Internal ultrastructure of the planktonic larva of the coral Porites panamensis (Anthozoa: Scleractinia) / Ultraestructura interna de la larva planctónica del coral Porites panamensis (Anthozoa: Scleractinia)

Abstract Introduction: The scleractinian coral life cycle includes planktonic larvae that settle on the benthos, allowing the primary polyp to clone and build a sexually reproducing adult colony. The larval physiology and ecology of Eastern Tropical Pacific scleractinians needs the exploration of basic aspects such as the internal morphology of planulae. Objective: To describe histological and cytological characteristics of Porites panamensis larvae. Methods: During August-July 2019, at Islas Marias Biosphere Reserve, Central Mexican Pacific, we made 14 collections of coral larvae and identified the species with cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 gene. We used a scanning electron microscope and other techniques. Results: The ectoderm was composed by heterogeneous, mono-ciliated, columnar epithelial cells. Nematocysts were clustered at the oral pole of the ectoderm, and cells were evident in the aboral pole of the ectoderm gland. The endoderm had secretory cells, lipids and symbionts. Conclusions: The abundance of secretory cells and nematocysts in the aboral pole suggests their importance in substrate exploration and larval settlement. Our results support previous descriptions of larval ultrastructure in other coral species.

Resumen Introducción: El ciclo de vida del coral escleractinio incluye larvas planctónicas que se asientan en el bentos, lo que permite que el pólipo primario se clone y construya una colonia de adultos con reproducción sexual. La fisiología y ecología larvaria de los escleractinios del Pacífico Tropical Oriental necesita la exploración de aspectos básicos como la morfología interna de las plánulas. Objetivo: Describir las características histológicas y citológicas de las larvas de Porites panamensis. Métodos: Durante agosto-julio 2019, en la Reserva de la Biosfera Islas Marías, Pacífico Central Mexicano, realizamos 14 recolectas de larvas de coral e identificamos las especies con el gen citocromo oxidasa subunidad 1. Utilizamos un microscopio electrónico de barrido y otras técnicas. Resultados: El ectodermo está compuesto por células epiteliales columnares heterogéneas, monociliadas. Los nematocistos se agrupan en el polo oral del ectodermo, mientras que en el polo aboral son visibles células glandulares. El endodermo presentó células secretoras, lípidos y simbiontes. Conclusiones: La abundancia de células secretoras y nematocistos en el polo aboral sugiere su importancia en la exploración del sustrato y asentamiento larvario. Nuestros resultados respaldan las descripciones previas de la ultraestructura de las larvas en otras especies de coral.

Acacia senegal inhibits diabetic nephropathy ultrastructure alteration and renal biomarkers changes in rats / Acacia senegal inhibe la alteración de la ultraestructura de la nefropatía diabética y los cambios en los biomarcadores renales en rata

SUMMARY: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is the most common complication of diabetes. Several studies have been done in a trial to protect against this problem at the ultrastructure level. This study investigates the protective effect of oral administration of Acacia senegal (AS) against the development of DN. Sixty male albino rats were randomly divided into six groups: control, Acacia senegal control, Diabetic untreated, diabetic insulin-treated, Diabetic AS treated, and Diabetic insulin and AS combined treated groups. Plasma glucose, HbA1c, serum Albumin, creatinine, urine creatinine was measured using specific kits. Determinations of creatinine clearance and blood pressure were done. The renal tissues of both kidneys were prepared to investigate under both light (LM) and electron microscope (EM). Ultrastructure examination of renal rats tissue of diabetic untreated rats showed the destruction of the glomerular basement membrane and endothelial cells together with hemorrhage in glomerular capsules (Bowman's capsules). On the other side, both LM and EM revealed improving the endothelial cells and the other glomerular capsules structures, especially with the combined treated group, which confirmed the improvement of the biochemical investigation in the study. In conclusion, from the present study, using the oral AS together with SC insulin could be protected against the development of DN.

RESUMEN: La nefropatía diabética (ND) es la complicación más común de la diabetes. Se han realizado varios estudios de ensayo para abordar esta dificultad a nivel de ultraestructura. Este estudio investiga el efecto protector de la administración oral de Acacia senegal (AS) contra el desarrollo de la ND. Se dividieron sesenta ratas albinas machos aleatoriamente en seis grupos: control, control de Acacia senegal, diabéticos no tratados, diabéticos tratados con insulina, diabéticos tratados con AS y grupos tratados con compuesto de insulina diabética + AS. Se midieron utilizando kits específicos, glucosa plasmática, HbA1c, albúmina sérica, creatinina en sangre y en orina. Se registraron la creatinina y la presión arterial. Los tejidos renales de ambos riñones se prepararon para investigar tanto con microscopio óptico (MO) como electrónico (ME). El examen de la ultraestructura del tejido renal de ratas diabéticas no tratadas mostró la destrucción de la membrana basal glomerular y las células endoteliales junto con hemorragia en las cápsulas glomerulares (cápsulas de Bowman). Por otro lado, tanto MO como ME revelaron una mejora de las células endoteliales y las estructuras capsulares glomerulares, en el grupo tratado con el compuesto, lo que confirmó la mejora de la investigación bioquímica. En conclusión, el uso de AS oral en combinación con insulina podría proteger contra el desarrollo de ND.

Antennal sensilla in Cyclocephala literata Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae) / Sensilas antenais em Cyclocephala literata Burmeister, 1847 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Dynastinae)

Abstract: Adults of the beetle Cyclocephala literata Burmeister, 1847 are important pollinators to some Magnoliaceae. Is known that insects could find host plants by detecting volatiles through antennal sensilla. Cyclocephala has its three distal antennomeres lamellate, and the surface of each lamella has sensilla trichodea, chaetica, placodea, coeloconica, basiconica and ampullacea. Three kinds of sensilla placodea were found (type I, II and III), and two kinds of sensilla coeloconica were observed (type I and II). Females have on average 10,776 sensilla, of which 10,214 are sensilla placodea, 536 are sensilla coeloconica, and 26 are sensilla basiconica. Males have on average 10,386 sensilla, of which 9,873 are sensilla placodea, 464 are sensilla coeloconica, and 49 are sensilla basiconica. Males and females have similar quantities of sensilla, and sensilla placodea are predominant. The differences observed in the number of sensilla of males and females were found in other beetles and were attributed to the detection of cospecific sexual pheromones by one of the sexes, or to the detection of plant volatiles. The antennal sensilla of C. literata is described and quantified in present study, and some perspectives about the differences kind of chemical communication, pollination, and antennae dimorphism is discussed.

