Retrograde intrarenal surgery with or without ureteral access sheath: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ABSTRACT Introduction: The ureteral access sheath (UAS) is a medical device that enables repeated entrance into the ureter and collecting system during retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Its impact on stone-free rates, ureteral injuries, operative time, and postoperative complications remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing RIRS with versus without UAS for urolithiasis management. Purpose: To compare outcomes from retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for stone extraction with or without ureteral access sheath (UAS); evaluating stone-free rate (SFR), ureteral injuries, operative time, and postoperative complications. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library in June 2024 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety outcomes of UAS use in RIRS for urolithiasis treatment. Articles published between 2014 and 2024 were included. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) were calculated for binary and continuous outcomes, respectively. Results: Five RCTs comprising 466 procedures were included. Of these, 246 (52.7%) utilized UAS. The follow-up ranged from 1 week to 1 month. UAS reduced the incidence of postoperative fever (RR 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-0.84; p=0.009), and postoperative infection (RR 0.50; 95% CI 0.30-0.83; p=0.008). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of SFR (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.99-1.11; p=0.10), ureteral injuries (RR 1.29; 95% CI 0.95-1.75; p=0.11), operative time (MD 3.56 minutes; 95% CI −4.15 to 11.27 minutes; p=0.36), or length of stay (MD 0.32 days; 95% CI −0.42 to 1.07 days; p=0.40). Conclusion: UAS leads to a lower rate of post-operative fever and infection. However, UAS did not significantly reduce or increase the SFR or the rate of ureteral injuries during RIRS for patients with urolithiasis. The use of UAS should be considered to decrease the risk of infectious complications, particularly in those who may be at higher risk for such complications.

Sutura em Polia Retificada para síntese de feridas de pele tensionadas / Rectified Pulley Suture for the synthesis of tensioned skin wounds

Introdução: A síntese de feridas de pele tensionadas é uma área que tem sido alvo de estudos para o desenvolvimento de técnicas de sutura que sejam capazes de realizar o fechamento primário dessas feridas com alívio de tensão, garantindo uma cicatrização adequada e evitando complicações como deiscência, edema, sangramento e infecção. Método: Esta pesquisa tratou-se de um estudo piloto, sendo a primeira apresentação da técnica de Sutura em Polia Retificada para síntese de feridas de pele tensionadas através do acompanhamento prospectivo, duplo-cego, de uma série de casos de 8 pacientes randomicamente admitidos no centro cirúrgico de um hospital de alta complexidade de uma cidade de médio porte. Resultados: A Sutura em Polia Retificada é uma técnica versátil e apta para lidar com feridas de pele tensionadas, uma vez que no intraoperatório conseguiu fechar por primeira intenção lesões de até 6,5 centímetros e de diferentes regiões tensionadas sem necessidade do uso de técnicas mais complexas, como retalhos, enxertos, zetaplastia e fechamento por segunda intenção. Além disso, no pós-operatório, houve redução dos escores da POSAS, indicando um processo de cicatrização satisfatório tanto para os observadores quanto para o paciente. É imprescindível mencionar, também, que o desfecho mais temido no seguimento dos pacientes com feridas tensionadas submetidos a fechamento primário - a deiscência - foi completamente evitado. Conclusão: A técnica é simples, confiável, segura e reprodutível, com curta curva de aprendizagem, de forma que a Sutura em Polia Retificada pode ser considerada como uma nova ferramenta a ser integrada ao arsenal cirúrgico.

Introduction: The synthesis of tensioned skin wounds is an area that has been the subject of studies for the development of suturing techniques that are capable of performing the primary closure of these wounds with tension relief, ensuring adequate healing, and avoiding complications such as dehiscence, edema, bleeding, and infection. Method: This research was a pilot study, being the first presentation of the Rectified Pulley Suture technique for the synthesis of tensioned skin wounds through prospective, double-blind monitoring of a series of cases of 8 patients randomly admitted to the surgical center of a high-complexity hospital in a mediumsized city. Results: Rectified Pulley Suture is a versatile technique suitable for dealing with tensioned skin wounds, since intraoperatively it was able to close, by first intention, lesions measuring up to 6.5 centimeters and in different tensioned regions without the need for the use of more extensive techniques. complex, such as flaps, grafts, Z-plasty, and secondary intention closure. Furthermore, post-operatively, there was a reduction in POSAS scores, indicating a satisfactory healing process for both observers and the patient. It is also essential to mention that the most feared outcome in the follow-up of patients with tension wounds undergoing primary closure - dehiscence - was completely avoided. Conclusion: The technique is simple, reliable, safe, and reproducible, with a short learning curve, so the Rectified Pulley Suture can be considered a new tool to be integrated into the surgical arsenal.

