Assessment-of-efficacy-of-oral-health-game-applications-by-evaluating-plaque-index-score-of-58-years-old-children

Background: Caries is a multifactorial disease that is influenced by oral hygiene practices and nowadays with advancing technology, this can also be aided by the use of oral health game applications. To assess the efficacy ofAim: various oral health game applications by evaluating the plaque index score of 5-8 years old children at a time interval of th th 14 days. Plaque index was calculated for 20 children at baseline, 7 day and 14 day. They were randomlyDesign: allocated into 4 groups, one control group and 3 different toothbrushing game app groups. Plaque index scoresResults: reduced in all the 4 groups but were not statistically significant. Group C showed the highest reduction in the Plauqe index scores. Toothbrushing and Oral health game applications have proven to be an interesting andConclusion: educational method to instill good oral hygiene habits in children.

Técnica de cepillado en la prevención de placa bacteriana en niños de 5 a 17 años. Revisión sistemática / Brushing techniques for the prevention of bacterial plaque in children from 5 to 17 years old. Systematic review

Resumen La placa dental se forma a partir de una película adquirida como resultado de la alimentación que se deposita sobre las superficies dentales, por lo que un buen cepillado dental ayuda a mitigar los problemas a futuro que podría causar. Investigación de revisión sistemática, cuyo objetivo fue analizar la importancia del cepillado dental y comparar las características de un cepillado adecuado en la reducción de placa bacteriana en escolares. Se utilizó la metodología PRISMA; se revisaron bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, Scopus y Google Scholar; inicialmente Se trabajó con 1597 artículos, tan solo 18 cumplieron con el rigor científico. Concluyéndose que: los cepillos eléctricos, la técnica de Bass modificada y un adecuado cepillado debe incluir tiempo de uso, frecuencia y supervisión en caso de los niños.

Abstract Dental plaque is formed from a film acquired as a result of food that is deposited on dental surfaces, so good tooth brushing helps to mitigate the future problems that it could cause. The objective of this systematic review was to analyze the importance of tooth brushing and to compare the characteristics of adequate brushing in the reduction of bacterial plaque in school children. The PRISMA methodology was used; databases PubMed, SciELO, Scopus and Google Scholar were reviewed; initially 1597 articles were worked with, only 18 complied with the scientific rigor. It was concluded that: electric toothbrushes, the modified Bass technique and adequate brushing should include time of use, frequency and supervision in the case of children.

Frequency of toothbrushing in children under 12 years old in Peru, 2019-2021 / Frecuencia del cepillado dental en niños menores de 12 años de edad en Perú, 2019-2021

ABSTRACT Introduction: having adequate hygiene could help prevent oral diseases such as dental caries. The objective of this study was to determine the practice of toothbrushing in Peruvian children under 12 years of age between 2019 and 2021. Methods: a cross-sectional, analytical, and retrospective analysis was done by using the data from the 2019,2020 and 2021 Demographic and Family Health Survey databases. 38 203 records were obtained in 2019, 18 613 in 2020, and 35 759 in 2021. The variables were general, daily, and minimum two times a day toothbrushing, natural region, area and place of residence, altitude, wealth index, health insurance coverage, age, and sex. A descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate statistical evaluation was carried out. Results: general toothbrushing was 94.93% (n=83,032), daily toothbrushing was 86.32% (n=67,753), and at least twice a day was 82.93% (n=53,824). In the multivariate form, the year 2020 showed a negative association with daily toothbrushing (RPa: 0.97; 95% CI: 0.96-0.99; p<0.001) and at least twice a day (RPa: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.95-0.98; p<0.001). The year 2021 revealed a negative association with general toothbrushing (RPa:0.98; 95%CI: 0.97-0.98; p<0.001), daily (RPa:0.97; 95%CI: 0.95-0.98; p<0.001) and minimum twice a day (RPa: 0.94; 95%CI: 0.92-0.96; p<0.001), adjusted for the previously associated covariates. Conclusion: the studied years were negatively associated with general toothbrushing, daily toothbrushing, and toothbrushing minimum twice daily.

Resumen Introducción: mantener una higiene adecuada podría ayudar a prevenir enfermedades bucales como las caries dentales. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la práctica del cepillado dental en niños peruanos menores de 12 años entre 2019 y 2021. Métodos: se ejecutó un análisis transversal, analítico y retrospectivo junto con datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar 2019-2021. Se obtuvieron 38 203 registros en 2019, 18 613 en 2020 y 35 759 en 2021. Las variables fueron cepillado dental general, diario y mínimo 2 veces al día, región natural, área y lugar de residencia, altitud, índice de riqueza, cobertura de seguro de salud, edad y sexo. Se realizó una evaluación estadística descriptiva, bivariante y multivariante. Resultados: el cepillado dental general fue del 94,93% (n=83.032), el cepillado dental diario fue del 86,32% (n=67.753) y al menos dos veces al día fue del 82,93% (n=53.824). En forma multivariada, el año 2020 presentó una asociación negativa con el cepillado dental diario (RPa: 0,97; IC 95%: 0,96-0,99; p<0,001) y al menos dos veces al día (RPa: 0,96; IC 95%: 0,95-0,98; p<0,001). El año 2021 presentó asociación negativa con el cepillado dental general (RPa:0,98; IC 95%: 0,97-0,98; p<0,001), diario (RPa:0,97; IC 95%: 0,95-0,98; p<0,001) y mínimo dos veces al día (RPa: 0,94; IC 95%: 0,92-0,96; p<0,001), ajustado por las covariables previamente asociadas. Conclusiones: los años estudiados se asociaron negativamente con el cepillado dental general, cepillado dental diario y cepillado dental mínimo dos veces al día.

