Factors associated with extubation failure in an intensive care unit: a case-control study / Fatores associados à falha de extubação em unidade de terapia intensiva: estudo de caso-controle / Factores asociados al fracaso de la extubación en unidad de cuidados intensivos: estudio de caso y control

Abstract Objective: to investigate the factors associated with extubation failure of patients in the intensive care unit. Method: unpaired, longitudinal, retrospective and quantitative case-control with the participation of 480 patients through clinical parameters for ventilator weaning. Data were analyzed by: Fisher's exact test or the chi-square test; unpaired two-tailed Student's t test; and Mann-Whitney test. Significant P values lower than or equal to 0.05 were admitted. Results: of the patients, 415 (86.5%) were successful and 65 (13.5%) failed. Success group: the most negative fluid balance, APACHE II in 20 (14-25), weak cough in 58 (13.9%). Failure group: the most positive fluid balance, APACHE II in 23 (19-29), weak cough in 31 (47.7%), abundant amount of pulmonary secretions in 47.7%. Conclusion: positive fluid balance and the presence of inefficient cough or inability to clear the airway were predictors of extubation failure.

Resumo Objetivo: investigar os fatores associados à falha de extubação de pacientes na unidade de terapia intensiva. Método: caso-controle não pareado, longitudinal, retrospectivo e quantitativo com a participação de 480 pacientes por meio de parâmetros clínicos para desmame ventilatório. Dados analisados por: Teste Exato de Fisher ou o teste Qui-quadrado; teste t de Student bicaudal não pareado; e teste de Mann-Whitney. Admitiram-se significantes valores de P menores ou iguais a 0,05. Resultados: dos pacientes, 415 (86,5%) tiveram sucesso e 65 (13,5%) falharam. Grupo sucesso: balanço hídrico mais negativo, APACHE II em 20 (14-25), tosse fraca em 58 (13,9%). Grupo falha: balanço hídrico mais positivo, APACHE II em 23 (19-29), tosse fraca em 31 (47,7 %), quantidade abundante de secreção pulmonar em 47,7 %. Conclusão: o balanço hídrico positivo e a presença de tosse ineficiente ou incapacidade de higienizar a via aérea foram preditores de falhas de extubação.

Resumen Objetivo: investigar los factores asociados al fracaso de la extubación de pacientes en la unidad de cuidados intensivos. Método: caso y control no apareado, longitudinal, retrospectivo y cuantitativo con la participación de 480 pacientes mediante parámetros clínicos para el destete de la ventilación. Datos analizados por: Prueba Exacta de Fisher o prueba de Chi-cuadrado; prueba t de Student de dos colas para datos no apareados; y prueba de Mann-Whitney. Se admitieron valores de P significativos menores o iguales a 0,05. Resultados: de los pacientes, 415 (86,5%) tuvieron éxito y 65 (13,5%) fracasaron. Grupo de éxito: balance hídrico más negativo, APACHE II en 20 (14-25), tos débil en 58 (13,9%). Grupo de fracaso: balance de líquidos más positivo, APACHE II en 23 (19-29), tos débil en 31 (47,7%), abundante cantidad de secreciones pulmonares en 47,7%. Conclusión: el balance hídrico positivo y la presencia de tos ineficaz o incapacidad para higienizar la vía aérea fueron predictores de fracaso de la extubación.

Risk factors for the development of surgical site infection in bariatric surgery: an integrative review of literature / Fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em cirurgia bariátrica: revisão integrativa / Factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de infección del sitio quirúrgico en cirugía bariátrica: una revisión integradora

Abstract Objective: to evaluate evidence on risk factors for the development of surgical site infection in bariatric surgery. Method: integrative review. The search for primary studies was performed in four databases. The sample consisted of 11 surveys. The methodological quality of the included studies was assessed using tools proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Data analysis and synthesis were performed in a descriptive manner. Results: surgical site infection rates ranged from 0.4% to 7.6%, considering the results of primary studies, in which patients underwent laparoscopic surgery. In surveys of participants undergoing surgical procedures with different approaches (open, laparoscopic or robotic), infection rates ranged from 0.9% to 12%. Regarding the risk factors for the development of this type of infection, antibiotic prophylaxis, female sex, high Body Mass Index and perioperative hyperglycemia are highlighted. Conclusion: conducting the integrative review generated a body of evidence that reinforces the importance of implementing effective measures for the prevention and control of surgical site infection, by health professionals, after bariatric surgery, promoting improved care and patient safety in the perioperative period.

Resumo Objetivo: avaliar as evidências sobre os fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento de infecção de sítio cirúrgico em cirurgia bariátrica. Método: revisão integrativa. A busca dos estudos primários foi realizada em quatro bases de dados. A amostra foi composta por 11 pesquisas. A qualidade metodológica dos estudos incluídos foi avaliada por meio de ferramentas propostas pelo Joanna Briggs Institute. A análise e a síntese dos dados foram realizadas de maneira descritiva. Resultados: as taxas de infecção de sítio cirúrgico variaram de 0,4% até 7,6%, considerando os resultados dos estudos primários, cujos pacientes foram submetidos à cirurgia por via laparoscópica. Nas pesquisas com os participantes submetidos aos procedimentos cirúrgicos com diferentes abordagens (aberta, via laparoscópica ou robótica), as taxas de infecção variaram de 0,9% até 12%. Com relação aos fatores de risco para o desenvolvimento deste tipo de infecção, ressaltam-se antibioticoprofilaxia, sexo feminino, Índice de Massa Corporal elevado e hiperglicemia perioperatória. Conclusão: a condução da revisão gerou corpo de evidências que reforça a importância na implementação de medidas efetivas para prevenção e controle de infecção de sítio cirúrgico pelos profissionais de saúde após cirurgia bariátrica, promovendo a melhoria da assistência e da segurança do paciente no perioperatório.

Resumen Objetivo: evaluar las evidencias sobre los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de infección de sitio quirúrgico en cirugía bariátrica. Método: revisión integradora. La búsqueda de estudios primarios se realizó en cuatro bases de datos. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 11 investigaciones. La calidad metodológica de los estudios incluidos se evaluó mediante herramientas propuestas por el Joanna Briggs Institute. El análisis y la síntesis de los datos se realizaron de manera descriptiva. Resultados: las tasas de infección del sitio quirúrgico oscilaron entre 0,4% y 7,6%, considerando los resultados de los estudios primarios, en los que los pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía mediante laparoscopia. En investigaciones con participantes que se sometieron a procedimientos quirúrgicos con diferentes enfoques (abierto, laparoscópico o robótico), las tasas de infección oscilaron entre el 0,9 % y el 12 %. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de este tipo de infección, se destacan la profilaxis antibiótica, el sexo femenino, el Índice de Masa Corporal elevado y la hiperglucemia perioperatoria. Conclusión: la realización de la revisión generó un cuerpo de evidencia que refuerza la importancia de implementar medidas efectivas para la prevención y el control de la infección de sitio quirúrgico, por parte de los profesionales de la salud, después de la cirugía bariátrica, promoviendo la mejora de la atención y la seguridad del paciente en el período perioperatorio.