Resumo: Adultos do besouro Cyclocephala literata Burmeister, 1847 desempenham importantes funções de polinização em plantas da família Magnoliaceae. É conhecido que muitos insetos encontram plantas hospedeiras pela detecção de voláteis pelas sensilas antenais. Cyclocephala possui os três antenômeros distais lamelados e na superfície de cada lamela possuem sensila trichodea, caética, placódea, coelocônica, basicônica e ampulacea. Foram encontrados três tipos de sensilas placódeas (tipo I, II e III), e dois tipos de sensilas coelocônicas (tipo I e II). Fêmeas apresentam em média 10.776 sensilas, das quais 10.214 são sensilas placódeas, 536 são sensilas coelocônicas e 26 são sensilas basicônicas. Os machos apresentaram em média 10.386 sensilas, das quais 9.873 são sensilas placódeas, 464 são sensilas coelocônicas e 49 são sensilas basicônicas. Machos e fêmeas apresentam quantidades semelhantes de sensilas e as sensilas placódeas são predominantes. As diferenças encontradas nas quantidades de sensilas em machos e fêmeas também foram encontradas em outros besouros e foram atribuídas a detecção de feromônios coespecíficos por um dos sexos, ou para detecção de voláteis de plantas. A sensila antenal de C. literata é descrita e quantificada no presente estudo, e algumas perspectivas sobre as diferenças entre os tipos de comunicação química, polinização e dimorfismo antenal é discutido.

Wnt1 and Wnt2b immunodetection of the regenerating tail and comparative ultrastructure of tail spinal cord in the Scincella tsinlingensis / Inmunodetección Wnt1 y Wnt2b de la cola en regeneración y ultraestructura comparativa de la médula espinal de la cola en Scincella tsinlingensis

SUMMARY: The Wnt pathway is essential for the initiation of lizard tail regeneration. The regenerated lizard tails exhibit obvious morphological differences compared to the original ones. The expression of Wnt1 and Wnt2b proteins in the regenerating tail of Scincella tsinlingensis was detected by immunohistochemistry and then comparatively analyzed for ultrastructural changes in the original and regenerated spinal cord. The ependymal layer of the original spinal cord was pseudostratified with multiciliated cells and primary monociliated cells, while the cells of the ependymal layer of the regenerated spinal cord were organized in a monolayer with a few biciliated cells. Immunolocalization indicated that Wnt1 and Wnt2b were mainly distributed in the dermis near the original tail stump, spinal cord, and clot-positive migratory cells during Stage I, 0-1 days post-amputation (dpa). Wnt1 and Wnt2b were predominantly detected in the epaxial and hypaxial musculature near the original tail stump, wound epithelium, and spinal cord in the original tail during Stage II, 1-7 dpa. Mesenchymal cells and wound epithelium showed immunostaining during Stage III and IV, 7-15 dpa. The ependymal tubes contained these signaling proteins during Stage V and VI, 20- 30 dpa. Labeling was mainly observed in nearby regenerative blood vessels, ependymal cells, epaxial and hypaxial musculature in the apical epithelial layer (AEC) after 45-160 dpa. These findings indicated that Wnt1 and Wnt2b proteins presented primarily in regenerating epidermis and nerve tissues were a critical signal for tail regeneration in S. tsinlingensis.

RESUMEN: La vía Wnt es esencial para el inicio de la regeneración de la cola del lagarto. Las colas de lagarto regeneradas exhiben diferencias morfológicas obvias en comparación con las originales. La expresión de las proteínas Wnt1 y Wnt2b en la cola en regeneración de Scincella tsinlingensis se detectó mediante inmunohistoquímica y luego se analizaron comparativamente los cambios ultraestructurales en la médula espinal original y regenerada. La capa ependimaria de la médula espinal original se pseudoestratificó con células multiciliadas y células monociliadas primarias, mientras que las células de la capa ependimaria de la médula espinal regenerada se organizaron en monocapa con algunas células bicilicadas. La inmunolocalización indicó que Wnt1 y Wnt2b se distribuyeron principalmente en la dermis cerca del muñón de la cola original, la médula espinal y las células migratorias positivas en el coágulo durante la Etapa I, 0-1 días después de la amputación (dpa). Wnt1 y Wnt2b se detectaron predominantemente en la musculatura epaxial e hipaxial cerca del muñón de la cola original, el epitelio de la herida y la médula espinal en la cola original durante la Etapa II, 1-7 dpa. Las células mesenquimales y el epitelio de la herida mostraron inmunomarcaje durante la Etapa III y IV, 7- 15 dpa. Los tubos ependimarios contenían estas proteínas de señalización durante la Etapa V y VI, 20-30 dpa. El marcaje se observó principalmente en vasos sanguíneos regenerativos cercanos, células ependimarias, musculatura epaxial e hipaxial en la capa epitelial apical (AEC) después de 45-160 dpa. Estos hallazgos indicaron que las proteínas Wnt1 y Wnt2b están presentes principalmente en la epidermis en regeneración y en los tejidos nerviosos y eran una señal crítica para la regeneración de la cola en S. tsinlingensis.

The protective effect of melatonin supplementation against taxol-induced testicular cytotoxicity in adult rats

The aim of the present investigation was to study the toxic influences of taxol (TXL) on the testes of rats and the protective impact of melatonin (MLT) against such effects. Rats were classified into control, sham, TXL, MLT, and MLT+TXL-treated groups. Histological and ultrastructural changes were observed in testicular tissues of TXL-intoxicated rats including thickening of tunica albuginea and degenerative alterations in spermatogenic, Sertoli, and Leydig cells. A significant increase (P≤0.05) was found in the thickness of tunica albuginea and numbers of tubules without sperm, apoptotic germinal epithelia, and apoptotic Leydig cells, whereas the diameter of tubules and height of germinal epithelia displayed a significant decrease (P≤0.05) compared with the control, sham, and MLT-treated groups. Immunohistochemically, a marked decrease (P≤0.05) in Bcl-2 immunoreactivity and significant elevation (P≤0.05) in P53 and caspase-3 immunoreactivities were recorded. Co-treatment of MLT and TXL modulated such histological, histomorphometrical, and ultrastructural changes induced by TXL. Also, MLT had a protective effect against testicular apoptosis induced by TXL, as shown by the elevated expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of P53 and caspase-3. In conclusion, the current investigation proved that MLT had a protective role against TXL-induced testicular cytotoxicity, which may be a result of inhibition of testicular apoptosis.

