Diabetes tipo 1 en pediatría durante la pandemia por COVID-19: tiempo de evolución de síntomas y formas de presentación en un centro de referencia / Type 1 diabetes in pediatrics during the COVID-19 pandemic: Time from symptom onset and forms of presentation at a referral hospital

Introducción. La pandemia por COVID-19 afectó la atención de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1). Además, se reportó un aumento de cetoacidosis diabética (CAD) como forma de diagnóstico. Objetivos. Evaluar si durante la pandemia por COVID-19 se modificaron el tiempo de evolución de síntomas, las causas de hospitalización por DM1 y la proporción de formas graves, y describir la infección por SARS-CoV-2 en estos pacientes. Población y métodos. Estudio transversal que incluyó pacientes menores de 19 años hospitalizados por DM1 en un centro pediátrico de referencia de marzo de 2018 a agosto de 2019 (prepandemia) y de marzo de 2020 a agosto de 2021 (pandemia). Resultados. Se analizaron 231 internaciones, 135 prepandemia y 96 en pandemia. Los pacientes con debut diabético presentaron menor tiempo de evolución de síntomas en pandemia que en prepandemia (18,8 ± 10,2 vs. 52,1 ±12,1 días, respectivamente; p <0,001). Las hospitalizaciones por todas las formas de debut diabético y el debut con CAD fueron más frecuentes en pandemia que en prepandemia (59,4 % vs. 39,3 %; OR 2,3; IC95% 1,3-3,8; p = 0,003); y (40,6 % vs. 20,7 %; OR 2,6; IC95% 1,4-5,2; p = 0,006) respectivamente. La proporción de formas graves de CAD no se modificó entre ambos períodos (48,1 % vs. 59,9 %; p = 0,3). Solo 6 pacientes presentaron infección por SARS-CoV-2; 3 fueron formas graves. Conclusión. Durante la pandemia, disminuyó el tiempo de evolución de síntomas y aumentó la frecuencia de hospitalizaciones por debut de DM1, con mayor proporción de CAD. No se modificó la proporción de formas graves de CAD

Introduction. The COVID-19 pandemic impacted on the health care of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). An increase in diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) as a form of diagnosis was reported. Objectives. To assess whether there were changes in the time from symptom onset, the causes of hospitalization due to DM1, and the proportion of severe forms, and to describe SARS-CoV-2 infection in these patients. Population and methods. Cross-sectional study in patients younger than 19 years hospitalized due to DM1 from March 2018 to August 2019 (pre-pandemic) and from March 2020 to August 2021 (pandemic). Results. The assessment included 135 hospitalizations in the pre-pandemic period and 96 during the pandemic. The time from symptom onset during the pandemic in those with debutof diabetes was shorter than in the pre-pandemic period (18.8 ± 10.2 versus 52.1 ± 12.1 days, respectively; p < 0.001). Hospitalizations due to all forms of diabetes debut and debut with DKA were more common during the pandemic than before it (59.4% versus 39.3%; odds ratio [OR]: 2.3; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.3­3.8; p = 0.003 and 40.6% versus 20.7%; OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.4­5.2; p = 0.006, respectively). Severe forms of DKA did not change between both periods (48.1% versus 59.9%; p = 0.3). Only 6 patients developed SARS-CoV-2 infection; 3 were severe. Conclusion. During the pandemic, the time from symptom onset decreased and the frequency of hospitalizations due to debut of DM1 increased. The proportion of severe forms of DKA did not change.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: Autoimmune Mechanisms and Treatment

This article provides a comprehensive overview of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM), highlighting the autoimmune origins of the illness and its therapeutic options. It discusses the role of insulin in metabolism and highlights the fact that the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells is the primary characteristic of type 1 diabetes. Environmental triggers such as viral infections, cow's milk proteins, and insufficient vitamin D are studied in addition to genetic factors such as specific alleles associated with the disease's susceptibility. The report discusses the global epidemiology of T1DM and its increasing incidence, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to treatment. Various treatment options are evaluated, emphasizing the need for customized approaches to treat this complex autoimmune disease. These options include gene therapy, insulin treatment, immunomodulatory medications, and vaccination. All things considered, the study adds to our understanding of T1DM and highlights the ongoing need to develop effective treatment modalities.

Carbohydrate counting and insulin analogs to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus. How to improve metabolic control?

Abstract Objectives: Clinical-laboratory comparison of a population of children and adolescents with DM1 followed at a Brazilian outpatient university clinic, at two different periods (2014 and 2020), regarding changes made both to the insulin therapy scheme and to the nutritional approach to carbohydrate counting. Methods: The data of patients with DM1 aged 0-19 years enrolled in the service in 2014 and 2020 were collected. Student's t-test was performed to compare the means of HbA1c and the variables of interest. Results: NPH + regular insulin was predominantly used in 2014 (49.1%), while in 2020, the predominance shifted to insulin analogs (48.4%). Pump use tripled from 1.3% in 2014 to 4.4% in 2020, and the percentage of patients performing carbohydrate counting reduced from 28.3% to 17.8%. Regarding HbA1c, the 2014 group of patients had a mean of 9.8%, while the 2020 group had a mean of 9.6% (p = 0.49). Conclusion: The change in treatments between 2014 and 2020 did not result in a significant improvement in HbA1c levels. However, it was identified the importance of carbohydrate counting and the use of insulin analogs to improve metabolic control in this population at both times.

