Periodontal therapy for hopeless mandibular anterior teeth: a retrospective case report with a multidisciplinary approach and a 20-year follow-up

Introduction: This case report presents the intentional periodontal maintenance of two periodontal hopeless lower central incisors with a multidisciplinary approach and 20-year follow-up. Case presentation: A 36-year-old male, in 2001, was diagnosed with aggressive periodontitis, gingival swelling, bleeding, and mandibular central incisors with mobility and poor prognosis. Following periodontal therapy (phase I), root canal treatment, and occlusal adjustment, #31 and #41 were gently extracted to remove the granulation tissues, calculus, and infected cementum from the root surface. Then, tetracycline-HCl was applied for 5 minutes on the root surfaces. The teeth were repositioned into the sockets and splinted with a lingual bar. At 3 months, the bar was removed, and a free gingival autogenous graft was done to improve the local keratinized tissue width. Mobility scores, pocket depths, and clinical attachment levels were recorded, and radiographs were taken at 1, 5, and 20 years. The 5-year follow-up showed that the teeth were clinically and radiographically in function. There was a reduction in probing depth and a gain in clinical attachment and radiographic alveolar bone levels. After 20 years, #41 was stable, but #31 had external root resorption, leading to a new treatment plan (dental implants) and extraction. Conclusion: The clinical result of this case was satisfactory for 20 years. Intentional periodontal maintenance of the teeth may be an alternative treatment, even considering the high level of complexity.

Robot-assisted, laparoscopic and open radical cystectomy for bladder cancer: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Objectives: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of robot-assisted radical cystectomy (RARC), laparoscopic radical cystectomy (LRC), and open radical cystectomy (ORC) in bladder cancer. Methods: A literature search for network meta-analysis was conducted using international databases up to February 29, 2024. Outcomes of interest included baseline characteristics, perioperative outcomes and oncological outcomes. Results: Forty articles were finally selected for inclusion in the network meta-analysis. Both LRC and RARC were associated with longer operative time, smaller amount of estimated blood loss, lower transfusion rate, shorter time to regular diet, fewer incidences of complications, and fewer positive surgical margin compared to ORC. LRC had a shorter time to flatus than ORC, while no difference between RARC and ORC was observed. Considering lymph node yield, there were no differences among LRC, RARC and ORC. In addition, there were statistically significant lower transfusion rates (OR=-0.15, 95% CI=-0.47 to 0.17), fewer overall complication rates (OR=-0.39, 95% CI=-0.79 to 0.00), fewer minor complication rates (OR=-0.23, 95% CI=-0.48 to 0.02), fewer major complication rates (OR=-0.23, 95% CI=-0.68 to 0.21), fewer positive surgical margin rates (OR=0.22, 95% CI=-0.27 to 0.68) in RARC group compared with LRC group. Conclusion: LRC and RARC could be considered as a feasible and safe alternative to ORC for bladder cancer. Notably, compared with LRC, RARC may benefit from significantly lower transfusion rates, fewer complications and lower positive surgical margin rates. These data thus showed that RARC might improve the management of patients with muscle invasive or high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Retrograde intrarenal surgery with or without ureteral access sheath: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

ABSTRACT Introduction: The ureteral access sheath (UAS) is a medical device that enables repeated entrance into the ureter and collecting system during retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS). Its impact on stone-free rates, ureteral injuries, operative time, and postoperative complications remains controversial. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing RIRS with versus without UAS for urolithiasis management. Purpose: To compare outcomes from retrograde intrarenal surgery (RIRS) for stone extraction with or without ureteral access sheath (UAS); evaluating stone-free rate (SFR), ureteral injuries, operative time, and postoperative complications. Materials and Methods: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library in June 2024 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the efficacy and safety outcomes of UAS use in RIRS for urolithiasis treatment. Articles published between 2014 and 2024 were included. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) and mean differences (MDs) were calculated for binary and continuous outcomes, respectively. Results: Five RCTs comprising 466 procedures were included. Of these, 246 (52.7%) utilized UAS. The follow-up ranged from 1 week to 1 month. UAS reduced the incidence of postoperative fever (RR 0.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.29-0.84; p=0.009), and postoperative infection (RR 0.50; 95% CI 0.30-0.83; p=0.008). There were no significant differences between groups in terms of SFR (RR 1.05; 95% CI 0.99-1.11; p=0.10), ureteral injuries (RR 1.29; 95% CI 0.95-1.75; p=0.11), operative time (MD 3.56 minutes; 95% CI −4.15 to 11.27 minutes; p=0.36), or length of stay (MD 0.32 days; 95% CI −0.42 to 1.07 days; p=0.40). Conclusion: UAS leads to a lower rate of post-operative fever and infection. However, UAS did not significantly reduce or increase the SFR or the rate of ureteral injuries during RIRS for patients with urolithiasis. The use of UAS should be considered to decrease the risk of infectious complications, particularly in those who may be at higher risk for such complications.