Long-term functional outcomes and surgical retreatment after thulium laser enucleation of the prostate: A 10-year follow-up study

ABSTRACT Background: To evaluate the 10-year functional outcomes (primary) and frequency and predictors of BPH surgical retreatment (secondary) after ThuLEP. Materials and Methods: A single-center retrospective analysis of consecutive patients undergoing ThuLEP between 2010 and 2013 was performed. Inclusion criteria were: age ≥ 40 years, prostate volume (PV) ≥ 80 mL, International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)-Total score ≥ 8 points. IPSS-Total score was the primary outcome, and BPH surgical retreatment rate was the secondary outcome. Paired t-test, McNemar test, and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to compare variables. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate predictors of surgical retreatment. Results: A total of 410 patients with a mean ±SD age of 63.9 ± 9.7 years and a PV of 115.6 ± 28.6 mL were included. Mean ±SD follow-up was 108.2 ± 29.6 months. IPSS-Total score was significantly improved at 1 year compared to baseline (23.3 ± 4.7 vs. 10.3 ± 3.8; p<0.001). It was similar after 5 years (10.5 ± 3.6 vs. 10.7 ± 5.0; p=0.161), with a significant worsening at 10 years (10.3 ±4.8 vs. 13.8 ±4.5; p=0.042) but remaining statistically and clinically better than baseline (13.8 ±4.5 vs. 22.1 ±4.3; p<0.001). After 10 years, 21 (5.9%) patients had undergone BPH reoperation. Baseline PV (adjusted OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09-1.41; p<0.001) and time from BPH surgery (adjusted OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.15-1.43; p<0.001) were predictors of BPH surgical retreatment. Conclusions: ThuLEP is associated with optimal functional outcomes and a low frequency of BPH surgical retreatment in the long-term. Baseline PV and time from surgery were predictors of BPH reoperation.

Protective techniques for parathyroid glands in endoscopic thyroidectomy / 国际外科学杂志

Surgery is an important means of clinical treatment of thyroid diseases. For thyroid diseases that have failed conservative treatment, surgical treatment is recommended. With the maturation of thyroid endoscopy technology and the increasing demand for cosmetic surgery, more and more thyroid endoscopic surgeries are being performed. Endoscopic thyroid surgery has the advantages of small incision, less bleeding, less postoperative complications, less scar tissue, and so on, which has been clinically recognized and approved. Although endoscopic surgery has achieved remarkable results in the treatment of thyroid diseases, how to effectively protect the parathyroid gland during surgery and avoid hypothyroidism is one of the difficulties that surgeons pay attention to. In this paper, the identification and protection techniques of the parathyroid gland during endoscopic thyroid surgery were analyzed, and summarized, in order to provide a reference for improving the protection techniques of the parathyroid gland during endoscopic thyroid surgery.

Comparison of clinical outcome between the percutaneous pedicle screw fixation and Wiltse approach for the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures without neurological injury / 国际外科学杂志

Objective:To compare the safety and efficacy of two different minimally invasive approaches to implant pedicle screw for the treatment of single-segment thoracolumbar spine fractures without nerve injury.Methods:This was a retrospective study. Eighty patients with mono-segmental thoracolumbar fractures treated with minimally invasive pedicle screw fixation at Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University from January 2020 to June 2022 were included. There were 46 males and 36 females, the age was (45.93±7.91) years old, and ranged from 27 to 60 years old. They were divided into two groups according to different surgical techniques: percutaneous pedicle screw fixation group ( n=44) and Wiltse approach group ( n=36). The operative time, operative visible blood loss, hidden blood loss, total blood loss, fluoroscopy times, incision length, hospital time after surgery and ambulation time were compared. Visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), ratio of the vertebral anterior height, angle of injured vertebral endplate were recorded and compared between two groups before surgery and at 3 days, 6 months and 1 year after surgery. The accuracy of pedicle screw position and the facet joint violation rate were evaluated by using the postoperative CT scan. Perioperative related complications were investigated. Normally distributed numerical data were presented as mean ± standard deviation, and differences between the groups were compared using t-test. The counting data were expressed as percentages or rates and compared using χ2 test. Results:All patients were followed for a minimum of 12 months. There is no significant difference between the two groups in intraoperative visible blood loss, hospital time after surgery, ambulation time, postoperative VAS and ODI, ratio of vertebral anterior height and angle of injured vertebral endplate at 3 days after surgery, pedicle screw position accuracy and perioperative complications ( P>0.05). The operative time, hidden blood loss, total blood loss, intraoperative fluoroscopy times, facet joint violation rate in the percutaneous pedicle screw fixation group were remarkably higher than in the Wiltse approach group ( P<0.05). The ratio of vertebral anterior height in the percutaneous pedicle screw fixation group was dramatically lower than in the Wiltse approach group at 6 months and 1 year after surgery ( P<0.05). The postoperative injured vertebral endplate angle was higher in the percutaneous pedicle screw fixation group than that in the Wiltse approach group at 6 months and 1 year ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Both percutaneous pedicle screw fixation and Wiltse approach were safe and effective minimally invasive surgical procedures for the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures without neurological injury. The Wiltse approach can reduce fluoroscopy times and perioperative hidden blood loss, reduce the risk of facet joint violation, and maintain a better reduction than percutaneous pedicle screw fixation.