Navigating The Challenges Of Hypoglycemia In Type 1 Diabetes: A Comprehensive Review

Hypoglycemia is a signi?cant constraint in the regulation of glycemic levels in individuals with diabetes. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is classi?ed as an autoimmune disorder wherein the immune system of the body initiates an assault on the pancreatic beta cells responsible for insulin production, leading to their subsequent destruction. Insulin is a hormone that facilitates the utilization of glucose as an energy source within the human body. In the absence of insulin, there is a build-up of glucose in the bloodstream, resulting in a range of health issues, such as hyperglycaemia. Occasional episodes of hypoglycemia can also occur in Type 1 diabetes due to multiple reasons such as increased physical activity, diet and Iatrogenic causes. Iatrogenic hypoglycemia commonly arises from the interaction between an excessive administration of insulin and impaired glucose counter- regulation in individuals with Type I diabetes mellitus, which requires insulin for management. Iatrogenic hypoglycemia is a signi?cant obstacle in effectively managing glycemic levels in individuals with diabetes. The fall in glucose concentrations does not typically result in a decrease in insulin concentrations, nor does it lead to an increase in glucagon and epinephrine concentrations as would be expected under normal circumstances. The hypothesis of hypoglycemia-associated autonomic failure (HAAF) in Type I diabetes suggests that prior iatrogenic hypoglycaemia leads to impaired glucose counter-regulation characterised by a diminished epinephrine response in the absence of a glucagon response. Additionally, it is proposed that hypoglycemia unawareness occurs as a result of reduced autonomic function and subsequent attenuation of neurogenic symptom responses. The mediator and mechanism of HAAF remain unknown, although they are currently the subject of ongoing investigation. Hypoglycemia in individuals with insulin de?ciency, including those with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and advanced Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), occurs due to a combination of excessive therapeutic insulin administration and impaired physiological (such as improper glucose counter-regulation) and behavioural (such as hypoglycemia unawareness) mechanisms that normally protect against declining blood glucose levels. This study aims to review the physiological and psychological experiences of individuals living with Type 1 Diabetes and hypoglycemia, while also seeking to identify effective techniques to promote well-being and enhance adherence to treatment protocols.

Risk factors for ketoacidosis in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus and establishment of a predictive model / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the risk factors for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children/adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to establish a model for predicting the risk of DKA.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed on 217 children/adolescents with T1DM who were admitted to General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University from January 2018 to December 2021. Among the 217 children/adolescents,169 cases with DKA were included as the DKA group and 48 cases without DKA were included as the non-DKA group. The risk factors for DKA in the children/adolescents with T1DM were analyzed, and a nomogram model was established for predicting the risk of DKA in children/adolescents with T1DM.@*RESULTS@#For the 217 children/adolescents with T1DM, the incidence rate of DKA was 77.9% (169/217). The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high levels of random blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood ketone body, and triglyceride on admission were closely associated with the development of DKA in the children/adolescents with T1DM (OR=1.156, 3.2031015, 20.131, and 9.519 respectively; P<0.05). The nomogram prediction model had a C-statistic of 0.95, with a mean absolute error of 0.004 between the risk of DKA predicted by the nomogram model and the actual risk of DKA, indicating that the model had a good overall prediction ability.@*CONCLUSIONS@#High levels of random blood glucose, HbA1c, blood ketone body, and triglyceride on admission are closely associated with the development of DKA in children/adolescents with T1DM, and targeted intervention measures should be developed to reduce the risk of DKA.

Isolation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in transgenic pigs and co-culture with porcine islets / 器官移植

Objective To investigate the isolation and culture of porcine bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC) with α-1, 3-galactosyltransferase (GGTA1) gene knockout (GTKO), GTKO/ human CD46 (hCD46) insertion and cytidine monopho-N-acetylneuraminic acid hydroxylase (CMAH)/GGTA1 gene knockout (Neu5GC/Gal), and the protective effect of co-culture with porcine islets on islet cells. Methods Bone marrow was extracted from different transgenic pigs modified with GTKO, GTKO/hCD46 and Neu5GC/Gal. Porcine BMSC were isolated by the whole bone marrow adherent method and then cultured. The morphology of BMSC was observed and the surface markers of BMSC were identified by flow cytometry. Meantime, the multi-directional differentiation induced by BMSC was observed, and the labeling and tracing of BMSC were realized by green fluorescent protein (GFP) transfection. The porcine BMSC transfected with GFP were co-cultured with porcine islet cells. Morphological changes of porcine islet cells were observed, and compared with those in the porcine islet cell alone culture group. Results BMSC derived from pigs were spindle-shaped in vitro, expressing biomarkers of CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, CD105 and CD166 rather than CD34 and CD45. These cells were able to differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts and chondrocytes. Porcine BMSC with GFP transfection could be labeled and traced, which could be stably expressed in the daughter cells after cell division. Porcine BMSC exerted certain protective effect on islet cells. Conclusions GFP-labeled porcine BMSC modified with GTKO, GTKO/hCD46 and Neu5GC/Gal are successfully established, which exert certain protective effect upon islet cells.

