Assessment of Salivary pH amongst the Population during Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus (COVID 19) Pandemic Era – An Original Research

Introduction: The outbreak of Covid 19 disease is a major public health concern worldwide. Since oral findings and their occurrence may differ greatly in Covid-19 patients, salivary studies are crucial in understanding the role of saliva in maintaining oral health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the salivary pH level in Covid, post Covid and normal subjects. Materials and Methods: The study population consisted of 90 subjects which were divided into three groups of 30 subjects each. RT- PCR Positive Covid patients during our study period were taken as Group I and patients who were Covid positive two months prior to our study period were taken as Group II. Group III consisted of normal subjects who were RT-PCR negative for Covid and was never diagnosed with the Covid 19 virus. pH of the saliva was immediately evaluated using Saliva check pH strips. Results: Our study results reveal that there is significant difference in mean pH between Covid, post Covid and normal subjects. Conclusion: This study suggests that while comparing salivary pH with normal population, people affected with Covid19 have an acidic salivary pH which may affect their oral health.

Biomarcadores salivales y su utilidad en la detección precoz del cáncer bucal

Introducción: El cáncer de cabeza y cuello es la sexta forma más común de cáncer humano; constituye un reto, para la odontología, reducir la mortalidad y la morbilidad por su causa, mediante el desarrollo de herramientas diagnósticas que lo detecten en sus primeras etapas. Objetivo: Describir el papel de los biomarcadores salivales como herramienta diagnóstica para la detección temprana de cáncer bucal. Desarrollo: Los biomarcadores salivales proporcionan información adicional a la obtenida en el estudio histopatológico de este tipo de cáncer y pueden constituir una herramienta de análisis no invasivo y de bajo costo en su diagnóstico precoz. Conclusiones: A pesar de que hasta la fecha no existe un biomarcador ideal para el diagnóstico temprano del cáncer bucal, los investigadores declaran un futuro prometedor en el uso de la saliva como fuente de biomarcadores para estas enfermedades, debido en gran parte, al contacto directo de la saliva con la mucosa oral y el avance tecnológico en el campo de la medicina molecular.

Introduction: Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common form of human cancer; It is a challenge for Dentistry to reduce mortality and morbidity due to its cause through the development of diagnostic tools that detect it in its early stages. Objective: To describe the role of salivary biomarkers as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of oral cancer. Development: Salivary biomarkers provide additional information to that obtained in the histopathological study of this type of cancer and can constitute a non-invasive and low-cost analysis tool for early diagnosis. Conclusions: Although to date there is no ideal biomarker for the early diagnosis of oral cancer, researchers declare a promising future in the use of saliva as a source of biomarkers for these diseases, due in large part to the direct contact of saliva with the oral mucosa and technological advances in the field of molecular medicine.

Avaliação laboratorial do sangue e da saliva de pacientes com doença renal crônica e manifestações orais: uma revisão sistemática / Laboratory evaluation of blood and saliva of patients with chronic kidney disease and oral manifestations: a systematic review

A cavidade oral é afetada pelo caráter multissistêmico das consequências da Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) e estima-se que cerca de 90% destes pacientes têm sintomas orais. Alterações laboratoriais sanguíneas e salivares são frequentemente observadas e por isso, investigações sobre correlações clínico-laboratoriais são fundamentais para o manejo e tratamento dos pacientes. Neste estudo foi realizada uma revisão sistemática para identificar e avaliar as principais alterações laboratoriais no sangue e na saliva de pacientes portadores de DRC que apresentam manifestações orais. A busca bibliográfica incluiu artigos das bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed, Scopus, Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, Web of Science, Embase e literatura cinzenta, incluindo estudos caso-controle, transversais e de coorte. A análise do risco de viés seguiu a abordagem QUADAS-2. PROSPERO CRD42022250533 é o registro dessa revisão. As principais alterações laboratoriais encontradas foram o aumento das concentrações sanguíneas e salivares de ureia, creatinina, fosfato e diminuição das concentrações de cálcio e da taxa de fluxo salivar. As concentrações dessas substâncias no sangue e na saliva e a TGF estavam diretamente correlacionadas. Foi observada existência da correlação entre o aparecimento das manifestações orais e as alterações laboratoriais, principalmente xerostomia, disgeusia e hálito urêmico. Em conclusão, a literatura tem revelado que as principais alterações laboratoriais encontradas são aquelas descritas comumente na rotina laboratorial, que as concentrações dessas substâncias no sangue e na saliva estão diretamente correlacionadas com a TFG, e existe correlação entre o aparecimento das manifestações orais e as alterações laboratoriais. Grandes oportunidades estão abertas para a investigação sobre de novos marcadores.

The oral cavity is affected by the multisystemic nature of the consequences of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) and it is estimated that around 90% of these patients present oral symptoms. Blood and salivary laboratory changes are frequently observed and, therefore, investigations of clinical-laboratory correlations are essential for the management and treatment of these patients. This study was carried out as a systematic review to identify and evaluate the main laboratory changes in the blood and saliva of patients with CKD who present oral manifestations. The bibliographic search included articles from the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, Embase and gray literature, including case-control, cross-sectional and cohort studies. The risk of bias analysis advanced the QUADAS-2 approach. PROSPERO CRD42022250533 is the record of this review. The main laboratory changes found were an increase in blood and salivary concentrations of urea, creatinine, phosphate and a decrease in calcium concentrations and salivary flow. The concentrations of substances in blood and saliva and TGF were directly correlated. The existence of the manifestation was observed between the appearance of oral manifestations and laboratory changes, mainly xerostomia, dysgeusia and uremic breath. In conclusion, the literature revealed that the main laboratory changes found are those commonly described in laboratory routine, that the concentrations of these problems in blood and saliva are directly correlated with GFR, and there is a manifestation between the appearance of oral manifestations and laboratory changes. . Great opportunities are open for the investigation of new markers.