Efecto de talleres de técnica de cepillado monitoreados y supervisados con la técnica "ver-repetir" sobre higiene oral en niños con discapacidad auditiva

Introducción. La salud bucodental de poblaciones vulnerables como aquellas con discapacidad auditiva se enfrenta a barreras de salud por la falta de habilidad para la comunicación resultando en una alta prevalencia de caries, enfermedad periodontal y pérdida dentaria. Objetivo. Disminuir el Índice de O´Leary posterior a talleres de técnica de cepillado monitoreados y supervisados con la técnica "ver-repetir". Materiales y Métodos. Estudio de intervención en estudiantes de una escuela para personas con discapacidad auditiva de Asunción-Paraguay, durante el 2022-2023. Los participantes recibieron entrenamiento de cepillado con la técnica de Bass en modelos y maquetas previo a cada sesión de cepillado. En cada sesión se proveyó a cada participante de cepillo y pasta dental. Se instruyó a padres y maestros para fomentar la técnica en el hogar y en la escuela. Se estableció el Índice de O´Leary previa aplicación de una sustancia reveladora de placa bacteriana. Resultados. Participaron del estudio, 46 niñas y 25 varones entre 4 a 13 años; 12 con dentición temporaria, 41 mixta y 18 permanente. Se realizaron 11 sesiones, siendo 8 la mediana de participación. El índice de O´leary fue al inicio 81,86% ± 26,09% que se redujo significativamente a 11,69% ± 3,94%; en el 100% se redujo a menos de 25%. Los primeros molares permanentes inicialmente cariados fueron restaurados y permanecieron sin recidivas hasta el final. Conclusión. La cantidad de placa bacteriana oral en niños con discapacidad auditiva se puede mantener bajo control siguiendo estrategias de higiene que sean supervisadas y monitoreadas.

Introduction. The oral health of vulnerable populations such as the hearing-impaired face barriers due to lack of communication skills resulting in a high prevalence of caries, periodontal disease and tooth loss. Objective. To decrease O'Leary index after monitored and supervised brushing technique workshops with the "see-repeat" technique. Materials and Methods. Intervention study in students of a school for people with hearing disabilities in Asunción-Paraguay, during 2022-2023. The participants received brushing training with the Bass technique on models and mock-ups prior to each brushing session. In each session, each participant was provided with a toothbrush and toothpaste. Parents and teachers were instructed to promote the technique at home and at school. The O'Leary Index was established after applying a substance that reveals bacterial plaque. Results. 46 girls and 25 boys between 4 and 13 years old participated in the study; 12 with temporary teeth, 41 mixed and 18 permanent. 11 sessions were held, with a median participation of 8. The O'leary index was 81.86% ± 26.09% at the beginning, which was significantly reduced to 11.69% ± 3.94%; in 100% it was reduced to less than 25%. The initially decayed first permanent molars were restored and remained recurrence-free until the end. Conclusion. The amount of oral bacterial plaque in hearing impaired children can be kept under control by following hygiene strategies that are supervised and monitored.

Effect of charcoal-containing toothpastes on roughness and color stability of bulk-fill resin composites / Efeito de dentifrícios contendo carvão na cor e rugosidade de resinas compostas bulk-fill