First impressions of Telesurgery robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy using the Edge medical robotic platform

ABSTRACT Purpose: We reported, as a referral center in prostate cancer, our perspectives and experience performing Telesurgery using robotic surgery and 5G network. Material and methods: We described and illustrated the Telesurgery applications and outcomes to treat a patient with prostate cancer located 1300 kilometers away from the surgeon (Beijing-Harbin) in China. We used the Edge Medical Robot (MP1000) in November 2023 in a 71-year-old patient with Gleason 6 (ISUP 1) in 8 cores from 13, PSA of 14 ng/dL, and clinical stage cT2a. MRI described a PIRADS 5 nodule on the left peripheral zone at the base, and 20gr prostate. We described details about the connection between centers, perioperative outcomes, and our perspectives as a referral center in prostate cancer. Results: We had no delays, or problems with network connection between the centers. The procedure was performed in 60 minutes, with no intra- or postoperative complications. Estimated blood loss was 100 mL. The patient was ambulating soon after anesthesia recovery. Final pathology described a Gleason 6 (ISUP 1) involving the left base and left seminal vesicle, negative surgical margins, and no lymph node involvement (pT3bN0). The patient was continent soon after catheter removal (7 days). Conclusion: As technological progress introduced novel robotic platforms and high-speed networks, the concept of Telesurgery became a tangible reality while 5G technology solved latency and transmission concerns. However, with these advancements, ethical considerations and regulatory frameworks should underline the importance of transparency and patient safety with responsible innovation in the field.

Robot-assisted radical nephroureterectomy using the KangDuo Surgical Robot-01 System versus the da Vinci System: a multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial

ABSTRACT Introduction: We aim to compare the safety and effectiveness of the KangDuo (KD)-Surgical Robot-01 (KD-SR-01) system and the da Vinci (DV) system for robot-assisted radical nephroureterectomy (RARNU). Materials and Methods: This multicenter prospective randomized controlled trial was conducted between March 2022 and September 2023. Group 1 included 29 patients undergoing KD-RARNU. Group 2 included 29 patients undergoing DV-RARNU. Patient demographic and clinical characteristics, perioperative data, and follow-up outcomes were collected prospectively and compared between the two groups. Results: There were no significant differences in patient baseline demographic and preoperative characteristics between the two groups. The success rates in both groups were 100% without conversion to open or laparoscopic surgery or positive surgical margins. No significant difference was observed in docking time [242 (120-951) s vs 253 (62-498) s, P = 0.780], console time [137 (55-290) min vs 105 (62-220) min, P = 0.114], operative time [207 (121-460) min vs 185 (96-305) min, P = 0.091], EBL [50 (10-600) mL vs 50 (10-700) mL, P = 0.507], National Aeronautics and Space Administration Task Load Index scores, and postoperative serum creatinine levels between the two groups. None of the patients showed evidence of distant metastasis, local recurrence, or equipment-related adverse events during the four-week follow-up. One (3.4%) patient in Group 2 experienced postoperative enterovaginal and enterovesical fistulas (Clavien-Dindo grade III). Conclusions: The KD-SR-01 system is safe and effective for RARNU compared to the DV Si or Xi system. Further randomized controlled studies with larger sample sizes and longer durations are required.

Eficacia y seguridad de la dilatación esofágica endoscópica en un centro de referencia en Colombia: Un estudio de cohorte retrospectiva / Efficacy and safety of endoscopic esophageal dilation at a reference center in Colombia: A retrospective cohort study

Introducción. La dilatación endoscópica es una opción terapéutica eficaz en el tratamiento de estenosis y trastornos motores del esófago. Para su realización es esencial conocer la etiología y la anatomía de la lesión y tener experiencia clínica; estos factores determinan la indicación y el desarrollo del procedimiento. El objetivo del presente estudio fue reportar la experiencia en el manejo de pacientes con estenosis esofágica en un centro de referencia de enfermedades digestivas, en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Métodos. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de cohorte retrospectiva, en el que se evaluaron los pacientes llevados a dilatación esofágica por el Servicio de Gastroenterología, desde enero de 2021 hasta junio de 2023. Se incluyeron todos los pacientes mayores de 18 años con estenosis esofágica de cualquier etiología o acalasia. Resultados. Se identificaron 27 pacientes, 92,6 % hombres. La etiología más prevalente fue la estenosis por cirugía previa (40,7 %), seguida de acalasia (29,6 %), reflujo gastroesofágico (18,5 %) y enfermedades inflamatorias (11,1 %). La regla "del tres" fue utilizada con seguridad en las estenosis postquirúrgicas y pépticas. La mayoría de las dilataciones (81,5 %) fueron exitosas y se presentó una única complicación de perforación esofágica. Conclusión. La dilatación endoscópica es un procedimiento seguro para el tratamiento de la estenosis esofágica y la acalasia. La correcta indicación del procedimiento, el tipo de estenosis, la elección adecuada del dilatador y la experiencia del profesional son aspectos cruciales para la efectividad de esta técnica y para la detección y manejo de las posibles complicaciones.

