Clinical spectrum of hypocalcaemia in children

Background: Hypocalcaemia is a biochemical abnormality commonly seen in paediatric population with a multi-factorial etiology having varied presentation ranging from acute emergency to chronic diagnostic dilemma. We studied the clinical profile of infants and children presenting with hypocalcaemia from 0 to 12 years of age. Methods: Clinical features, risk factors, precipitating factors, feeding/dietary practices of all children (0-12 years) visiting our tertiary care centre, from January 2019 to March 2020, diagnosed with hypocalcaemia were recorded and a correlation with serum calcium levels was studied. Results: Out of 92 patients having hypocalcaemia majority 57 (62%) were males. Majority of participants belonged to age group of 6 months-2 years i.e. 40 (43.48%). The commonest presentation was convulsions present in 39 (42.39%) participants affecting more children less than 2 years of age; whereas majority of children above 2 years of age presented with growth impairment. Risk factors identified were perinatal risk factors, faulty feeding practices in infants, inadequate dietary calcium intake in children, inadequate sun exposure. Amongst the biochemical factors precipitating hypocalcaemia, alkalosis showed significant association (p value 0.016) with degree of hypocalcaemia; most common etiology was vitamin D deficiency and nutritional rickets. Conclusions: Hypocalcemia plays vital role in infants and growing children because of its various implications on growth and development. Exposure to sunlight, vitamin D and calcium supplementation during pregnancy and lactation and infancy with good dietary calcium intake for children during their growth spurts can prevent complications. Health education and awareness of common risk factors for hypocalcaemia can prove helpful.

Study on the Medical Thought of Bibliographer SUN Congtian / 浙江中医药大学学报

[Objective]To explore SUN Congtian,a bibliophile,library scientist and proofreader in the Qing Dynasty,his achievements in collecting and reviewing ancient books of Chinese medicine and his academic thoughts on medicine.[Methods]Using the method of literature research,it summarized the medical bibliographies in SUN Congtian's Shangshantang Bibliograph,and studied Huoren Jinglun,Shizhi Medical Talk.[Results]In terms of ancient medical books,SUN Congtian collected and reviewed many ancient medical books,and put forward the idea of purchasing and collecting ancient medical books and editions.In terms of medical theory,he enlightened the student YE Tianshi's"collateral disease"theory and SHEN Jin'ao's"depression disease"diagnosis and treatment thought,and put forward the medical theory of"spleen and stomach construction".[Conclusion]SUN Congtian's Shangshantang Bibliography records 28 ancient Chinese medicine books,including many rare and precious editions.Huoren Jinglun and Shizhi Medical Talk have innovated medical theory and promoted the development of medical academia.His medical academic thought needs to be further explored and sorted out.

Efficacy of low-dose inhaled nitric oxide in the treatment of severe hypoxemia after Sun’soperation: A retrospective cohort study / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective To investigate the efficacy of low-dose inhaled nitric oxide (iNO) in the treatment of severe hypoxemia after Sun’s operation. Methods The clinical data of patients undergoing Sun’s operation for acute Type A aortic dissection in our hospital from January 2020 to June 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Patients who received conventional treatment before November 2021 were enrolled as a control group. After November 2021, iNO was used in our hospital, and the patients who received iNO as an iNO group. The preoperative clinical baseline data, perioperative clinical data and oxygenation index were compared between the two groups. Results A total of 54 patients were included in the control group, including 45 males and 9 females, with an average age of 53.0±10.9 years. A total of 27 patients were included in the iNO group, including 21 males and 6 females, with an average age of 52.0±10.6 years. The preoperative body mass index of the two groups was greater than 25 kg/m2, white blood cell count, C-reactive protein were significantly higher than normal level, but there was no statistical difference between the groups (P＞0.05). There were no statistical differences in intraoperative data between the two groups (P＞0.05). The iNO group had significantly shorter duration of mechanical ventilation, postoperative ICU stay, and postoperative hospital stay than the control group (P<0.001). After 12 h of iNO treatment, hypoxic condition improved obviously, oxygenation indices in 12 h, 24 h, 36 h,48 h, 60 h and 72 h in the iNO group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). Conclusion The treatment of severe hypoxemia after Sun’s surgery with low-dose of iNO is safe and effective, can significantly improve oxygenation function, and has significant advantages in shortening ventilator use time, postoperative ICU stay and postoperative hospital stay, but it is not significant in changing postoperative mortality.