Objective: To evaluate the effects of different commercially available charcoal-based toothpastes (CBTs) on the roughness and color of bulk-fill resin composites (RCs). Materials and Methods: Disc-shaped samples (6 × 2 mm) were made with nanofilled (NF) bulk-fill (Filtek One, 3M Oral Care) or nanohybrid (NH) bulk-fill (Aura, SDI) RCs. The analyses were performed initially (baseline) and after 10,000 brushing cycles in a tooth-brushing machine using (n=10): regular toothpaste (Colgate Total 12, Colgate-Palmolive) or three types of CBTs (Colgate Luminous White Activated Charcoal - Colgate-Palmolive; Black is White - Curaprox; 3D White Mineral Clean - Oral-B). The specimens were analyzed for roughness (Ra, µm) and quantified by coordinates of the CIEL*a*b* color space, Vita Classical scale (shade guide unit, SGU), and general color alteration (ΔEab; ΔE00). The data were evaluated using generalized linear models (Ra, L*, b*, ΔEab; ΔE00), Mann-Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis, and Dunn tests (a*; ΔSGU), with α=0.05. Results: Regardless of the toothpaste, Ra increased after brushing, but was significantly higher in NH than NF (p=0.0001). L* significantly decreased after brushing with Black is White toothpaste (p=0.0027). NF showed higher ΔE00 values after brushing with the CBTs, compared with regular toothpaste. Moreover, NH exposed to Black is White exhibited higher ΔEab and ΔE00 values than the other toothpastes (p<0.0001). Conclusion: The roughness alteration was not mediated by the type of toothpaste. However, the CBTs were able to change the optical properties of bulk-fill RCs, with more pronounced effects, as observed with Black is White (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes dentifrícios contendo carvão (DCCs) na rugosidade e cor de resinas compostas (RCs) bulk-fill. Material e Métodos: Amostras cilíndricas (6 × 2 mm) foram confeccionadas com as RCs nanoparticulada (NP) bulk-fill (Filtek One, 3M Oral Care) e nano-híbrida (NH) bulk-fill (Aura, SDI). As análises foram realizadas nos tempos: inicial (baseline) e após 10000 ciclos de escovação em máquina simuladora utilizando (n = 10): dentifrício regular (Colgate total 12, Colgate-Palmolive) e DCCs (Colgate Luminous White Carvão Ativado - Colgate-Palmolive; Black is White - Curaprox; 3D White Mineral Clean - Oral-B). As amostras foram analisadas quanto à rugosidade (Ra, µm) e quantificadas nas coordenadas do sistema CIEL*a*b*, na escala Vita Classical (SGU), e em valores de alteração geral da cor (ΔEab; ΔE00). Os dados foram avaliados por modelos lineares generalizados (Ra, L*, b*, ΔEab; ΔE00), testes de Mann Whitney, Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn (a*; ΔSGU), com α=0,05. Resultados: Independentemente do dentifrício, a Ra aumentou após a escovação, mas com valores significativamente maiores para a NH do que para a NP (p = 0,0001). Os valores de L* diminuíram significativamente (p = 0,0027) após escovação com Black is White. NP mostrou maiores valores de ΔE00 após escovação com os DCCs comparada ao dentifrício regular. Adicionalmente, NH exibiu maiores valores de ΔEab e ΔE00 quando exposta ao dentifrício Black is White comparada aos outros dentifrícios (p < 0,0001). Conclusão:A alteração de rugosidade não foi mediada pela tipo de dentifrício. Entretanto, os DCCs foram capazes de alterar as propriedades ópticas das RC bulk-fill, com efeitos mais potencializados com o dentifrício Black is White (AU)

Self-perceived oral health, toothbrushing frequency and quality of life of patients undergoing cancer treatment: a cross-sectional study

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the association of both exposures self-perceived oral health and daily brushing frequency and the outcome quality of life of cancer patients. Methods: This is a descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, carried out with 399 cancer patients treated by an institution in Minas Gerais, Brazil. Tooth brushing frequency and self-perceived oral health were obtained through interviews and quality of life through the EORTC QLQ-C30 instrument. Statistical analysis consisted of descriptive and bivariate analyses followed by the use of multiple linear generalized models. Results: Most participants reported self-perception of good oral health (89.2%), being that 55.6% brush their teeth three or more times daily. Better quality of life was observed in the social capacity and diarrhea subscales, whereas worse quality of life was recorded in the insomnia and emotional capacity subscales. Self-perceived poor oral health was associated with worse quality of life scores in two symptoms [fatigue (p = 0.007) and pain (p = 0.024)] and the following subscales: functional capacity (p = 0.006), emotional capacity (p = 0.013), cognitive capacity (p = 0.008), and social capacity (p = 0.022), independently of socioeconomic and health conditions. Tooth brushing frequency was not associated with any subscale. Conclusion: Self-perception of poor oral health was associated with a worse quality of life, however, the frequency of toothbrushing did not affect the quality of life of cancer patients

Análise micro e macroscópica de escovas de dente disponibilizadas à população infantil por municípios cearenses / Micro and macroscopic toothbrush analysis offered to child population in Ceara's counties

A forma mais eficaz para promoção da higiene oral e prevenção de doenças orais é a escovação dentária, ela deve ser executada conforme orientações de equipe de saúde bucal e utilizando escova de dentes adequada. Com o objetivo de analisar as características das escovas de dentes disponibilizadas por municípios cearenses à população infantil, um estudo descritivo e analítico foi realizado utilizando inspeção visual direta em crianças moradoras da 12ª Regional de Saúde do Ceará. A amostra foi composta por 30 escovas de dentes que foram analisadas as cegas em relação as características da parte ativa da escova, cabo, tufos e cerdas. Os dados foram tabulados e analisados utilizando-se de estatística descritiva. As análises dos dados permitiram identificar que as escovas de dentes analisadas possuíam mais de uma característica macroscópica em desacordo com a legislação e pelo menos uma característica microscópica prejudicial à saúde bucal. Concluímos que os municípios que participaram do estudo precisam adequar as escovas dentárias para que possam ser instrumentos para prevenção de doenças orais e promoção da saúde da criança, associada a ações coletivas para a educação em saúde bucal. Estudos futuros, podem investigar a possível associação entre a qualidade das escovas dentárias e a condição de saúde bucal.