Effect of Fto gene knockout on calcium regulation and aortic smooth muscle contraction in diabetic mice / 中国病理生理杂志

AIM:To investigate the influence of fat mass and obesity-associated(Fto)gene on the aberrant contraction of aortic smooth muscle in diabetes mellitus(DM)mice,and to explore the mechanism of Fto gene underlying the calcium regulation.METHODS:Smooth muscle-specific Fto gene knockout(FtoSMKO)mice were generated using Cre-loxP technology.The experiment involved 3 groups of mice:wild-type(WT)group,DM model group and FtoSMKO-DM group,with 15 mice in each group.In DM group and FtoSMKO-DM group,type 1 DM was induced by intraperitoneal injec-tion of streptozotocin.The mice in WT group were injected with equal volume of citric acid-sodium citrate buffer solution.The influences of different drugs on the contraction responses of aortic smooth muscle in mice were analyzed using a multi-myograph system.The expression level of FTO protein in the aortic tissues was detected by Western blot.RESULTS:(1)Compared with WT mice,the expression levels of FTO protein in the aortic tissues of DM mice were significantly in-creased(P＜0.01).(2)The expression level of FTO protein in smooth muscle was significantly decreased after knockout of Fto gene(P＜0.01).Compared with WT group,the mice in DM group exhibited a significant decrease in body weight and a marked increase in fasting blood glucose level(P＜0.05).There were no noticeable differences in body weight or fasting blood glucose level between FtoSMKO-DM group and DM group(P＞0.05).(3)The contraction responses of aortic smooth muscle in DM group were substantially increased by phenylephrine compared with WT group.Specifically,vaso-constriction responses mediated by non-L-type calcium channels and store-operated calcium channels(SOCC)were signifi-cantly enhanced in DM group.In addition,the responses mediated by inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors(IP3R),which facilitate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum,were significantly enhanced.However,the responses mediated by caffeine-activated ryanodine receptors(RyR),which also facilitate calcium release from the sarcoplasmic re-ticulum,were significantly inhibited(P＜0.05).(4)Compared with DM group,the phenylephrine-induced contraction re-sponses of aortic smooth muscle in FtoSMKO-DM group were greatly weakened(P＜0.05).In particular,the vasoconstriction responses mediated by non-L-type calcium channels and SOCC in FtoSMKO-DM group were greatly suppressed(P＜0.05),while those mediated by caffeine-activated RyR were dramatically boosted(P＜0.05).However,IP3R-mediated responses were not affected(P＞0.05).CONCLUSION:Smooth muscle-specific Fto gene knockout suppresses contractile hyperre-sponsiveness in the aortic smooth muscle of DM mice,which may be attributed to involvement of FTO protein in calcium regulation in the vascular smooth muscle.

Effects of metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid on promoting transdifferentiation of pancreatic OL cells into pancreatic β cells / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the role of metabolites of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in promoting the transdifferentiation of pancreatic α cells to β cells. Methods Male C57BL/6J mice were injected intraperitoneally with 60 mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) for five consecutive days to establish a type 1 diabetes (T1DM) mouse model. After two weeks, they were randomly divided into model groups and 97% EPA diet intervention group, 75% fish oil (50% EPA +25% DHA) diet intervention group, and random blood glucose was detected every week; after the model expired, the regeneration of pancreatic β cells in mouse pancreas was observed by immunofluorescence staining. The islets of mice (obtained by crossing GCG

Glucogenosis hepática como manifestación de síndrome de Mauriac en el adulto / Hepatic glycogenosis as a manifestation of Mauriac's syndrome in adults

El síndrome de Mauriac es una complicación poco frecuente de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 mal controlada que se presenta comúnmente en adolescentes con retraso del crecimiento, retraso de la pubertad, rasgos cushingoides, hipercolesterolemia y hepatomegalia. Sin embargo, la única característica de presentación del síndrome de Mauriac puede ser la glucogenosis hepática tanto en adultos como en niños. El pilar del tratamiento de la glucogenosis hepática es el control estricto de los niveles de glucosa, con un excelente pronóstico con un mejor control glucémico. Presentamos un caso de una mujer de 20 años con antecedente de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1), dislipidemia mixta con mal control metabólico secundario a mala adherencia al tratamiento con múltiples hospitalizaciones por cetoacidosis diabética (CAD). En su última hospitalización se pesquisa hepatomegalia con elevación de enzimas hepáticas asociado a talla baja, rasgos cushingoides y retraso de madurez sexual por lo que se plantea diagnóstico de síndrome de Mauriac.

Mauriac syndrome is a rare complication of poorly controlled type 1 diabetes mellitus that commonly presents in adolescents with growth retardation, delayed puberty, Cushingoid features, hypercholesterolemia, and hepatomegaly. However, the only presenting feature of Mauriac syndrome may be hepatic glycogenosis in both adults and children. The mainstay of treatment for hepatic glycogenosis is strict control of glucose levels, with an excellent prognosis with better glycemic control. We present a case of a 20-year-old woman with a history of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (DM1), mixed dyslipidemia with poor metabolic control secondary to poor adherence to treatment with multiple hospitalizations for diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA). In her last hospitalization, hepatomegaly with elevated liver enzymes associated with short stature, Cushingoid features and delayed sexual maturity was investigated, for which a diagnosis of Mauriac syndrome was proposed.