Effect of Wenyang Jieyu Decoction on Hippocampal Neuroplasticity in Depressed Rats Induced by Corticosterone / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effect of Wenyang Jieyu decoction （WYJY） on the hippocampal structure of depressed rats with kidney-yang deficiency. MethodThe 105 SD rats were randomly divided into normal group， model group， fluoxetine group （4.17 mg·kg-1）， Xiaoyaosan group （1.88 g·kg-1）， and low-， medium- and high-dose （1.25，2.50，5.00 g·kg-1） WYJY groups，15 in each group. The depression model was induced by subcutaneous injection of corticosterone in rats except for those in the normal group and the rats were orally administered once a day for 28 days. The depression-like behaviors of rats were observed by sucrose preference test， novelty-suppressed feeding test， forced swimming test， and open field test. The morphology of hippocampal neurons was observed by hematoxylin-eosin（HE） staining， and the density of hippocampal neurons was detected by Nissl staining. The ultrastructure of hippocampal synapses was observed by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. The expression of synaptophysin （SYP）， postsynaptic density-95 （PSD95）， and apoptosis-related protein Caspase-3 in hippocampal neurons was observed by immunohistochemistry， and bromodeoxyuridine （BrdU） and doublecortin （DCX） were used to observe the apoptosis and regeneration of hippocampal neurons. ResultWYJY could improve weight loss in depressed rats. As revealed by the behavioral tests， the model group showed depression-like behaviors， which were relieved in the WYJY groups and the positive drug groups. HE staining showed that the nuclei of hippocampal neurons in the model group were constricted， deeply stained， and sparsely arranged， while the neurons in the WYJY groups and the positive drug groups were significantly improved. Nissl staining demonstrated that the cell density of the model group was lower than that of the normal group （P<0.05）. Compared with model group， the groups with drug intervention showed increased cell density （P<0.05） and compact arrangement. According to the results in TEM， compared with normal group， the model group showed shortened synaptic active zone （P<0.05）， widened synaptic cleft （P<0.05）， and thinned tight zone （P<0.05）. Compared with model group， the groups with drug intervention showed shortened synaptic active zone （P<0.05）， narrowed synaptic cleft （P<0.05）， and thickened tight zone （P<0.05）. As displayed by the results of immunocytochemistry and immunofluorescence， compared with the normal group， the model group showed decreased protein expression of SYP， PSD95， BrdU， and DCX in the hippocampus （P<0.05） and increased protein expression of Caspase-3 （P<0.05）. Compared with the model group， the groups with drug intervention showed increased protein expression of SYP， PSD95， BrdU， and DCX in the hippocampus （P<0.05） and decreased protein expression of Caspase-3 （P<0.05）. ConclusionWYJY can promote the regeneration of hippocampal neurons in rats and improve the depression of rats.

Effects of vibration on the expression of mitochondrial fusion and fission genes and ultrastructure of skeletal muscle in rabbits / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective: To study the effects of vibration on the expression of mitochondrial fusion and fission genes and ultrastructure of skeletal muscle in rabbits. Methods: Thirty-two 3.5-month-old New Zealand rabbits were randomly divided into low-intensity group, medium-intensity group, high-intensity group and control group, with 8 rabbits in each group. The rabbits in the experimental group were subjected to hind limb vibration load test for 45 days. The vibration intensity of the high intensity group was 12.26 m/s(2), the medium intensity group was 6.13 m/s(2), and the low intensity group was 3.02 m/s(2) according to the effective value of weighted acceleration[a(hw (4))] for 4 hours of equal energy frequency. The control group was exposed to noise only in the same experimental environment as the medium-intensity group. The noise levels of each group were measured during the vibration load experiment. After the test, the mRNA expression of mitochondrial fusion gene (Mfn1/Mfn2) and fission gene (Fis1, Drp1) by RT-PCR in the skeletal muscles were measured and the ultrastructure of the skeletal muscles were observed in high intensity group. Results: The mRNA expression of mitochondrial in the skeletal muscle tissues of control group, low intensity group, medium intensity group and high intensity group were Mfn1: 3.25±1.36, 3.85±1.90, 4.53±2.31 and 11.63±7.68; Mfn2: 0.68±0.25, 1.02±0.40, 0.94±0.33 and 1.40±0.45; Fis1: 1.05±0.62, 1.15±0.59, 1.53±1.06 and 2.46±1.51 and Drp1: 3.72±1.76, 2.91±1.63, 3.27±2.01 and 4.21±2.46, respectively. Compared with the control group, the expressions of Mfn1 mRNA, Mfn2 mRNA and Fis1 mRNA in the high-intensity group increased significantly (P<0.05) , and the expressions of Mfn2 mRNA in the medium-intensity group and the low-intensity group increased significantly (P<0.05) . Compared with the control group, the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle of high intensity group showed mitochondrial focal accumulation, cristae membrane damage, vacuole-like changes; Z-line irregularity of muscle fibers, and deficiency of sarcomere. Conclusion: Vibration must be lead to the abnormal mitochondrial morphology and structure and the disorder of energy metabolism due to the expression imbalance of mitochondrial fusion and fission genes in skeletal muscles of rabbits, which may be an important target of vibration-induced skeletal muscle injury.

Comparative analysis of pathological structure between acute closed and open Achilles tendon rupture / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the morphological, histological and ultrastructural changes of acute closed rupture of Achilles tendon, in order to clarify the pathological basis of the injury and to explore the significance.@*METHODS@#From January 2015 to January 2019, 35 patients with acute Achilles tendon rupture who underwent the minimally invasive Achilles tendon suture technique were retrospectively analyzed. Among these patients, 12 cases in acute open Achilles tendon rupture group included 10 males and 2 females, with an average age of (35.1±9.7) years old ranging from 19 to 50, and the time from injury to operation was 2 to 8 hours with an average of(5.6±1.8);23 cases in acute closed Achilles tendon rupture group included 21 males and 2 females, with an average age of (35.5±6.6) years old ranging from 18 to 50, and the time from injury to operation was 3 to 15 hours with an average of (7.5±3.1). The gross appearance and imaging findings of the broken end of Achilles tendon tissue in the two groups were compared by naked eye observation and foot and ankle MRI at 4 to 6 hours before operation. HE staining, scanning and fluoroscopic electron microscopy, immunohistochemistry(Sirius red staining) were performed on the intraoperative Achilles tendon tissue specimens at 1 to 2 days after operation, the collagen fiber degeneration and local fat infiltration, collagen fiber shape, cell morphology and function, and the distribution of typeⅠand type Ⅲ collagen fibers in Achilles tendon were compared between the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the acute open Achilles tendon rupture group, the acute closed Achilles tendon rupture group had poor elasticity, hard texture, moderate edema, irregular shape of Achilles tendon broken end, horsetail shape, and more calcification around the broken end. HE staining results:the collagen fibers in the Achilles tendon of the acute open Achilles tendon rupture group were arranged irregularly, with hyaline degeneration and fat infiltration;The results of electron microscopy showed that collagen arranged disorderly and fibroblasts atrophied in the acute closed Achilles tendon rupture group. Immunohistochemical(Sirius staining) results:the proportion of collagenⅠin the acute open Achilles tendon rupture group and the acute closed Achilles tendon rupture group was(91.12±4.34)% and(54.71±17.78)% respectively, and the proportion of collagen Ⅲ was (8.88±4.34)% and (45.29±17.78)% respectively. The content of collagenⅠin the acute closed Achilles tendon rupture group was lower than that in the acute open Achilles tendon rupture group, and the content of collagen Ⅲ in the acute closed Achilles tendon rupture group was higher than that in the acute open Achilles tendon rupture group(P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The morphology, histology and ultrastructure of the acute closed ruptured Achilles tendon are significantly altered compared with the normal Achilles tendon. The original fine and orderly spatial structure cannot be maintained, part of collagen Ⅰ is replaced by collagen Ⅲ, and the toughness and strength of the tendon tissue decreased, which may be the feature of degeneration of the Achilles tendon and an important pathological basis for closed Achilles tendon rupture.