Introduction. Endoscopic esophageal dilation is an effective therapeutic option for the treatment of esophagus strictures and motor disorders. To perform it, it is essential to know the etiology and anatomy of the injury and to have clinical experience. These factors determine the indication and development of the procedure. The objective of this study was to report the experience in the management of patients with esophageal stricture at a reference center institution for digestive diseases in Bogotá, D.C., Colombia. Methods. A descriptive, retrospective cohort study was carried out, in which patients undergoing esophageal dilation by the Gastroenterology Service were evaluated, from January 2021 to June 2023. All patients over 18 years of age with esophageal stenosis of any etiology and achalasia were included. Results. 27 patients were identified, 92.6% men. The most prevalent etiology was post-surgical stenosis (40.7%), followed by achalasia (29.6%), gastroesophageal reflux disease (18.5%), and inflammatory diseases (11.1%). The 'rule of three' was safely used in postsurgical and peptic strictures. The majority of the dilations (81.5%) were successful and a single complication of esophageal perforation occurred. Conclusion. Endoscopic dilation is a safe procedure for the treatment of esophageal stenosis and achalasia. Correct procedure indication, type of stenosis, appropriate choice of dilator and professional expertise are crucial aspects for the effectiveness of this technique and for the detection and management of potential complications.

Esofagectomía mínimamente invasiva: Resultados posoperatorios en 99 pacientes intervenidos en un hospital universitario / Minimally invasive esophagectomy: Postoperative results in 99 patients operated at a university hospital

Introducción. La esofagectomía mínimamente invasiva (EMI) ha venido ganando popularidad debido a los resultados obtenidos en términos de seguridad, mortalidad, complicaciones y calidad de vida, así como los resultados oncológicos comparables a los obtenidos con la cirugía por vía abierta. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte de pacientes en quienes se llevó a cabo una EMI en la Sociedad de Cirugía de Bogotá Hospital de San José, en Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2020. Resultados. Se incluyeron 99 pacientes, 52 hombres y 47 mujeres, con una edad media de 56 años; 58 tenían enfermedades benignas y 41 neoplasias del esófago. En 76 se llevó a cabo un abordaje de McKeown y en 23 una esofagectomía transhiatal por laparoscopia con anastomosis cervical. El tiempo quirúrgico promedio fue de 240 minutos y la media del sangrado de 140 ml. Seis pacientes fallecieron (6 %) y hubo 21 complicaciones en 14 pacientes (14 %), con 8 fugas de la anastomosis esofagogástrica (8 %) y 4 pacientes con neumonía (4 %). Conclusiones. Los resultados obtenidos confirman que la EMI es un procedimiento factible y seguro, cuyos beneficios la han convertido en el abordaje de elección para la resección y reconstrucción del esófago. No obstante, se trata de una cirugía compleja, con una curva de aprendizaje prolongada, que debe ser realizada en centros con altos volúmenes y por cirujanos expertos. La selección de los pacientes debe hacerse de manera individual teniendo en cuenta las comorbilidades, los recursos disponibles y la experticia del grupo quirúrgico.

Introduction. Minimally invasive esophagectomy (MIE) has been gaining popularity due to the results obtained in terms of safety, mortality, complications and quality of life, as well as oncologic results comparable to those obtained with open surgery. Methods. Cohort study of patients in whom MIE was performed at Hospital de San José, in Bogotá, D.C., Colombia, between January 2008 and December 2020. Results. Ninety-nine patients were included, 52 men and 47 women, with a mean age of 56 years; 58 had benign diseases and 41 had neoplasms of the esophagus. A McKeown approach was performed in 76 and a laparoscopic transhiatal esophagectomy with cervical anastomosis in 23. The average surgical time was 240 minutes and the average bleeding was 140 ml. Six patients died (6%) and there were 21 complications in 14 patients (14%), with eight esophagogastric anastomosis leaks (8%) and four patients with pneumonia (4%). Conclusions. The results obtained confirm that MIE is a feasible and safe procedure, whose benefits have made the approach of choice for resection and reconstruction of the esophagus. However, it is a complex surgery, with a long learning curve, which must be performed in centers with high volumes and by expert surgeons. Patient selection must be done individually taking into account comorbidities, available resources and expertise of the surgical group.

Esofagectomía mínimamente invasiva: impacto de la curva de aprendizaje. Experiencia en un centro de alto volumen / Minimally invasive esophagectomy: Impact of the learning curve. Experience in a high volume center