Determination of non-sugar sweetener intake in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus in Chile / Determinación de la ingesta de edulcorantes no azucarados en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 en Chile

INTRODUCTION: Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) treatment aims for glycemic control through insulin therapy, carbohydrate intake, and physical activity. Non-sugar sweeteners (NSS) are used to reduce sugar consumption and weight control. It is unlikely that children with type 1 diabetes exceed the acceptable daily intake (ADI) for different NSS, but it is not known what happens to the NSS intake of adults with T1D in Chile. OBJECTIVE: To estimate the consumption of non-sugar sweeteners (NSS), considering the proportion of users, the intake level relative to the ADI, and the differences in intake according to sex in a sample of adults with T1D in Chile. METHODS: In this descriptive study, 32 adults diagnosed with T1D were recruited. NSS consumption was assessed via a Food Frequency Questionnaire. Statistical analysis included t-tests, Mann-Whitney U, and Fisher's exact tests. RESULTS: All individuals consumed NSS. Sucralose, steviol glycosides, acesulfame K, and aspartame were NSS most frequently consumed. Although the average daily NSS intake was 241.4 mg, within acceptable limits. Steviol glycosides had the highest percentage of acceptable daily intake (9.9%). Beverages were the primary sources of NSS, contributing 91% of acesulfame K, 86% of aspartame, and 29% of sucralose consumed during the day. High NSS consumers had a higher obesity proportion, while low consumers had more overweight individuals. CONCLUSIONS: This study reveals widespread NSS consumption in adults with T1D, emphasizing the need for continued research and monitoring to understand the long-term implications of NSS use in this population.

INTRODUCCIÓN: El tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) busca el control glucémico a través de la terapia con insulina, la ingesta de carbohidratos y la actividad física. Los edulcorantes no azucarados (ENA) se utilizan para reducir el consumo de azúcar y el control del peso corporal. Hay pocas posibilidades de que los niños con diabetes tipo 1 excedan la ingesta diaria aceptable (IDA) de los diferentes ENA, pero no se sabe que ocurre con la ingesta de ENA de los adultos con DM1 en Chile. OBJETIVO: Estimar el consumo de ENA, considerando la proporción de usuarios, el nivel de ingesta relativo a la IDA y las diferencias en la ingesta según el sexo en una muestra de adultos con DM1 en Chile. MÉTODOS: En este estudio descriptivo se reclutaron 32 adultos diagnosticados con DM1. El consumo de ENA se evaluó mediante un Cuestionario de Frecuencia Alimentaria. El análisis estadístico incluyó pruebas t, U de Mann-Whitney y exacta de Fisher. RESULTADOS: Todos los individuos consumieron ENA. Sucralosa, glucósidos de esteviol, acesulfame K y aspartame fueron los ENA más frecuentemente consumidos. Aunque la ingesta diaria promedio de ENA fue de 241.4 mg, se mantuvo dentro de los límites aceptables. Los glucósidos de esteviol presentaron el mayor porcentaje de ingesta diaria aceptable (9.9%). Las bebidas fueron las principales fuentes de ENA, contribuyendo con el 91% del acesulfame K, el 86% del aspartame y el 29% de la sucralosa consumidos durante el día. Los altos consumidores de ENA presentaban una mayor proporción de obesidad, mientras que los bajos consumidores tenían más individuos con sobrepeso. CONCLUSIONES: Este estudio revela un consumo generalizado de ENA en individuos adultos con DM1, enfatizando la necesidad de continuar la investigación y la monitorización para comprender las implicaciones a largo plazo del uso de ENA en esta población.

Teplizumab: toma de posición de la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes / Teplizumab: position statement of Argentine Diabetes Society

El conocimiento de los mecanismos etiopatogénicos de la diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) y la posibilidad de identificar en estadios tempranos individuos en riesgo de desarrollar la enfermedad (fase presintomática o prediabetes 1), han sido las bases para los estudios de prevención por más de tres décadas. A partir de la aprobación del uso teplizumab (TPB) por la Food and Drug Administration (FDA) en personas con riesgo de desarrollar DM1, la Sociedad Argentina de Diabetes ha resuelto comisionar a un grupo de expertos para elaborar una toma de posición al res-pecto. En este sentido, se responderán las siguientes preguntas: • ¿Cuáles son las determinaciones inmunológicas que se utilizan en la predicción de la DM1? ¿Cuál es el valor predictivo positivo, la sensibilidad y la especificidad de los autoanticuerpos? • ¿Está indicada la predicción en DM1? ¿En qué grupo? • ¿Qué es TPB? ¿Cuál es la eficacia farmacológica y cuáles son los efectos adversos? En la actualidad el TPB está aprobado para retrasar el desarrollo de la DM1 en personas en estadio 2 de prediabetes. La población considerada de riesgo para estudios de predicción son los familia-res de primer grado de pacientes con DM1. Si bien la predicción y prevención con TPB no constituyen una recomendación universal, su empleo puede ser considerado en casos individuales cuando los pacientes sean identificados en estadio 2 de prediabetes tipo 1(AU)