Incidence of venous thromboembolism in esophageal cancer: a real-world study of 8 458 cases / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with esophageal cancer (EC).Methods:The retrospective cohort study was conducted. The clinicopathological data of 8 458 EC patients who were admitted to Sichuan Cancer Hospital from January 2017 to December 2021 were collected. There were 6 923 males and 1 535 females, aged (64±9)years. There were 3 187 patients undergoing surgical treatment, and 5 271 cases undergoing non-surgical treatment. Observation indicators: (1) incidence of VTE in EC patients; (2) treatment and outcomes of patients with VTE. Measurement data with normal distribution were represented as Mean± SD, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the t test. Measurement data with skewed distribution were represented as M(range), and comparison between groups was analyzed using the nonparameter rank sum test. Count data were expressed as absolute numbers or percentages, and comparison between groups was analyzed using the chi-square test or Fisher exact probability. Comparison of ordinal data was analyzed using the nonparameter rank sum test. Results:(1) Incidence of VTE in EC patients. Of 8 458 EC patients, 175 cases developed VTE, with an incidence rate of 2.069%(175/8 458). Among 175 VTE patients, there were 164 cases of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 4 cases of pulmonary embolism (PE), 7 cases of DVT and PE. There were 59 surgical patients and 116 non-surgical patients. There was no significant difference in thrombus type between surgical and non-surgical EC patients with VTE ( χ2=1.95, P>0.05). Of 3 187 surgical patients, the incidence of VTE was 1.851%(59/3 187), including an incidence of 0.157%(5/3 187) of PE. PE accounted for 8.475%(5/59) of surgical patients with VTE. Of 5 271 non-surgical patients, the incidence of VTE was 2.201%(116/5 271), including an incidence of 0.114%(6/5 271) of PE. PE accounted for 5.172%(6/116) of non-surgical patients with VTE. There was no significant difference in the incidence of VTE or PE between surgical patients and non-surgical patients ( χ2=1.20, 0.05, P>0.05). (2) Treatment and outcomes of patients with VTE. Among 175 EC patients with VTE, 163 cases underwent drug treatment, and 12 cases did not receive treatment. Among 163 cases with drug therapy, 158 cases underwent anticoagulant therapy, 5 cases were treated with thrombolysis. All the 163 patients were improved and discharged from hospital. Conclusions:The incidence of VTE in patients with EC is relatively low, as 2.069%. There is no significant difference in the incidence of VTE or thrombus type between surgical EC patients and non-surgical EC patients.

Interpretation of clinical practice guidelines of diagnosis and treatment of hepatobiliary tumors: hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma / 中华消化外科杂志

Primary liver cancer is a highly malignant tumor of the digestive tract, charac-terized by an insidious onset and frequently accompanied by local progression or distant metastasis. Although surgical resection is typically the optimal treatment for patients with locally resectable tumors, the major challenge in achieving long-term survival prognosis lies in the high postoperative recurrence rate. Due to the substantial heterogeneity and complexity of primary liver cancer, a multimodal comprehensive treatment approach involving surgical resection, systemic therapy ( e.g., targeted therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy), and/or local treatment is commonly employed. As research regarding primary liver cancer continues to progress, it becomes crucial for surgical oncologists to acquire a deep understanding and proficiency in the latest surgical diagnostic and treatment methods, along with optimal patient selection and management strategies. The authors aim to comprehensively elaborate on the latest practice guidelines for surgically treatment of primary liver cancer and systematically outline the key points in evaluating primary liver cancer, primarily focusing on hepatocellular carcinoma and intrahepatic bile duct carcinoma, and offer pertinent recommendations for clinical treatment, thus providing robust evidence in the clinical management and decision-making for patients with primary liver cancer.

Clinical and radiological characteristics analysis of 172 cases with resected pancreatic serous cystic neoplasm / 中华胰腺病杂志

Objective:To analyze the clinical and radiological features of patients with resected pancreatic serous cystic neoplasm (SCN).Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical and radiological data of 172 patients with pancreatic SCN who underwent surgical resection and were pathological confirmed at Peking Union Medical College Hospital from September 2014 to April 2022. These patients were categorized into two cohorts including 2014—2018 cohort ( n=84) and 2019—2022 ( n=88) for comparative analysis based on the operation time. Results:The radiological diagnostic accuracy for SCN was found to be notably low at 11.6%(20/172), which was mostly misdiagnosed as mucinous cystic neoplasms (86/172, 50.0%) and intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (35/172, 20.3%). No statistically significant variance was observed on the misdiagnosis rate between the two cohorts. There was a substantial increase of the number of lesions located in pancreatic body and tail (76.1% vs 53.6%, P=0.004) and a marked decrease in the number of those located in pancreatic head and neck (22.7% vs 39.3%, P=0.019) in 2019-2022 cohort, compared to the 2014-2018 cohort. Furthermore, there was a significant reduction in the occurrence of SCN calcification and peri-lesional venous alterations (22.8% vs 45.1%, P=0.006; 25.0% vs 46.4%, P=0.003), a decrease in the presence of fibrous scarring within SCN (31.8% vs 45.2%, P=0.070), and an increase in cases with dilatation of the upstream main pancreatic duct (28.2% vs 16.3%, P=0.065). The clinical characteristics and the rate of postoperative complications did not significantly differ between the two cohorts. Complication rates after pancreatoduodenectomy were significantly higher than those following distal pancreatectomy (46.4% vs 22.9%, P=0.010). The presence of clinical symptoms was significantly linked to the size of SCN and the expansion of the main pancreatic duct (45.4% vs 29.3%, P=0.032; 64.9% vs 31.2%, P<0.001). Conclusions:The accuracy of preoperative radiological diagnosis for SCN is still low, with a noted increase in the proportion of SCN exhibiting atypical radiological features in recent years. The frequency of postoperative complications is relatively high and does not have an obvious decreased trend.