Introducción. El tratamiento del cáncer de esófago ha evolucionado notablemente en los últimos años. Los nuevos abordajes permiten preservar el esófago en tumores tempranos, mediante técnicas endoscópicas, y en aquellos localmente avanzados, es posible realizar resecciones mínimamente invasivas en combinación con tratamiento oncológico. La innovación quirúrgica es necesaria para aumentar la eficacia terapéutica, sin embargo, ésta requiere un aprendizaje cuya curva impacta en los resultados obtenidos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue mostrar cómo incide la curva de aprendizaje en la morbimortalidad asociada al procedimiento. Métodos. Se tomó una cohorte de 128 pacientes con esofagectomía mínimamente invasiva por cáncer de esófago, realizadas entre enero de 2014 y diciembre de 2023. Se agruparon en dos etapas de manera cronológica, creando dos grupos de 64 pacientes cada uno. Se evaluaron variables demográficas, tipo de anastomosis realizada, tasa de complicaciones, anatomía patológica, días de internación y seguimiento. Resultados. No hubo una diferencia significativa entre los dos grupos en factores demográficos, como edad y sexo, tipos histológicos o sitio de la anastomosis. La morbilidad (complicaciones tipo III y IV de Clavien-Dindo) fue del 43,7 % en la primera etapa y del 23 % en la segunda, con una diferencia significativa (p=0,02). Conclusiones. En nuestra cohorte mostramos una diferencia estadísticamente significativa en cuanto a la morbilidad entre la primera y la segunda etapa, sin embargo, no hubo diferencias en la mortalidad. Los hallazgos sugieren así que la curva de aprendizaje de un procedimiento tiene un impacto negativo transitorio sobre los resultados.

Introduction. The treatment of esophageal cancer has evolved significantly in recent years. New approaches allow preserving the esophagus in early tumors, using endoscopic techniques, and in locally advanced tumors, it is possible to perform minimally invasive resections in combination with an oncological treatment. Surgical innovation is necessary to increase therapeutic efficacy; however, it requires learning curve whose impacts the results obtained. The objective of this work was to show how the learning curve affects the morbidity and mortality associated with the procedure. Methods. A cohort of 128 patients with minimally invasive esophagectomy due to esophageal cancer was included, performed between January 2014 and December 2023. They were grouped into two stages chronologically, creating two groups of 64 patients each. Demographic variables, type of anastomosis performed, complication rate, pathology types, hospital stay and follow-up were analyzed. Results. There was no significant difference between both groups in demographic variables, such as age and sex, histological types, or anastomosis site. Morbidity (Dindo-Clavien types III and IV complications) was 43.7% on the first stage and 23% in the second one, with a significant difference (p=0.02). Conclusions. In our cohort, we showed a statistically significant difference in morbidity between the first and second stages; however, there were no differences in mortality. The findings thus suggest that the learning curve of a procedure has a temporary negative impact on the results.

Alternativas de reemplazo esofágico: Revisión de tema / Esophageal replacement alternatives: A literature review

Introducción. Posterior a una esofagectomía parcial o total, el reemplazo del esófago representa un reto para los cirujanos. La selección del sustituto dependerá de diferentes factores, tanto del paciente como del cirujano. Las alternativas disponibles son el estómago, segmentos del colon, el yeyuno supercargado o colgajos libres miocutáneos. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda de la literatura en las bases de datos de Medline, Embase y Lilacs, utilizando las palabras claves descritas y aplicando una técnica en bola de nieve, y se seleccionaron los artículos más relevantes. Resultados. El órgano seleccionado debe asegurar una adecuada red vascular, mantener la función deglutoria y tener los menores riesgos posibles. Cada sustituto tiene ventajas particulares, pero todos generan complicaciones a corto y largo plazo. El estómago es el más frecuentemente usado, sin embargo, el reflujo gastroesofágico y la gastroparesia pueden presentarse en un número importante de pacientes. El colon requiere diversos estudios preoperatorios y cada segmento tiene sus características particulares para el ascenso; a largo plazo puede alargarse, tornarse dilatado y tortuoso, afectando la calidad de vida. El yeyuno supercargado permite un adecuado ascenso sin tensión, pero implica una técnica quirúrgica más compleja. Conclusiones. El tubo gástrico es la primera opción, por su menor complejidad técnica y buenos desenlaces. De no estar disponible, se cuenta como alternativas con los diferentes segmentos del colon, el yeyuno supercargado o los colgajos musculocutáneos. Las complicaciones asociadas a estos procedimientos no son despreciables, por lo que se debe tener muy en cuenta la experiencia del grupo quirúrgico.

Introduction. After partial or total esophagectomy, replacement of the esophagus represents a challenge for surgeons. The selection of the substitute will depend on different factors, both from the patient and the surgeon. The available alternatives are the stomach, the different segments of the colon, the supercharged jejunum or free myocutaneous flaps. Methods. A literature review was carried out in the Medline, Embase and Lilacs databases, using the keywords described and applying a snowball technique, and the most relevant articles were selected. Discussion. The selected organ must ensure an adequate vascular network, maintain swallowing function and have the lowest possible risks. Each substitute has particular advantages, but all generate complications in the short and long term. The stomach is the most frequently used, but gastroesophageal reflux and gastroparesis can occur in a significant number of patients. The colon requires different preoperative studies and each segment has its particular characteristics for the ascent; in the long term, the colon can lengthen, become dilated and tortuous, affecting quality of life. The supercharged jejunum allows adequate ascent without tension, but involves a more complex surgical technique. Conclusions. The gastric tube is the first option, due to its lower technical complexity and good outcomes. If it is not available, different segments of the colon, the supercharged jejunum or musculocutaneous flaps are good alternatives. The complications associated with these procedures are not negligible, so the experience of the surgical group must be taken into account.