The knowledge of the etiopathogenic mechanisms of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) and the possibility of identifying in early stages individuals at risk of developing the disease (presymptomatic phase or prediabetes 1) have been the bases for prevention studies for more than 3 decades.Following the approval of the use of teplizumab (TPB) by the Food and Drug Administration/USA (FDA) in people at risk of developing DM1, the Argentine Diabetes Society has decided to select a group of experts to develop a position statement. In this sense, the following questions will be answered: • What are the immunological determinations used to predict DM1? What is the positive predictive value, sensitivity and specificity of autoantibodies? • Is prediction indicated in DM1? In what group? • What is TPB? What is the pharmacological efficacy and what are the adverse effects?TPB is currently approved to delay the development of DM1 in people with stage 2 prediabetes. The population considered at risk for prediction studies are first-degree relatives of patients with DM1. Although prediction and prevention with TPB do not constitute a universal recommendation, its use can be considered in individual cases when patients are identified in stage 2 of type 1 prediabetes(AU)

Estrategia de superación profesional para la atención integral del paciente con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / A Professional Improvement Strategy for the Comprehensive Care of the Patient with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Introducción: Los especialistas en Medicina General Integral representan un pilar en los logros de la salud de la población, por lo que se hace necesaria su superación profesional con el objetivo de actualizar el conocimiento en los avances de la medicina para optimizar la calidad de la atención médica integral al individuo y a la comunidad; y, de manera particular, la superación profesional para la atención a pacientes con enfermedades metabólicas. Objetivo: Diseñar un curso de posgrado para el mejoramiento del desempeño de especialistas de Medicina General Integral en la atención de pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación de desarrollo, educativa, entre marzo de 2019 y marzo de 2021, que culminó con el diseño del curso referido. Se emplearon métodos teóricos y empíricos en función de la revisión bibliográfica y documental. Se aplicaron los métodos analítico sintético, histórico lógico e inductivo-deductivo para la contratación de criterios a partir de los materiales revisados y el resultado de las indagaciones empíricas, obtenidas a través de encuestas l, a partir del criterio de los autores y el aporte de especialistas en Medicina General Integral de acuerdo con criterios de expertos. Resultados: Se identificaron las necesidades de aprendizaje de los especialistas en Medicina General Integral sobre la base de las cuales se diseñó un curso compuesto por cinco temas, con un enfoque activo y participativo, a través de diferentes formas de enseñanza-aprendizaje, con énfasis en el uso del trabajo grupal, como reconocida vía que propicia una actitud reflexiva y crítica entre los profesionales de la salud. Se validó el curso por expertos en cuanto a sus objetivos, contenidos, estructura didáctico-metodológica y pertinencia social. Conclusiones: El curso diseñado sobre los aspectos teóricos-prácticos para la atención a pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 contribuirá a la superación de los especialistas en Medicina General Integral y redundará en su mejor desempeño(AU)

Introduction: Family medicine specialists are a cornerstone for attaining population health; therefore, their professional improvement is necessary, aiming at updating knowledge about the advances of medicine, in order to optimize the quality of comprehensive medical care provided to the individual and the community; as well as professional improvement particularly for the care of patients with metabolic diseases. Objective: To design a postgraduate course to improve the performance of family medicine specialists in the care of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A developmental, educational research was conducted between March 2019 and March 2021, finishing with the design of the referred course. Theoretical and empirical methods were used, upon the base of literature and document review. The synthetic-analytical, historical-logical and inductive-deductive methods were applied to define criterions from the reviewed materials or the result of the empirical inquiries, obtained through surveys, based on the criterions of authors and the contribution of family medicine specialists according to expert criterions. Results: The learning needs of family medicine specialists were identified, upon whose basis a course made up of five topics was designed, with an active and participative approach, through different teaching-learning ways and emphasizing the use of group work, being a way that acknowledgedly favors a reflexive and critical attitude among health professionals. The course was validated by experts, in terms of its objectives, contents, didactic-methodological structure, and social relevance. Conclusions: The designed course about the theoretical-practical aspects for the care of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus will contribute to the professional improvement of family medicine specialists and will result in their better performance(AU)

Carbohydrate counting as a strategy to optimize glycemic control in type 1 diabetes mellitus

ABSTRACT Objective: The objective of this study was to verify the impact of carbohydrate counting (CC) on glycemic control and body weight variation (primary and secondary outcomes, respectively) between consultations in patients with diabetes mellitus (T1D) followed at a tertiary hospital in southern Brazil in a public health system environment. We also sought to investigate CC adherence. Materials and methods: This retrospective cohort study included 232 patients with T1D who underwent nutritional monitoring at a referral hospital for diabetes care between 2014 and 2018. To assess primary and secondary outcomes, data from 229 patients, 49 of whom underwent CC during this period and 180 individuals who used fixed doses of insulin, were analyzed. The impact of CC on glycemic control was assessed with the mean glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level at all consultations during the follow-up period. Results: In the model adjusted for the most confounders (except pregnancy), the mean HbA1c was better in the CC group (8.66 ± 0.4% vs. 9.36 ± 0.39%; p = 0.016), and body weight variation was lower (0.13 ± 0.28 kg vs. 0.53 ± 0.24 kg; p = 0.024). Adherence to CC was reported in 69.2% of consultations. Conclusion: CC optimized the glycemic control of individuals with T1D, resulting in less weight variation than in the fixed insulin dose group, which indicates that CC is an important care strategy for these patients.