AN OVERVIEW ON ORAL THIN FILMS–METHODOLOGY, CHARACTERIZATION AND CURRENT APPROACH

The pharmaceutical sector is looking for new ways to deliver drugs, and one such way is through thin films. It has been said that thin films offer an alternative to traditional dosage forms. They offer rapid, local, or systemic effects and are a very flexible platform. Furthermore, patients with dysphagia, elderly, paediatrics, or bedridden patients, as well as those who have difficulty accessing water, can easily utilize these systems on their own. There are several ways to administer these drug delivery systems, including transdermally, ocularly, buccally, sublingually, and orally.One of the most creative and patient-focused novel drug delivery systems is Orodispersible Thin Films (OTF). Numerous pharmaceutical companies and academic experts worldwide are currently investigating the potential of these films for delivering drugs derived from both synthetic and natural sources. The beauty of this special drug delivery method is that, as we can see from the subjects' consumption of conventional dosage forms (tablets, capsules), they don't require water to be consumed. Furthermore, these delivery methods do a great job of encouraging patient compliance in general, especially in the case of both older and pediatric patients.This review shows a detailed review of oral thin film its applications and method of preparation; mainly focus of this research is thin film introduction to researchers and last 10 y of research on thin film with drugs and polymers used in research.

How older women with mild cognitive impairment cope to a physical stressor?

The aging process can promote hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis changes causing dysregulation in cortisol levels, and consequently inappropriate response and recovery after an acute stressor stimulus. However, there is an interindividual and gender difference mainly due to pathologies related to aging as dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI). To MCI individuals, higher cortisol levels can be associated to chronic stress, despite it is not elucidate the acute responses to the physical stressor. The objective of this study was to compare the effect of acute physical stressor on salivary cortisol levels between healthy controls and MCI women. Elderly women patients clinically diagnosed with MCI (n = 8) and healthy older individuals (n = 10) were selected. Both groups performed a cognitive and physical test. The physical stressor test was a moderate-intensity walk on a treadmill for 30 min. Salivary cortisol was collected 3 times: before, shortly after, and 15 minutes after the walk. It was observed cortisol reduction immediately after physical stressor for both groups with large effect size, however there was no significant difference in cortisol levels (F = 3.979; p = 0.063). A third cortisol collection after 15 minutes showed a significant effect for moment (F = 4.075; p = 0.031) with a cortisol reduction. The effect size was considered large for both groups. Regardless of the diagnosis, older women present low cortisol responsiveness to a physical stimulus. Besides that, those outcomes should be interpreted with caution as a possible physiological deficit and biological differences between individuals in coping with a stressor agent.

Concentraciones de progesterona en saliva en pacientes sintomáticas con parto pretérmino inminente y pacientes con partos más allá de 7 días

Objetivo: Comparar las concentraciones de progesterona en saliva en pacientes sintomáticas con parto pretérmino inminente y pacientes con partos más allá de 7 días. Metodología: Estudio prospectivo y longitudinal realizado en el Hospital Central "Dr. Urquinaona" de Venezuela. Fueron seleccionadas pacientes con parto pretérmino en los siguientes 7 días (grupo A) y con parto pretérmino más allá de los 7 días (grupo B). Se analizaron las características generales, concentraciones de progesterona en saliva, parto pretérmino inminente y eficacia pronóstica. Resultados: Fueron incluidas 327 pacientes, 75 mujeres en el grupo A y 251 pacientes en el grupo B. Las pacientes del grupo A presentaron valores menores de progesterona en saliva (3,003 +/- 447 pg/mL) comparado con las pacientes del grupo B (3,639 +/- 430 pg/mL; p < 0,0001). El valor de corte predictivo fue de 3,100 pg/mL, demostrando un valor área bajo la curva de 0,834 con sensibilidad de 58,7%, especificidad de 84,9%, valor predictivo positivo de 53,7%, valor predictivo negativo de 87,3% y exactitud pronostica de 78,8% para la predicción de parto pretérmino inminente. Conclusiones: Las concentraciones de progesterona en saliva son significativamente más bajas en las pacientes con parto pretérmino inminente, comparado con aquellas pacientes con partos más allá de los 7 días. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Objective: To compare progesterone concentrations in saliva in symptomatic patients with imminent preterm labor and patients with deliveries beyond 7 days. Methodology: Prospective and longitudinal study carried out at the Central Hospital Dr. Urquinaona of Venezuela. Patients with preterm delivery within 7 days (group A) and with preterm delivery beyond 7 days (group B) were selected. General characteristics, saliva progesterone concentrations, imminent preterm delivery and prognostic efficacy were analyzed. Results: A total of 327 patients were included, 75 women in group A and 251 patients in group B. Patients in group A had lower saliva progesterone values (3.003 +/- 447 pg/mL) compared to patients in group B (3.639 +/- 430 pg/mL; p < 0.0001). The predictive cutoff value was 3,100 pg/mL, demonstrating an area under the curve value of 0.834 with sensitivity of 58.7%, specificity of 84.9%, positive predictive value of 53.7%, negative predictive value of 87.3% and prognostic accuracy of 78.8% for prediction of impending preterm labor. Conclusions: Saliva progesterone concentrations are significantly lower in patients with imminent preterm labor compared to those patients with deliveries beyond 7 days. (provided by Infomedic International)