Associação entre hipertensão arterial sistêmica e indicadores antropométricos em idosos do estudo brazuca / Association between systemic arterial hypertension and anthropometric indicators in the elderly in the brazuca study / Asociación entre hipertensión arterial sistémica y indicadores antropométricos en adultos mayores del estudio brazuca

Introdução:A Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica é uma doença crônica que acometea maior parte idosos brasileiros, sendo uma das principais causas de mortes prematuras e incapacidades funcionais que causam complicações cardiovasculares e cerebrais, as quais podem estar associadas a diversos fatores predisponentes como a obesidade.Objetivo:Avaliar a associação entre hipertensão arterial sistêmica e indicadores antropométricos em idosos do estudo BrazucaNatal.Metodologia: Estudo transversal de base populacional com 191 idosos do município Natal-RN. Foram coletados dados sociodemográficos, econômicos e antropométricos (peso, estatura, perímetro da cintura e perímetro do quadril) e cálculo do Índice de Massa Corporal, Razão Cintura-Estatura e Razão Cintura Quadril. A hipertensão arterial foi auto referida. Os dados foram analisados pelo software SPSS versão 20.0. Teste t de Student foi utilizado para avaliar as diferenças entre médias das variáveis de acordo com o sexo e presença de hipertensão arterial. A associação entre a presença da doença e as variáveisfoi realizadapela Regressão de Poisson, comas razões de prevalência brutas e ajustadas e seus intervalos de confiança (95%).Resultados:A maioria dos idosos eram do sexo feminino (55%), com média de idade 69,48 anos (DP=7,38) e índice de massa corporalde 28,46 (DP=5,25), 59,4% possuíamexcesso de peso e 60,1% hipertensão. Ao comparar os sexos, registramos maiores médias de índice de massa corporal, perímetro do quadrile relação cintura estaturanas mulheres (p<0,05). Observamos maiores médias de idadee indicadores antropométricos entre os idosos com hipertensão (p<0,05). Constatamos que a presença de hipertensão estava associada a perímetro da cintura e índice de massa corporal no modelo bruto, mantendo-se apenas o perímetro da cinturano modelo ajustado. Conclusões:Indicadores antropométricos de fácil aplicação e baixo custo como o perímetroda cintura podeser eficientes para a detecção precoce da hipertensão arterial em idosos (AU).

Introduction:SystemicArterial Hypertension is a chronic disease that affects most Brazilian older adults and is one of the main causes of premature deaths and functional disabilities that cause cardiovascular and brain complications. Obesityis among the several predisposing factorsassociatedwithhypertension. Objective:To evaluate the association between SAHand anthropometric indicators in older adultsof the Brazuca Natal study.Methodology: Cross-sectional population-based study with 191 older adults in the city of Natal-RN.Sociodemographic, economic and anthropometric data (weight, height, waist circumference,and hip circumference),Body Mass Index, Waist-Height Ratio and Waist-Hip Ratio were collected. Hypertension was self-reported. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software, version 20.0. The Student's t-test was used to compare themeans of the variables according to sexand presence of hypertension. The association between the presence of the disease and the variables wasperformed by Poisson regression, with crude and adjusted prevalence ratios and respectiveconfidence intervals (95%).Results:The majority of the elderly were female (55%), with a mean age of 69.48 years (SD = 7.38) andBody Mass Indexof 28.46 (SD = 5.25), 59.4% were overweight and 60.1% had hypertension. Mean Body Mass Index, hip circumference and Waist-Height Ratiovalues were higher in women (p<0.05). The age and anthropometric indicators values were higher among the older adults with hypertension (p<0.05). We found that the presence of hypertension was associated with body weight and Body Mass Index,in the crude model and only with body weight in the adjusted model. Conclusions:Anthropometric indicators of easy application and lowcost such as waist circumference can be efficient todetect hypertension in older adults (AU).

Introducción:La Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica es una enfermedad crónica que afecta principalmente ancianos brasileños, siendo una de las principales causas de muertes prematuras ydiscapacidades funcionales que causan complicaciones cardiovasculares y cerebrales, las cuales pueden estar asociadas a diversos factores predisponentes como la obesidad. Objetivo:Evaluar la asociación entre la hipertensión arterial sistémica y los indicadores antropométricos en ancianos del estudio Brazuca Natal. Metodología:Estudio transversal de base poblacional con 191 ancianos del municipio Natal-RN. Se reconpilaron datos sociodemográficos, económicos y antropométricos (peso, estatura, perímetro de la cintura y perímetro de la cadera) y cálculo del Índice de Masa Corporal,Razón Cintura-Estatura y Razón Cintura Cadera. La hipertensión fue auto referida. Los datos fueron analizados por el software SPSSversión 20.0. Test t de Student fue realizado para evaluar las diferencias entre medias de las variables de acuerdo con el sexo y la presencia de hipertensión arterial. La asociación entre la presencia de la enfermedad y las variables fue realizada por la Regresión de Poisson, con las razones de prevalencia brutas y ayustadas y sus intervalos de confianza (95%). Resultados:La mayoría de los ancianos eran mujeres (55%), con una media de 69,48 años (DP= 7,38) y Índice de Masa Corporalde 28,46 (DP= 5,25), 59,4% poseían exceso de peso y 60,1% hipertensión. Observamos mayores medias de edady indicadores antropométricosentre los ancianos con hipertensión (p<0,05).Constatamos que la presencia de hipertensión estaba asociada al perímetro de la cinturae Índice de Masa Corporalen el modelo bruto, manteniendo solo el perímetro de la cinturaen el modelo ayustado. Conclusiones:Indicadores antropométricos de fácil aplicación y bajo costo como el perímetro de la cintura puede ser eficaz para la detección temprana de la hipertensión arterial en los ancianos (AU).

Clustering of cardiovascular disease risk factors among first-year students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the second leading cause of death in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, there is substantial evidence that modifiable risk factors for CVD are increasing in adolescents. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information on the prevalence and clustering of these risk factors in adolescents. OBJECTIVES: This study explores the modifiable risk factors for CVD among first-year students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. METHODS: A total of 546 newly admitted students at the University of Ibadan, Nigeria, were recruited using stratified random sampling. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information from study participants between January and February 2016. RESULTS: The mean age of respondents was 19 ± 2.2 years with a male-to-female ratio of 1:1. The reported risk factors for CVD were smoking (1.6%), abdominal obesity (3.3%), alcohol consumption (3.7%), overweight/obesity (20.7%), unhealthy diet (85.3%), and physical inactivity (94.5%). Clustering of ≥ 2 risk factors was reported in 23.4% of students. Female students were twice as probably overweight/obese as male students (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.2; confidence interval [CI] = 1.41-3.43). Students whose fathers were skilled workers were 3.5 times more likely to be physically inactive (AOR = 1.7; CI = 0.97-2.96). The clustering of ≥ 2 risk factors was significantly higher among women and Muslims in bivariate analysis, whereas no significant association was found in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Public health strategies to prevent CVD risk factors should begin in schools and extend to the entire community.