Analysis of risk factors of pleural effusion after spinal separation / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of pleural effusion after spinal separation surgery for patients with spinal metastatic tumors.Methods:A total of 427 patients with spinal metastatic tumors from January 2014 to January 2022 in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine were retrospectively analyzed. There were 252 males and 175 females, with an average age of 59±12 years (range, 15-87 years). All patients underwent separation surgery. Based on the chest CT within 1 month after surgery, the volume of pleural effusion was measured individually by reconstruction software. Pleural effusion was defined as small volume (0-500 ml), moderate volume (500-1 000 ml), and large volume (above 1 000 ml). Baseline data and perioperative clinical outcomes were compared between the groups, and indicators with statistically significant differences were included in a binary logistic regression analysis to determine the independent risk factors for the development of pleural effusion after isolation of spinal metastatic cancer. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were conducted to calculate the area under the curve (AUC) for each independent risk factor.Results:All patients successfully completed the operation. Among the 427 patients, there were 35 cases of large pleural effusion, 42 cases of moderate pleural effusion, and 350 cases of small pleural effusion. There were significant differences in tumor size (χ 2=9.485, P=0.013), intraoperative blood loss ( Z=-2.503, P=0.011), blood transfusion ( Z=-2.983, P=0.003), preoperative total protein ( Z=2.681, P=0.007), preoperative albumin ( Z=1.720, P= 0.085), postoperative hemoglobin ( t=2.950, P=0.008), postoperative total protein ( Z=4.192, P<0.001), and postoperative albumin ( t=2.268, P=0.032) in the large pleural effusion group versus the small and moderate pleural effusion group. Logistic regression analysis showed that decreased preoperative albumin ( OR=0.89, P=0.045) and metastases located in the thoracic spine ( OR=4.01, P=0.039) were independent risk factors for the occurrence of large pleural effusion after separation surgery. The ROC curve showed that the AUC and 95% CI for preoperative albumin, lesion location, and the combined model were 0.637 (0.54, 0.74), 0.421 (0.36, 0.48), and 0.883 (0.81, 0.92). The combined predictive model showed good predictive value. Conclusion:The volume of pleural effusion can be measured individually and quantitatively based on chest CT. Decreased preoperative albumin and metastases located in the thoracic spine are independent risk factors for the occurrence of large pleural effusion after separation surgery. The combined prediction of the two factors has better predictive efficacy.

Mid-and long-term efficacy of modified Colonna arthroplasty in the treatment of unilateral dislocation type of juvenile developmental dysplasia of the hip / 中华骨科杂志

Objective:To investigate the mid-and long-term clinical efficacy of modified Colonna arthroplasty in the treatment of unilateral dislocation type developmental dysplasia of hip (DDH) in adolescents.Methods:A total of 28 adolescent DDH patients with unilateral dislocation who underwent modified Colonna capsular arthroplasty from January 2016 to January 2018 in the 920th Hospital of Joint Logistics Support Force of People's Liberation Army were retrospectively analyzed. There were 4 males and 24 females, aged 16.5±5.0 years (range, 10-25 years). The mean body mass index was 21.2±1.1 kg/m 2 (range, 18.7-24.1 kg/m 2). According to DDH classification, 10 cases were Tonnis type III and 18 cases were Tonnis type IV. The postoperative lateral center-edge angle, acetabular coverage, femoral anteversion angle and leg length discrepancy were measured. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, visual analogue scale (VAS) of hip pain, Harris hip score (HHS) and congenital dislocation of the hip score were recorded. Results:All patients successfully completed the operation and were followed up for 72.1±5.2 months (range, 60-84 months). The operation time was 81.6±4.3 min (range, 70-90 min), the intraoperative blood loss was 177.5±12.6 ml (range, 160-200 ml), and the hospital stay was 6.8±0.7 days (range, 6-9 days). The VAS score of the hip joint was 1.8±0.6 before operation and 2.3±0.6 at the last follow-up, and the difference was not statistically significant ( t=2.845, P=0.224). The preoperative HHS score was 57.1±5.9, and it increased to 87.3±4.0 at the last follow-up, and the difference was statistically significant ( t=-22.141, P=0.001). At the last follow-up, the femoral anteversion angle was 17.0°±1.5°, which was lower than that before operation 41.6°±2.4°, with a statistically significant difference ( t=-44.868, P=0.008). The leg length discrepancy was 10.2±2.3 mm, which was lower than that before operation (26.4±6.1 mm), with a statistically significant difference ( t=-12.892, P<0.001). The lateral center-edge angle was 28° (26°, 30°), and the acetabular coverage rate was 78% (76%, 79%). The curative effect evaluation standard score of congenital dislocation of the hip was 24 (16.7, 25.7) points, including 7 excellent cases, 14 good cases, 4 fair cases, and 3 poor cases. The excellent and good rate was 75% (21/28). Conclusion:The modified Colonna arthroplasty for the treatment of unilateral dislocation DDH in adolescents has good mid-and long-term hip function recovery and radiographic improvement.