Assaying of p53 Autoantibodies in saliva for the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma. A road not taken

Background: Autoantibody detection is a promising approach to cancer screening. Serum p53 antibodies have been time tested in various cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study is aimed to detect and determine the level of p53 autoantibodies (p53?AAbs) in saliva. The association of clinicopathological features among patients with and without OSCC was also explored as a novel method for the detection of autoantibodies. Methods: One hundred preoperative saliva samples from patients with histologically confirmed OSCC and a hundred from normal healthy individuals were collected. Anti p53 detection kit assessed levels of salivary p53?AAbs. The cut?off value was 1.3 U/mL by Enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The p53?AAb levels were expressed in terms of the median and interquartile range (IQR). Fischer抯 exact test and Chi?square test were used to determine the association with clinicopathological features among patients with OSCC and healthy controls with tobacco consumption habits. Results: Median level of p53?AAb is 0.234 U/mL (IQR 0.180.37U/mL) in healthy controls and 0.285U/mL (IQR 0.160.58U/mL) in OSCC. p53?AAbs was positive in 15% of 100 patients with OSCC, which was statistically higher (P < 0.001) among OSCC, and controls were negative for p53?AAb. No significant correlation of p53?AAbs with the patient抯 age, gender, site, clinical staging (TNM), and pathologic grade was observed. However, a significant association was seen between the node involvement and salivary p53?AAbs. Conclusion: Salivary p53?AAb positivity was seen in a higher proportion in OSCC patients than in healthy controls with tobacco consumption, and the levels did differ significantly among OSCC and healthy controls

Variaciones de alfa-amilasa salival relacionadas con edad, sexo e índice de masa corporal en estudiantes universitarios / Variations of salivary alpha-amylase related to age, sex and body mass index in university students

Objetivo. Determinar la presencia y dirección de la relación entre alfa-amilasa salival (AAs), edad, sexo e índice de masa corporal (IMC) en adultos jóvenes. Métodos. Este estudio transversal se desarrolló con una muestra de 50 estudiantes de odontología de 19 a 34 años de edad, 58% mujeres y 42% hombres. Se recogieron muestras de saliva entera sin estimular en la mañana (6:30-7:30 a.m.) y en la tarde (4:00-6:00 p.m.). Los valores de AAs se determinaron mediante método cinético y se expresaron como media ± desviación estándar. Se realizaron análisis descriptivo de datos, prueba de chi-cuadrado, prueba de correlación de Pearson y prueba t de muestras pareadas. Resultados. El IMC promedio fue de 23,85 ± 3,30 kg/m2, 66% de los participantes presentó peso normal (IMC ≤ 25 kg/m2). Los niveles de AAs por la tarde (282,74 ± 59,60 U/ml) fueron mayores a los de la mañana (190,84 ± 61,80 U/ml), (t = 16,51, p < 0,0001). Los hombres mostraron niveles de AAs más altos que las mujeres (p < 0,0001). La edad no mostró asociación con los niveles de AAs. Los valores de IMC y AAs presentaron una correlación positiva (AM: r = 0,35, p = 0,0121; PM: r = 0,40, p = 0,0036). Conclusión. El nivel de actividad de AAs se puede utilizar como posible biomarcador para evaluar el IMC en relación con el sexo, especialmente en los adultos jóvenes.

Objective. To determine the presence and direction of the relationship between salivary alpha-amylase (sAA), age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) in young adults. Methods. This cross-sectional study was developed with a sample of 50 dental students from 19 to 34 years of age, 58% women and 42% men. Unstimulated whole saliva samples were collected in the morning (6:30-7:30 a.m.) and in the afternoon (4:00-6:00 p.m.). sAA values were determined by the kinetic method and expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Descriptive data analysis, chi-square test, Pearson correlation test, and paired samples t-test were made. Results. Mean BMI was 23.85 ± 3.30 kg/m2, 66% of the participants presented normal weight (BMI ≤ 25 kg/m2). Levels of sAA in the afternoon (282.74 ± 59.60 U/ml) were higher than those in the morning (190.84 ± 61.80 U/ml), (t = 16.51, p < 0, 0001). Men showed higher levels of sAA than women (p < 0.0001). Age did not show an association with sAA levels. BMI and AAs values presented a positive correlation (AM: r = 0,35, p = 0,0121; PM: r = 0,40, p = 0,0036). Conclusions. AAs activity level can be used as a potential biomarker to assess BMI in relation to sex, especially in young adults.