Complicated acute hiatal hernia after total gastrectomy / Hernia hiatal aguda complicada luego de gastrectomía total

Introduction. Surgery remains the mainstay of treatment for most esophagogastric junction (EGJ) tumors. After the surgical resection of EGJ tumors, the anatomy of the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm is severely altered, increasing the risk of postoperative hiatal hernia (HH). While HH is more often reported after esophagectomy, HH is a rare complication after laparoscopic total gastrectomy and occurs in only approximately 0.5% of patients. Clinical case. A laparoscopic total gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy was performed on a patient with an esophagogastric junction tumor. No intraoperative complications occurred and the patient had an uneventful postoperative course. Two months after the operation, the patient was admitted to the emergency room due to diffuse abdominal and chest pain, vomiting, and hematemesis. The chest and abdominal CT scan showed herniation of several bowel loops into the right hemithorax. Results. Due to hemodynamic instability, an emergent laparotomy was performed and the hiatal hernia was repaired with mesh. The patient recovered well from the operation and was discharged after 10 days. Conclusions. Clinical presentation is often non-specific and warrants a high level of suspicion. Elective surgical repair is recommended for large and/or symptomatic HH. Emergent repair might be needed for complicated HH with incarceration, strangulation, or bowel perforation. Overall, incarcerated HH after laparoscopic total gastrectomy is rare but should be considered in patients with abdominal pain or vomiting during the postoperative course. A prompt diagnosis and treatment are critical to obtain favorable outcomes.

Introducción. La cirugía sigue siendo el pilar del tratamiento para la mayoría de los tumores de la unión esofagogástrica (UEG). Después de la resección quirúrgica de los tumores de la UEG, la anatomía del hiato esofágico se altera severamente, aumentando el riesgo de hernia hiatal (HH) postoperatoria. Mientras que la HH se informa con mayor frecuencia después de la esofagectomía, la HH es una complicación rara después de una gastrectomía total laparoscópica y ocurre en solo aproximadamente 0,5 % de los pacientes. Caso clínico. Se realizó una gastrectomía total laparoscópica con linfadenectomía D2 en un paciente con un tumor en la UEG. No presentó complicaciones intraoperatorias y cursó su postoperatorio sin incidentes. Dos meses luego de la operación, fue admitido en la sala de emergencias debido a dolor abdominal y torácico difuso, vómitos y hematemesis. La tomografía computarizada de tórax y abdomen mostró herniación de asas intestinales en el hemitórax derecho. Resultados. Debido a la inestabilidad hemodinámica, se realizó una laparotomía de emergencia y se reparó la hernia hiatal con malla. El paciente fue dado de alta después de 10 días. Conclusiones. La presentación clínica suele ser inespecífica y justifica un alto nivel de sospecha. Se recomienda la reparación quirúrgica electiva para HH grandes y/o sintomáticas. La reparación de emergencia puede ser necesaria para HH complicadas con encarcelamiento, estrangulación o perforación intestinal. Generalmente, una HH encarcelada después de la gastrectomía total laparoscópica es infrecuente, pero debe considerarse en pacientes con dolor abdominal o vómitos durante el curso postoperatorio. Un diagnóstico y tratamiento oportunos son críticos para obtener resultados favorables.

Abordaje quirúrgico y endoscópico de un caso atípico de perforación esofágica espontánea / Surgical and endoscopic approach to an atypical case of spontaneous esophageal perforation

Introducción. La perforación esofágica se define como la ruptura transmural del esófago. Existen diferentes causas, como neoplásicas, traumáticas, lesión por cuerpos extraños, ingesta de cáusticos, iatrogénicas o espontáneas, denominadas Síndrome de Boerhaave. La tasa de mortalidad es alta y oscila entre 40-60 % con manejo óptimo, hasta el 100 % sin tratamiento. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 70 años, que ingresó por 5 días de sensación de globus faríngeo, disnea y dolor torácico. Se realizó una tomografía computarizada de tórax donde se visualizó un derrame pleural derecho, que fue manejado con toracostomía cerrada. Posteriormente, se visualizó la salida de material alimentario por la sonda de toracostomía, por lo que se hizo una nueva tomografía de tórax y abdomen encontrando una fístula esofagopleural. En una esofagografía por tomografía donde se vio extravasación del medio de contraste en la región infracarinal hacia espacio pleural derecho. Resultados. Fue llevada a toracotomía, encontrando empiema y atrapamiento del lóbulo inferior derecho por abundante fibrina, pus y restos alimentarios, secundario a perforación esofágica del tercio medio. Se practicó esofagorrafia, pleurectomía y decorticación. Se continuó manejo endoscópico con sistema de vacío de forma seriada. Conclusiones. Las perforaciones esofágicas son un desafío para los cirujanos, tanto en el enfoque diagnóstico inicial, como en el tratamiento. Conocer los abordajes endoscópico, quirúrgico y mixto ayuda a ampliar las opciones de manejo en estos pacientes. El tratamiento oportuno, las indicaciones no operatorias y las nuevas medidas endoscópicas para el manejo impactan en la mortalidad.