The most effective way to promote oral hygiene and prevent oral diseases is toothbrushing, which must be carried out in accordance with the guidelines of the oral health team and using an appropriate toothbrush. A descriptive and analytical study was carried out among counties that make up the 12th Health Regional having the objective of analyzing the characteristics of toothbrushes made available by counties in Ceara to the child population. The sample consisted of 30 toothbrushes that were randomly analyzed in relation to the characteristics of the active part of the brush, handle, tufts, and bristles. Data were tabulated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data analysis identified that the analyzed toothbrushes had more than one macroscopic characteristic in disagreement with the legislation and at least one microscopic characteristic harmful to oral health. We conclude that the counties which participated in the study needed to adapt toothbrushes; so that they can be instruments for preventing oral diseases and promoting children's health, associated with collective actions to improve oral health education. Future studies may investigate the possible association between the quality of toothbrushes and oral health status.

Toothbrushing effects on the surface roughness and cement volume loss of bonded enamel-ceramic interface

Abstract This study evaluated the effect of toothbrushing on enamel-cementing material-ceramic bonded interfaces, using different cementing materials. Materials and Methods: Thirty enamel and thirty ceramic blocks were bonded with cementing materials to produce the samples that were bonded with three types of cementing materials: 1- RelyX Ultimate resin cement (REXU), 2- RelyX Unicem 2 self-adhesive resin cement (REU2) and 3- heated Z100 restorative composite (60°C). Bonded interfaces of the samples were toothbrushed and the surfaces of the 3 cementing materials were evaluated for roughness (RG, in µm), roughness profile (RP, in µm), and volume loss (VL, in µm3) (baseline and after 20,000 and 60,000 toothbrushing cycles). Data were evaluated by Generalized Linear Analysis (two factors: "material" and "toothbrushing cycle") and Bonferroni test (α=0.05). Results: REXU and Z100 exhibited lower RG than that presented by REU2, except after 60,000 toothbrushing cycles when only Z100 differed from REU2. The increase in toothbrushing cycles increased the RG and RP for all materials. REU2 also showed higher RP than those showed by REXU and Z100 when it was analyzed regarding the enamel. The VL of Z100 was the lowest with 20,000 toothbrushing cycles, regarding the enamel and ceramic. For 60,000 cycles, REXU showed the lowest VL regarding the ceramic, and REU2 had the highest VL regarding the enamel and ceramic. Conclusion: In general, REXU and Z100 showed the best results regarding the evaluations performed and the REU2 exhibited the highest RG, RP, and VL.

Resumo Este estudo avaliou o efeito da escovação nas interfaces de união esmalte-material cimentante-cerâmica, utilizando diferentes materiais cimentantes. Materiais e Métodos: Trinta esmaltes e trinta blocos cerâmicos foram unidos com materiais de cimentação para produzir as amostras que foram unidas com três tipos de materiais de cimentação: 1- cimento resinoso RelyX Ultimate (REXU), 2- cimento resinoso autoadesivo RelyX Unicem 2 (REU2) e 3-compósito restaurador aquecido Z100 (60°C). As interfaces coladas das amostras foram escovadas e as superfícies dos 3 materiais cimentantes foram avaliadas quanto à rugosidade (RG, em µm), perfil de rugosidade (RP, em µm) e perda de volume (VL, em µm3) (baseline e após 20.000 e 60.000 ciclos de escovação). Os dados foram avaliados por Análise Linear Generalizada (dois fatores: "material" e "ciclo de escovação") e teste de Bonferroni (α=0,05). Resultados: REXU e Z100 apresentaram menor RG do que REU2, exceto após 60.000 ciclos de escovação, quando Z100 diferiu apenas de REU2. O aumento dos ciclos de escovação aumentou o RG e RP para todos os materiais. O REU2 também apresentou PR maior que o REXU e Z100, quando analisado em relação ao esmalte. O VL de Z100 foi o menor com 20.000 ciclos de escovação em relação ao esmalte e cerâmica. Para 60.000 ciclos, o REXU apresentou o menor VL em relação à cerâmica e o REU2 o maior VL em relação ao esmalte e à cerâmica. Conclusão: De maneira geral, REXU e Z100 apresentaram os melhores resultados nas avaliações realizadas e o REU2 apresentou os maiores RG, RP e VL..