Helicobacter pylori: Microorganismo patógeno o mutualista en poblaciones colombianas / Helicobacter pylori: Pathogenic or mutualistic microorganism in Colombian populations / Helicobacter pylori: microrganismo patógeno ou mutualista em populações Colombianas

Introducción: El riesgo de desarrollar cáncer gástrico varía entre continentes, países y regiones. A pesar de que existe una alta prevalencia de Helicobacter pylori su rol como patógeno o mutualista define el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en las regiones de Colombia. Objetivo: Discutir el rol de Helicobacter pylori en el riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Revisión de literatura mediante la búsqueda, en las bases de datos LILACS, SciELO, PubMed. Resultados: La coevolución del humano y de Helicobacter pylori; la virulencia de genes cagA, vacA; el tipo de respuesta inmune inflamatoria a Helicobacter pylori (Th1) o antinflamatoria (Th2) y la susceptibilidad humana a cáncer gástrico (IL1β, IL10), junto a la dieta y factores ambientales explican el papel de Helicobacter pylori como patógeno o mutualista asociado al riesgo de cáncer gástrico en Colombia. Conclusiones: Helicobacter pylori tiene un rol mutualista principalmente en poblaciones de bajo riesgo de cáncer gástrico (costas), no obstante, en poblaciones con alto riesgo de cáncer gástrico (andes), su papel como patógeno amerita la erradicación; única estrategia para mitigar la alta incidencia de este cáncer en Colombia.

Introduction: The risk to develop gastric cancer varies between continents, countries and regions. Although there is a high prevalence of Helicobater pylori, its role as either pathogen or mutualistic bacteria defines the risk of gastric cancer in Colombian regions. Objective: To discuss the role of Helicobacter pylori in the risk of gastric cancer in Colombia. Materials and methods: A literature review based on searching LILACS, SciELO, and PubMed databases. Results: Helicobacter pylori role as either a pathogen or mutualistic microorganism associated with gastric cancer risk in Colombia can be explained by analyzing elements such as: human and Helicobacter pylori coevolution; cagA and vacA gene virulence; inflammatory (Th1) or anti-inflammatory (Th2) responses induced by Helicobacter pylori; human susceptibility to gastric cancer (IL1β, IL10); diet; and environmental factors. Conclusions: Even though Helicobacter pylori has a mutualistic role in populations at low gastric cancer risk (coastal regions), its role as a pathogen in populations at higher risk (Andean regions) justifies its eradication as a key strategy to mitigate the incidence of this cancer in Colombia.

Introdução: O risco de desenvolver câncer gástrico varia entre continentes, países e regiões. Embora haja uma alta prevalência de Helicobacter pylori, seu papel como patógeno ou mutualista define o risco de câncer gástrico nas regiões da Colômbia. Objetivo: Discutir o papel do Helicobacter pylori no risco de câncer gástrico na Colômbia. Materiais e métodos: Revisão da literatura por meio da busca, nas bases de dados LILACS, SciELO e PubMed. Resultados: A coevolução de humanos e Helicobacter pylori; a virulência dos genes cagA, vacA; o tipo de resposta imune inflamatória ao Helicobacter pylori (Th1) ou anti-inflamatório (Th2) e a suscetibilidade humana ao câncer gástrico (IL1β, IL10), juntamente com a dieta e fatores ambientais explicam o papel do Helicobacter pylori como patógeno ou mutualista associado ao risco de câncer gástrico na Colômbia. Conclusões: Helicobacter pylori tem um papel mutualista principalmente em populações de baixo risco de câncer gástrico (litoral), porém, em populações com alto risco de câncer gástrico (andes), seu papel como patógeno justifica a erradicação; única estratégia para mitigar a alta incidência deste câncer na Colômbia.

Fatores de risco para óbito perinatal em gestantes de alto risco de um hospital terciário de Curitiba-PR, Brasil: estudo caso-controle / Risk factors for perinatal death in high-risk pregnant women at a tertiary hospital in Curitiba-PR, Brazil: a case-control study

Resumo Estudo caso-controle com o objetivo de estimar os fatores de risco da mortalidade perinatal em um hospital de referência para gestações de alto risco em Curitiba-PR. Os dados de características sociodemográficas, maternas, da gestação e do concepto foram obtidos dos prontuários hospitalares de 316 casos e 316 controles do período de 2013 a 2017. Foi realizada análise de regressão logística múltipla hierarquizada, permanecendo no modelo final variáveis com p < 0,05. Os resultados mostram aumento do risco de óbito perinatal em mães com tipo sanguíneo B (OR = 2,82; IC95%: 1,07-7,43), que não realizaram pré-natal (OR = 30,78; IC95%: 4,23-224,29), conceptos com malformações congênitas (OR = 63,90; IC95%: 27,32-149,48), nascidos com menos de 28 (OR = 24,21; IC95%: 1,10-531,81) e entre 28-31 semanas de gestação (OR = 6,03; IC95%: 1,34-27,17) e peso ao nascer abaixo de 1.000g (OR = 51,94; IC95%: 4,31-626,46), entre 1.000-1.499g (OR = 11,17; IC95%: 2,29-54,41) e entre 1.500-2.499g (OR = 2,75; IC95%: 1,25-6,06). Conceptos de gestações com desfecho prematuro, baixo peso ao nascer e presença de malformações congênitas são os principais fatores de risco para o óbito perinatal. Em contrapartida, a assistência pré-natal adequada é importante fator de proteção.

Abstract A case-control study was carried out to estimate risk factors for perinatal mortality in a referral hospital for high-risk pregnancies in Curitiba-PR. Sociodemographic, maternal, pregnancy and concept characteristics data were obtained from the hospital records of 316 cases and 316 controls from 2013 to 2017. A hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis was performed, remaining in the final model variables with p < 0.05. The results show an increased risk of perinatal death in mothers with blood type B (OR = 2.82; 95%CI: 1.07-7.43), who did not undergo prenatal care (OR = 30.78; 95%CI: 4.23-224.29), fetuses with congenital malformations (OR = 63.90; 95%CI: 27.32-149.48), born under 28 (OR = 24.21; 95%CI: 1, 10-531.81) and between 28-31 weeks of gestation (OR = 6.03; 95%CI: 1.34-27.17) and birth weight below 1,000g (OR = 51.94; 95%CI: 4.31-626.46), between 1,000-1,499g (OR = 11.17; 95%CI: 2.29-54.41) and between 1,500-2,499g (OR = 2.75; 25-6.06). Concepts of pregnancies with premature outcome, low birth weight and the presence of congenital malformations are the main risk factors for perinatal death. On the other hand, adequate prenatal care is an important protective factor.

Criminal recidivism in Colombian juvenile offenders: Related risk and protective factors / Reincidencia delictiva en adolescentes colombianos: factores de riesgo y protectores relacionados

Abstract Research with adolescent offenders is concerned with identifying risk and protective factors that influence recidivism and desistance from crime. A quantitative and cross-sectional investigation designed to examine the influence of risk and protective factors on recidivism in Colombian adolescents is presented. In seven regions of Colombia, a convenience sample was obtained, and 646 adolescents aged 14 to 19 years (M = 17.08; SD: 1.23; 15 % girls) belonging to the Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA) participated. The Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS) was used for the evaluation. It evaluated a broad set of risk and protective factors identified through the community, school, family, peer group, individual conditions, and behavioral outcomes, including drug use, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Descriptive analyses were conducted, and all CTC-YS factors were correlated with antisocial behavior. The results show varying degrees of relationship between the factors assessed and antisocial behavior. Binary logistic regression was used to determine which risk and protective factors influence recidivism. It was noted that favorable parental attitudes towards drug use and antisocial behavior, early onset of drug use, low school engagement, and interaction with antisocial peers increases the probability of recidivism. Recidivism was identified as being affected by, among other factors, favorable parental attitudes toward drug use and antisocial behavior, early onset of drug use, and low school engagement. It was also observed that beliefs in a moral order, opportunities for prosocial school participation and lower drug use frequency reduce the probability of recidivism. According to the results, the factors that influence criminal recidivism are multiple, and social, family, school, and individual factors need to be addressed. The need to intervene in attitudes favorable to antisocial behavior on the part of parents, strengthen school services, and carry out treatment for drug use to favor the reduction of recidivism in Colombian adolescents is discussed.

