Correlación y concordancia entre índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal para la detección de sobrepeso u obesidad en la población peruana, 2022 / Correlation and agreement between body mass index and abdominal perimeter for the detection of overweight or obesity in the Peruvian population, 2022

RESUMEN Introducción: el índice de masa corporal y el perímetro abdominal son medidas antropométricas que podrían ser concordantes en la población peruana para el cribado de sobrepeso u obesidad. Objetivo: analizar la correlación y concordancia entre las pruebas de índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal para la detección de sobrepeso u obesidad en adultos peruanos. Metodología: estudio observacional, analítico y transversal basado en datos de la encuesta nacional demográfica de salud familiar. La población fue de 28960 adultos. Las variables fueron: índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal. Se utilizó la prueba V de Cramer, t de student, correlación de Spearman y kappa de Cohen. Resultados: hubo una asociación fuerte entre índice de masa corporal y perímetro abdominal en mujeres (V=0,701), moderada en hombres (V=0,632). En la prueba kappa de Cohen, ambas variables concordaron sustancialmente en mujeres (kappa=0,677) y moderadamente en hombres (kappa=0,580). Mediante el Odds Ratio, las mujeres con índice de masa corporal elevado tuvieron una probabilidad 97,22 veces mayor de perímetro abdominal elevado, mientras que en hombres con índice de masa corporal elevado fue 110,76 veces mayor. La correlación de Spearman fue muy alta y positiva en ambos sexos Conclusiones: el perímetro abdominal y el índice de masa corporal están asociados y correlacionados significativamente en adultos peruanos, presentaron una concordancia sustancial en mujeres y moderada en hombres. Se sugiere priorizar el uso del perímetro abdominal, debido a que distingue sobrepeso u obesidad según sexo, optimizándolo mediante la determinación de un punto de corte ajustado a la población peruana.

ABSTRACT Introduction: body mass index and abdominal perimeter are anthropometric measurements that could be concordant in the Peruvian population for screening for overweight or obesity. Objective: to analyze the correlation and agreement between body mass index and abdominal circumference tests for the detection of overweight or obesity in Peruvian adults. Methodology: observational, analytical and cross-sectional study based on data from the national demographic family health survey. The population was 28,960 adults. The variables were: body mass index and abdominal perimeter. Cramer's V test, student's t, Spearman's correlation and Cohen's kappa were used. Results: there was a strong association between body mass index and abdominal perimeter in women (V=0.701), moderate in men (V=0.632). In Cohen's kappa test, both variables agreed substantially in women (kappa=0.677) and moderately in men (kappa=0.580). Using the Odds Ratio, women with a high body mass index had a 97.22 times greater probability of having a high abdominal circumference, while in men with a high body mass index it was 110.76 times greater. The Spearman correlation was very high and positive in both sexes. Conclusions: abdominal circumference and body mass index are significantly associated and correlated in Peruvian adults; they presented substantial agreement in women and moderate agreement in men. It is suggested to prioritize the use of the abdominal perimeter, because it distinguishes overweight or obesity according to sex, optimizing it by determining a cut-off point adjusted to the Peruvian population.

Asociación entre obesidad abdominal, consumo de alcohol y actividad física en universitarios panameños / Association between abdominal obesity, alcohol consumption and physical activity in Panamanian college students

Introducción. La obesidad abdominal es considerada un factor de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes. El consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol y la inactividad física también son factores de riesgo comportamentales asociados a enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre la obesidad abdominal, el consumo de alcohol y la inactividad física en universitarios panameños. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico realizado en 374 estudiantes universitarios panameños en el periodo abril ­ diciembre de 2021. Se implementó el cuestionario para la vigilancia de factores de riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y se evaluó la circunferencia de cintura. La obesidad abdominal se estableció con una circunferencia de cintura ≥80 cm en mujeres y ≥90 cm en hombres. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, bivariados y múltiples usando modelos de regresión logística para determinar la asociación entre las variables del estudio. Las pruebas U Mann-Whitney y Chi cuadrado fueron utilizadas para analizar diferencias por sexo. Resultados: Una tercera parte de los universitarios participantes presentaron obesidad abdominal. Las mujeres reportaron mayores niveles de inactividad física (<0,0001) y conducta sedentaria (p=0,0010) que los hombres. Después de ajustar por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico, la obesidad abdominal estuvo asociada con la inactividad física (OR: 1,762, IC 95%: 1,040 ­ 2,985, p=0,035) y el consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol (OR 1,114, IC: 1,015 ­ 1,223, p=0,023). Conclusiones: Los universitarios panameños que reportaron bajos niveles de actividad física y consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de registrar obesidad abdominal(AU)