Assessment of the clinical efficacy of surgical treatment for cervical lymph node tuberculosis / 中华老年医学杂志

Objective:To assess the effectiveness and practical value of surgery in clinical treatment of cervical lymph node tuberculosis.Methods:110 patients receiving surgical treatment for tuberculosis at Hunan Provincial Chest Hospital between January 2020 and December 2022 were selected, all of whom were diagnosed with cervical lymph node tuberculosis.According to patient preferences, they were divided into two groups, a drug treatment group consisted of 60 patients receiving conventional Western medicine treatment and a surgical treatment group of 50 patients receiving surgical treatment.Statistical analysis was made to compare the clinical efficacy, recurrence rate, complications, quality of life, and patient satisfaction between the two groups.Results:The overall clinical effectiveness rate was higher in the surgical treatment group than in the drug treatment group(94.00% vs.70.00%, χ2=10.170, P=0.001), with the rate higher in the surgical treatment group than in the drug treatment group for patients under 60 years of age(64.29% vs.40.00%, χ2=-6.996, P=0.035), but there was no difference in therapeutic efficacy between the two groups for patients aged 60 and above(54.55% vs.40.00%, Z=3.842, P=0.146). Compared with the drug treatment group, the surgical treatment group had a lower recurrence rate(8.00% vs.46.67%, χ2=19.767, P<0.001)and a lower rate of complications(8.00% vs.21.67%, χ2=3.899, P=0.048), but higher scores of quality of life in all four domains(physical function: 64.02±4.49 vs.76.11±4.47, t=14.090, P<0.001; material life: 66.50±2.39 vs.81.03±2.28, t=32.417, P<0.001; psychological function: 62.98±2.51 vs.79.24±2.50, t=33.892, P<0.001; social function: 63.12±3.39 vs.76.08±3.51, t=19.645, P<0.001)and a higher level overall patient satisfaction(90.00% vs.66.67%, χ2=8.455, P=0.004). Conclusions:Surgical treatment for cervical lymph node tuberculosis patients has better efficacy, fewer complications and better prognosis and is clinically practical and highly valuable.

Recommendations from Annals of Surgical Oncology： Clinical guidelines for extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma / 临床肝胆病杂志

Biliary tract carcinoma （BTC） is a type of gastrointestinal tumor with a low incidence rate and a strong invasive ability， mainly including intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma （ICC）， extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma （ECC）， and gallbladder carcinoma （GC）， often accompanied by local progression or distant metastasis. Surgery is often the preferred treatment method for patients with local resectable tumor； however， there is still a high risk of recurrence after radical surgery. Therefore， multiple treatment modalities are often required for BTC patients， including surgical resection， systemic treatment （such as targeted therapy， chemotherapy， and immunotherapy）， and/or a combination of local treatment methods. With the development of the field of BTC， it is critical for surgical oncologists to understand and master the latest surgical strategies and the best patient selection and management systems. In view of the complexity of treatment and the continuous development of diagnosis and treatment techniques， Annals of Surgical Oncology， an authoritative American journal of cancer surgery， recently published the practical diagnosis and treatment guidelines for hepatobiliary tumors， including hepatocellular carcinoma （HCC）， ICC， ECC， and GC， aiming to provide more evidence-based evidence for the clinical management and decision-making of patients with hepatobiliary tumors. Due to the limitations of length and different emphases， this article mainly introduces the recommendations for the evaluation points and clinical treatment of ECC and GC in the guidelines， so as to provide a reference for clinical practice.

The value of ultrasonography combined with serum thyroglobulin levels in preoperative N staging and therapeutic effect evaluation in patients with thyroid cancer / 中国基层医药

Objective:To investigate the clinical value of ultrasonography combined with serum thyroglobulin (Tg) levels in preoperative N staging and therapeutic effect evaluation in patients with thyroid cancer.Methods:A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of 125 patients with thyroid cancer who underwent total thyroidectomy at The 903 Hospital of PLA Joint Logistics Support Force between January 2016 and December 2021. Based on the pathological results, the patients were divided into stages N0, N1a, and N1b. Consistency testing was performed to assess the consistency between ultrasonographic and pathological findings. The serological markers were compared between stage N0 and stage N1. A multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted to investigate the correlation between antithyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and Tg and lymph node metastasis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the diagnostic value of serum Tg, ultrasonography, and the combination of serum Tg with ultrasonography for lymph node metastasis.Results:Among the 125 patients, 51 cases were diagnosed with stage N1, including 36 cases of stage N1a and 15 cases of stage N1b. The pathological examination confirmed stage N0 in 74 cases. Ultrasonography results showed stage N0 in 96 cases, stage N1a in 7 cases, and stage N1b in 22 cases. The preoperative N staging of thyroid cancer patients by ultrasonography was moderately consistent with the pathological staging ( Kappa = 0.44, P < 0.001). Serum free triiodothyronine and Tg levels were higher in stage N1 compared with stage N0 ( P < 0.001), while serum TPOAb levels were lower in stage N1 than in stage N0 ( P = 0.017). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed with lymph node metastasis as the dependent variable and the factors FT3, TPOAb, and Tg levels as independent variables. The analysis revealed that Tg was associated with lymph node metastasis ( OR = 1.02, P < 0.001). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve for serum Tg level and ultrasonography for the diagnosis of lymph node metastasis were 0.67 and 0.65, respectively, which were significantly lower than the area under the curve (0.76) for the combined detection ( P < 0.001). Conclusion:The combined utilization of ultrasonography and serum Tg levels in the preoperative staging of thyroid cancer patients holds distinct clinical relevance. Notably, this combined approach offers a more precise diagnosis of lymph node metastasis compared with ultrasonography alone. Consequently, when making clinical judgments regarding preoperative lymph node metastasis, it is advisable to consider the results of both ultrasonography and serum Tg testing to facilitate surgical planning and evaluate surgical outcomes.