Resumen La investigación con adolescentes ofensores busca identificar los factores de riesgo y de protección que afectan a la reincidencia y al desistimiento. Esta información es útil para desarrollar programas de prevención de la conducta antisocial y facilita los procesos de intervención que favorecen la reinserción social. Desde el punto de vista legal, la reincidencia es la participación de un individuo en nuevos actos delictivos, que conduce a una nueva condena, después de haber sido judicializado por un delito anterior. El desistimiento, en cambio, es la interrupción de la conducta antisocial y se caracteriza por la reinserción social exitosa y el ajuste a las normas de la comunidad. Se han identificado factores sociales, familiares, escolares, relacionales e individuales que afectan a la reincidencia y al desistimiento. Se presenta una investigación cuantitativa que utilizó una medición de corte transversal, diseñada para examinar la influencia de los factores de riesgo y protección en la reincidencia de los adolescentes colombianos. Se realizó un muestreo por disponibilidad y conveniencia en instituciones de siete departamentos o regiones geográficas de Colombia. Los participantes fueron 646 adolescentes de entre 14 y 19 años (M = 17.08; DT: 1.23; 15 % chicas). Todos ellos estaban judicializados y cumpliendo sus sanciones legales en el Sistema de Responsabilidad Penal para Adolescentes (SRPA). Para la evaluación se utilizó la encuesta Communities That Care Youth Survey (CTC-YS). Se trata de un instrumento de 135 ítems diseñado para medir un amplio conjunto de factores de riesgo y de protección identificados a través de las condiciones de la comunidad, la escuela, la familia, el grupo de pares y el individuo, así como los resultados conductuales, que incluyen el uso de drogas, la violencia, el comportamiento antisocial y la delincuencia. El instrumento mostró buena fiabilidad en este estudio. La reincidencia se evaluó con criterios legales, es decir, se tuvieron en cuenta el número de condenas oficiales. Para ello se revisaron los expedientes de los participantes y se los cruzó con la información reportada por los profesionales que atendían los centros y el autoinforme de los participantes. Se obtuvo la aprobación del comité de ética y permiso del gobierno a través del Instituto Colombiano de Bienestar Familiar -ICBF- (Autorización E-2016-660327-0111). Los consentimientos informados fueron firmados por los defensores, los directores de los centros de atención, los padres de los adolescentes y por cada uno de los participantes. Una vez finalizada la investigación, se socializaron los resultados a través de grupos focales con los interesados, incluidos los adolescentes. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos con los datos y se correlacionaron todos los factores del CTC-YS con la variable conducta antisocial y delictiva provista por el mismo instrumento. Luego se realizó una regresión logística binaria para determinar qué factores de riesgo y protección influyen en la reincidencia. Se observaron diferentes grados de relación entre los factores evaluados y la conducta antisocial-delictiva. Los resultados indican que la reincidencia se ve afectada, entre otros factores, por las actitudes favorables de los padres hacia el uso de drogas y la conducta antisocial, el inicio temprano del consumo de drogas y el bajo compromiso escolar. Las creencias en un orden moral y las oportunidades por la participación escolar prosocial y la menor frecuencia de uso de drogas muestran disminución en la probabilidad de reincidencia. Según los resultados, los factores que influyen en la reincidencia delictiva son múltiples y requieren la intervención de las condiciones sociales, familiares, escolares e individuales. Se discute la necesidad de intervenir en las actitudes favorables a la conducta delictiva por parte de los padres, fortalecer los servicios escolares, realizar tratamiento para abandonar el uso de drogas y desarrollar modelos de intervención que cuenten con evidencias de eficacia para ayudar a reducir la reincidencia en los adolescentes colombianos.

Determinants of the clinical presentation of acute coronary syndromes / Determinantes de la presentación clínica de los síndromes coronarios agudos

Abstract Introduction: Two clinical presentations of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) have been defined: ST- segment elevation ACS (STEACS) or non-ST-segment elevation ACS (NSTEACS). The mecha nism that determines the clinical presentation of ACS is not clearly understood. The aim of this study was to define the association between cardiovascular risk factors and other clinical variables with the clinical presentation of ACS as STEACS or NSTEACS. Methods: We analyzed data of patients prospectively included in the Epi-Cardio Registry with a diagnosis of ACS from April 2006 to April 2018. A total of 10 019 patients were included in the study. Results: In the multivariate analysis, male sex (OR 1.5) and active smoking (OR 1.71) were positively associated with STEACS presentation. Conversely, hypertension (OR 0.71), dyslipidemia (OR 0.74), age (OR 0.97 per quintile), history of myocardial infarction (OR 0.57), chronic angina (OR 0.44), presence of comorbidities (OR 0.64), and extension of coronary heart disease (OR 0.84) were negatively associated with STEACS. Women differed from men by presenting a higher incidence of NSTEACS, due to a greater proportion of ACS without obstructive coronary heart disease. Conclusion: Some cardiovascular risk factors and other clinical variables are independently associated with the presentation of ACS as ST EACS or NSTEACS. These findings confirm the influence of risk factors and clinical history on the pathophysiology, clinical and electrocardiographic presentation of ACS.

Resumen Introducción: Existen dos formas de presentación clínica de los síndromes coronarios agudos (SCA): con elevación del segmento ST (SCACEST) y sin elevación (SCASEST). Los mecanismos que determi nan ambas presentaciones no se conocen completamente. El objetivo del estudio fue definir la asociación entre factores de riesgo cardiovascular y otras variables clínicas con la presentación de los SCA como SCACEST o SCASEST. Métodos: Analizamos información de pacientes incluidos prospectivamente en el Registro Epi-Cardio con diagnóstico de SCA desde abril de 2006 a abril de 2018.Se incluyeron un total de 10 019 pacientes. Resul tados: En el análisis multivariado, el sexo masculino (OR 1.5) y el tabaquismo activo (OR 1.71) se asociaron positivamente con el SCACEST. Contrariamente, la hipertensión (OR 0.71), las dislipidemias (OR 0.74), la edad (OR 0.97 por quintilo), historia de infarto (OR 0.57), angina crónica (OR 0.44), presencia de comorbilidades (OR 0.64), y la extensión de enfermedad coronaria (OR 0.84) se asociaron negativamente con el SCACEST. Las mujeres presentaron mayor incidencia de SCASEST, debido a una mayor proporción de SCA sin obstrucción coronaria significativa. Conclusión: Concluimos que algunos factores de riesgo cardiovascular y otras variables clínicas se asociaron independientemente con la presentación clínica como SCACEST o SCASEST, confirmando su influencia en la fisiopatología y en la presentación clínica y electrocardiográfica de los SCA.