Introduction. Esophageal perforation is defined as a transmural rupture of the esophagus. There are different causes, such as neoplastic, traumatic, foreign body, caustic ingestion, iatrogenic or spontaneous, called Boerhaave Syndrome. The mortality rate is high and ranges between 40-60% with optimal management, up to 100% mortality without treatment. Clinical case. The case of a 70-year-old patient is presented, who was admitted after five days of pharyngeal globus sensation, dyspnea, and chest pain. A CT scan of the chest was performed were a right pleural effusion was observed, which was managed with closed thoracostomy. The exit of food material through the thoracostomy tube was observed. Subsequently, a new CT scan of chest and abdomen was performed, finding an esophagopleural fistula. In a CT esophagography where extravasation of contrast medium was seen in the infracarinal region into the right pleural space. Results. She was taken to thoracotomy, finding empyema and entrapment of the right lower lobe due to abundant fibrin, pus and food debris, secondary to esophageal perforation of the middle third. Esophagorrhaphy, pleurectomy and decortication were performed. Endoscopic management with a vacuum system was continued on a serial basis. Conclusions. Esophageal perforations are a challenge for surgeons, both in the initial diagnostic approach and in treatment. Knowing the endoscopic, surgical and mixed approaches helps to expand the management options in these patients. Timely treatment, non-operative indications and new endoscopic measures for management affect mortality.

Leiomiomas de la unión esofagogástrica y estómago proximal. Presentación de caso / Leiomyomas of the esophagogastric junction and proximal stomach. Case presentation

Introducción. Los leiomiomas son tumores mesenquimales benignos, con muy bajo potencial de malignidad, poco frecuentes, con una presentación clínica variable y en su mayoría asintomáticos. Su hallazgo es incidental; los estudios endoscópicos y patológicos son importantes para diferenciarlos de otros tumores estromales gastrointestinales. Caso clínico. Se presenta el caso clínico de una mujer de 50 años, con antecedente de resección en cuña gástrica por hallazgo de lesión en el fondo gástrico y funduplicatura de Nissen, con informe de patología de leiomioma. La paciente ingresó remitida a nuestra institución con disfagia y dolor epigástrico. La endoscopia mostró una lesión en la unión esofagogástrica, que se extendía a la región subcardial subepitelial, que fue confirmada por ultrasonografía endoscópica y tomografía. Resultado. Se consideró que la paciente presentaba recaída tumoral después de una resección laparoscópica, que requirió deshacer una funduplicatura previa y enucleación parcial por vía laparoscópica, con resección en cuña de la mucosa firmemente adherida a la unión esofagogástrica, con una funduplicatura tipo Dor. Tuvo adecuada evolución posoperatoria. Conclusiones. Los leiomiomas son tumores benignos infrecuentes, con rara transformación maligna. Generalmente son asintomáticos y su hallazgo es incidental. Los estudios endoscópicos y la confirmación histológica permiten su diagnóstico para definir el mejor manejo.

Introduction. Leiomyomas are benign mesenchymal tumors, with very low malignant potential, infrequent, with a variable clinical presentation and mostly asymptomatic. Its discovery is incidental; endoscopic and pathological studies are important to differentiate them from other gastrointestinal stromal tumors. Clinical case. A clinical case of a 50-year-old woman with a history of gastric wedge resection due to the discovery of a lesion in the gastric fundus and Nissen fundoplication is presented, with a pathology report of leiomyoma. The patient was admitted to our institution with dysphagia and epigastric pain. Endoscopy showed a lesion at the esophagogastric junction, extending to the subcardial subepithelial region, which was confirmed by endoscopic ultrasonography and tomography. Result. It was considered that the patient had tumor relapse after a laparoscopic resection, which required undoing a previous fundoplication and partial enucleation, with a wedge resection of mucosa firmly adhered to the esophagogastric junction, with a Dor-type fundoplication. He had an adequate postoperative evolution. Conclusions. Leiomyomas are rare benign tumors, with rare malignant transformation. They are generally asymptomatic and their discovery is incidental. Endoscopic studies and histological confirmation allow its diagnosis to define the best management.

Sustitución esofágica con tubo gástrico flexible en paciente pediátrico posterior a estenosis esofágica por cáusticos / Esophageal replacement with flexible gastric tube in a pediatric patient after esophageal stenosis due to caustics

Introducción. Las quemaduras esofágicas por ingesta de cáusticos tienen como complicación tardía la formación de estenosis, lo que impide una adecuada alimentación debido a la imposibilidad de pasar el alimento. Para corregir esta complicación, se puede realizar una sustitución esofágica de manera quirúrgica, mediante la formación de un tubo gástrico. Caso clínico. Presentamos el caso de un paciente pediátrico con estenosis esofágica, causada por la ingesta accidental de cáusticos, que no pudo ser resuelta mediante dilataciones esofágicas por endoscopia. Se decidió proceder con la formación de un tubo gástrico "flexible", ya que tiene mayor longitud, preserva un mejor aporte vascular y disminuye el riesgo de fuga de anastomosis generado por los sitios de isquemia. Resultado. A los dos días del posoperatorio, se realizó una serie esofagogastroduodenal con contraste hidrosoluble, donde no se observaron fugas. Posteriormente, al tercer día posoperatorio, el paciente comenzó a ingerir sólidos. Conclusión. La técnica quirúrgica utilizada para formar este tubo gástrico permite una adecuada permeabilidad vascular, evitando fugas en los sitios de anastomosis.