Evaluación de la calidad de vida en niños y adolescentes con diabetes de tipo 1 en dos instituciones de salud, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia / Evaluation of the quality of life in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in two health institutions, Bogotá, D. C., Colombia

Introducción. La diabetes mellitus es una de las enfermedades crónicas con mayor prevalencia en la población pediátrica y juvenil, con efectos en la calidad de vida de los pacientes. Objetivo. Evaluar la calidad de vida de una población pediátrica menor de 18 años con diagnóstico de diabetes de tipo 1, de dos instituciones pediátricas de la ciudad de Bogotá. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron los datos sociodemográficos, y se emplearon la versión validada en español del cuestionario PedsQL 4.0™ y el módulo 3.2 sobre diabetes. Los datos se procesaron en el software estadístico STATA 17™. Resultados. Con el puntaje global del módulo 3.2 sobre diabetes, de la versión validada del PedsQL™, se evaluó la correlación entre los valores de la hemoglobina A1c (HbA1c) y los del cuestionario. Los pacientes con valores por debajo del 9 % de HbA1c presentaron una mejor calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, mientras que, en el grupo con HbA1c mayor de 9 %, se observó una baja percepción de calidad de vida (p=0,025). En cuanto el tipo de terapia y la relación con los dominios del PedsQL™ 3.2, versión diabetes, los pacientes que utilizaban la bomba de insulina o microinfusor presentaban mejor puntaje en los dominios barreras, cumplimiento, preocupación y comunicación, y en el puntaje global, respecto a quienes usaban múltiples inyecciones de insulina como tratamiento (p=0,0363). Conclusiones. En nuestros pacientes, un mejor control metabólico (medido por el valor de HbA1c) y el uso de microinfusora contribuyen a una percepción de mejor calidad de vida.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent chronic diseases in the pediatric and juvenile population that affects the quality of life of patients. Objective: To evaluate the quality of life of a pediatric population under 18 years of age diagnosed with type 1 diabetes from two pediatric institutions in the city of Bogotá. Materials and methods: We collected of sociodemographic data and clinical variables and application of the PedsQL 4.0™ questionnaire, and the diabetes module 3.2 version validated in Spanish. The sociodemographic data, the clinical variables and the PedsQL™ were processed in the statistical software Stata 17™. Results: In the global score of the PedsQL™ 3.2, diabetes version, men presented better quality of life compared to women. The correlation between the hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) values and the PedsQL scale in the global score was evaluated. Patients with HbA1c values below 9% presented a better health-related quality of life, while in the group with HbA1c greater than 9% a perception of low quality of life was observed (p=0.025). Regarding the type of therapy and the relationship with the domains of the PedsQL 3.2, diabetes version, patients who used insulin pumps had better scores in the domains barriers, adherence, concern, communication and in the global score compared to patients who used multiple daily injections of insulin as treatment (p=0.0363). Conclusions: In our patients, a better metabolic control (measured by the HbA1c value) and the use of an insulin pump contribute to a better perception of quality of life.

Evaluación del desempeño cognitivo en escolares y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Evaluation of cognitive performance in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Resumen El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar el funcionamiento cognitivo de niños y adolescentes con diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) de la consulta de Endocrinología del IAHULA, y compararlo al de niños no diabéticos, así como investigar la posible influencia de factores relacionados con la enfermedad sobre la cognición. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico, transversal, que incluyó un grupo de 30 pacientes con DM1 de 8 a 16 años de edad (16 varones) y un grupo control de 30 individuos pareados por edad, género, escolaridad y condición socioeconómica. Se realizó interrogatorio y revisión de historias clínicas para obtener datos sobre las características clínicas y el tratamiento de la DM1. Se les aplicó el test WISC IV para evaluar cognición y cociente intelectual (CI). La edad promedio de los pacientes fue de 13,27 ± 2,31 años, la mitad de ellos masculinos. Se encontraron puntajes menores en los distintos dominios del WISC IV en el grupo con DM1 al compararlos con los del grupo control (p<0,01). El CI fue menor en los niños con DM1 que en los controles (75,47 ± 13,87 frente a 88,57±11,06; p=0,0001); así mismo, se observó con mayor frecuencia un puntaje del CI inferior al percentil 10 en los pacientes con DM1 en comparación con los controles (63,3% frente a 33,3%; p=0,02; Odds ratio: 3,45; IC95%: 1,19-9,99). Se concluyó que la DM1 impacta negativamente el desempeño cognitivo de niños y adolescentes. Se recomienda la evaluación cognitiva de estos pacientes, ya que podría repercutir en su vida diaria.

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the cognitive functioning of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) recruited from the IAHULA Endocrinology Outpatient Unit and to compare it to that of non-diabetics as to investigate the influence on cognition of factors related to the disease. An analytical, cross-sectional observational study was carried out on a group of 30 patients with T1DM between 8 and 16 years of age and on a control group of 30 individuals matched by age, gender, education, and socioeconomic status. Interrogation and review of medical records to obtain data on the clinical characteristics and treatment of T1DM were conducted. The WISC IV test was then applied to evaluate cognition and intellectual coefficient (IQ). The average age of the diabetic patients was 13.27±2.31 years, and half of them were male. Lower scores were found in the different domains of the WISC IV in the group with T1DM (p<0.01). The IQ was found to be lower in children with T1DM than in controls (75.47±13.87 vs. 88.57±11.06; p=0.0001). Likewise, a higher frequency of IQ scores below the 10th percentile was observed in the diabetic children (63.3% vs. 33.3%; p=0.02; Odds ratio: 3.45; 95%CI: 1.19-9.99). It was concluded that T1DM negatively impacts the cognitive performance of children and adolescents. Cognitive evaluation of these patients is recommended, as it could affect their daily life.