Effectiveness of “Oral Health Care for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder Module” in Improving Tooth-Brushing Practice among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia

@#Introduction: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with behavioural problems which may affect children’s oral health statuses. Caregivers have crucial roles in caring for these children’s oral health. Thus, this study is aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Oral Health Care for Children with ASD (OHASD) Module in improving caregivers’ tooth-brushing difficulties in children ASD. Methods: Quasi-experimental study on caregivers of children with ASD aged 7 to 12 years who were registered at the Psychiatry Clinic Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM), Kelantan. The sociodemographic data obtained, and behavioural problems were assessed. Tooth-brushing difficulties were evaluated at pre- and six months post-intervention using OHASD Module. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS 26.0. Results: A total of 32 Malay children with ASD including their caregivers participated in this study. Caregivers were mostly mothers (78.1%) and children were mostly boys (84.4%), with mean age (SD) of 39.1 (4.19) and 8.8 (1.52) years respectively. Parent-reported questionnaire using the Modified Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (M-CHAT) showed 65.6% of children were highly sensitive to noises, 53.1% sometimes stared at nothing or wandered without purpose and 59.4% were unable to imitate caregivers’ faces. Significant differences between pre- and post-intervention for items; children who liked to close their mouths, turn their heads in different directions, did not understand the purpose of tooth-brushing (P<0.05). Conclusion: OHASD Module is useful in assisting caregivers in practising daily tooth-brushing of children with ASD.

Effect of whitening toothpastes and activated charcoal powder on enamel wear and surface roughness

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate surface roughness (Sa), roughness profile (Rv), and enamel wear after brushing with different whitening toothpastes and charcoal powders. Sixty (n = 10) bovine enamel blocks (6 × 6 × 3 mm) were randomly distributed into six groups according to toothpaste type: regular toothpaste (CONT), toothpaste containing 2% hydrogen peroxide (HP), toothpaste containing titanium dioxide (TiO2), toothpaste containing charcoal (COAL), toothpaste containing charcoal and TiO2 (COAL+TiO2), and activated charcoal powder (COAL_PWD). Each block was subjected to 30,000 reciprocal cycles at a 1:3 proportion slurry. After brushing, the blocks were analyzed using an optical profilometer to determine Sa, Rv, and enamel wear. In addition, representative 3D images of each group and wear profiles were obtained. Sa was analyzed using generalized linear models followed by Bonferroni correction, whereas Rv was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance. After brushing, COAL and COAL+TiO2 showed higher Sa values than COAL_PWD. However, no significant difference was observed in Sa between whitening toothpaste and COAL_PWD, and CONT (p > 0.05). In addition, no differences were observed among the groups in Rv (p > 0.05). Conversely, enamel wear was higher for TiO2, COAL, COAL+TiO2, and COAL_PWD than for CONT. CONT showed the least enamel wear, whereas HP showed intermediate values. Representative 3D images and line profiles showed lower step-height and lower mean surface losses for the CONT and HP groups than for the other groups. Whitening toothpastes and COAL_PWD did not increase Sa or Rv compared with CONT, while CONT demonstrated lower enamel wear.

Characterization of whitening toothpastes and their effect on the physical properties of bulk-fill composites

Abstract Objective To characterize activated charcoal and 2% hydrogen peroxide-based toothpastes and investigate their effects on roughness, color change, and gloss of bulk-fill composite resin. Methodology Composite resin specimens (Aura Bulk Fill, SDI) were subjected to 5,000 brushing cycles with regular toothpaste (Colgate Total 12, [RT]), activated charcoal toothpaste (Bianco Dental Carbon, [AC]), or hydrogen peroxide-containing toothpaste (Colgate Luminous White Advanced, [HP]), with or without coffee exposure. The pH, particle characterization by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and weight% of solid particles in the toothpaste were assessed. Roughness (Ra) was evaluated using a surface profile-measuring device, color change (∆Eab/∆E00) by reflectance spectrophotometer, and gloss unit (GU) by glossmeter. Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn, Friedman, and Nemenyi tests were used, and the correlation coefficient test was performed between Ra and GU (α=0.05). Results RT presented a higher Ra after brushing and did not change after staining with coffee; moreover, the ∆Eab/∆E00 values were higher for RT than HP. Regarding gloss, AC and HP obtained higher values compared to RT. A significant negative correlation between gloss and Ra was found for RT exposed to coffee. All toothpastes had a neutral pH; however, RT had the largest percentage of solids by weight. SEM images showed particles of many sizes: irregular shape (RT), more regular particles (AC), and spherical clusters (HP). Although surface roughness, color change, and gloss may compromise the longevity of restorations, the whitening toothpastes tested did not promote more morphology changes than regular toothpastes.