Hemagglutination in gill capillaries of sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus (Perciformes: Sparidae), infected by a myxosporidean / Hemaglutinação em capilares branquiais de sargo-de-dente, Archosargus probatocephalus (Perciformes: Sparidae) infectado por um mixosporídeo

Abstract During a survey Myxozoa, four specimens of the sheepshead (18 ± 1.5 cm and 59 ± 2.5 g) (Archosargus probatocephalus) were collected in the Ipioquinha river (Maceió/AL). Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed erythrocyte agglutinations in gill capillaries located near spherical cysts containing myxospores of the genus Henneguya. This hemagglutination partially or totally obstructed the gill capillaries. Erythrocytes occurred in close adherence to each other, with a closed intercellular space. A few lysed erythrocytes were observed among agglutinated cells. The reduced lumen of the capillaries was partially filled with amorphous dense homogenous material adhering to the erythrocytes. In addition, heterogeneous masses of irregular lower electron density were observed in the reduced channel of the capillary. The agglutinated erythrocytes appeared dense and homogenous, lacking cytoplasmic organelles. The nuclei had the appearance of normal condensed chromatin masses, generally without visible nucleoli. This occurrence of hemagglutination only in the capillaries located in close proximity to the developing myxozoan cysts suggests that parasite development may be a factor triggering erythrocyte agglutination. This is supported by previous experimental studies that showed a probable correlation between parasitic infections and hemagglutination. Nonetheless, further studies are necessary in order to better understand the physicochemical processes involved in this phenomenon.

Resumo Durante pesquisa de mixozoários foram coletados quatro espécimes do peixes sargo-de-dente (18 ± 1.5 cm e 59 ± 2.5 g) (Archosargus probatocephalus), no rio Ipioquinha (Maceió/AL). Observações por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão revelaram aglutinação de eritrócitos em capilares branquiais localizados próximos a cistos esféricos, contendo mixosporos do gênero Henneguya. Essa hemaglutinação obstruiu parcial ou totalmente os capilares branquiais. Os eritrócitos apareceram em forte aderência entre si, com espaço intercelular fechado. Foram observados poucos eritrócitos lisados entre as células aglutinadas. O lúmen reduzido dos capilares foi parcialmente preenchido com material homogêneo denso amorfo aderido aos eritrócitos, além de massas livres heterogêneas de densidade eletrônica baixa e irregular observadas no canal reduzido dos capilares. Os eritrócitos aglutinados pareciam densos e homogêneos, sem organelas citoplasmáticas. Os núcleos apareceram como massas normais de cromatina condensada, geralmente sem nucléolos visíveis. A ocorrência de hemaglutinação apenas nos capilares, localizados nas proximidades dos cistos mixozoários, sugere que o desenvolvimento parasitário pode ser um fator desencadeante da aglutinação eritrocitária. Isso é corroborado por estudos experimentais anteriores que mostraram uma provável correlação entre infecções parasitárias e hemaglutinação. No entanto, novos estudos são necessários para melhor compreender os processos físico-químicos envolvidos neste fenômeno.

Histomorphological Structure of the Bursa cloacalis (Bursa of Fabricius) in Young Leiothrix lutea: A Comparative Study Using Light Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy

SUMMARY: This study aimed to investigate the microstructure and ultrastructure of the Bursa cloacalis (Bursa of Fabricius) (BC) in young Leiothrix lutea at various days of age (a few days after hatching) using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The bird BC was sampled at 1, 5, 7, and 9 days of age. Immediately after dissection, the structure and integrity of the BC (not degenerative) were retained and the specific temporal features could be visualized precisely. After hematoxylin-eosin staining and uranyl acetate/lead citrate staining, the microstructure and ultrastructure of the BC, respectively, could be observed clearly. The microscopic observations revealed the following: in addition to change in the size of BC or lymphoid follicles, many cavities were found in the BC; the distribution of the lymphoid follicles in Leiothrix lutea was different from that in other birds; and the segregating line between the bursal cortex and medulla became increasingly clear as the age increased. In conclusion, the structural data obtained in this study provides a better understanding of the specific immunological function of the BC in Leiothrix lutea.

RESUMEN: Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar la microestructura y ultraestructura de la Bursa cloacalis (BC) en Leiothrix lutea joven unos días después de la eclosión, utilizando microscopía óptica y microscopía electrónica de transmisión. La BC se muestreó a los 1, 5, 7 y 9 días de edad del Leiothrix lutea. Inmediatamente después de la disección, se observó la estructura y la integridad de la CB (no degenerativa) y se pudo visualizar con precisión las características temporales específicas. Después de la tinción con hematoxilina-eosina y con acetato de uranilo /citrato de plomo, pudimos observar claramente la microestructura y ultraestructura de la BC. Las observaciones microscópicas revelaron el cambio en el tamaño de la CB o de los folículos linfoides y además, se encontraron numerosas cavidades en la CB; la distribución de los folículos linfoides en Leiothrix lutea era diferente a la de otras aves; y la línea de segregación entre la corteza bursal y la médula se hizo cada vez más clara a medida que aumentaba la edad. En conclusión, los datos estructurales obtenidos en este estudio proporcionan una mejor comprensión de la función inmunológica específica de la Bursa cloacalis en Leiothrix lutea.