Detection and Quantification of Epstein Barr Virus in Saliva and Subgingival Plaque in Paediatric Patients with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Background: Epstein Barr virus (EBV), an oncogenic human herpes virus, has been associated with malignant tumours of epithelial cells and B lymphocytes. Active replication in blood has been reported in 32% of Indian children with ALL by real time PCR. Epstein Barr virus is released into saliva from epithelial cells and saliva is known to play an important role in transmission of Epstein Barr virus. This study was designed to detect, quantify and assess the Epstein Barr virus in saliva and subgingival plaque of paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and compare with controls. There are reports where EBV had been detected and quantified in saliva in hematopoietic malignancies other than ALL. There are no reported studies that have detected and quantified EBV in saliva and subgingival plaque samples. Aim: To study the presence of Epstein Barr virus in saliva and subgingival plaque of paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia Objective: To assess the prevalence of Epstein Barr virus in saliva and subgingival plaque of paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Material and Methods: EBV DNA extraction was done from unstimulated saliva and subgingival plaque samples from healthy paediatric individuals (n=20) and paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (n=20), as per the protocol of the Indigenous SmartPrepTM Genomic DNA Extraction Kit. The extracted DNA was subjected to quantitative real time Polymerase Chain Reaction (q-rtPCR) to detect and quantify EBV. Results: Statistically significant difference was observed between ALL and controls with respect to age, height, weight, haemoglobin, red blood cell count, white blood cell count, platelet count and mean oral hygiene index. EBV was detected in 4 cases of saliva samples of ALL patients above the threshold value and all these 4 patients also presented with acute respiratory infections. There was a statistical significant difference between the two groups on comparison of threshold values (> 6.841) of final qPCR amplification plot (0.035). Mean EBV viral load in saliva samples in Group I (N=20) was 103812 ± 164452.2040 copies/ml and Group II (N=20) was 88464.0 ± 177418.3829 copies/ml. Statistically significant difference (p=0.004) was observed in the study groups with respect to EBV viral load. Conclusion: EBV is present in some ALL patients and should be considered as a factor associated with systemic morbidity. Further studies are needed to ascertain a causal relationship, if any, between EBV and ALL in paediatric patients.

Effects of E-Cigarettes (Vaping) on the Oral Microbiome – a Narrative Review

Introduction: E-cigarettes, also referred to as electronic cigarettes, are gaining popularity as an alternative to tobacco use. Although their use has significantly increased recently, there is still much debate over their effectiveness and safety as smoking cessation aids. Objective: This review paper’s objective is to offer an inclusive evaluation of the body of research about the impact of ecigarettes on the oral microbiome and oral health. Methodology: Data was extracted from PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus to compile scientific evidence for a narrative review article on the effects of e-cigarettes on the oral microbiome. The investigation was restricted to published research articles from 2001 to 2022, using pre-defined search phrases for e-cigarettes, vaping, quitting smoking, oral microbiota, and oral health. Results: The chemicals in e-cigarettes, including nicotine, propylene glycol, vegetable glycerin, flavorings, and chemical additives, cause a dysbiosis that can lead to a variety of conditions, including dental caries, periodontal diseases, and a variety of mental health issues, such as bone loss, gingival tissue inflammation, and increased plaque accumulation. The chemical toxicity of e-cigarettes, including nicotine and other components present in e-cigarette aerosols, has been implicated in various oral health problems that lead to systemic complications. Conclusion: A wide range of oral health sequelae may be associated with e-cigarette use. Future investigation should focus on elucidating the long-term effects of e-cigarette use on oral microbiomes, and overall health and exploring potential strategies for minimizing the adverse impacts on oral health.

Potencial remineralizante de una saliva sintética: estudio in vitro / Remineralizing potential of synthetic saliva: an in vitro study / Potencial remineralizador de uma saliva sintética: um estudo in vitro

RESUMEN Objetivo : Evaluar el efecto remineralizante de una saliva sintética en el esmalte dental bovino erosionado. Materiales y métodos : Se prepararon 50 bloques de esmalte de dientes de bovino. Las muestras fueron divididas en 5 grupos de estudio según el tratamiento: grupo A (Colgate Total®, pasta de dientes que contiene fluoruro), grupo B (MI Paste Plus®, pasta de dientes que contiene fosfopéptido de caseína-fosfato de calcio amorfo [CPP-ACP] con fluoruro), grupo C (Salival® Solución, saliva sintética), grupo D (agua destilada) y grupo E (sin tratamiento). Todos los especímenes de los grupos A, B, C y D recibieron ataques con ácido cítrico al 0,5 % durante 2 minutos a las 0, 8, 24 y 32 horas. Después de cada ataque ácido, se aplicaron las pastas de dientes correspondientes a cada grupo de tratamiento. Luego se procedió a evaluar el grado de mineralización mediante microscopía Raman y la microdureza superficial mediante microdureza Vickers. Resultados : Respecto al grado de mineralización y la dureza superficial, no se encontraron diferencias significativas (p > 0,05) en el esmalte dental bovino erosionado tratado con Colgate Total®, MI Paste Plus® y Salival® Solución en comparación con las muestras de esmalte sano; sin embargo, todas presentaron un grado de mineralización y dureza superficial significativamente mayor que las muestras de esmalte de dientes bovinos erosionados conservados en agua destilada (p < 0,05). Conclusión : Este estudio in vitro muestra que la saliva sintética Salival® Solución tiene un potencial remineralizante en el esmalte bovino erosionado.