Relação do ato de comer com o controle da doença e a qualidade de vida no diabetes mellitus tipo 1 / Relationship between eating behavior and disease control on the quality of life in type 1 diabetes mellitus

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação do ato de comer com o controle da doença e a qualidade de vida em adultos com diabetes tipo 1 (DM1). Trata-se de estudo transversal, realizado através de um questionário on-line com a versão brasileira do Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL-Brasil) e de perguntas sobre controle alimentar. Foram incluídos 103 voluntários (85,4% mulheres). Nas relações com a comida, 68,9% disseram sentir vontade de comer quando estão ansiosos, preocupados ou tensos. O escore global foi de 2,36 ± 0,75 no DQOL-Brasil, e os domínios "satisfação" e "preocupações relacionadas ao diabetes" apresentaram valores mais altos. A variável idade teve correlação negativa com o escore global do DQOL-Brasil e com os domínios "impacto", "preocupações sociais/vocacionais" e "preocupações com diabetes". Esta pesquisa demonstrou associação entre o ato de comer com o controle do DM1, o que pode prejudicar a qualidade de vida desses indivíduos.

This study aimed to analyze the relationship between eating behavior, disease control, and quality of life in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1). This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online questionnaire based on the Brazilian version of the Diabetes Quality of Life Measure (DQOL-Brazil), comprising questions on dietary control. A total of 103 volunteers (85.4% women) were included in this study. In relation to food, 68.9% said that they felt like eating when they were anxious, worried, or tensed. The overall score was 2.36 ± 0.75 on the DQOL-Brazil, with higher scores for the domains "satisfaction" and "diabetes-related concerns." The age variable had a negative correlation with the global DQOL-Brazil score and with the domains "impact," "social/vocational concerns," and "diabetes-related concerns." This study demonstrated an association between the act of eating and DM1 control, affecting the quality of life in these individuals.

Comparison of five-year clinical efficacy of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus with end-stage renal disease / 中华内分泌外科杂志

Objective:To compare the long-term clinical efficacy of simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation (SPK) in the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) , and to explore whether T2DM with ESRD can be an indication for SPK.Methods:A total of 62 cases of SPK performed in our center were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the same baseline principle, the patients were divided into T1DM group (30 cases) and T2DM (32 cases) according to the primary disease of diabetes.Results:There was no significant difference in male gender, preoperative hemoglobin or HbA1c between the two groups. Compared with T2DM group, both of the age at surgery [ (31.8±5.2) years vs (49.5±5.7) years, P<0.001] and body mass index [ (21.8±1.3) kg/m 2 vs (25.0±3.8) kg/m 2, P<0.001] were lower in T1DM group. Compared with T2DM, the insulin dosage in the T1DM was higher, and there was no C-peptide release, and the difference was statistically significant. The patients were followed up for 5 years. There were no significant differences in fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, C-peptide, serum creatinine or eGFR between the two groups at 1, 3 and 5 years after surgery. The incidence of pulmonary infection, BK virus infection and acute rejection of transplanted kidney in T1DM group was lower than that in T2DM group, but the difference was not statistically significant. At 1 and 3 years after transplantation, the survival rates of recipients, transplanted pancreas and kidneys were 100% in both groups. In the 5th year, one patient in T2DM group died of acute myocardial infarction at 48 months after surgery, but the renal and pancreatic grafts functioned well. The survival rate of recipients in T1DM group (100%) was higher than that in T2DM group (96.9%) on 5 years after surgery ( P=0.333) , but the difference was not statistically significant. After excluding the deceased recipients, the transplanted pancreas and kidneys in both groups survived. Conclusions:There is no significant difference in the short and long-term clinical outcomes between patients with T2DM and ESRD who received SPK and those with T1DM and ESRD. T2DM with ESRD can be an indication for SPK, but a large sample size study is still needed to further improve the selection criteria.

PKM2-mediated neuronal hyperglycolysis enhances the risk of Parkinson's disease in diabetic rats / 药物分析学报