Microsporogénesis y micromorfología del polen de la planta Alcea rosea (Malvaceae) / Microsporogenesis and micromorphology of pollen grains of the plant Alcea rosea (Malvaceae)

Resumen Introducción: Los estudios sobre microsporogénesis, micromorfología y estructura de los granos de polen en Malvaceae son escasos. Objetivos: Describir el proceso de microsporogénesis y aspectos micromorfológicos de los granos de polen en A. rosea. Métodos: Se procesaron más de 30 andróforos de acuerdo con los protocolos estándar para incrustar y seccionar en parafina. Las secciones obtenidas se tiñeron con Azul de Safranina-Alcian, las anteras inmaduras y no fijadas se tiñeron con Azul de anilina. Se procesaron secciones de resina adicionales de los andróforos y se tiñeron con azul de toluidina. Se observaron secciones ultrafinas con microscopía electrónica de transmisión (MET). Para la observación con microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB), el material se fijó y deshidrató en 2,2 dimetoxipropano, luego se secó hasta un punto crítico y se recubrieron con oro. Resultados: las anteras se diferencian de una masa celular en los extremos distales de los filamentos del estambre. La pared de la antera madura presenta una capa externa de células epidérmicas y una capa interna, el endotecio. Las células madre de microesporas se dividen por mitosis y luego experimentan meiosis para formar tétradas. El tapete es inicialmente celular y forma una sola capa de células y luego pierde integridad celular al invadir el lóculo de microsporangio, formando un periplasmodio. Durante la formación de la esporodermis, primero se deposita la exina y luego la intina. Para el momento de la liberación de los granos de polen, el tapete se ha degenerado por completo. Los granos de polen son pantoporados, apolares, con simetría radial, esferoidales, con espinas, báculas, gránulos y microgránulos. El téctum está perforado con fovéoleas dispuestas homogéneamente en toda la superficie y con polenkit. La exina es ancha (5-6 µm) y consta de una endexina gruesa de 3.5 a 4 µm y una ektexina fina (0.6-0.7 µm). La ultraestructura muestra columelas claramente definidas formando el infratéctum. Se aprecian tricomas nectaríferos unicelulares glandulares capitados (TG) cubriendo toda la superficie de los filamentos de los estambres. Conclusiones: La estructura y desarrollo de las anteras sigue los patrones conocidos de las angiospermas. La microsporogénesis simultánea y el depósito centrípeto de la esporodermis se han descrito previamente para Malvaceae.

Abstract Introduction: Studies on microsporogenesis, micromorphology and structure of pollen grains in Malvaceae are scarce. Objectives: To describe the process of microsporogenesis and micromorphological aspects of pollen grains in A. rosea. Methods: Androphores were processed according to standard protocols for sectioning in paraffin. The obtained sections were stained with Safranin-Alcian blue, Aniline blue was used for immature and unfixed anthers and for resin sections of the androphores, Toluidine blue. Ultrathin sections were observed with transmission electron microscopy. For observation with scanning electron microscopy the material was fixed and dehydrated in 2.2 dimethoxypropane, dried to a critical point and coated with gold. Results: Anthers differentiate from a cell mass at the distal ends of the stamen filaments. The wall of the mature anther presents an outer layer of epidermal cells and an inner layer, the endothecium. Microspore mother cells divide by mitosis and then undergo meiosis to form tetrads. The tapetum is initially cellular and forms a single layer of cells and then loses cellular integrity by invading the microsporangium locule, forming a periplasmodia, by the time the pollen grains are released it degenerated. During sporodermis formation, exine is first deposited and then intine. Pollen grains are pantoporate, apolar, with radial symmetry, spheroidal, with spines, bacula, granules and microgranules. Tectum is perforated with foveolae arranged homogeneously over the whole surface and pollenkit is present. Exine is broad and consists of a thick 3.5 to 4 µm endexine and a thin ektexine (0.6-0.7 µm). The ultrastructure shows columellae forming the infratectum. Capitate glandular unicellular nectariferous trichomes covers the whole surface of the stamen filaments. Conclusions: The structure and development of the anthers follows the known patterns for angiosperms. Simultaneous microsporogenesis and centripetal deposit of the sporodermis have been previously described for Malvaceae.

Utilidad del dermatoscopio en la correlación clínica e histológica de nevus pigmentados / Usefulness of Dermatoscopy in the clinical and histological correlation of Pigmented Nevi

Introducción: La precisión diagnóstica de los nevus pigmentados ha sido una constante preocupación por los dermatólogos. Objetivo: Identificar la utilidad del dermatoscopio en la correlación de las características clínicas y los patrones dermatoscópicos de nevus pigmentados y su asociación con el diagnóstico histológico. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación observacional, analítica, de tipo correlacional, con pacientes de la zona sur de Ciego de Ávila que acudieron a la consulta de dermatología del Hospital Provincial General Docente Dr. Antonio Luaces Iraola en el periodo de abril 2017 a diciembre 2019. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino, el grupo de edad de 21 a 30 años, el fototipo II de piel y la zona expuesta (cara y V del escote) (18 ;35,3 por ciento) sin relación entre estas variables. El diagnóstico histológico de nevus de la unión se encontró asociado a la simetría (p < 0,004), la pigmentación homogénea (p < 0,000), así como al patrón dermatoscópico reticular (p < 0,000), globular (p < 0,002) y homogéneo (p < 0,008). El nevus intradérmico se observó asociado a la característica clínica de pigmentación homogénea (p < 0,007), y al patrón dermatoscópico reticular (p < 0,000) y homogéneo (p < 0,005). El nevus compuesto no presentó relación con las características clínicas ni dermatoscópicas. El nevus azul solo se correlacionó con el patrón dermatoscópico homogéneo (p < 0,025). Conclusión: Los patrones dermatoscópicos fueron útiles para el diagnóstico clínico e histológico de los nevus pigmentados(AU)

Introduction: The diagnostic precision of pigmented nevi has been a constant concern of dermatologists. Objective: To determine the usefulness of the Dermatoscope in the correlation of the clinical characteristics and the dermoscopic patterns of pigmented nevi and their association with the histological diagnosis. Methods: An analytical observational investigation of a correlational type was carried out in patients from the southern area of Ciego de Ávila who attended the Dermatology consultation at the Antonio Luaces Iraola Provincial Hospital in the period from April 2017 to December 2019. Results: The female sex, the age group of 21 to 30 years, skin phototype II and the exposed area (face and V of the neckline) (18; 35.3 percent) predominated with no relationship between these variables. The histological diagnosis of junctional nevus was found associated with symmetry (p <0.004), homogeneous pigmentation (p <0.000), as well as the reticular dermoscopic pattern (p <0.000), globular (p <0.002) and homogeneous (p <0.008). The intradermal nevus was observed associated with the clinical characteristic of homogeneous pigmentation (p <0.007), and with the reticular (p <0.000) and homogeneous (p <0.005) dermoscopic pattern. The composite nevus was not related to clinical or dermoscopic characteristics. The blue nevus only correlated with the homogeneous dermoscopic pattern (p <0.025). Conclusions: The dermoscopic patterns were useful for the clinical and histological diagnosis of pigmented nevi(AU)