Introduction. Abdominal obesity is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Episodic excessive consumption of alcohol and physical inactivity are behavioral risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases. Objective: To analyze the association between abdominal obesity, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity in Panamanian university students. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 374 Panamanian university students in the period April ­ December 2021. The questionnaire for the surveillance of risk factors for non-communicable diseases of the World Health Organization was implemented and waist circumference was evaluated. Abdominal obesity was established with a waist circumference ≥80 cm in women and ≥90 cm in men. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple analyzes were performed using logistic regression models to determine the association between the study variables. The Mann-Whitney U and Chi square tests were used to analyze differences by sex. Results: A third of the participating university students had abdominal obesity. Women reported higher levels of physical inactivity (<0,0001) and sedentary behavior (p=0,0010) than men. After adjusting for sex, age and socioeconomic status, abdominal obesity was associated with physical inactivity (OR: 1,762, 95% CI: 1,040 ­ 2,985, p=0,035) and episodic heavy alcohol consumption (OR 1,114, CI: 1,015 ­ 1,223, p=0,023). Conclusions: Students who reported low levels of physical inactivity and binge drinking were more likely to have abdominal obesity(AU)

Mechanism of obesity in the occurrence and development of gastroesophageal reflux disease / 中华消化外科杂志

Obesity is one of the main risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). With the development of social economy, the global obesity population shows a continuous growth trend, leading to an increase in the incidence rate of GERD. Obesity, especially the central obesity, is closely related to GERD. The increase of intra-abdominal pressure caused by obesity may lead to the destruction of "anti-reflux barrier" through a variety of mechanical mechanisms, and the various cytokines produced by visceral adipose tissue in obesity population may contribute to the occurr-ence and development of GERD through various biological effects. The authors explore the mechanism of obesity in the occurrence and development of GERD from both mechanical and biological effects, aiming to help clinical physicians improve their understanding of GERD.

Relationship of triglyceride-glucose index and its derivatives with blood pressure abnormalities in adolescents: an analysis based on a restricted cubic spline model / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the relationship of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), triglyceride-glucose-body mass index (TyG-BMI), and triglyceride-glucose-waist circumference index (TyG-WC) with blood pressure abnormalities in adolescents, providing theoretical basis for the prevention and control of hypertension in adolescents.@*METHODS@#A stratified cluster sampling method was used to select 1 572 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years in Yinchuan City for questionnaire surveys, physical measurements, and laboratory tests. Logistic regression analysis and restricted cubic spline analysis were employed to examine the relationship of TyG, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WC with blood pressure abnormalities in adolescents.@*RESULTS@#Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed that after adjusting for confounding factors, the groups with the highest quartile of TyG, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WC had 1.48 times (95%CI: 1.07-2.04), 3.71 times (95%CI: 2.67-5.15), and 4.07 times (95%CI: 2.89-5.73) higher risks of blood pressure abnormalities compared to the groups with the lowest quartile, respectively. Moreover, as the levels of TyG, TyG-BMI, and TyG-WC increased, the risk of blood pressure abnormalities gradually increased (P<0.05). A non-linear dose-response relationship was observed between TyG-BMI and the risk of blood pressure abnormalities (P overall trend<0.001, P non-linearity=0.002). Linear dose-response relationships were found between TyG and the risk of blood pressure abnormalities (P overall trend<0.001, P non-linearit =0.232), and between TyG-WC and the risk of blood pressure abnormalities (P overall trend<0.001, P non-linearity=0.224).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Higher levels of TyG and its derivatives are associated with an increased risk of blood pressure abnormalities in adolescents, with linear or non-linear dose-response relationships.