Effect of modeling liquids on resin composite roughness and color parameters after staining and toothbrushing

Abstract This study evaluated surface roughness, color stability, whitening index, and opacity of different types of modeling liquids for resin composite coating after exposure to staining and toothbrushing. Disc-shaped resin composite (Vittra APS, FGM) specimens were fabricated and divided into four groups (n = 10 each): control group, Composite Wetting resin (Ultradent Products), Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose adhesive (3M ESPE), and Adper Universal adhesive (3M ESPE). Surface roughness (Ra) was measured using a rugosimeter, while color stability (∆E00), whitening index (WI), and opacity (%) were measured using a spectrophotometer. Assessments were made at four time points: after polishing (baseline, T1), after immersion in red wine for 24 h (T2), and after 5,000 (T3) and 10,000 (T4) cycles of toothbrushing. Scanning electron microscopy images were captured to analyze the scratches created. The data were statistically analyzed by two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance and Tukey's honestly significant difference tests (α = .05). Modeling with the Wetting resin resulted in higher surface roughness (p < 0.05) and low color stability, which were attributable to porosities. Higher color change values were observed in the control group after staining. Both adhesives showed the lowest mean ΔE00 values (p < 0.005). WI decreased after staining, except with the use of the Universal adhesive (p < 0.005). The lowest opacity values were observed at baseline for all groups (p < 0.005). The Universal and Scotchbond adhesives had lower surface roughness, better color stability, higher WI, and the lowest opacity values after staining with red wine and toothbrushing.

Association between toothbrushing frequency and dental caries and tooth loss in adolescents: a cohort study

Abstract This cohort study assessed the association between toothbrushing frequency and the increment of dental caries and tooth loss in a population-based sample of southern Brazilian adolescents, to investigate whether there is any additional benefit in performing a third daily brushing. At baseline, 1,528 12-year-old schoolchildren attending 42 schools were examined for gingivitis and dental caries, and answered a questionnaire. After a mean period of 2.5 years, 801 schoolchildren were re-examined. Dental caries and tooth loss increment were outcomes of the study. The main predictor variable was toothbrushing frequency (≥3 times/day vs. twice/day or ≤1 time/day). Poisson regression models were used to estimate the risk for caries and tooth loss increment. Incidence risk ratios (IRR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated. The final model adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical variables showed that brushing twice/day afforded 40% greater risk (IRR = 1.40; 95%CI: 1.02-1.92) for caries increment than ≥3 times/day. Regarding the tooth loss increment, adolescents who brushed their teeth twice/day had a fourfold greater risk (IRR = 3.92; 95%CI: 1.23-12.49) than those who brushed ≥ 3 times/day. Sex, school type, and gingivitis were found to act as effect modifiers, inasmuch as a third daily brushing presented advantages against tooth loss only for girls, public school attendees, and those with ≥ 50% of bleeding sites. This study suggests that adolescents benefit from a third daily toothbrushing. Increasing brushing frequency to 3 times/day may be a suitable strategy to control dental caries and tooth loss among high-risk adolescents.

Bathroom Behaviors Regarding Oral Hygiene Items During COVID-19 Home Isolation: A Cross-Sectional Study in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe behaviors with oral hygiene items in single-bathroom households during the domiciliary isolation of individuals with positive 'Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction' (RTPCR+) in southern Brazil. Material and Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted with Research and Monitoring Sector of COVID-19 data from Palhoça, Brazil, of individuals aged ≥18 years, living in a singlebathroom household, who had an RT-PCR positive. A link of Google Forms was used. Socio-demographic information, characteristics during the home isolation, oral hygiene, and behaviors with oral hygiene items in the bathroom were collected. Descriptive stratified analyses according to age were conducted (<40 and ≥40 years). Results: Among 524 individuals, 36% were aged ≥40 years. During isolation, according to the behaviors with oral hygiene items in the household single-bathroom, 70% (95%CI 64.9-75.5) of the youngest participants reported sharing toothbrushes in the same container and 30% (95%CI 24.4-35.1) of the oldest; use of the same toothpaste was reported by 67% (95%CI 62.8-71.7) of the youngest and 33% (95%CI 28.337.3) of the oldest participants. For the outcome of sharing the same toothpaste, the chances for the youngest and the oldest to share the same toothbrush container was 11 times and 6 times more, respectively. Conclusion: The individuals related good oral hygiene habits; however, behaviors with oral hygiene items in the bathroom were neglected, especially by the younger individuals.

Influence of pH-cycling and abrasion wear on the mechanical properties of conventional and bulk fill resin composites

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of abrasion wear on surface roughness and microhardness of different commercially available resin composites simulating pH-challenges of the oral cavity. Methods: Three resin composites (RC) were used in this study: one conventional: Z250; and two bulk fill resin composites (BRC): Tetric N-Ceram (TNC) and Sonic Fill (SF). The RC was inserted in a prefabricated mold (15mm wide x 4mm thickness) in two layers, or in a single layer for BRC. Thirty samples were prepared and surface roughness (Ra) and Knoop microhardness (KHN) test were performed at three different time-points of evaluation: baseline (24h after sample preparation); partial (after pH cycling); and final (after simulated toothbrushing procedure). Two samples of each group were selected after different treatments and analyzed descriptively on a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data from Ra and KHN were analyzed by two-way repeated-measures ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc test with a significance level set at 5%. Results: Ra increased for all groups (p<0.001), at the final time-point, Z250 and TNC groups present the highest values. Oppositely, KHN decreased for all groups (p<0.001), Z250 group showed the highest KHN values for all time-points (p<0.001). The SEM imagens showed a regular surface for samples cycled and irregular with inorganic particles exposed for samples toothbrushed. Conclusion: pH-cycling and simulated toothbrushing affected the superficial properties (roughness and Knoop microhardness), as observed at SEM imagens, with irregular surface with inorganic particles exposure