Progresses in clinical application of intraoperative ultrasound:Innovate and develop precision surgery / 中国医学影像技术

Intraoperative ultrasound(IOUS)has been widely used in surgical procedures due to its advantages of convenience,excellent reproducibility and low cost.In recent years,with the continuous development of ultrasound equipment,IOUS has become increasingly important for achieving precision surgical procedures.The progresses in clinical application of IOUS were reviewed in this article.

Surgical intervention strategies for liver metastasis of neuroendocrine tumors / 临床肝胆病杂志

Neuroendocrine tumors are a group of rare tumor diseases that can occur in various visceral organs of the human body and exhibit significant tumor heterogeneity， and they often lead to secondary tumors mostly involving the liver and carcinoid syndrome. Liver metastasis is an important cause of treatment failure in patients with neuroendocrine tumor， and timely and reasonable surgical interventions that can effectively control disease progression to achieve the disease-free state or the goal of radical treatment and prolong the overall survival of patients has been a focus of research by clinicians and researchers in recent years. With reference to actual clinical work and working experience， this article reviews and discusses the surgical treatment strategies for liver metastasis of neuroendocrine tumors based on related strategies in China and globally and the latest diagnosis and treatment guidelines in China.

Trauma in the vertebral spine: determining factors in the time for the surgery / Traumatismo na coluna vertebral: fatores determinantes no tempo para realização da cirurgia / Lesiones en la columna vertebral: factores determinantes en el tiempo para la cirugía

ABSTRACT Objective: Quantify the time elapsed between the arrival of the patient with surgical trauma in the spine at the emergency room and the completion of the surgical procedure, analyzing the factors that may have influenced this process. Methods: Retrospective study that included individuals of both sexes aged between 18 and 100 years who arrived at a tertiary trauma center with surgical fractures in the spine. Patients treated between March 2018 and March 2022 were included in the sample. All data to compose the study sample were collected from secondary data sources (medical records). Results: Medical records of 259 patients with spinal injuries were evaluated. Approximately one-third of the patients were operated on between 13h and 24h, and the other third over 72h. Only 6.6% were operated within 12 hours. The mean time to perform the surgical process was 84.3 ± 144.6 hours. Surgical intervention for most patients (59.1%) occurred within the first 48 hours. Patients with systemic arterial hypertension and patients with at least one comorbidity had a statistically longer mean waiting time for the surgical procedure than patients who did not have these characteristics. Conclusion: Most surgical interventions occurred in the first 48 hours, which is considered early. In addition, some factors, such as the existence of comorbidities, are directly associated with the time it takes to perform the surgical procedure. Level of Evidence II; Retrospective Prognostic.

Resumo: Objetivo: Quantificar o tempo decorrido entre a chegada do paciente com trauma cirúrgico na coluna vertebral ao pronto-socorro e a realização da intervenção cirúrgica, analisando os fatores que podem ter influenciado neste tempo. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo que incluiu indivíduos de ambos os sexos com faixa etária de 18 a 100 anos que deram entrada em um pronto-socorro terciário referência em trauma, apresentando fraturas cirúrgicas na coluna vertebral. Foram incluídos na amostra os pacientes atendidos entre março de 2018 até março de 2022. Todos os dados para compor a amostra do estudo foram coletados a partir de fontes secundárias de dados (prontuário médico). Resultados: Foram avaliados prontuários de 259 pacientes com lesões na coluna. Aproximadamente um terço dos pacientes realizaram cirurgia entre 13hs e 24hs e outro terço acima de 72hs. Somente 6,6% foram operados em até de 12hs. A média de tempo para realização da intervenção cirúrgica foi de 84,3 ± 144,6 horas sendo que para a maioria dos pacientes (59,1%) a intervenção ocorreu nas primeiras 48 horas. Os pacientes com hipertensão arterial sistêmica e pacientes com pelo menos uma comorbidade tiveram um tempo médio de espera até a intervenção cirúrgica estatisticamente maior do que os pacientes que não possuíam essas características. Conclusão: Conclui-se que a maioria das intervenções cirúrgicas ocorreram nas primeiras 48h, dentro do que se considera precoce. Além disso, alguns fatores como existência de comorbidades estão diretamente associados ao tempo que se leva para a realização do procedimento cirúrgico. Nível de Evidência II; Prognóstico Retrospectivo.