Surgical treatment of Stanford type A aortic dissection after coronary artery stenting / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To retrospectively analyze the surgical treatment of Stanford type A aortic dissection after coronary artery stenting, and to explore the surgical techniques and surgical indications. Methods    Clinical data of 1 246 consecutive patients who underwent operations on Stanford type A aortic dissection from April 2016 to July 2019 in Beijing Anzhen Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection after coronary artery stenting were enrolled. Results    Finally 19 patients were collected, including 16 males and 3 females with an average age of 54±7 years ranging from 35 to 66 years. There were 11 patients in acute phase, 15 patients with AC (DeBakey Ⅰ) type and 4 patients with AS (DeBakey Ⅱ) type. In AC type, there were 10 patients receiving Sun's surgery and 5 patients partial arch replacement. Meanwhile, coronary artery bypass grafting was performed in 7 patients and mitral valve replacement in 1 patient. Stents were removed from the right coronary artery in 4 patients. In this group, 1 patient died of multiple organ failure in hospital after operation combined with malperfusion of viscera. Eighteen patients recovered after treatment and were discharged from hospital. The patients were followed up for 30 (18-56) months. One patient underwent aortic pseudoaneurysm resection, one thoracic endovascular aortic repair, one emergency percutaneous coronary intervention due to left main artery stent occlusion, and one underwent femoral artery bypass due to iliac artery occlusion. Conclusion    Iatrogenic aortic dissection has a high probability of coronary artery bypass grafting at the same time in patients with Stanford type A aortic dissection after coronary artery stenting. Complicated type A aortic dissection after percutaneous coronary intervention should be treated with surgery aggressively.

The Path Analysis of Integrating Sun Simiao’s Medical Ethics Thought into the Humanistic Spirit of Medical Students / 中国医学伦理学

Medicine is the subject of studying human and its inherent humanistic attribute endows medicine with the temperature it deserves. However, with the continuous improvement of medical testing technology and treatment technology, medical workers pay more attention to diseases and ignore humanistic care, which has become an important factor in the aggravation of patients’ burden and the tension relationship between doctors and patients. There are many virtues in Chinese traditional culture. Sun Simiao’s medical ethics thought of "great doctor with professionalism and sincerity" embodies the core value of the humanistic spirit of Chinese traditional medicine. In his medical ethics thought, the moral and ethics of "great doctor with professionalism and sincerity", the medical practice attitude of "being cautious and diligent", the values of "benevolence for the world" and the professional conduct of "honesty and truth" still have strong practical significance at present. It is the good material to cultivate the humanistic spirit of medical students. This is of great value to integrate Sun Simiao’s medical ethics thought into cultivate medical students with both "professionalism" and "sincerity", practice the original intention of medical and health undertakings, and carry forward cultural self-confidence.