Effectiveness of Chewable Toothbrushes Compared to ManualToothbrushes in Removing Dental Plaque - A Systematic Review andMeta?Analysis

Objective: Chewable toothbrushes (CT) are considered an effective tool for dental plaque removal; however, their effectiveness is still uncertain compared to Manual toothbrushes (MT). Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of CT compared to MT in dental plaque removal. Methods: Studies comparing the efficiency of CT and MT in dental plaque removal measured by Turesky Modification of Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (TMQHI), Quigley-Hein Plaque Index (QHI), or Silness Loe Plaque Index (SLPI) were identified in PubMed, Medline Web of Science, Google Scholar, and the CENTRAL. Results and effect sizes estimate are presented as mean difference, and subgroup analysis is presented separately for non?randomised interventional studies and randomised intervention studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool (ROBINS?I and ROB2 tool). Results: A total of 10 studies were included in the systematic review, whereas six out of 10 studies were included in the meta?analysis. Both CT and MT were effective in plaque reduction over time when compared individually using the TMQHI and SLPI scores. The overall pooled summary showed no difference in CT and MT’s dental plaque removal ability when measured using the TMQHI score. Similarly, there was no difference in CT and MT’s dental plaque removal ability when measured using the SLPI score. Conclusion: There is no significant difference in CT and MT’s plaque removal ability. Therefore, CT should only be recommended for children and individuals with a disability or manual dexterity.

Ação de dentifrícios antiplaca e anticálculosobre esmalte dentário bovino / The action of antiplaque and anticalculus dentifrices in bovine dental enamel

Introdução: os dentifrícios antiplaca e anticálculo contêm, em sua composição, agentes específicos para o controle e a redução do biofilme dentário, como o citrato de zinco, o óxido de zinco e o pirofosfato tetrassódico, dentre outros. Objetivo: avaliar in vitroa ação de dentifrícios antiplaca e anticálculo na variação da massa e da rugosidade superficial do esmalte bovino submetido à escovação simulada por 6 e 12 meses.Metodologia: 40 corpos de prova (CP) foram randomizados e divididos aleatoriamente em 4 grupos (n=10): grupo controle (GC- água) e 3 grupos teste (GT1 ­ Colgate-Total® 12 Clean Mint, GT2 ­ Colgate-Total® 12 Anti-Tártaro, GT3 ­ Prevent® Antiplaca). Os CP foram submetidos à escovação simulada por 6 e 12 mesese as avaliações da massa e da rugosidade foram realizadas após cada período de escovação. Resultados: a análise da variação da massa demonstrou que não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos e os tempos. A avaliação da rugosidade demonstrou que, após 12 meses de escovação, o GT1 apresentou aumento significativo da rugosidade, quando comparado aos grupos controle e testes, enquanto os grupos GT2 e GT3 apresentaram comportamento semelhante após um ano de escovação, promovendo o polimento superficial do esmalte bovino. Conclusão: a escovação com os dentifrícios antiplaca ou anticálculo não promoveu perda significativa da massa no esmalte bovino e promoveu seu polimento.

Introduction: Antiplaque and anticalculus dentifrices contain in their composition specific agents for the control and reduction of dental biofilm, such as zinc citrate, zinc oxide, tetrasodium pyrophosphate, among others. Objective: To evaluate in vitro the action of antiplaque and anticalculus dentifrices on the variation of mass and surface roughness of bovine enamel submitted to simulated brushing for 6 and 12 months. Metodology: 40 specimens (PB) were randomized and randomly divided into 4 groups (n=10): control group (GC ­ water) and 3 test groups (GT1 ­ Colgate-Total® 12 Clean Mint, GT2 ­ Colgate-Total® 12 Anti-Tartar, and GT3 ­ Prevent®Antiplaque). The PB were submitted to simulated brushing for 6 and 12 months and the mass and roughness evaluations were performed after each brushing period. Results: The analysis of mass variation showed that there was no significant difference between groups and times. The roughness evaluation showed that after 12 months of brushing, GT1 showed a significant increase in roughness when compared to the control and test groups, while the GT2 and GT3 groups showed similar behavior after one year of brushing, promoting the surface polishing of bovine enamel. Conclusion: Brushing with antiplaque or anticalculus dentifrices did not promote significant mass loss in bovine enamel and promoted its polishing.