Epidemiological and animal studies indicate that pre-existing diabetes increases the risk of Parkinson's disease(PD).However,the mechanisms underlying this association remain unclear.In the present study,we found that high glucose(HG)levels in the cerebrospinal fluid(CSF)of diabetic rats might enhance the effect of a subthreshold dose of the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine(6-OHDA)on the development of motor disorders,and the damage to the nigrostriatal dopaminergic neuronal pathway.In vitro,HG promoted the 6-OHDA-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells differentiated to neurons with nerve growth factor(NGF)(NGF-PC12).Metabolomics showed that HG promoted hyperglycolysis in neurons and impaired tricarboxylic acid cycle(TCA cycle)activity,which was closely related to abnormal mito-chondrial fusion,thus resulting in mitochondrial loss.Interestingly,HG-induced upregulation of pyruvate kinase M2(PKM2)combined with 6-OHDA exposure not only mediated glycolysis but also promoted abnormal mitochondrial fusion by upregulating the expression of MFN2 in NGF-PC12 cells.In addition,we found that PKM2 knockdown rescued the abnormal mitochondrial fusion and cell apoptosis induced by HG+6-OHDA.Furthermore,we found that shikonin(SK),an inhibitor of PKM2,restored the mito-chondrial number,promoted TCA cycle activity,reversed hyperglycolysis,enhanced the tolerance of cultured neurons to 6-OHDA,and reduced the risk of PD in diabetic rats.Overall,our results indicate that diabetes promotes hyperglycolysis and abnormal mitochondrial fusion in neurons through the upre-gulation of PKM2,leading to an increase in the vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to 6-OHDA.Thus,the inhibition of PKM2 and restoration of mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis/pathways may prevent the occurrence and development of diabetic PD.

Expression of IL-35 and its regulatory effects on Th9 cells in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus / 中华微生物学和免疫学杂志

Objective:To investigate the changes in IL-35 expression in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and to analyze the role of IL-35 in regulating Th9 cells.Methods:Thirty-one T1DM patients and 13 controls were enrolled. Plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated. The levels of IL-35 and IL-9 in plasma were measured by ELISA. The expression of IL-35 subunits, EBI3 and IL-12p35, as well as Th9 transcription factor PU.1 at mRNA level was detected by real-time PCR. The percentages of Th9 cells were measured by flow cytometry. Changes in cell proliferation, the percentage of Th9 cells, PU.1 expression at mRNA level and IL-9 secretion were detected after stimulating PBMCs from T1DM patients and controls with recombinant human IL-35. CD4 + CCR4 -CCR6 -CXCR3 - cells and CD8 + T cells were isolated from PBMCs of 11 T1DM patients. CD4 + CCR4 -CCR6 -CXCR3 - cells were first stimulated with recombinant human IL-35 and then co-cultured with CD8 + T cells. IFN-γ and TNF-α in the culture supernatants were measured by ELISA. Perforin and granzyme B secretion was measured by enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Student′s t-test, paired t-test or LSD- t test was used for statistical analysis. Results:Plasma IL-35 level was lower in T1DM patients than in controls [(67.13±9.94) pg/ml vs (97.77±23.61) pg/ml, P<0.000 1]. Compared with controls, T1DM patients had decreased expression of EBI3 and IL-12p35 at mRNA level in PBMCs ( P<0.000 1). The percentage of Th9 cells, PU.1 expression at mRNA level and plasma IL-9 level were increased in T1DM patients as compared with those in controls [(3.47±0.99)% vs (2.76±0.75)%, P=0.029; P<0.000 1; (99.08±11.85) pg/ml vs (86.38±12.72) pg/ml, P=0.002 8]. IL-35 had no significant influence on the proliferation of PBMCs from both T1DM patients and controls ( P>0.05). The percentage of Th9 cells and PU.1 expression at mRNA level in PBMCs from T1DM patients were down-regulated in response to IL-35 stimulation ( P<0.01), while no significant difference was observed in the control group ( P>0.05). IL-9 secretion by PBMCs was down-regulated in response to IL-35 stimulation in both T1DM and control groups ( P<0.01). CD4 + CCR4 -CCR6 -CXCR3 - cells promoted the secretion of IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin and granzyme B by CD8 + T cells from T1DM patients ( P<0.05), but the effects could be inhibited by IL-35 ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Decreased IL-35 in T1DM patients could not exert effective immunosuppressive activity, leading to the enhancement of Th9 cell activity and inflammatory injury.

Control status and influencing factors of glycated hemoglobin in children with type 1 diabetes in Tianjin 2020-2021 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the control status and influencing factors of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Tianjin from 2020 to 2021, and to provide a theoretical basis for controlling blood glucose in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Methods A total of 538 children with type 1 diabetes, including 275 males and 263 females, were selected from our hospital from January 2020 to June 2021. All the children were determined according to the level of HbA1c and divided into well-controlled group (HbA1c<7.0%, n=469) and poorly controlled group (HbA1c≥7.0%, n=69), 3ml fasting elbow venous blood was extracted from the two groups, and the levels of HbA1c, FPG, 2hPG, TC and LDL-C were compared between the two groups. Clinical data of the children were collected from the medical record system. The factors affecting the control of HbA1c in children with type 1 diabetes were analyzed by univariate analysis and logistic regression. Results The comparison of general data between the two groups showed no significant difference in age, sex and course of type 1 diabetes mellitus (P<0.05). The levels of HbA1c, FPG, 2hPG, TC and LDL-C in poorly controlled group were significantly higher than those in well controlled group (P<0.05). The blood glucose monitoring <60 times/month (OR=3.017), uncontrolled diet (OR=2.871), obesity (OR=2.623) were independent risk factors for poor control of HbA1c in children with type 1 diabetes (P<0.05). Conclusions Children with type 1 diabetes mellitus have a greater risk of poor control of HbA1c. It is necessary to strengthen publicity and education for parents of children with diabetes, regularly monitor blood glucose and control diet to effectively improve blood glucose control in children.