ABSTRACT Objective : To evaluate the remineralizing effect of synthetic saliva on eroded bovine dental enamel. Materials and methods : 50 enamel blocks were prepared from bovine teeth. The specimens were divided into 5 study groups according to treatment: group A (Colgate Total®, toothpaste containing fluoride), group B (MI Paste Plus®, toothpaste containing casein phosphopeptide, amorphous calcium phosphate [CPP-ACP] with fluoride), group C (Salival® Solution, synthetic saliva), group D (distilled water) and group E (no treatment). All specimens in groups A, B, C and D received 0.5% citric acid attacks for 2 minutes at 0, 8, 24 and 32 hours. After each acid attack, toothpastes corresponding to each treatment group were applied. The degree of mineralization was then evaluated by Raman microscopy and surface microhardness by Vickers microhardness. Results : Regarding the degree of mineralization and surface hardness, no significant differences (p > 0.05) were found in the eroded bovine tooth enamel treated with Colgate Total®, Mi Paste Plus® and Salival® Solution in comparison with the healthy enamel samples. But all presented a significantly higher degree of mineralization and surface hardness than the eroded bovine tooth enamel samples preserved in distilled water (p < 0.05). Conclusion : This in vitro study shows that the synthetic saliva Salival® Solution has a remineralizing potential on eroded bovine enamel.

RESUMO Objetivo : Avaliar o efeito remineralizante de uma saliva sintética no esmalte dentário bovino erodido. Materiais e métodos : Foram preparados 50 blocos de esmalte de dentes de bovinos. As amostras foram divididas em 5 grupos de estudo de acordo com o tratamento: grupo A (Colgate Total®, pasta dentífrica contendo flúor), grupo B (MI Paste Plus®, pasta dentífrica contendo fosfopeptídeo de caseína, fosfato de cálcio amorfo [CPP-ACP] com flúor), grupo C (Salival® Solution, saliva sintética), grupo D (água destilada) e grupo E (sem tratamento). Todos os espécimes dos grupos A, B, C e D receberam um ataque ácido cítrico a 0,5% durante 2 minutos às 0, 8, 24 e 32 horas. Após cada ataque ácido, foram aplicadas as pastas dentífricas correspondentes a cada grupo de tratamento. O grau de mineralização foi então avaliado por microscopia Raman e a microdureza superficial por microdureza Vickers. Resultados : Relativamente ao grau de mineralização e à dureza da superfície, não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (p > 0,05) no esmalte dentário bovino erodido tratado com Colgate Total®, Mi Paste Plus® e Salival® Solution em comparação com as amostras de esmalte saudável. Mas todos mostraram um grau significativamente mais elevado de mineralização e dureza superficial do que as amostras de esmalte de dentes de bovinos erodidos preservados em água destilada (p < 0,05). Conclusão : Este estudo in vitro mostra que a saliva sintética Salival® Solution tem um potencial remineralizante no esmalte bovino erodido.

Salivary Metabolites in Patients with Mucopolysaccharidosis

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the salivary metabolites profile of Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) types I, II, IV, and VI patients. Material and Methods: The participants were asked to refrain from eating and drinking for one hour before sampling, performed between 7:30 and 9:00 a.m. Samples were centrifuged at 10.000 × g for 60 min at 4°C, and the supernatants (500µl) were stored at −80°C until NMR analysis. The salivary proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra were acquired in a 500 MHz spectrometer, and TOCSY experiments were used to confirm and assign metabolites. Data were analyzed descriptively. Results: Differences in salivary metabolites were found among MPS types and the control, such as lactate, propionate, alanine, and N-acetyl sugar. Understanding these metabolite changes may contribute to precision medicine and early detection of mucopolysaccharidosis and its monitoring. Conclusion: The composition of low molecular weight salivary metabolites of mucopolysaccharidosis subjects may present specific features compared to healthy controls.

Efeitos imediatos da fotobiomodulação na produção de saliva / Immediate effects of photobiomodulation on saliva production

RESUMO Objetivo Verificar os efeitos imediatos da fotobiomodulação na produção do fluxo salivar e a correlação dos dados demográficos, antropométricos e de uso de medicamentos. Método Participaram do estudo 100 indivíduos saudáveis, com idade entre 18 e 76 anos (média 27,2 anos), divididos de forma randomizada em grupo experimental e grupo placebo. Foram realizadas as avaliações das medidas antropométricas, autopercepção da produção de saliva e a sialometria. Na sequência, realizou-se a irradiação do LASER no comprimento de onda infravermelho (808 nanômetros) com 100 miliwatts (mw) de potência em cinco pontos intraorais: nas glândulas sublingual e bilateralmente nas submandibulares e parótidas, nas doses 9, 18 e 24 joules (J). A sialometria foi repetida após cada aplicação. O grupo controle recebeu os mesmos procedimentos com equipamento placebo. Resultados Houve associação estatística na autopercepção de redução da saliva no grupo experimental para a dose de 24J e na sialometria e na redução do fluxo salivar para as doses 18J e 24J e aumento para 9J, em ambos os grupos. Não houve associação quando comparado entre os grupos experimental e placebo. A análise de regressão multinomial múltipla revelou que a redução ou o aumento do fluxo salivar independe das variáveis demográficas, antropométricas e uso de medicamentos. Conclusão A ação bioinibitória da fotobiomodulação sobre as glândulas salivares saudáveis ocorreu em dose de 18J e 24J, já ação bioestimulante na dose 9J, independe das variáveis demográficas, antropométricas e uso de medicamentos. A autopercepção da redução do fluxo salivar ocorreu em 24J.