Comparison of Differential Saponin Contents and Pro-angiogenic Activities on Zebrafish Between Freeze-dried and Sun-dried Panacis Quinquefolii Radix Decoction Pieces / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze and determine the differential components of freeze-dried and sun-dried Panacis Quinquefolii Radix（PQR）， and to compare the differences in their pro-angiogenic activities. MethodFingerprints of freeze-dried and sun-dried PQR were established based on ultra performance liquid chromatography（UPLC）， and chemometrics methods such as principal component analysis（PCA） and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis（OPLS-DA） were combined to determine the differential saponin composition of the two decoction pieces， and six representative saponins were selected and their contents in freeze-dried and sun-dried PQR were determined by UPLC. Transgenic zebrafish line Tg（fli1a∶EGFP） embryos fertilized for 24 h were selected， and different doses of 70% methanol extracts of freeze-dried and sun-dried PQR（10， 30 mg·L-1） were used to intervene in normal zebrafish and in a zebrafish model of intersegmental vascular（ISV） injury induced by vascular endothelial growth factor（VEGF） receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor Ⅱ（PTK787）， then the development of subintestinal vein（SIV） and ISV of zebrafish was observed， SIV diameter， mean number of crossings and mean number of germinations were determined， and the ISV vascular index was calculated， in order to compare the pro-angiogenic activities of the two decoction pieces. ResultThe similarity of the fingerprints of freeze-dried and sun-dried PQR decoction pieces was>0.950， and 17 common peaks were identified， of which 6 common peaks were designated as peak 6（ginsenoside Rg1）， peak 7（ginsenoside Re）， peak 8（ginsenoside Rb1）， peak 11（ginsenoside Rc）， peak 13（ginsenoside Rb2）， and peak 16（ginsenoside Rd）， respectively. A total of 11 differential saponin components were screened by PCA and OPLS-DA， indicating that there were some differences in the contents of the components in the two decoction pieces. The results of determination showed that the contents of ginsenosides Rg1， Re， Rb1 and Rb2 in freeze-dried PQR were higher than those in sun-dried PQR， while the contents of ginsenosides Rc and Rd were lower than those in sun-dried PQR（P<0.05， P<0.01）. In the study of the pro-angiogenic effect on normal zebrafish embryos， compared with the blank group， and the SIV vessel diameter， mean germination rate and mean crossover rate were significantly higher in the high-dose groups of freeze-dried and sun-dried PQR（P<0.01）， and the vessel diameter， mean numbers of crossings and germinations in the freeze-dried PQR group were higher than those of the sun-dried PQR group（P<0.05）. In the study of the pro-angiogenic effect on zebrafish embryos with ISV injury， the development of ISV in the model group was significantly inhibited when compared with the blank group， compared with the model group， different dose groups of freeze-dried and sun-dried PQR could promote the growth and sprouting of ISV， and the number of normal blood vessels in the freeze-dried PQR group was significantly higher than that in the sun-dried PQR group at the same dosage（P<0.05）. ConclusionFreeze-drying can effectively avoid the loss and secondary transformation of ginsenosides in PQR， and its angiogenic activity is better than that of sun-dried PQR， which can provide a reference for the production and development of high-quality PQR decoction pieces.

Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding skin cancer among health sciences students in Turkey: A cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Healthcare professionals' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding skin cancer are important for reducing the future impact of the disease. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated university students' knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs about skin cancer and examined the variables influencing their attitudes and beliefs about the disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Faculty of Health Sciences at Manisa Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey. METHOD: A total of 960 students participated in this study. Data were collected using the Student Introduction Form, Fitzpatrick Skin Type Scale, Skin Cancer and Sun Knowledge Scale (SCSKS), and Health Belief Model Scale for Skin Cancer (HBMSSC). RESULTS: The mean SCSKS score of the participants was 14.91 ± 4.23. The mean HBSSC scores of the participants were 23.58 ± 7.79 for perceived susceptibility, 14.79 ± 4.59 for perceived severity, 20.64 ± 6.60 for perceived benefits, 15.93 ± 4.09 for perceived barriers, and 21.78 ± 7.14 for self-efficacy. The mean SCSKS total scores of the university students were significantly and positively correlated with the HBMSSC subdimensions. Gender explained 1.58 of the variance in perceived benefits and 1.65 of the variance in self-efficacy, whereas the SCSKS score explained most other variables. CONCLUSION: The students' knowledge of skin cancer and sun protection was moderate. Their attitudes and beliefs regarding skin cancer were unexpected. This study identified students' knowledge of skin cancer and sun protection as the most important variables for improving their attitudes and beliefs about skin cancer.

Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D deficiency among hospital staff in tertiary care center: a cross sectional study

Background: Vitamin D deficiency (VDD) is prevalent across all age groups in general population not sparing the health care workers. This study aimed to assess the prevalence and risk factors of VDD among the hospital workers of tertiary care center in Kashmir valley. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 216 apparently healthy subjects were screened for VDD from three groups, group A- minimal sunlight exposure (office employees), group B- moderate sunlight exposure (nursing students) and group C- abundant sunlight exposure (gardeners). Serum calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, 25-hydroxy vitamin D [25(OH)D], PTH levels and urine calcium/creatinine was assessed in all subjects. Dietary assessment of vitamin D (VD) and calcium intake was done using three days dietary recall. The percent body surface area (BSA) exposed to sunshine was estimated by applying the Wallace rule of nine. Results: Serum 25(OH)D level was found to be lower in group A (17.29±10.87) as compare to group B (21.78±16.37) and group C (26.40±15.59). Prevalence of VDD was 71.6%, 70.6% and 50% in group A, group B and group C respectively. VDD was more prevalent in females and risk increased with age and BMI, decreased with duration of daily sunlight exposure, percentage BSA and dietary VD intake. Conclusions: Burden of VDD is high among hospital workers despite their direct contact with healthcare. Strategies should be made to screen them regularly and supplementation of VD should be provided to effectively counteract VDD.