Introduction. Esophageal burns caused by caustic ingestion have as a late complication the formation of strictures, which prevents adequate feeding due to the impossibility of passing food. To correct this complication, esophageal replacement can be performed surgically by forming a gastric tube. Clinical case. We present the case of a pediatric patient with esophageal stricture caused by accidental ingestion of caustics, which could not be resolved by endoscopic esophageal dilations. It was decided to proceed with the formation of a "flexible" gastric tube, since is longer, preserves a better vascular supply and decreases the risk of anastomotic leak generated by ischemic sites. Result. Two days after surgery, an esophagogastroduodenal series with water-soluble contrast was performed, where no leaks were observed. Subsequently, on the third postoperative day, the patient began to eat solids. Conclusion. The surgical technique used to form this gastric tube allows adequate vascular permeability, avoiding leaks at the anastomosis sites

Abdominal complications of ascariasis in childhood

Abstract Objective Complications of ascariasis are a significant cause of abdominal pain in pediatric emergencies, especially where it is endemic. A literature review was conducted with the aim of improving diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for these patients. Data sources A PubMed search was conducted using the key terms "ascariasis complications" and "hepatobiliary ascariasis". The search strategy included meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, clinical trials, observational studies, case reports, and reviews published up to December 2023. Summary of findings Obstruction of the small bowel is the most common complication. Others that are, rarer and more difficult to properly identify and treat, such as biliary, hepatic, and pancreatic complications, acute appendicitis, Meckel's diverticulitis, or peritoneal granulomas. Hepatic and pancreatic complications are rarer and more serious in children than in adults. While plain radiography is usually the only option in cases of intestinal obstruction, ultrasonography is the examination of choice in cases of hepatobiliary, pancreatic, and appendicular ascariasis complications in childhood. The treatment is clinical and conservative in most patients. Surgical treatment is indicated if conservative therapy fails, or if there are signs of complications. Laparoscopy has been used as an excellent technical alternative in adults with hepatobiliary complications of ascariasis, but further studies on its use in children are still needed. Conclusion The creation of protocols and greater debate on this subject should be encouraged for a better understanding of the disease and to establish an early diagnosis and adequate treatment for children with complications resulting from massive infestation by Ascaris lumbricoides.

Fontes de energia externa no contorno corporal / External energy sources in body contouring

Durante a 39a Jornada Sulbrasileira de Cirurgia Plástica, em abril de 2024, um debate acalorado surgiu em torno da divulgação do uso de tecnologias para cirurgia de contorno corporal nas redes sociais. Um importante questionamento foi feito: elas estão sendo divulgadas prematuramente nas redes sociais antes de serem rigorosamente avaliadas? A frase do Dr. Ian Malcolm, célebre criação de Michael Chrichton, "Vou te dizer o problema com o poder que você está usando aqui, ele não exigiu nenhuma disciplina para obtê-lo" se aplica perfeitamente a essa situação. A divulgação de técnicas em redes sociais deveria exigir a mesma disciplina rigorosa que a pesquisa científica. A ausência de protocolos de pesquisa aprovados pelo Conselho Nacional de Ética em Pesquisa e de publicações de alto nível de evidência em revistas revisadas por pares levanta preocupações. O poder de aprimorar nossos resultados com o uso dessas fontes de energia externa é real e seu uso consiste em um grande avanço dentro da cirurgia plástica. No entanto, é imperativo que os cirurgiões plásticos exerçam cautela ao promover novas tecnologias. A disciplina científica deve ser o alicerce de qualquer avanço, e a divulgação responsável deve preceder a popularização. Somente assim, poderemos garantir que os pacientes se beneficiem de tratamentos seguros e eficazes, sem comprometer a integridade da nossa especialidade.

During the 39th South Brazilian Plastic Surgery Conference, in April 2024, a heated debate arose regarding the promotion of the use of technologies for body contouring surgery on social media. An important question was raised: are they being prematurely promoted on social media before being rigorously evaluated? The quote from Dr. Ian Malcolm, a famous creation of Michael Chrichton, "I'll tell you the problem with the power you're using here, it didn't require any discipline to attain it" applies perfectly to this situation. Promoting techniques on social media should require the same rigorous discipline as scientific research. The absence of research protocols approved by the National Research Ethics Council and high-level evidence publications in peer- reviewed journals raises concerns. The power to enhance our results using these external energy sources is real, and its use represents a significant advancement within plastic surgery. However, it is imperative that plastic surgeons exercise caution when promoting new technologies. Scientific discipline should be the foundation of any advancement, and responsible disclosure should precede popularization. Only then can we ensure that patients benefit from safe and effective treatments without compromising the integrity of our specialty.