ABSTRACT Purpose To verify the immediate effects of photobiomodulation on the production of salivary flow and the correlation of demographic, anthropometric and medication use data. Methods The study included 100 healthy individuals, aged between 18 and 76 years (mean 27.2 years), randomly split into an experimental group and a placebo group. Assessments of anthropometric measurements, self-perception of saliva production and sialometry were performed. Next, LASER irradiation was carried out at an infrared wavelength (808 nanometers) with 100 milliwatts (mw) of power at five intraoral points: on the sublingual glands and bilaterally on the submandibular and parotid glands, at doses of 9, 18 and 24 joules (J). Sialometry was repeated after each application. The control group received the same procedures with placebo equipment. Results There was a statistical association in the self-perception of reduced saliva in the experimental group for the 24J dose and in sialometry and in the reduction in salivary flow for the 18J and 24J doses and an increase to 9J, in both groups. There was no association when comparing the experimental and placebo groups. Multiple multinomial regression analysis revealed that the reduction or increase in salivary flow is independent of demographic, anthropometric and medication use variables. Conclusion The bioinhibitory action of photobiomodulation on healthy salivary glands occurred at a dose of 18J and 24J, while the biostimulant action happened at a dose of 9J, regardless of demographic, anthropometric variables and medication use. The self-perception of reduced salivary flow occurred at 24J.

Targeted saliva metabolomics in Sjogren's syndrome

Abstract Objective: Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune exocrinopathy, and although, the role of metabolism in the autoimmune responses has been discussed in diseases such as lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and scleroderma. There is a lack of information regarding the metabolic implications of SS. Considering that the disease affects primarily salivary glands; the aim of this study is to evaluate the metabolic changes in the salivary glands' microenvironment using a targeted metabolomics approach. Methods: The saliva from 10 patients diagnosed with SS by the American-European consensus and 10 healthy volunteers was analyzed in an Ultra-high Performance Liquid Chromatograph Coupled Mass Spectrometry (UPLCMS). Results: The results showed an increased concentration in SS of metabolites involved in oxidative stress such as lactate, alanine and malate, and amino acids involved in the growth and proliferation of T-cells, such as arginine, leucine valine and isoleucine. Conclusions: These results revealed that is possible to differentiate the metabolic profile of SS and healthy individuals using a small amount of saliva, which in its turn may reflect the cellular changes observed in the microenvironments of damaged salivary glands from these patients.

Salivary biomarkers in non-invasive oral cancer diagnostics: a comprehensive review

Abstract Objective This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of saliva as a non-invasive diagnostic marker for oral cancer. Despite progress in oral cancer diagnosis and prognosis, the 5-year survival rate remains low due to the resistance to treatment and delayed diagnosis, which can be attributed to various factors including tobacco and alcohol consumption, genetic damage, and human papillomavirus (HPV). The potential use of saliva as an easily accessible non-invasive screening and diagnostic method arises from its direct contact with the lesion site. Methodology Data for this study were gathered via a comprehensive literature evaluation using search engines such as the PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and SciFinder. Results Identifying salivary biomarkers shows potential to transform oral cancer diagnostics by offering a reliable alternative to the traditional invasive methods. Saliva is an abundant reservoir for both cell-bound and cell-free organic and inorganic constituents. Thus, saliva is an appropriate field for research in proteomics, genomics, metagenomics, and metabolomics. Conclusion This review provides a comprehensive elucidation of salivary biomarkers and their function in non-invasive oral cancer diagnosis, demonstrating their potential to enhance patient outcomes and reduce the impact of this devastating disease.

Effect of saliva contamination and different decontamination protocols on microshear bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin / Efeito da contaminação por saliva e de diferentes protocolos de descontaminação na resistência de união ao microcisalhamento de um adesivo universal à dentina

Objective: To evaluate the effect of saliva contamination and different decontamination protocols on the microshear bond strength of a universal adhesive to dentin. Material and Methods: 84 bovine teeth were divided into three groups according to bonding stage at which salivary contamination occurred; before curing of the adhesive, after curing of the adhesive, and a control group with no salivary contamination. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups according to the decontamination protocol used (n=7): no decontamination protocol, rinsing then reapplication of the adhesive, grinding with sandpaper silicon carbide grit 600 then reapplication of the adhesive and finally ethanol application then reapplication of the adhesive. Specimens were tested in micro-shear mode. Results: All the decontamination protocols used in this study to reverse effect of salivary contamination before curing significantly improved the bond strength to contaminated dentin (p<0.001). Meanwhile, after curing, ethanol decontamination protocol recorded highest bond strength followed by rinsing and grinding compared to no decontamination (p<0.001). Conclusion: Saliva contamination led to significant deterioration in the bond strength regardless of the bonding stage at which saliva contamination occurred. All decontamination protocols improved the immediate microshear bond strength when contamination occurred before curing of the adhesive, while ethanol seemed to be the most effective both before curing and after curing (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da contaminação por saliva e de diferentes protocolos de descontaminação na resistência de união ao microcisalhamento de um adesivo universal à dentina. Material e Métodos: 84 dentes bovinos foram divididos em três grupos de acordo com o passo operatório do protocolo adesivo em que ocorreu a contaminação por saliva: antes da polimerização do adesivo, ou após a polimerização do adesivo e um grupo controle sem contaminação por saliva. Cada grupo foi subdividido em quatro subgrupos de acordo com o protocolo de descontaminação utilizado (n=7): sem protocolo de descontaminação; lavagem seguida da reaplicação do adesivo; lixar a região com lixa de carbeto de silício de granulação 600 e reaplicar o adesivo; aplicar etanol e reaplicar o adesivo. Os espécimes foram testados no modo de micro-cisalhamento. Resultados: Todos os protocolos de descontaminação utilizados neste estudo em busca de reverter o efeito da contaminação do adesivo por saliva melhoraram significativamente a resistência de união à dentina contaminada (p<0,001). Enquanto isso, após a polimerização, o protocolo de descontaminação com etanol resultou na maior resistência de união, seguido pela lavagem, e depois pelo lixamento, em comparação com nenhum protocolo de descontaminação (p<0,001). Conclusão: A contaminação por saliva levou a uma deterioração significativa na resistência de união, independentemente do passo operatório do protocolo adesivo em que ocorreu a contaminação por saliva. Todos os protocolos de descontaminação melhoraram a resistência de união ao microcisalhamento imediato quando a contaminação ocorreu antes da polimerização do adesivo, enquanto o etanol pareceu ser o protocolo mais eficaz nos dois tipos de contaminação (antes e depois da polimerização).