Resumen: Objetivo: Cuantificar el tiempo transcurrido entre la llegada del paciente con traumatismo quirúrgico en la columna a urgencias y la del procedimiento quirúrgico, analizando los factores que pueden haber influido en finalización este proceso. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo que incluyó individuos de ambos sexos con edades entre 18 y 100 años que llegaron a un centro traumatológico de tercer nivel con fracturas quirúrgicas en la columna vertebral. Se incluyeron en la muestra los pacientes atendidos entre marzo de 2018 y marzo de 2022. Todos los datos para componer la muestra del estudio fueron recolectados de fuentes de datos secundarias (historias clínicas). Resultados: Se evaluaron las historias clínicas de 259 pacientes con lesiones medulares. Aproximadamente un tercio de los pacientes fueron operados entre las 13 y las 24 horas y el otro tercio sobre las 72 horas. Solo el 6,6% fueron operados dentro de las 12 horas. El tiempo medio para realizar el proceso quirúrgico fue de 84,3 ± 144,6 horas. La intervención quirúrgica para la mayoría de los pacientes (59,1%) ocurrió dentro de las primeras 48 horas. Los pacientes con hipertensión arterial sistémica y pacientes con al menos una comorbilidad tuvieron un tiempo medio de espera para el procedimiento quirúrgico estadísticamente mayor que los pacientes que no presentaban estas características. Conclusión: Se concluye que la mayoría de las intervenciones quirúrgicas ocurrieron en las primeras 48 horas, dentro de lo que se considera precoz. Además, algunos factores como la existencia de comorbilidades están directamente asociados al tiempo de realización del procedimiento quirúrgico. Nivel de Evidencia II; pronóstico retrospectivo.

Situaciones transoperatorias en pacientes pediátricos con fractura supracondílea del húmero

Introducción: Las fracturas supracondíleas del húmero en el niño, por lo general, son tratadas de manera quirúrgica, durante esa intervención se pueden presentar situaciones específicas en este tipo de enfermos. Objetivo: Actualizar y brindar información sobre algunas de las situaciones transoperatorias en pacientes con fractura supracondílea del húmero. Métodos: La búsqueda y análisis de la información se realizó en un periodo de 61 días (primero de septiembre al 31 de octubre de 2022) y se emplearon palabras de búsqueda relacionadas con la investigación. A partir de la información obtenida, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de un total de 245 artículos publicados en las bases de datos: PubMed, Hinari, SciELO y Medline, mediante el gestor de búsqueda y administrador de referencias EndNote, de ellos, se utilizaron 29 citas seleccionadas para realizar la revisión, 28 de los últimos cinco años. Resultados: Se hace referencia a cuatro de las situaciones transoperatorias más frecuentes en este tipo de fractura. Se mencionan la conminución de la pared medial, como identificar esta situación y su conducta. En relación a las lesiones asociadas, se recomienda primero estabilizar el antebrazo y luego la fractura supracondílea. Para las fracturas inestables en flexión se recomienda la técnica a emplear. Por su parte, la conversión de la reducción cerrada a abierta está justificada en ciertas circunstancias que de forma detallada se describen en el trabajo. Conclusiones: Las fracturas supracondíleas del húmero en el niño son tratadas en su mayoría mediante tratamiento quirúrgico. Durante el transoperatorio se pueden presentar situaciones para las cuales el médico tratante debe estar preparado.

Introduction: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children are generally treated surgically, during surgery intervention may occur specific situations in this type of patient. Objective: To update and provide information on some of the intraoperative situations in patients with supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Methods: The search and analysis of the information was carried out in a period of 61 days (September 1st to October 31st, 2022) and search words related to the investigation were used. Based on the information obtained, a bibliographic review of a total of 245 articles published in the PubMed, Hinari, SciELO and Medline databases was carried out using the EndNote search manager and reference administrator, of which 29 selected citations were used to carry out the review, 28 of the last five years. Results: Reference is made to four of the most frequent intraoperative situations in this type of fracture. Comminution of the medial wall, how to identify this situation and its behavior are mentioned. In relation to associated injuries, it is recommended to first stabilize the forearm and then the supracondylar fracture. For unstable fractures in flexion, the technique to be used is recommended. For its part, the conversion from closed to open reduction is justified in certain circumstances that are described in the article. Conclusions: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus in children are mostly treated by surgical treatment. During the trans-operative period situations may arise for which the treating physician must be prepared.

Shoeshine maneuver for cystic duct dissection: a simple technique to make Calot-triangle dissection smooth

ABSTRACT Purpose: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy, introduced in 1985 by Prof. Dr. Erich Mühe, has become the gold standard for treating chronic symptomatic calculous cholecystopathy and acute cholecystitis, with an estimated 750,000 procedures performed annually in the United States of America. The risk of iatrogenic bile duct injury persists, ranging from 0.2 to 1.3%. Risk factors include male gender, obesity, acute cholecystitis, previous hepatobiliary surgery, and anatomical variations in Calot's triangle. Strategies to mitigate bile duct injury include the Critical View of Safety and fundus-first dissection, along with intraoperative cholangiography and alternative approaches like subtotal cholecystectomy. Methods: This paper introduces the shoeshine technique, a maneuver designed to achieve atraumatic exposure of anatomical structures, local hemostatic control, and ease of infundibulum mobilization. This technique involves the use of a blunt dissection tool and gauze to create traction and enhance visibility in Calot's triangle, particularly beneficial in cases of severe inflammation. Steps include using the critical view of safety and Rouviere's sulcus line for orientation, followed by careful dissection and traction with gauze to maintain stability and reduce the risk of instrument slippage. Results: The technique, routinely used by the authors in over 2000 cases, has shown to enhance patient safety and reduce bile duct injury risks. Conclusion: The shoeshine technique represents a simple and easy way to apply maneuver that can help surgeon during laparoscopic cholecystectomies exposing the hepatocystic area and promote blunt dissection.