Silymarin's Defensive Role Against Hepatotoxicity induced By Amiodarone In Albino Rats

SUMMARY: Amiodarone (AMD), an orally powerful antidysrhythmic medication that has caused hepatotoxicity on long-term administration, is commonly used across the world. Silymarin ameliorative effects (SLM); this research elucidated the magnitude of the damage to the liver tissue in AMD. We divided 24 albino rats evenly into four groups given daily doses by gastric tube for eight weeks as follows; the 1st group acted as a control group; the 2nd group received SLM; the 3rd group received AMD; and the 4th group received AMD parallel to SLM. Liver tissues prepared for light, electron microscopic and serum samples screened for biomarkers (I)liver injury enzymes, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST); (II) oxidative and antioxidant stress, malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD); and (III) inflammatory markers, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-6 (IL-6). The findings showed that AMD caused hepatic histological changes that included congestion of the blood vessels, leucocytic infiltration and cytoplasmic vacuolation. Ultrastructural degeneration of the mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum swelling, nuclear pyknosis and increased fat droplets and lysosomes were observed. The biochemical findings showed an increase in the AMD group's ALT and AST activities. The group of rats treated with AMD and SLM, increased the improvements in histology and ultrastructure, while the ALT and AST levels were reduced. Our findings collectively agreed that SLM has a protective impact on AMD hepatotoxicity which can be due to its antioxidant properties.

RESUMEN: La amiodarona (AMD) es un fuerte medicamento antiarrítmico administrado por vía oral que ha causado hepatotoxicidad en la administración a largo plazo utilizado con frecuencia en todo el mundo. Efectos de mejora de la silimarina (SLM); esta investigación analizó la magnitud del daño al tejido hepático en la DMAE. Dividimos 24 ratas albinas de manera uniforme en cuatro grupos que recibieron dosis diarias por sonda gástrica durante ocho semanas de la siguiente manera; el primer grupo fue designado como grupo control; el segundo grupo recibió SLM; el tercer grupo recibió AMD; y el cuarto grupo recibió AMD en paralelo a SLM. Se prepararon tejidos hepáticos para muestras de suero, microscopía de luz y electrónica y se analizaron para biomarcadores (I) enzimas de daño hepático, alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y aspartato aminotransferasa (AST); (II) estrés oxidativo y antioxidante, malondialdehído (MDA) y superóxido dismutasa (SOD); y (III) marcadores inflamatorios, factor de necrosis tumoral alfa (TNF-a) e interleucina-6 (IL-6). Los hallazgos mostraron que la DMAE genera cambios histológicos hepáticos que incluyen congestión de los vasos sanguíneos, infiltración leucocítica y vacuolación citoplásmica. Se observó una degeneración ultraestructural de las mitocondrias, aumento del retículo endoplásmico, picnosis nuclear y aumento de gotitas de grasa y lisosomas. Los hallazgos bioquímicos mostraron un aumento en las actividades de ALT y AST del grupo AMD. El grupo de ratas tratadas con AMD y SLM, aumentó las mejoras en histología y ultraestructura, mientras que se redujeron los niveles de ALT y AST. Nuestros hallazgos coincidieron colectivamente en que SLM tiene un impacto protector sobre la hepatotoxicidad de AMD debido a sus propiedades antioxidantes.

Identification and description of the antennal sensilla of Liogenys suturalis (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)

ABSTRACT Species of the scarab beetle genus Liogenys are potential pests to several crops in Brazil. This study aimed to describe the antennal sensilla of Liogenys suturalis (Blanchard, 1851). Adults were collected in a pasture area in Bálsamo, São Paulo state, Brazil, using a light trap. The antennae were dissected and images of the antennal sensilla were obtained using a scanning electron microscope. Sensilla ampulacea (pores), s. auricilica, s. basiconica, s. placodea, and s. trichodea are present in the lamellae. The antenna of females have 4399 sensilla, of which 3671 (83.5%) are s. placodea, 422 (9.5%) s. coeloconica, and 306 (6.9%) s. auricilica. The antennae of males have 4039 sensilla, of which 3117 (77.1%) are s. placodea, 353 (8.7%) s. coeloconica, and 569 (14.1%) s. auricilica. The antennal sensilla of the genus Liogenys have been described for the first time.

Feasibility of cryopreservation of human corneal stromal lenticules / 中华实验眼科杂志

Objective:To observe the transparency and tissue structure changes of human corneal stromal lenticules after long-term cryopreservation and explore a simple and feasible method for long-term effective preservation of corneal stromal lenticules.Methods:Two hundred samples of intact human corneal stromal lenticules from 200 eyes were obtained during femtosecond laser small-incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) in Hainan Eye Hospital, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from 2013 to 2020.The samples were divided into 1-month, 24-month, 60-month and 80-month group and were stored in an ultra-low temperature freezer for 1, 24, 60 and 84 months respectively at -80 ℃ according to grouping, with 50 samples in each group.Transmittance of the corneal lenticules at wavelength of 300-800 nm was measured with an ultra-micro spectrophotometer and every lenticule was measured for 10 times with a 50 nm interval.The histomorphology and collagen fiber structure of the corneal lenticules were examined by hematoxylin-eosin staining and Masson staining, respectively.The arrangement of collagen fibers and ultrastructure changes of keratocytes in the samples were inspected with a transmission electron microscope.The apoptosis rate of keratocytes was determined by TUNEL staining.The study protocol was approved by an Ethics Committee of Hainan Eye Hospital at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center (No.2013-003). This study complied with the Declaration of Helsinki.Written informed consent was obtained from each subject before surgery.Results:The corneal lenticules were clear and intact in all groups and no significant difference in the transmittance within 450-800 nm wavelength was seen among the 4 groups (all at P>0.05). Masson staining revealed that the collagen fibers in the lenticules were neatly arranged and tightly packed in the 1-month group.In the 24-month group, interfibrous vacuoles were found in some collagen fibers.The arrangement of the collagen fibers was loose and more vacuoles were displayed in the 60-month group, and the loss of some collagen fibers appeared and the lenticules were thinned in the 84-month group.It was found through hematoxylin-eosin staining that the morphological changes of corneal stromal lenticules corresponded to the alterations of collagen fibers.Transmission electron microscopy showed that in the 1-month group, the collagen fibers of the corneal stroma lenticules were neatly arranged and regular, and the corneal stromal cells were elongated and spindle-shaped, and the nuclear membrane was intact and the cytoplasm was abundant.In the 24-month group, the collagen fibers showed slightly loose arrangement, and the corneal stromal cells were deformed with incomplete nuclear membrane.In the 60-month group, the collagen fibers were in loose and irregular arrangement, and the nuclei were atrophied and deformed.The 84-month group showed disorganized arrangement of collagen fibers, wrinkled and atrophied corneal stromal cells, discontinuous nucleus membrane and nucleoplasmic lysis.TUNEL staining showed that the percentage of apoptotic corneal cells in lenticules was (87.80±1.17)%, (89.50±1.05)%, (89.30±1.51)% and (90.20±1.47)% in the 1-month, 24-month, 60-month and 84-month groups, respectively, with no statistically significant difference found in overall comparison ( F=4.525, P=0.053). Conclusions:The disorder of collagen fibers and apoptosis of keratocytes occur in the human corneal stromal lenticules till 84 months after cryopreservation, however, the transparency and integrity remain excellent.The ultra-low temperature preservation technique provides an effective and simple solution for long-term storage of human corneal stromal lenticule.