In vitro reduction of enamel erosion by sugarcane-derived cystatin associated with sodium trimetaphosphate

Abstract The objective of this in vitro study was to assess the efficacy of CaneCPI-5, either alone or in combination with various concentrations of sodium trimetaphosphate (TMP) in protecting against initial enamel erosion. A total of 135 bovine enamel specimens were prepared and categorized into nine groups (n/group=15) according to the following treatments: Deionized water; Commercial solution (Elmex Erosion ProtectionTM); 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5; 0.5% TMP; 1.0% TMP; 3.0% TMP; 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5+0.5% TMP; 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5+1.0%TMP; and 0.1 mg/mL CaneCPI-5+3.0%TMP. The specimens were treated with the respective solutions for 2 h, followed by acquired enamel pellicle formation for 2 h and exposure to 0.65% citric acid (CA) for 1 min. These procedures were repeated once a day for three consecutive days. Demineralization was assessed by the percentage change in surface hardness (%CSH) and calcium release into CA, analyzed by the Arsenazo III method. The data were evaluated using Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn's tests. Regarding %CSH, CaneCPI-5+3.0%TMP was the most effective treatment when compared to the CaneCPI-5 group alone. As for calcium release into CA, the CaneCPI-5+0.5% TMP and CaneCPI-5 groups (both with lower calcium release) did not significantly differ from the commercial solution. In conclusion, combination of CaneCPI-5 with TMP enhances the protective potential against initial enamel erosion in vitro.

Salivary Changes, Systemic Conditions, and Medication Use in Independently-Living Aged: A Cross-Sectional Study

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the unstimulated salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity and their associations with systemic conditions and medication use in independently living aged. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 72 participants with a minimum of 60 years recruited in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A questionnaire was used to collect age, sex, presence of systemic diseases, and medications in continuous use. Salivary data collection was performed to determine unstimulated salivary flow, pH, and buffering capacity. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed (p<0.05). Results: Most of the sample had at least one systemic disease (81.9%) and used at least one medication (79.2%). Female participants (p=0.01), those with five or more systemic diseases (p<0.01), and hypertension (p=0.04) had reduced salivary flow. Participants with systemic diseases (p=0.02), taking any medication (p=0.04), in a polypharmacy regimen, and presenting hypertension (p=0.02) had more acidic salivary pH. Participants with diabetes had average salivary buffering capacity (p=0.02). In the adjusted multiple regression models, no explanatory variable was significantly associated with the salivary outcomes. Conclusion: Systemic alterations and medication use appear to be related to salivary changes in older adults. Integrative assessment of older adults is fundamental to identifying and controlling the factors that may modify their salivary characteristics.

Efeito do cigarro eletrônico na saliva e no epitélio da mucosa bucal / Effect of electronic cigarettes on saliva and oral mucosal epithelium

A utilização indiscriminada de cigarros eletrônicos (e-cigs) já representa um problema de saúde pública mundial e pouco se sabe quanto aos efeitos de seu uso sobre a saúde bucal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do uso do e-cig na saliva e na mucosa bucal de seus usuários. Foram formados dois grupos: Grupo Cigarro Eletrônico (GE) - 25 usuários regulares e exclusivos de e-cig; Grupo controle (GC) - 25 indivíduos não-fumantes, pareados em sexo e idade ao GE. A saliva não estimulada foi coletada para avaliar o metaboloma e o biofilme microcosmos. Em seguida, esfregaços foram coletados da borda lateral esquerda da língua para a avaliação dos genes IL1B, CXCL8, TNF, KRT1, KRT13, KRT19, TP16, TP21 e TP53, por meio de RT-qPCR. Os dados receberam tratamento estatístico de acordo com teste de Mann-Whitney. A análise discriminante por mínimos quadrados parciais (PLSDA), Heatmap e a análise biomarcadores foram realizados para o metaboloma. Um total de 101 metabólitos foram considerados na análise do metaboloma salivar. O perfil salivar do GE diferiu do GC, evidenciando 10 metabólitos distintos: isoleucina, ácido 2-hidroxiglutárico, ácido 3-fenilláctico, ácido linoleico, ácido 3- hidroxibutirico, 1,6 ­ anidroglucose, ácido glucurônico, valina, ácido esteárico, ácido elaídico. A análise do biofilme microcosmos do GE revelou uma atividade metabólica média aumentada em comparação ao GC. No entanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os grupos quanto à biomassa e à quantificação dos carboidratos salivares. Além disso, o GE apresentou um aumento significativo na contagem total de microrganismos, incluindo Streptococcus mutans e leveduras do gênero Candida. Em contraste, houve uma redução na contagem de Lactobacillus spp. Por fim, no GE, todos os genes encontravam-se regulados negativamente, com exceção do TP53. Frente aos resultados obtidos, conclui-se que o uso de e-cig impacta diretamente o perfil do metaboloma salivar, promove a disbiose da microbiota bucal, favorecendo o aumento de microrganismos cariogênicos e leveduras. Além disso, causa regulação negativa da expressão de genes relacionados a processos de inflamação e queratinização, e positiva do gene de reparo TP53 (AU)