Immediate prepectoral versus submuscular breast reconstruction in nipple-sparing mastectomy: a retrospective cohort analysis

Abstract Objective To evaluate early complications in prepectoral breast reconstruction. Methods A retrospective cohort study including 180 consecutive cases of nipple-sparing mastectomy, comparing immediate breast reconstruction with subpectoral to prepectoral mammary implants in 2012-2022. Clinical and demographic characteristics and complications in the first three months following surgery were compared between the two techniques. Results The prepectoral technique was used in 22 cases (12.2%) and the subpectoral in 158 (87.8%). Median age was higher in the prepectoral group (47 versus 43.8 years; p=0.038), as was body mass index (25.1 versus 23.8; p=0.002) and implant volume (447.5 versus 409 cc; p=0.001). The prepectoral technique was more associated with an inframammary fold (IMF) incision (19 cases, 86.4% versus 85, 53.8%) than with periareolar incisions (3 cases, 13.6% versus 73, 46.2%); (p=0.004). All cases in the prepectoral group underwent direct-to-implant reconstruction compared to 54 cases (34.2%) in the subpectoral group. Thirty-eight complications were recorded: 36 (22.8%) in the subpectoral group and 2 (9.1%) in the prepectoral group (p=0.24). Necrosis of the nipple-areola complex/skin flap occurred in 27 patients (17.1%) in the subpectoral group (prepectoral group: no cases; p=0.04). The groups were comparable regarding dehiscence, seroma, infection, and hematoma. Reconstruction failed in one case per group (p=0.230). In the multivariate analysis, IMF incision was associated with the prepectoral group (aOR: 34.72; 95%CI: 2.84-424.63). Conclusion The incidence of early complications was comparable between the two techniques and compatible with previous reports. The clinical and demographic characteristics differed between the techniques. Randomized clinical trials are required.

Minimally Invasive Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis with Blocked Retrograde Intramedullary Nail - Report of Three Cases / Artrodese tibiotalocalcaneana minimamente invasiva com haste intramedular retrógrada bloqueada - Relato de três casos

Abstract Ankle osteoarthritis (AOA) is associated with pain and variable functional limitation, demanding clinical treatment and possible surgical indication when conservative measures are ineffective - arthrodesis has been the procedure of choice, because it reduces pain, restores joint alignment and makes the segment stable, preserving gait. The present study reports 3 cases (3 ankles) of male patients between 49 and 63 years old, with secondary AOA, preoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale (AOFAS AHS) of 27 to 39 points, treated by minimally invasive tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodesis using blocked retrograde intramedullary nail. Hospital stay was of 1 day, and the patients were authorized for immediate loading with removable ambulation orthotics, as tolerated. The physical therapy treatment, introduced since hospitalization, was maintained, prioritizing gait training, strength gain, and proprioception. Clinical and radiographic follow-up was performed at weeks 1, 2, 6, 12 and 24. After evidence of consolidation (between the 6th and 10th weeks), the orthotics were removed. One patient complained of pain in the immediate postoperative period and, at the end of the 1st year, only one patient presented pain during rehabilitation, which was completely resolved with analgesics. Currently, the patients do not present complaints, returning to activities without restrictions - one of them, to the practice of soccer and rappelling. The postoperative AOFAS AHS was from 68 to 86 points.

Resumo A osteoartrite do tornozelo (OAT) está associada a quadro álgico e limitação funcional variável, demandando tratamento clínico e eventual indicação cirúrgica quando as medidas conservadoras são inefetivas - a artrodese tem sido o procedimento de escolha, por reduzir a dor, restaurar o alinhamento articular e tornar o segmento estável, preservando a marcha. O presente estudo relata 3 casos (3 tornozelos) de pacientes do sexo masculino, com entre 49 e 63 anos de idade, portadores de OAT secundária, American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society Ankle-Hindfoot Scale (AOFAS AHS, na sigla em inglês) pré-operatória de 27 a 39 pontos, tratados mediante artrodese tibiotalocalcaneana minimamente invasiva utilizando haste intramedular retrógrada bloqueada. A permanência hospitalar foi de 1 dia, e os pacientes foram autorizados para carga imediata com órteses removíveis para deambulação, conforme tolerado. O tratamento fisioterápico, introduzido desde o internamento, foi mantido, priorizando-se treino de marcha, ganho de força e propriocepção. Foi realizado acompanhamento clínico e radiográfico nas semanas 1, 2, 6, 12 e 24. Após evidências de consolidação (entre a 6ª e a 10ª semanas), as órteses foram retiradas. Um paciente queixou-se de dor no pós-operatório imediato e, ao final do 1° ano, apenas 1 paciente apresentou dor durante a reabilitação, resolvida completamente com analgésicos. Atualmente, os pacientes não apresentam queixas, retornando às atividades sem restrições - um deles, à prática de futebol e rapel. A AOFAS AHS pós-operatória foi de 68 a 86 pontos.