STABILITY TOLERANCE OF SUNFLOWER OIL -IN-WATER EMULSION EMULSIFIED BY SOYA LECITHIN FOR FOOD GRADE ACIDS

Oil-in-water emulsion has promised values in food, pharmaceutical, drug, cosmetic and allied industries. The stable emulsion with long shelf life increases its utility. Many avouring agents are used to increase shelf life as preservative or commercial value. Food grade acids are used to in the emulsion preparation which enhances the taste or avour. The present study focuses the usage of acetic acid, phosphoric acid and oxalic acid. The emulsions for different acids are prepared ranging concentration from 0.001 to 0.003M using lecithin as emulsier and sunower oil. Experiments were done to study organoleptic properties with respect to basicity and dissociation constant values. The colour of the primary emulsion was creamy white and sustainable for acetic acid emulsion to 28 day at experimental temperature 10, 25 and 40 0C. Oxalic acid is recorded a low pH value 1.88 for 0.003 M emulsion solution in compare with acetic acid (3.63) and phosphoric acid (2.32).The relative conductance measurement for oxalic acid shows a very high value 5.6mS to acetic acid 0.257mS and phosphoric acid 0.247 mS. The rst dissociation constant value 5.6x10-2 of oxalic acid is larger relatively compare to phosphoric acid 7.5 x 10-3 and acetic acid 1.8 x10-5. Basicity of acids increases from acetic acid (mono basic), oxalic acid (dibasic) to phosphoric acid (tri-basic).These results strongly supports that basicity and dissociation constant values of acids conspicuously inuence the stability of the emulsion. Higher value of dissociation constant value and basicity, lower the stability of the emulsion.

Mummucina huaripampae sp. nov. (Solifugae: Mummuciidae), a new solifuge species from the Peruvian Central Andes

A new species of Mummuciidae, Mummucina huaripampae sp. nov., from Huaripampa, between 3352 and 3568 m a.s.l. in the department of Junín, central Peru, is described and illustrated. This is the first Mummucina species registered for Junín, and the fourth for Peru. With this description, the number of known Mummucina species rises to seven.

Una nueva especie de Mummuciidae, Mummucina huaripampae sp. nov. colectada en Huaripampa, entre 3352 y 3568 m de altitud en el departamento de Junín, en el Perú central, es descrita e ilustrada. Esta es la primera especie de Mummucina registrada para Junín y la cuarta para Perú. Con esta descripción, el número de especies conocidas de Mummucina asciende a siete.

New aortic arch-clamping technique in Sun’s procedure to repair acute Type A aortic dissection: an early clinical analysis of 67 cases in a single center / 中华胸心血管外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of new arch-clamping technique in Sun’s procedure to repair acute type A aortic dissection.Methods:67 consecutive patients with acute type A aortic dissection who underwent total arch replacement and frozen elephant trunk implantation(TAR+ FET) from Dec 2019 to Dec 2022 with using new arch-clamping technique during operation. Relative intraoperative and postoperative variables and complications were compared.Results:Cardiopulmonary bypass time was(166.66±32.81)min, the aortic occlusion time was(100.49±19.96)min, the circulatory arrest time was(3.97±1.63)min, the lowest nasopharyngeal temperature was(25.716±1.304)℃, and the lowest bladder temperature was(26.209±1.552)℃. The whole group died in hospital in 2 cases(2.98%), cerebral infarction in 3 cases(4.48%), transient neurological dysfunction in 4 cases(5.97%), paraplegia patients in 1 case(1.49%), renal failure requiring continuous dialysis in 4 cases(5.97%).Conclusion:New arch-clamping technique decrease postoperative complication, and is a safe and feasible innovative approach to effectively improve surgical outcome of Sun’s procedure for repair of acute type A aortic dissection.