The indiscriminate use of electronic cigarettes (e-cigs) has already become a global public health concern, with limited knowledge about their impact on oral health. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of e-cig use on the saliva and oral mucosa of its users. Two groups were formed: Electronic Cigarette Group (EG) - consisting of 25 regular and exclusive e-cig users, and the Control Group (CG) - consisting of 25 nonsmokers, matched by sex and age to the EG. Unstimulated saliva was collected to evaluate the metabolome and microcosm biofilm. Subsequently, smears were collected from the left lateral border of the tongue for the of gene expression evaluation of IL1B, CXCL8, TNF, KRT1, KRT13, KRT19, TP16, TP21 and TP53, using RT-qPCR. The data were statistically analyzed using the Mann-Whitney test. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), Heatmap and biomarkers analysis were performed for the metabolome. A total of 101 metabolites were considered in the salivary metabolome analysis. The salivary profile of EG differed from that of CG, highlighting 10 distinct metabolites: isoleucine, 2-hydroxyglutaric acid, 3-phenyllactic acid, linoleic acid, 3 hydroxybutyric acid, 1,6-anhydroglucose, glucuronic acid, valine, stearic acid and elaidic acid. The analysis of the EG microcosm biofilm revealed an increased mean metabolite activity compared to CG. However, no differences were observed between the groups regarding biomass and the quantification of salivary carbohydrates. Furthermore, the EG exhibited a significant increase in the overall count of microorganisms, including Streptococcus mutans and Candida yeasts. Conversely, the Count of Lactobacillus spp, decreased. Finally, in the EG, all genes were downregulated compared to the CG, except for TP53. Based on the obtained results, it is concluded that the e-cig use directly impacts the salivary metabolome profile, promotes dysbiosis of the oral microbiota, and favors the increase of cariogenic microorganisms and yeasts. Additionally, it causes downregulation of gene expression related to inflammation and keratinization processes, and upregulation of the repair gene TP53.(AU)

Tempo de viabilidade da saliva humana em meio externo para fins de extração e purificação do DNA: uma revisão de escopo / Viability time of human saliva in the external environment for DNA extraction and purification: a scoping review

Introdução: A análise do DNA salivar é uma dos métodos de identificação humana relacionados à Odontologia Legal. A coleta do material genético salivar consiste num processo simples e pouco invasivo, por possuir grande potencial discriminatório tem sido amplamente aplicado em investigações criminais. Objetivo: Por meio de uma revisão de escopo, objetivou-se mapear o tempo de viabilidade da saliva humana em meio externo para fins de extração e purificação de DNA. Material e Métodos: A revisão foi conduzida seguindo o protocolo JBI e registrada (doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/PN9ET). A estratégia de busca foi adaptada para as bases: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, Cochrane e Google Scholar, sem restrições sobre período de publicação ou idioma. Foram excluídos estudos que exploraram apenas as metodologias e materiais relacionados a extração de DNA , também aqueles que estudaram DNA de outros componentes que não a saliva. Resultados: Identificou-se 283 estudos. Após triagem inicial, 15 referências foram lidas na íntegra, sendo 6 incluídas na revisão, em função da confirmação da elegibilidade. Bitucas de cigarro, próteses dentárias, pastilhas de compressão dentária, cavidade oral e cartões de FTA foram os substratos descritos como fonte de saliva coletada. A viabilidade do DNA foi verificada em tempos que variaram de 1 dia à 11 anos. Conclusão: O protocolo de coleta e armazenamento das amostras é um fator que pode influenciar a quantidade e qualidade do material examinado, todavia, observou-se DNA viável em análise realizada uma década após a coleta da saliva e esse foi o tempo máximo de acompanhamento relatado nos estudos

Introduction: Salivary DNA analysis is one of the human identification methods related to forensic dentistry. Collection of salivary genetic material consists of a simple and poorly invasive process because it has great discriminatory potential has been widely applied in criminal investigations. Objective: Through a scope review, the feasibility time of human saliva was mapped in the external environment for DNA extraction and purification purposes. Material and Methods: The review was conducted following the JBI protocol and registered (doi: 10.17605/OSF.IO/PN9ET). The search strategy was adapted for the databases: Pubmed, Web of Science, Scopus, LILACS, Cochrane and Google Scholar, with no restrictions on period of publication or language. Studies that explored only methodologies and materials related to DNA extraction were excluded, as well as those that studied DNA from components other than saliva. Results: 283 studies were identified. After initial screening, 15 references were read in full, 6 of which were included in the review. Cigarette butts, dentures, dental compression tablets, oral cavity and FTA cards were the substrates described as a source of collected saliva. DNA viability was verified in times ranging from 1 day to 11 years. Conclusion: The sample collection and storage protocol is a factor that can influence the quantity and quality of the material examined, however, viable DNA was observed in an analysis performed a decade after saliva collection and this was the maximum reported follow-up time in the studies