Whitening efficacy of popular natural products on dental enamel

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of natural bleaching products on the color, whiteness, and superficial properties of dental enamel. Seventy fragments of bovine teeth were obtained (6mm x 6mm x 2mm). Initial surface roughness (Surfcorder SE1700, Kosakalab), microhardness (HMV-2, Shimadzu), color (EasyShade, VITA), and surface gloss (Micro-Gloss 45º BYK, Gardner) readings were done. Samples were separated into five groups (n=14) according to the treatments used: CT-conventional toothpaste (negative control); CH-charcoal; TU-turmeric; BP-banana peel, and CP16%-16% carbamide peroxide gel (positive control, 4 h/day for 14 days), and then brushed for 560 cycles (T1) and 1200 cycles (T2), equivalent to 14 and 30 days of brushing. New measurements were performed after T1 and T2. The whiteness index for dentistry change (∆WID) and Weight loss (Wl) were calculated. CP16% demonstrated the highest (p<.05) color change (ΔE00) and ∆WID (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, p<.05). Surface gloss alterations were lower for TU, CP16%, and BP. CT and CH increased surface roughness (p<.05). CP16% decreased enamel microhardness. CH presented medium abrasiveness, and CT and TU, low abrasiveness. The popular bleaching products were not efficient for tooth whitening. Furthermore, brushing with charcoal increased the enamel surface roughness, and CP16% decreased enamel microhardness over time

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de produtos clareadores naturais na cor, efeito clareador e propriedades superficiais do esmalte dentário. Setenta fragmentos de dente bovino foram obtidos (6mm x 6mm x 2mm). Foram realizadas leituras iniciais de rugosidade de superfície (Surfcorder SE1700, Kosakalab), microdureza (HMV-2, Shimadzu), cor (EasyShade, VITA) e brilho (Micro-Gloss 45º BYK, Gardner). As amostras foram separadas em cinco grupos (n=14), de acordo com os tratamentos utilizados: DC - dentifrício convencional (controle negativo); CA - carvão ativado; CM - cúrcuma; CB - casca de banana e PC16% - gel de peróxido de carbamida a 16% (controle positivo, 4h/dia por 14 dias), foram então escovadas por 560 ciclos (T1) e 1200 ciclos (T2), equivalente a 14 e 30 dias de escovação. Novas leituras foram realizadas após T1 e T2. A alteração do whiteness index for dentistry (∆WID) e perda de massa (Pm) foram calculadas. PC16% demonstrou a maior (p<0,05) alteração de cor (ΔE00) e ∆WID (2-way ANOVA, Bonferroni, p<0,05). A alteração de brilho foi menor para CM, PC16% e CB. DC e CA aumentaram a rugosidade de superfície (p<0,05). PC16% diminuiu a microdureza do esmalte. CA apresentou abrasividade média, e DC e CM, baixa abrasividade. Os produtos clareadores populares não foram eficientes para clareamento dental. Ademais, a escovação com carvão ativado aumentou a rugosidade de superfície do esmalte dentário, e com maior tempo PC16% diminuiu a microdureza do esmalte.

Effect of oral health intervention program on the self oral care of children attending childcare facilities: a quasi-experimental study

This study aimed to conduct a quasi-experimental study for assessing the effects of an oral health intervention program (OHIP), on the self-management of oral health in children attending childcare centers. The participants recruited were 83 children from two childcare centers, who were allocated to the intervention and control groups. The intervention group received the OHIP. At baseline, a self-reported survey of parents was conducted. In addition, the oral status of the children at baseline and at 5 weeks was evaluated. Their brushing behavior was assessed once a week and every day during the OHIP intervention period and at home, respectively. After the follow-up at 12 weeks, dental plaque index (PI) was measured and two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was performed. The PI of the intervention group significantly decreased at week 5, compared to the baseline (1.90 ± 0.53, p < 0.001). Despite a substantial increase in week 12 (2.67 ± 0.08, p < 0.001), the PI was significantly lower than that of the control group (3.37 ± 0.60). The OHIP was effective in reducing the PI and modifying the brushing behavior among children. It is necessary to develop and expand a systematic oral health education program to promote self-management of oral health in children.

Association between Oral Health Knowledge, Attitude and Practice with Dental Plaque Maturity Status among Adolescents in Kota Bharu, Kelantan

@#Introduction: School students are young adolescents who are in a period of acquiring good oral hygiene habits that are practised as they grow up. This study aimed to determine the association between oral health knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of the adolescents and their dental plaque maturity status. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 174 school students aged 13 to 14 years in Kota Bharu, Kelantan. The oral health knowledge, attitude and practices were assessed by self-administered questionnaires, while the dental plaque maturity status was assessed using GC Tri Plaque ID gel TM (TPID). The data were analysed using IBM SPSS version 24.0. Results: The mean (SD) for knowledge and attitude score of the students were 4.69 (1.44) and 3.63 (0.63), respectively. The mean (SD) dental plaque maturity score (DPMS) of the students was 1.02 (0.55). Students who had answered correctly on sugar and practised tooth brushing twice daily had significantly lower mean DPMS as compared to those who had answered incorrectly and practised tooth brushing less than twice daily (p<0.05). Conclusion: Adolescents participated in this study had moderate oral health knowledge and good oral health attitude. Correct knowledge regarding sugar and toothbrushing routines of at least twice a day significantly associated with the dental plaque maturity status.