Child mortality remains a serious public health problem / Mortalidade infantil continua sendo um grave problema de saúde pública

The identification of factors related to infant deaths can help in the planning of public health actions for the restructuring and improvement of maternal and child care, with a view to reducing infant mortality. The variables related to infant mortality continue to be incident in males, in those of brown color, with birth weight below normal and children of young mothers. Furthermore, the infant mortality rate in the first year of life among the Yanomami population reached 114.3 per thousand births in 2020, ten times the infant mortality rate recorded in other corners of Brazil. Actions with technical and financial investment throughout prenatal care with a complete care network and strengthening childcare services for children by the Primary Care network at municipal level are necessary and urgent strategies to reduce the drama of preventable deaths of children in the first year of life.

A identificação de fatores relacionados aos óbitos infantis pode auxiliar no planejamento de ações de saúde pública para a reestruturação e a melhoria da assistência materno-infantil, visando à redução da mortalidade infantil. As variáveis relacionadas à mortalidade infantil continua sendo incidente no sexo masculino, naqueles de cor parda, com peso ao nascer abaixo do normal e filhos de mães jovens. Ações com investimento técnico e financeiro ao longo do pré-natal com rede assistencial completa e fortalecimento no atendimento de puericultura das crianças pela rede de Atenção Básica em nível municipal são estratégias necessárias e urgentes para reduzir a dramaticidade das mortes evitáveis de crianças no primeiro ano de vida.

Risco de depressão na gravidez na percepção dos profissionais de saúde / Risk of depression in pregnancy in the perception of health professionals / Riesgo de depresión en el embarazo en la percepción de los profesionales de la salud

Objetivo: Identificar os fatores de risco para a depressão na gravidez na percepção dos profissionais de saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de estudo descritivo e exploratório, com abordagem qualitativa, realizado com profissionais de saúde especialistas em obstetrícia e saúde mental. Coleta de dados com entrevista individual, orientada por roteiro semiestruturado. Os dados foram gravados, transcritos na íntegra, sistematizados, categorizados e organizados pelo método de Análise de conteúdo de Bardin. A abordagem fundamentada no referencial teórico nacional e internacional sobre a depressão na gravidez ancorou as análises e discussões. Resultados: Foram identificados 24 fatores de risco distribuídos em quatro categorias: socioeconômica, psíquica; obstétrica/materna e psicossocial. Conclusão: Na percepção dos profissionais de saúde, fatores de risco socioeconômicos, psíquicos, obstétricos/maternos e psicossociais estão associados ao desenvolvimento de depressão na gravidez. Os fatores de risco identificados corroboram com a literatura, evidenciando o alinhamento profissional com as evidências científicas, o que reafirma a necessidade de ampliação da discussão acerca da importância da instrumentalização dos profissionais de saúde. (AU)

Objective: To identify risk factors for depression in pregnancy in the perception of health professionals. Methods: This is a descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, carried out with health professionals who are specialists in obstetrics and mental health. Data collection with individual interviews, guided by a semi-structured script. Data were recorded, transcribed in full, systematized, categorized and organized by Bardin's Content Analysis method. The approach based on the national and international theoretical framework on depression in pregnancy anchored the analyzes and discussions. Results: 24 risk factors were identified and distributed into four categories: socioeconomic, psychological; obstetric/ maternal and psychosocial. Conclusion: In the perception of health professionals, socioeconomic, psychological, obstetric/maternal and psychosocial risk factors are associated with the development of depression during pregnancy. The identified risk factors corroborate the literature, evidencing professional alignment with scientific evidence, which reaffirms the need to expand the discussion on the importance of providing health professionals with instruments. (AU)

Objetivo: Identificar los factores de riesgo de depresión en el embarazo en la percepción de los profesionales de la salud. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo y exploratorio, con abordaje cualitativo, realizado con profesionales de la salud especialistas en obstetricia y salud mental. Recolección de datos con entrevistas individuales, guiada por un guión semiestructurado. Los datos fueron registrados, transcritos en su totalidad, sistematizados, categorizados y organizados utilizando el método de Análisis de Contenido Bardin. El enfoque basado en el marco teórico nacional e internacional sobre la depresión en el embarazo anclado los análisis y discusiones. Resultados: se identificaron 24 factores de riesgo y se distribuyeron en cuatro categorías: socioeconómico, psicológico; obstétrico/materno y psicosocial. Conclusión: En la percepción de los profesionales de la salud, los factores de riesgo socioeconómico, psicológico, obstétrico/materno y psicosocial están asociados al desarrollo de la depresión durante el embarazo. Los factores de riesgo identificados corroboran la literatura, evidenciando alineación profesional con la evidencia científica, lo que reafirma la necesidad de ampliar la discusión sobre la importancia de dotar de instrumentos a los profesionales de la salud. (AU)

El test de FINDRISK como primera acción en atención primaria en salud para identificar el riesgo de desarrollo de diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en la población general

Introducción: la búsqueda del riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2, abordándolo desde los factores de riesgo, tendría un impacto en la salud y calidad de vida del individuo y por ello, escalas de riesgo como el test de FINDRISK, se constituyen como una herramienta práctica y costo-efectiva en el ámbito ambulatorio. Objetivos: determinar el riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2 según el test de FINDRISK en la población adulta de la Unidad de Salud Familiar del barrio Chaipe de la ciudad de Encarnación, Itapúa, Paraguay. Además, detallar las características sociodemográficas. Metodología: estudio descriptivo, observacional, de corte transversal, desde el mes de marzo a julio del 2022. El muestreo fue no probabilístico por conveniencia a través de la aplicación del test de FINDRISK. Resultados: la muestra estuvo conformada por 460 pacientes. El 71,74% presenta algún riesgo de desarrollar diabetes mellitus tipo 2. La muestra fue de predominio femenino. El 64,34% tenía IMC aumentado y 55,43% de los hombres y 80,16% de las mujeres presentaron circunferencia abdominal de riesgo. El 47,82% no realiza actividad física y 25,43% no consume frutas y verduras de manera diaria. El 18,26% tenía diagnóstico agregado de hipertensión arterial, 8,91% presentó en alguna oportunidad cifras de glicemia elevada y 44,34% refirió familiares de primer o segundo grado con diagnóstico de diabetes mellitus. Conclusiones: la muestra presenta algún riesgo de padecer diabetes mellitus en los próximos 10 años, entonces, desde la atención primaria de salud, se puede establecer el primer contacto con el paciente, determinar el riesgo, y una vez identificado, tomar acciones oportunas que permitan retardar el inicio de la enfermedad o disminuir la aparición de casos nuevos.

Introduction: The search for the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, approaching it from the risk factors, would have an impact on the health and quality of life of the individual and therefore, risk scales such as the FINDRISK test are practical and cost-effective tools in the outpatient setting. Objectives: To determine the risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus according to the FINDRISK test in the adult population of the Family Health Unit of the Chaipe neighborhood of the city of Encarnación, Itapúa, Paraguay. In addition, to detail the sociodemographic characteristics of this population. Methodology: Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional study, from March to July 2022. Non-probabilistic convenience sampling through the application of the FINDRISK test. Results: The sample consisted of 460 patients, 71.74% of them presented some risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus. The sample was predominantly female, 64.34% had an increased BMI and 55.43% of the men and 80.16% of the women presented abdominal circumference at risk. Forty-seven point eight two percent did not perform physical activity and 25.43% did not consume fruits and vegetables on a daily basis, 18.26% had an aggregate diagnosis of arterial hypertension, 8.91% had high blood glucose levels at some point and 44.34% referred first or second degree relatives with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: The sample presents some risk of suffering from diabetes mellitus in the next 10 years. Therefore, from the primary health care, it is possible to establish the first contact with the patient, determine the risk, and once identified, take timely actions that allow the delay of the disease onset or decrease the appearance of new cases.

Frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables en estudiantes universitarios de carreras de salud

Introducción: las enfermedades cardiovasculares son la principal causa de muerte por enfermedades no transmisibles. La detección de los factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables juega un rol importante en la prevención de la morbimortalidad cardiovascular. Objetivos: describir la frecuencia de factores de riesgo cardiovascular modificables en estudiantes de carreras de salud en la Universidad Politécnica y Artística del Paraguay, filial San Lorenzo. Metodología: diseño observacional, descriptivo, de corte trasversal. Los datos fueron obtenidos por una encuesta telemática durante el año 2022. Resultado: participaron 134 estudiantes, con predomino de mujeres: 104 (78%) con edad promedio de 25 ± 7 años, mayoría de la carrera de medicina 44 (33%). Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular encontrados fueron: sedentarismo en 83 (62%) participantes, hábito alimentario no saludable en 128 (95%), tabaquismo en 7 (5%), hipertensión arterial en 7 (5%), diabetes mellitus tipo 2 en 3 (2%), dislipidemia en 4 (3%). Hubo pérdida de datos para IMC en 62 casos, por lo que no se ha analizado la frecuencia de sobrepeso ni obesidad. La muestran estudiada presentó al menos 1 factor de riesgo cardiovascular 131 participantes (98%). La sumatoria de factores de riesgo cardiovascular por sujeto, muestra alto porcentaje 42,5% y 39,5% para 2 y 3 factores de riesgo asociados, respectivamente. Conclusión: en la muestra estudiada, a pesar de ser jóvenes y en formación en materias de salud, existe una alta frecuencia de al menos un factor de riesgo cardiovascular modificable. Los factores de riesgo cardiovascular más frecuentes fueron el hábito alimentario no saludable y sedentarismo. Llama la atención que a pesar de ser una población joven, la hipertensión, diabetes y dislipidemia ya se encuentran presentes suponiendo una carga alta y precoz de riesgo cardiovascular.

Introduction: Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death due to non-communicable diseases. The detection of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors plays an important role in the prevention of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Objectives: To describe the frequency of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors in health career students at the Polytechnic and Artistic University of Paraguay, San Lorenzo branch. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design. The data was obtained by a telematic survey during the year 2022. Result: One hundred thirty-four students participated, with a predominance of women: 104 (78%) with an average age of 25 ± 7 years, most of them were from the medical career 44 (33%). The cardiovascular risk factors found were: sedentary lifestyle in 83 (62%) participants, unhealthy eating habits in 128 (95%), smoking in 7 (5%), arterial hypertension in 7 (5%), type 2 diabetes mellitus in 3 (2%), and dyslipidemia in 4 (3%). There was loss of data for BMI in 62 cases, so the frequency of overweight or obesity has not been analyzed. The sample studied presented at least 1 cardiovascular risk factor in 131 participants (98%). The sum of cardiovascular risk factors per subject shows a high percentage of 42.5% and 39.5% for 2 and 3 associated risk factors, respectively. Conclusion: In the studied sample, despite being young and in training in health matters, there is a high frequency of at least one modifiable cardiovascular risk factor. The most frequent cardiovascular risk factors were unhealthy eating habits and a sedentary lifestyle. It is striking that, despite being a young population, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia are already present, assuming a high and early burden of cardiovascular risk.

Factores asociados al consumo de sustancias psicoactivas de un grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia de una institución de salud mental de Medellín, Antioquia / Factors associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances in a group of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia from a mental health institution in Medellín, Antioquia / Fatores associados ao consumo de substâncias psicoativas em um grupo de pacientes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia de uma instituição de saúde mental de Medellín, Colômbia

Objetivo: establecer la relación entre factores sociodemográficos y clínicos con el con­sumo de sustancias psicoactivas (SPA) en un grupo de pacientes con diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, atendidos en una institución de salud mental de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Metodología: estudio observacional, retrospectivo de intención analítica, de un grupo de 268 pacientes atendidos en una institución de salud mental de Medellín, en los últi­mos seis meses del año 2021. Se identificaron factores sociodemográficos, de consumo de SPA y clínicos como tipo de medicamentos, reingresos hospitalarios y adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico. Se consideraron valores de Odds Ratio con intervalo de confianza (IC95%) y se identificaron factores asociados al consumo por medio de un modelo de regresión logística. Resultados: se identificó que el 34.7% de la muestra reporta consumo de SPA; variables clínicas asociadas, tipo de medicamentos, número de ingresos hospitalarios y adherencia al tratamiento. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la edad entre el grupo de consumidores y no consumidores, con una mediana de edad menor para el grupo de consumidores. Se determinó que ser hombre, tener una mediana de edad de 27 años y estar desempleado representa un riesgo mayor para el consumo de SPA. Finalmente se establece que la edad, el sexo, la ocupación y la adherencia al tratamiento, podrían predecir el consumo en un 34%. Conclusiones: los pacientes jóvenes, en su mayoría hombres, con diagnóstico de es­quizofrenia, tienen mayor riesgo de consumo de SPA, lo que implica mayor riesgo de recaídas y menor adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico.

Objective: to establish the relationship between sociodemographic and clinical factors with the consumption of psychoactive substances (PAS) in a group of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia, treated at a mental health institution in the city of Medellín, Colombia. Methodology: observational, retrospective study with analytical intent, of a group of 268 patients treated at a mental health institution in Medellín, in the last six months of 2021. Sociodemographic, SPA consumption, and clinical factors such as the type of medication, hospital readmissions and adherence to drug treatment were identified. Odds Ratio values with confidence interval (95% CI) were considered and factors associated with consumption were identified by means of a logistic regression model. Results: it was shown that 34.7% of the sample reports PAS consumption, associated clinical variables, type of medication, number of hospital admissions, and adherence to treatment. Significant differences in age were found between the group of users and non-users, with a lower median age for the group of users. It was determined that being a man, having a median age of 27 years and being unemployed represent a greater risk for the consumption of PAS. Finally, it is established that age, sex, occupation, and adherence to treatment could predict consumption by 34%. Conclusions: young patients, mostly men, with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, have a higher risk of PAS consumption, which implies a higher risk of relapse and lower adherence to drug treatment.