Chief physician SUN Wuquan's experience collection in treating neck-type cervical spondylosis with Tuina therapy / 针灸推拿医学（英文版）

The article analyzes chief physician SUN Wuquan's empirical characteristics in treating neck-type cervical spondylosis:disease differentiation combined with pattern differentiation,emphasizing the assessment of tendons and bones,with DING's Tuina(Chinese therapeutic massage)manipulations and static Gongfa(Qigong exercise)as the predominant treatment,inherits the academic features of DING's Tuina school,"paying equal attention to tendons and bones,putting function first";thus provides a reference for treating neck-type cervical spondylosis with Tuina therapy.

Correlation Analysis Between Material Basis and Color Characteristics of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Decoction Pieces During Ancient Classical Nine-time Repeating Steaming and Sun-drying Processing / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo analyze the dynamic changes of the main chemical components and color characteristics of Polygoni Multiflori Radix（PMR） during the process of ancient classical nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and to explore the correlation between the changes. MethodHigh performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） was used to determine the contents of gallic acid， stilbene glycoside， emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside， physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside， emodin and physcion in PMR during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying， and electronic eye technology was used to objectively characterize the color of PMR during the process. Partial least squares（PLS） was used to analyze the correlation between the content of main components and the color characteristics. ResultDuring the nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying process of PMR， the content of gallic acid gradually increased with the increase of steaming and sun-drying times， and the contents of other components showed fluctuating changes， with an overall decreasing trend in the contents of stilbene glycoside， emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside and physcion-8-O-β-D-glucoside， and an overall increasing trend in the contents of emodin and physcion. The results of electronic eye analysis showed that the color of PMR became dark， red and blue in the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. The results of hierarchical cluster analysis（HCA） and principal component analysis（PCA） of the contents of six main components and the colors showed that the samples steamed and sun-dried for one to four times could be grouped into one category， the other five categories of samples could be grouped into another category. Gallic acid and stilbene glycoside were significantly correlated with the color indexes of PMR during the process of nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying. ConclusionThe general changes of material basis and color characteristics of PMR during the process of ancient classical nine-time repeating steaming and sun-drying have certain rules， and the establishment of the correlation model between color and index components can realize the judgment and quality evaluation of processing degree of PMR decoction pieces.

Professor SUN Shen-tian's experience in acupuncture treatment of depression based on "psychosomatic medicine" / 中国针灸

This paper introduces professor SUN Shen-tian's clinical thoughts and his characteristics of acupuncture techniques for the treatment of depression based on "psychosomatic medicine". Professor SUN, the master of traditional Chinese medicine, believes that depression refers to comorbidity of "heart mind" and "body", resulting from the "body-mind" disharmony, specially dominated by the emotional disorder. This disease is located in the brain, with the injury of mind and closely related to the heart and liver dysfunction. In pathogenesis, the dysfunction of brain mind and the unhealthy conditions of body and mind are involved. The treatment should focus on "regulating the mind, improving the intelligence, co-modulating the abdominal and brain functions and treating the physical and mental disorders". Baihui (GV 20), Ningshen (Extra) and emotional area on the head are selected as the main points to benefit the intelligence and calming down the mind; the abdominal region 1 and region 8 of "Sun's abdominal acupuncture" are used as the main points of the abdomen to regulate the brain functions. The point prescription is modified according to the symptoms and etiologies. The repeated transcranial acupuncture stimulation and electroacupuncture at low frequency (2 Hz) are crucial to the therapeutic effect. Reliving anxious emotions is specially considered before acupuncture, and the mind is protected and deqi is consolidated during acupuncture.

Professor SUN Weizheng's Experience in Diagnosing and Treating Multiple Myeloma with the Clearing-Releasing Therapy / 中医杂志

The article summarized professor SUN Weizheng's clinical experience in treating multiple myeloma using the clearing-releasing therapy. It is believed that the mechanism of multiple myeloma is kidney essence insufficiency， pathogenic toxin erosion， and blinding of phlegm and stasis. The treatment should consider both the deficiency and the excess， and the root and branch. Thus， the clearing-releasing therapy is proposed. “Clearing” refers to the approach of supplementing deficiency and reinforcing health while advocating the use of clearing and supplementing products to replenish without generating additional pathogenic factors. Additionally， products that clear heat， resolve toxins， dispel stasis， dissolve phlegm， and eliminate masses is suggested to benefit for clearing away pathogenic toxins. “Releasing” means to replenish the normal yang qi with sweet-warm and acrid-warm products on the basis of “clearing” method， and to release the cold pathogen constraint in the muscles and bones. Based on the principle of clearing and releasing， the selfmade Jishi Beverage （济世饮） is formulated to supplement the kidney and secure essence， dispel phlegm and dissolve stasis， resolve toxins and dissipate masses. The prescription can be modified according to syndrome differentiation. It is also advocated to use multiple methods and pay attention to external therapies such as enema for relieving constipation and draining heat， and to combine acupuncture and medicine to relieve pain.

