhetorical yield of 1.066 mg per 5 gm powder of smilax china leaves. Formulated smilax china-loaded nanoemulsion, has the potential as an effective antipsoriasis agent with a good spreading property with faster absorption which is beneficial for reducing drug concentration with maximum therapeutic effect.