Objetivo: estabelecer a relação entre fatores sociodemográficos e clínicos com o consumo de substâncias psicoativas (SPA) em um grupo de pacientes diagnosticados com esquizofrenia, atendidos em uma instituição de saúde mental na cidade de Medellín, Colômbia. Metodologia:estudo observacional, retrospectivo com intenção analítica, de um grupo de 268 pacientes atendidos em uma instituição de saúde mental em Medellín, nos últimos seis meses de 2021. Foram identificados fatores sociodemográficos, consumo de SPA e clínicos quanto ao tipo de medicamento, readmissões hospitalares e adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso. Valores de Odds Ratio com intervalo de confiança (IC95%) foram considerados e fatores associados ao consumo foram identificados por meio de um modelo de regressão logística. Resultados: identificou-se que 34,7% da amostra relata consumo de SPA; variáveis clínicas associadas, tipo de medicamento, número de internações e adesão ao tratamento. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas de idade entre o grupo de usuários e não usuários, com menor mediana de idade para o grupo de usuários. Foi determinado que ser homem, ter idade mediana de 27 anos e estar desempregado representa maior risco para o consumo de SPA. Por fim, estabelece-se que idade, sexo, ocupação e adesão ao tratamento poderiam predizer o consumo em 34%. Conclusões: pacientes jovens, em sua maioria homens, com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia, apresentam maior risco de consumo de SPA, o que implica maior risco de recaída e menor adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso

Características associadas ao consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ultraprocessados por adolescentes em uma região metropolitana brasileira / Characteristics associated with the consumption of in natura or minimally processed and ultra-processed foods in one Brazilian metropolitan region

Resumo Este estudo transversal teve como objetivo analisar as características sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida associadas ao consumo de alimentos in natura ou minimamente processados e ultraprocessados (AUP) por adolescentes da Região Metropolitana da Grande Vitória - Espírito Santo, Brasil. Os dados foram obtidos entre 2016 e 2017. Adotou-se a regressão logística para a análise multivariada. Participaram do estudo 2285 adolescentes entre 15 e 19 anos. O maior consumo de alimentos minimamente processados foi associado ao trabalho remunerado do adolescente (OR=1,27; IC95%: 1,04-1,56), a alta renda familiar (OR=1,5; IC95%=1,10-2,17) e a prática de atividade física (OR=1,9; IC95%=1,45-2,63). A cor da pele parda/preta (OR=1,3; IC95%=1,02-1,61) e o hábito de comer enquanto navega na internet (OR=1,4; IC95%=1,02-1,88) aumentaram as chances de consumir os AUP. Estar matriculados em escolas particulares e no terceiro/quarto ano do ensino médio reduziram em 41,7% e 37,2%, respectivamente, o consumo dos AUP. Conclui-se que o maior poder aquisitivo e a prática de atividade física influenciaram o alto consumo dos alimentos minimamente processados. Por outro lado, se declarar da cor da pele parda/preta e a utilização da internet ao comer aumentam as chances para a maior ingestão dos AUP.

Abstract This cross-sectional study aimed to analyze the sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics associated with the consumption of in natura or minimally processed and ultra-processed foods (UPFs) by adolescents in the Metropolitan Region of Greater Vitória, in Espírito Santo, Brazil. The data were obtained between 2016 and 2017. Logistic regression was adopted for the multivariate analysis. A total of 2,285 adolescents aged between 15 and 19 participated in the study. Greater consumption of minimally processed foods was associated with the adolescent doing paid work (OR=1.27; 95%CI=1.04-1.56), a high family income (OR=1.5; 95%CI=1.10-2.17), and engagement in physical activity (OR=1.9; 95%CI=1.45-2.63). Having brown/black skin (OR=1.3; 95%CI=1.02-1.61) and the habit of eating while surfing the web (OR=1.4; 95%CI=1.02-1.88) increased the chances of consuming UPFs. Being enrolled in a private school and being in the third/fourth year of high school reduced UPF consumption by 41.7% and 37.2%, respectively. It is concluded that greater purchasing power and engagement in physical activity influenced the consumption of minimally processed foods. On the other hand, self-reporting as brown/black and internet use increased the chances of greater UPF consumption.

Cardiovascular disease risk prediction in scleroderma

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Cardiovascular disease risk prediction in scleroderma is important. In this study of scleroderma patients, the aim was to investigate the relationship between cardiac myosin-binding protein-C, sensitive troponin T, and trimethylamine N-oxide and cardiovascular disease risk with the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation 2 model of the European Society of Cardiology. METHODS: Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation 2 risk groups of 38 healthy controls and 52 women with scleroderma were evaluated. Cardiac myosin-binding protein-C, sensitive troponin T, and trimethylamine N-oxide levels were analyzed with commercial ELISA kits. RESULTS: In scleroderma patients, cardiac myosin-binding protein-C and trimethylamine N-oxide levels were higher than healthy controls but sensitive troponin T was not (p<0.001, p<0.001, and p=0.274, respectively). Out of 52 patients, 36 (69.2%) were at low risk, and the other 16 (30.8%) patients were at high-moderate risk with the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation 2 model. At the optimal cutoff values, trimethylamine N-oxide could discriminate high-moderate risk with sensitivity 76%, specificity 86% and cardiac myosin-binding protein-C with sensitivity 75%, specificity 83%. Patients with high trimethylamine N-oxide levels (≥10.28 ng/mL) could predict high-moderate- Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation 2 risk 15 times higher than those with low trimethylamine N-oxide (<10.28 ng/mL) levels (odds ratio [OR]: 15.00, 95%CI 3.585-62.765, p<0.001). Similarly, high cardiac myosin-binding protein-C (≥8.29 ng/mL) levels could predict significantly higher Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation 2 risk than low cardiac myosin-binding protein-C (<8.29 ng/mL) levels (OR: 11.00, 95%CI 2.786-43.430). CONCLUSION: Noninvasive cardiovascular disease risk prediction indicators in scleroderma, cardiac myosin-binding protein-C, and trimethylamine N-oxide could be recommended to distinguish between high-moderate risk and low risk with the Systematic COronary Risk Evaluation 2 model.

Homocysteine concentrations in overweight children and adolescents

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe homocysteine concentrations in overweight and obese children and adolescents and relate them to blood pressure levels, renal function, and insulin resistance. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional and observational study with 64 overweight children and adolescents (mean age: 11.6±3.5 years) in outpatient follow-up. The following parameters were evaluated: body mass index z-score, waist-to-height circumference ratio, pubertal stage, blood pressure, serum homocysteine, glycemia, insulin, lipid profile, renal function, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, microalbuminuria, and creatinuria. Statistical analysis: analysis of variance and logistic regression (dependent variable: homocysteine) (p<0.05). RESULTS: The mean body mass index z-score was 2.9±1.1. The mean homocysteine concentrations were 8.6±2.2 μmol/L (10th and 90th percentiles: 6.6 and 11.2 μmol/L, respectively), with no difference when compared with children with severe obesity and obesity/overweight (p=0.431). High values of waist-to-height ratio (93.8%), systolic blood pressure (18.8%), diastolic blood pressure (12.5%), glycemia (4.7%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (31.1%), triglycerides (35.9%), non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (34.4%), and microalbuminuria (21.9%) were obtained. The mean glomerular filtration rate was 122.9±24.6 mL/min/1.73 m². Homocysteine concentrations were not associated with any of the studied variables (R²=0.095). CONCLUSION: Homocysteine concentrations in overweight children and adolescents (mean 8.6±2.2 μmol/L) were not associated with body mass index z-score, blood pressure, renal function, and insulin resistance.