Resistance Evaluation of Different Phenotypes of Farmland Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma Germplasm Under High Light Stress / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Objective:To investigate the physiological response of Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma with different phenotypes to high light stress under farmland cultivation mode， and to provide theoretical support for breeding of and fine management of new varieties of farmland ginseng. Method:Four-year-old ginseng plants with different stem colors were used as materials， and blue film was replaced by the colorless and translucent film for performing high light stress and investigating the change of growth status， light response curve， photosynthetic and fluorescence parameters of ginseng leaves. Meanwhile， the physiological adaptability and cell ultrastructural differences of ginseng with different phenotypes for strong light were compared by analyzing the variation of leaf ultrastructural characteristics before and after the stress. Result:The color of ginseng leaves became weak and the content of chlorophyll was greatly decreased with burning phenomenon on the leaf margin under high light stress. The maximum net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point of purple-stem ginseng were higher than those of green-stem ginseng. Transpiration rate， water use efficiency and other gas exchange parameters of purple-stem ginseng had adversity advantages， photosynthetic electron transport rate， maximum photochemical efficiency， photochemical quenching coefficient and other chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were higher than those of green-stem ginseng. There were changes in ultrastructure of the two germplasms， and the plasmolysis of green-stem ginseng was more obvious， its chloroplast membrane ruptured， the contents were exuded and the accumulation of starch grains and osmiophilic bodies increased. The chloroplast membrane structure of purple-stem germplasm was relatively stable， and its number of multivesicular bodies increased significantly by comparing with that of green-stem ginseng under high light. Conclusion:High light stress inhibits the leaf growth of farmland ginseng with different stem colors. The photosynthetic efficiency of green-stem ginseng is obviously reduced， and the integrity of chloroplast is damaged， leading to the weak physiological resistance. The purple-stem ginseng can reduce the damage of the photosynthetic system of plants under high light stress by its special cell structure and non-photochemical quenching advantages. Therefore， the purple-stem ginseng can be cultivated into a new resistant variety.

Ultrastructural changes of the white zone cells of the meniscus in a rat model of early osteoarthritis / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: The research focuses of knee osteoarthritis are on mainly articular cartilage, subchondral bone and synovium. There are few studies on the ultrastructure of the meniscus in animal models. OBJECTIVE: On the basis of observing the ultrastructure and types of chondrocytes in the white zone of the meniscus, to observe the ultrastructural changes of the white zone cells of the meniscus in an animal model of early osteoarthritis, in order to explore the relationship between the microstructural changes and the physiological functional changes in the meniscus. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group and a model group. Rats in the model group were made into the model of early knee osteoarthritis by intraarticular injection of papain. After 5 weeks, the meniscuses of three rat models in each group were taken, located and observed for the ultrastructure of the white zone cells through a transmission electron microscope. An ethics approval was obtained from the Animal Ethics Committee of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: In the control group, most of cells were fusiform in the superficial layer of meniscus and were triangular-like in the deeper layer. They were rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, with presence of Golgi and other organelles. Extracellular collagen fibrils were mainly type II collagen fibrils. The cells in the white zone of meniscus were chondrocytes. In the model group, the meniscal surface became rough, the cells were swollen, cytoplasmic organelles were reduced and swollen, glycogen was accumulated, and most of nuclei were abnormal with heterochromatin agglutination. Extracellular collagen fibrils became disordered and sparse. These findings indicate that the mild degeneration of chondrocytes and matrix in the meniscus can reduce the ability of cells to synthesize and secrete matrix components, which may lead to the physiological hypofunction.

Morphological comparison of glandular and non-glandular trichomes between Artemisia stolonifera and A. argyi / 中国中药杂志

The basic features of glandular and non-glandular trichomes on leaves of Artemisia argyi( germplasms from Qichun,Ningbo,Tangyin,and Anguo,respectively) and related species A. stolonifera were observed by scanning electron microscopy( SEM)and compared. There were significant differences in trichome characteristics of leaves at all parts of A. argyi and A. stolonifera,which were closely related to the difference in chemical components. The length of non-glandular trichomes and size of glandular trichomes on middle leaves were the stablest. A. argyi and A. stolonifera can be distinguished by the density of glandular trichome. Additionally,the four germplasms of A. argyi can be discriminated via the density and curvature of non-glandular trichome. The density of non-glandular trichomes was the highest in A. stolonifera. For A. argyi,the germplasm from Qichun had the highest density of non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial surfaces of upper leaves and that from Ningbo had the largest non-glandular trichome curvature. With regard to the germplasm from Anguo,the T-shaped non-glandular trichomes of long stalks on the adaxial surfaces of the middle leaves were lodging-susceptible,and those with slender heads were wave-like. Statistics results of A. argyi and A. stolonifera are as follows: largest glandular trichomes on the adaxial and abaxial surfaces and highest glandular trichome density on the abaxial surfaces of the lower leaves in A. argyi germplasm from Ningbo,highest density of non-glandular trichomes on the abaxial surfaces of upper leaves in A. stolonifera,and highest density of glandular trichomes and non-glandular trichomes on the adaxial surfaces of the upper leaves in A. argyi germplasm from Qichun. According to the observation result under fluorescence microscope( FM),flavonoids were closely related to the size and density of non-glandular trichomes and size of glandular trichomes. The fluorescence intensity was the strongest and fluorescence area was the largest for flavonoids in A. argyi germplasms from Qichun and Tangyin,while the fluorescence for flavonoids was the weakest in A. stolonifera. It was the first time to observe and analyze the trichome ultrastructure of A. argyi leaves at different positions by SEM and FM. This study clarifies the differences between A. stolonifera and four famous A. argyi germplasms,which provides new evidence for the microscopic identification of A. argyi and its related species and serves as a reference for the study of the relationship of A. argyi structure with its components and functions.