Cystocele management in multisurgical patients: a comprehensive case report emphasizing advanced diagnostic and surgical precision

Pelvic organ prolapses (POP), particularly cystocele, presents significant challenges in postmenopausal women, exacerbated in those with multiple caesarean sections (LSCS) and comorbidities like diabetes mellitus. This case report details the successful management of a 62-year-old woman with a large cystocele, three LSCS, and diabetes mellitus. Thorough preoperative evaluation, including ultrasound and diagnostic laparoscopy, guided surgical planning. Anterior colporrhaphy restored support to the anterior vaginal wall. Perioperative care included strict glycemic control and antibiotic prophylaxis. Multidisciplinary collaboration ensured comprehensive management. This case highlights the importance of advanced diagnostics, meticulous surgical planning, and multidisciplinary care in complex cystocele cases.

Pregnancy over caesarean scar site-account of four unusual cases in the form of a case series

Caesarean scar ectopic pregnancy (CSEP) is an ectopic pregnancy located in the lower uterine segment. Although it is one of the rarest types of ectopic pregnancy, the worldwide increasing rate of caesarean sections has made it important for young gynaecologists to be aware of the challenges posed by CSEP and its successful management. Doppler ultrasounds play a major role in its diagnosis. Early diagnosis is the key to a good outcome as untimely delay can lead to life-threatening haemorrhage, uterine rupture and irreversible loss of fertility. We present a case series of 4 patients of caesarean scar site ectopic pregnancy who presented to the gynaecology emergency and were treated successfully with various modalities depending on their patient profile.

Bacteriology and antibiotic sensitivity in gynaecological abdominal surgical site infections

Background: Surgical site infection increases the rate of re hospitalisation, the use of health care, diagnostic, and therapeutic resources, and hospital costs. Severe sequelae may exacerbate primary and devastating infections. About 39-51% of pathogens causing surgical site infections were documented to be resistant to standard prophylactic antibiotics. This study aimed to calculate surgical site infection rate at our hospital. To identify the isolates causing surgical site infections and study anti-microbial susceptibility pattern of isolated organisms.Methods: This observational study was done among patients who underwent abdominal gynaecological surgeries and who developed surgical site infection in department of obstetrics and gynaecology in Maharajahs institute of medical sciences during May 2022 to April 2024.Results: Surgical site infection rate at our hospital is 18.29%, there are 30 surgical site infections, 76.7% cases are culture positive, 23.3% cases are sterile, 52.2% cases are gram negative, 47.8% are gram positive. Most common organism isolated is E. coli (39%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (26%), enterococcus (21.7%), Pseudomonas (8.6%), Klebsiella (4.3%). Antibiotic susceptibility pattern shows maximum overall sensitivity of organisms to amikacin (65.4%) followed by gentamicin (56%), piperacillin tazobactum (52.17%), amoxyclav (47.8%) followed by rest of drugs.Conclusions: Practice of routine culture and sensitivity of surgical site infections can prevent grave complications, limit cost of treatment, prevent fast emerging antimicrobial resistance. In our study, complications are limited to need for secondary suturing. The most susceptible drug in our study is amikacin, thus, it can be incorporated as a part of empirical treatment in patients with surgical site infection before the culture sensitivity report is obtained.

A study of different routes of hysterectomies and its outcome in benign gynaecological conditions in tertiary care centre in Tamil Nadu

Background: Hysterectomy is the most frequently performed major surgical procedure in gynaecology. It is an efficacious treatment option for numerous gynaecological conditions. This study aimed to investigate the different routes of hysterectomies, such as abdominal, vaginal, and laparoscopic, and their outcomes in benign gynaecological diseases in a tertiary care centre in Tamil Nadu.Methods: This retrospective observational study included 200 patients who were admitted to the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu, India underwent hysterectomy between January 2021 and January 2023, and were collected from the MRD. Patient history included age, parity, indication for surgery, duration of surgery, route of hysterectomy, intraoperative or postoperative complications, duration of hospital stay were collected.Results: This study analysed 200 patients who underwent hysterectomy, with the majority aged between 40-50 years (60%) and multiparous women (85%). The most common indications were abnormal uterine bleeding (80%), uterine prolapse (12%), benign ovarian cyst (5%) and post-menopausal bleeding (3%). Total abdominal hysterectomy (49%) was the most common approach, followed by vaginal/non-descent hysterectomy (19.5%), total laparoscopic hysterectomy (16.5%), and laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (15%). Complications included wound infections (3.5%), excessive bleeding (3%), bladder injuries (1%) and ureter injury (0.5%). The procedure duration and hospital stay were shorter for vaginal and laparoscopic approaches than for open abdominal hysterectomy. The laparoscopic approach had the lowest rates of complications such as bladder injuries and excessive bleeding.Conclusions: Vaginal hysterectomy is preferred for uterine prolapse, whereas laparoscopic techniques offer benefits such as reduced blood loss and lesser hospital stay and morbidities. Although rare, complications emphasize the need for careful postoperative monitoring to optimize patient care.