Predicting mortality in neonates with gastroschisis in a Southeastern state of Brazil

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to verify risk factors associated with gastroschisis mortality in three neonatal intensive care units located in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study of neonates with gastroschisis was performed between 2000 and 2018. Prenatal, perinatal, and postsurgical variables of survival or nonsurvival groups were compared using chi-square statistical test, t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, and logistic regression. Tests with p<0.05 were considered statistically determined. RESULTS: A total of 142 newborns were investigated. Mean maternal age, gestational age, and birth weight were lower in the group of nonsurvival (p<0.05). Poor clinical conditions during admission, complex gastroschisis, closure with silo placement, the use of blood products, surgical complications, and short bowel syndrome were more frequent in the nonsurvival group (p<0.05). Complex gastroschisis [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 3.74, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.274-11.019] and short bowel syndrome (adjusted OR 7.55, 95%CI 2.177-26.225) increased the risk of death. Higher birth weight inversely reduced the risk for mortality (adjusted OR 0.99, 95%CI 0.997-1.000). CONCLUSION: Complex gastroschisis and short bowel syndrome increased the risk of death, with greater birth weight being inversely correlated with the risk of mortality. The findings of this research can contribute to the formulation of protocols to improve the quality and safety of care in order to reduce neonatal mortality associated with gastroschisis.

The Effect of Female Sex on Short-Term Outcomes of Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Versus On-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

ABSTRACT Introduction: According to the American Heart Association guideline for coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), female patients undergoing on-pump CABG (ONCAB) are at higher risk of short-term adverse outcomes than male patients. However, whether off-pump CABG (OPCAB) can improve the short-term outcome of female patients compared to ONCAB remains unclear. Methods: We conducted a meta-analysis to study the effect of the female sex on short-term outcomes of OPCAB vs. ONCAB. A total of 31,115 patients were enrolled in 12 studies, including 20,245 females who underwent ONCAB and 10,910 females who underwent OPCAB. Results: The in-hospital mortality in female patients who underwent OPCAB was significantly lower than in those in the ONCAB group with (2.7% vs. 3.4%; odds ratio [OR] 0.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.65-0.89) and without (OR 0.68; 95% CI 0.52-0.89) adjustment for cardiovascular risk factor. The incidence of postoperative stroke in female patients who underwent OPCAB was lower than in those in the ONCAB group (1.2% vs. 2.1%; OR 0.59; 95% CI 0.48-0.73) before cardiovascular risk factor adjustment but was not significant (OR 0.87; 95% CI 0,66-1.16) after adjustment. There was no significant difference in the incidence of postoperative myocardial infarction between women who underwent OPCAB and those in the ONCAB group (1.3% vs. 2.3%; OR 0.88; 95% CI 0.54-1.43). Conclusion: In contrast to the American Heart Association CABG guideline, female patients who had OPCAB don't have unfavorable outcomes compared with the ONCAB group.

Performance of the ATRIA Bleeding Score in Predicting the Risk of In-Hospital Bleeding in Patients with ST-Elevation or Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction

ABSTRACT Introduction: A clear assessment of the bleeding risk score in patients presenting with myocardial infarction (MI) is crucial because of its impact on prognosis. The Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation (ATRIA score is a validated risk score to predict bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation (AF), but its predictive value in predicting bleeding after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) or non-STEMI (NSTEMI) patients receiving antithrombotic therapy is unknown. Our aim was to investigate the predictive performance of the ATRIA bleeding score in STEMI and NSTEMI patients in comparison to the CRUSADE (Can Rapid risk stratification of Unstable angina patients Suppress ADverse outcomes with Early implementation of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines) and ACUITY-HORIZONS (Acute Catheterization and Urgent Intervention Triage strategY-Harmonizing Outcomes with Revascularization and Stents in Acute Myocardial Infarction) bleeding scores. Methods: A total of 830 consecutive STEMI and NSTEMI patients who underwent PCI were evaluated retrospectively. The ATRIA, CRUSADE, and ACUITY-HORIZONS risk scores of the patients were calculated. Discrimination of the three risk models was evaluated using C-statistics. Results: Major bleeding occurred in 52 (6.3%) of 830 patients during hospitalization. Bleeding scores were significantly higher in the bleeding patients than in non-bleeding patients (all P<0.001). The discriminatory ability of the ATRIA, CRUSADE, and ACUITY-HORIZONS bleeding scores for bleeding events was similar (C-statistics 0.810, 0.832, and 0.909, respectively). The good predictive value of all three scores for predicting the risk of bleeding was observed in NSTEMI and STEMI patients as well (C-statistics: 0.820, 0.793, and 0.921 and 0.809, 0.854, and 0.905, respectively). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that the ATRIA bleeding score is a useful risk score for predicting major in-hospital bleeding in MI patients. This good predictive value was also present in STEMI and NSTEMI patient subgroups.

Prevalencia de infarto de miocardio sin enfermedad coronaria aterosclerótica obstructiva (MINOCA) / Prevalence of myocardial infarction with non-obstructive atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (MINOCA)

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia y factores de riesgo cardiovascular de los pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio sin evidencia de lesiones coronarias obstructivas en la arteriografía coronaria, en una institución de salud con servicios de mediana y alta complejidad en la ciudad de Valledupar (Cesar), Colombia. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal, único centro, en el que se incluyeron pacientes mayores de 18 años, atendidos en un centro hospitalario en la ciudad de Valledupar con síndrome coronario agudo, a quienes se les realizó arteriografía coronaria y cumplían con los criterios para MINOCA según la cuarta definición universal de infarto de miocardio, desde enero de 2016 hasta diciembre de 2019. Se calculó la prevalencia de MINOCA y descripción por sexo, edad, factores de riesgo cardiovascular y tipo de presentación del SCA. Resultados: De un total de 3.022 pacientes de la población estudiada con diagnóstico de infarto agudo de miocardio, 215 no tenían lesiones coronarias obstructivas, lo cual arrojó una prevalencia del 7.11% (IC 95%: 6.20-8.03%). La mayoría fueron mujeres (53.02%) con una edad promedio de 56,6 años. El 75.8% de los pacientes tenía al menos un factor de riesgo cardiovascular, con predominio de hipertensión arterial (67.4 %). La mayoría presentó síndrome coronario agudo sin elevación del segmento ST (93.5%). Conclusión: La prevalencia de MINOCA en nuestra institución se encuentra en el rango descrito en la literatura médica y tiene características clínicas similares en reportes publicados. Se plantea la necesidad de realizar estudios posteriores para la determinación de la causa en este tipo de pacientes.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence and cardiovascular risk factors in patients with acute myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary lesions in coronary arteriography in a health institution with intermediate and specialized care in the city of Valledupar (Cesar), Colombia. Materials and methods: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, single-center study. All patients included were over 18 years of age. They presented an acute coronary syndrome and were treated in a health center in Valledupar, Colombia. Coronary arteriography was completed, and patients met the criteria for MINOCA according to the fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction. The prevalence of MINOCA and description by sex, age, cardiovascular risk factors, and type of ACS presentation were calculated. The study was carried out between January 2016 and December 2019. Results: Of the 3.022 patients diagnosed with acute myocardial infarction, 215 did not have non-obstructive coronary lesions, with a prevalence of 7.11% (CI 95%: 6.20-8.03%). Most subjects were women (53.02 %), and the mean age was 56.6 years. 75.8% of participants had at least one cardiovascular risk factor, predominantly arterial hypertension (67.4%). Most patients had non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (93.5%). Conclusion: The prevalence of MINOCA in our institution is within the range described in the medical literature. The clinical characteristics found were similar to those reported in the literature. Further studies need to be conducted to determine the cause in this type of patient.