Effect of Baihe Dihuang Decoction on synaptic plasticity of hippocampus in rats with anxious depression / 中国中药杂志

To explore the effect of Baihe Dihuang Decoction on the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons in rats with anxious depression. Fifty SD rats were randomly divided into normal group, model group, venlafaxine group(6.75 mg·kg~(-1)), high-dose Baihe Dihuang Decoction group(8.64 g·kg~(-1)) and low-dose Baihe Dihuang Decoction group(4.32 g·kg~(-1)). Chronic restraint stress(6 h) combined with corticosterone(ih, 30 mg·kg~(-1)) was used to establish an anxious depression model, and 7 days after modeling, the administration started and continued for 21 days. The anxiety and depression-like behaviors of the rats were evaluated. Golgi-Cox staining and electron microscopy were used to observe the morphology and ultrastructural changes of synaptic dendrites. Immunofluorescence was used to detect the expression of hippocampal synaptic plasticity protein synapsin-1 and postsynaptic density protein 95(PSD-95). Western blot method was used to detect the expression of functional protein synaptophysin(SYP) and synaptic Ras GTPase activating protein(SynGap). The results showed that the rats in the model group had obvious anxiety and depression-like behaviors, the hip-pocampal dendritic spine density and branch length were reduced, the number of synapses was cut, and the internal structure was da-maged. The average fluorescence intensity of synapsin-1 and PSD-95 was significantly reduced and the expression of SYP and SynGap also decreased. High-dose Baihe Dihuang Decoction could significantly improve the anxiety and depression-like behaviors of model rats, relieve synaptic damage, and increase the expression of synapsin-1, PSD-95, SYP, and SynGap proteins. Therefore, we believe that Baihe Dihuang Decoction can improve anxiety and depression behaviors by regulating the synaptic plasticity of hippocampal neurons.

Ultrastructural and morphometric description of the ear skin and cartilage of two South American wild histricognate rodents (Dasyprocta leporina and Galea spixii) / Descrição ultraestrutural e morfométrica da pele e cartilagem auricular de dois roedores histricognatos silvestres da América do Sul (Dasyprocta leporina e Galea spixii)

Skin and cartilage have been the main source for the recovery of somatic cells to be used in conservation strategies in wild mammals. In this sense, an important step for the cryopreservation of these samples is to recognize the properties of the skin and cartilage. Thus, knowing that the skin may differ among species and aiming to contribute to the establishment of cryobanks, the study examined the differences in the ear skin and cartilage of wild rodents from South America, agouti (Dasyprocta leporina) and spix's yellow-toothed cavy (Galea spixii). Ultrastructural and quantitative methods were used to measure skin and cartilage thickness, density of collagen and elastic fibers, cell type number and distribution, and proliferative activity. Although ultrastructural analysis revealed a similar pattern between species, morphometric analysis of the skin and cartilage showed differences between agoutis and cavies regarding thickness of epidermis layers (corneum: 5.3±2.5μm vs. 3.9±0.6μm; intermediate: 16.4±6.2μm vs. 23.4±8.1μm; basal: 9.9±2.1μm vs. 4.8±0.5μm), dermis (183.1±44.0μm vs. 258.2±22.9μm), total skin (211.8±46.0μm vs. 290.3±23.7μm) and perichondrium (27.6±6.1μm vs. 10.5±1.8μm). A greater number of epidermal cells (61.7±15.2 vs. 24.8±7.6) and chondrocytes (32.7±9.0 vs. 27.5±4.7) were observed in agouti, while the cavy presented a greater number of melanocytes (12.6±4.7 vs. 29.9±6.2), keratinocytes (14.7±4.2 vs. 29.8±7.6), and fibroblasts (103.6±24.7 vs. 112.2±11.3). Moreover, a higher percentage of collagen fibers and proliferative activity was observed in the skin of cavies, when compared to the skin of agoutis. Therefore, there are differences between agouti and cavy for ear skin and cartilage, requiring the establishment of species-specific cryopreservation protocols.(AU)

A pele e cartilagem têm sido uma importante fonte de recuperação de células somáticas a serem utilizadas em estratégias de conservação em mamíferos silvestres. Nesse contexto, uma importante etapa para criopreservação é conhecer, inicialmente, as propriedades que compõem a pele e cartilagem. Sabendo, então, que a pele pode diferir-se entre espécies e com o objetivo de contribuir para o estabelecimento de criobancos, o estudo evidenciou as diferenças da pele e da cartilagem do pavilhão auricular apical de cutias (Dasyprocta leporina) e preás (Galea spixii) que são roedores silvestres presentes na América do Sul. Para tanto, métodos ultraestruturais e quantitativos foram utilizados para mensurar a espessura da pele e da cartilagem, densidade de fibras colágenas e elásticas, número e distribuição dos tipos celulares e atividade proliferativa. Embora as propriedades ultraestruturais em cutias e preás tenham se mostrado semelhantes, avaliações acerca da morfometria da pele e da cartilagem demonstrou diferenças, especialmente nas camadas epidérmicas (córnea: 5,3±2,5μm vs. 3,9±0,6μm; espinhosa: 16,4±6,2μm vs. 23,4±8,1μm; basal: 9,9±2,1μm vs. 4,8±0,5μm), derme (183,1±44,0μm vs. 258,2±22,9μm), pele total (211,8±46,0μm vs. 290,3±23,7μm) e pericôndrio (27,6±6,1μm vs. 10,5±1,8μm). Além disso, um número maior de células epidérmicas (61,7±15,2 vs. 24,8±7,6) e condrócitos (32,7±9,0 vs. 27,5±4,7) foram observados em cutias, enquanto em preás um maior número de melanócitos (12,6±4,7 vs. 29,9±6,2), queratinócitos (14,7±4,2 vs. 29,8±7,6) e fibroblastos (103,6±24,7 vs. 112,2±11,3) foram evidenciados. Ainda, em preás, uma maior porcentagem de fibras colágenas e da atividade proliferativa foram observadas quando comparadas a pele de cutias. Portanto, existem diferenças entre cutias e preás para pele e cartilagem do pavilhão auricular, exigindo desta forma um estabelecimento de protocolos de criopreservação específica para cada uma destas espécies.(AU)