Destruction of Being "Lifted": A Study on Klara and the Sun from the Perspective of Bioethics / 中国医学伦理学

Klara and the Sun is the first work published by Kazuo Ishiguro after he won the Nobel Prize for Literature. Its publication attracted widespread attention for he turned his attention to the gene-editing technology. By telling the story of Clara, an artificial friend (AF) designed to accompany "lifted" children, the author revealed the ethical problems caused by the application of gene-editing technology to "lifted" children. From the theoretical perspective of bioethics and its basic principles, this paper interpreted the ethical issues of gene-editing technology from three aspects that: "lifted" technology, "lifted" technology implementer, and "lifted" technology implementation consequence, and analyzed Kazuo Ishiguro’s technical ethics proposition.

SUN Shen-tian's clinical experience in treating Tourette's syndrome with acupuncture / 中国针灸

To introduce the clinical experience of professor SUN Shen-tian in treatment of Tourette's syndrome (TS) with acupuncture. TS is a psychosomatic disease and the core pathogenesis refers to blood deficiency producing internal wind. The disease is located in the heart and liver. Acupoints are selected according to the functional orientation of the cerebral cortex. The extrapyramidal system area is preferred for tic disorder, and the emotional area is for behavioral disorder. The treatment focuses on regulating the mind by multiple methods, including manual needling technique used the transcranial repeated acupuncture, and regulating the mind by taking multiple acupoints, Baihui (GV 20), Neiguan (PC 6), Shenmen (HT 7) and Dazhong (KI 4) are stimulated. For abdominal twitching and mental symptoms of TS children, the first and third abdominal areas are selected. The target symptoms (biao) are treated specially by local acupoints, the combination of the starting and ending acupoints of the affected meridian, or the acupoints of the meridians with same name. The modified chaihu longgu muli decoction and siwu decoction are prescribed to sooth liver, nourish blood and soothe wind. In association with the characteristics and target symptoms of TS, the sequential therapy is used with filiform needling, intradermal needling, Chinese herbal medication and psychotherapy.

Genome-wide identification of SUN gene family in Fragaria vesca and stresses-response analysis / 生物工程学报

SUN gene is a group of key genes regulating plant growth and development. Here, SUN gene families of strawberry were identified from the genome of the diploid Fragaria vesca, and their physicochemical properties, genes structure, evolution and genes expression were also analyzed. Our results showed that there were thirty-one FvSUN genes in F. vesca and the FvSUNs encoded proteins were classified into seven groups, and the members in the same group showed high similarity in gene structures and conservative motifs. The electronic subcellular localization of FvSUNs was mainly in the nucleus. Collinearity analysis showed that the members of FvSUN gene family were mainly expanded by segmental duplication in F. vesca, and Arabidopsis and F. vesca shared twenty-three pairs of orthologous SUN genes. According to the expression pattern in different tissues shown by the transcriptome data of F. vesca, the FvSUNs gene can be divided into three types: (1) expressed in nearly all tissues, (2) hardly expressed in any tissues, and (3) expressed in special tissues. The gene expression pattern of FvSUNs was further verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Additionally, the seedlings of F. vesca were treated by different abiotic stresses, and the expression level of 31 FvSUNs genes were assayed by qRT-PCR. The expression of most of the tested genes was induced by cold, high salt or drought stress. Our studies may facilitate revealing the biological function and molecular mechanism of SUN genes in strawberry.

Plants with antioxidant activity and their potential use as sun protector agents in Costa Rica

SUMMARY Aims: To carry out a bibliographic review related to plants available in Costa Rica that have demonstrated antioxidant power and a sun protection factor (SPF) suitable to be used in sunscreen products. Methods: The bibliographic review was carried out using different descriptors and by consulting different databases. Results: Information about antioxidant power about acerola, avocado, carrots, passion fruit, moringa, banana, pumpkin and amaranth, guava, matico, ginkgo, blackberry, mango, coffee was obtained. The information obtained suggests that the mentioned plants could be used for the formulation of sunscreens. Conclusion: Sun protection products should be used every day to prevent skin damage; some sunscreens produce allergic reactions, so it is necessary to investigate natural options to be used in sun protection products. Some natural products exhibit SPF values that allow their incorporation as sun protection agents, adjuvants, or enhancers in sunscreens.

Objetivo: llevar a cabo una investigación bibliográfica sobre plantas disponibles en Costa Rica que han demostrado su poder antioxidante y un factor de protector solar (SPF) apto para ser utilizados en protectores solares. Métodos: la revisión bibliográfica se realizó utilizando diferentes descriptores y mediante la consulta en diferentes bases de datos. Resultados: se obtuvo información sobre el poder antioxidante de las plantas: acerola, aguacate, zanahoria, maracuyá, moringa, banano, calabaza y amaranto, guayaba, matico, ginkgo, mora, mango, café. La información obtenida sugiere que las plantas mencionadas podrían ser utilizadas para la formulación de protectores solares. Conclusiones: los protectores solares deben ser utilizados diariamente para prevenir el daño sobre la piel. Algunos de estos productos generan reacciones alérgicas y por esta razón es necesario investigar posibles opciones naturales para ser incorporadas en bloqueadores solares. Algunos productos naturales exhiben valores de SPF que permiten su uso como agentes protectores solares, adyuvantes o potenciadores en los bloqueadores solares.

Objetivo: realizar uma pesquisa bibliográfica sobre plantas disponíveis na Costa Rica que demonstraram poder antioxidante e um fator de proteção solar (FPS) adequado para uso em protetores solares. Métodos: a revisão bibliográfica foi realizada usando diferentes descritores e consultando diferentes bases de dados. Resultados: foram obtidas informações sobre o poder antioxidante das plantas: acerola, abacate, cenoura, maracujá, moringa, banana, abóbora e amaranto, goiaba, matico, ginkgo, amora, manga, café. As informações sugerem que as referidas plantas poderiam ser utilizadas para a formulação de protetores solares. Conclusões: protetores solares devem ser usados diariamente para prevenir danos à pele. Alguns desses produtos geram reações alérgicas e por isso é necessário investigar possíveis opções naturais para serem incorporadas aos protetores solares. Alguns produtos naturais apresentam valores de FPS que permitem seu uso como protetores solares, adjuvantes ou potencializadores em protetores solares.

A review of the physiological effects of Suryanamaskar in children

Increasing physical inactivity in children necessitates the exploration of physical activities that can confer health benefits. The purpose of this study was to review the literature regarding the physiological benefits of Suryanamaskar, a composite yogasana on physical fitness in children. Primary source articles in English, published between 1980 and 2020, in peer-reviewed journals were included. A literature review was carried out using PubMed, Cochrane-Library, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Keywords used were “Suryanamaskar,” “physical fitness,” “sun-salutation,” “physiological effects,” “physical activity,” “health promotion,” “yoga,” and “children.” The methodological quality of the studies was assessed using the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. The effect of Suryanamaskar training on physical fitness components, namely flexibility, muscle strength, cardiorespiratory endurance, and cognition, was reviewed. Seven studies matched the inclusion criteria. All seven studies were randomized controlled trials. The level of evidence was of fair quality with a high risk of bias. Following Suryanamaskar intervention, improvement in musculoskeletal function—muscle strength and endurance, and the flexibility of hip joint, wrist joint, hamstrings, and dorso-lumbar fascia were reported. Improvements in cardiorespiratory variables such as peak expiratory flow rate forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume, vital capacity, and reduction in blood pressure and heart rate are reported in children. Improvements in cognition were also observed following Suryanamaskar’s intervention. Suryanamaskar training confers health benefits and improves physical fitness components such as muscle strength, flexibility, cardiorespiratory endurance, and cognition. Suryanamaskar can emerge as a useful tool to increase physical fitness, deter physical inactivity, and promote healthy behavior (sanskar) in school-going children. High-quality longitudinal randomized control trials need to be undertaken to confirm the same.