Optimal waist circumference cutoff for categorization of central adiposity among Han adults in Xinjiang and its predictive ability for cardiovascular disease risk factors / 中国现代医生

@#Objective To explore the optimal cutoff for waist circumference(WC)for defining central obesity,and its predictive ability for cardiovascular disease risk factors in Han adults in Xinjiang.Methods A cardiovascular risk survey(CRS)study was carried out from October 2018 to March 2021 with 14 618 representative participants selected,including 5757 Han adults.Complete data on 5666 participants were gathered.The age span of the participants was from 35 to 88 years old with the mean age as 52.47 years.Anthropometric data,blood pressure,serum concentration of serum total cholesterol,triglyceride,low density lipoprotein cholesterol(LDL-C),high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-C)and fasting glucose were documented.Prevalence rate,sensitivity,specificity and distance on the receiver operator characteristic(ROC)curve of each WC value were calculated.Results Both men and women,with the increase of waist circumference,the levels of systolic blood pressure,diastolic blood pressure,total cholesterol,triglycerides and fasting blood glucose are gradually increasing.In men,the prevalence of hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia increased as WC increased.In women,the prevalence of hypertension,diabetes,hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia increased as WC increased.The shortest distance in the ROC curves for hypertension,dyslipidemia,diabetes,or≥2 of these risk factors suggested a WC cutoff of 90cm for men and 85cm for women.Conclusion The proportion of central obesity among Han adults in Xinjiang is higher than that of Han people in other regions.It is necessary to use a higher cutoff point value of waist circumference to define central obesity.

Sedentary behavior, abdominal obesity and healthcare costs in Brazilian adults with cardiovascular diseases: a cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Research on the economic burden of sedentary behavior and abdominal obesity on health expenses associated with cardiovascular diseases is scarce. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to verify whether sedentary behavior, isolated and combined with abdominal obesity, influences the medication expenditure among adults with cardiovascular diseases. DESIGN AND SETTING: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of President Prudente, State of São Paulo, Brazil in 2018. METHODS: The study included adults with cardiovascular diseases, aged 30-65 years, who were treated by the Brazilian National Health Services. Sedentary behavior was assessed using a questionnaire. Abdominal obesity was defined by waist circumference. Medication expenditures were verified using the medical records of each patient. RESULTS: The study included a total of 307 adults. Individuals classified in the group with risk factor obesity combined (median [IQ] USD$ 29.39 [45.77]) or isolated (median [IQ] USD$ 27.17 [59.76]) to sedentary behavior had higher medication expenditures than those belonging to the non-obese with low sedentary behavior group (median [IQ] USD$ 13.51 [31.42]) (P = 0.01). The group with combined obesity and sedentary behavior was 2.4 (95%CI = 1.00; 5.79) times more likely to be hypertensive. CONCLUSION: Abdominal obesity was a determining factor for medication expenses, regardless of sedentary behavior, among adults with cardiovascular diseases.

Cut-off points of neck and waist circumference as predictors of obstructive sleep apnea in the Colombian population: a comparison with polysomnography

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Neck circumference (NC) is a useful anthropometric measure for predicting obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Ethnicity and sex also influence obesity phenotypes. NC cut-offs for defining OSA have not been established for the Latin American population. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate NC, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) as predictors of OSA in the Colombian population and to determine optimal cut-off points. DESIGN AND SETTING: Diagnostic tests were conducted at the Javeriana University, Bogota. METHODS: Adults from three cities in Colombia were included. NC, WC, and BMI were measured, and a polysomnogram provided the reference standard. The discrimination capacity and best cut-off points for diagnosing OSA were calculated. RESULTS: 964 patients were included (57.7% men; median age, 58 years) and 43.4% had OSA. The discrimination capacity of NC was similar for men and women (area under curve, AUC 0.63 versus 0.66, P = 0.39) but better for women under 60 years old (AUC 0.69 versus 0.57, P < 0.05). WC had better discrimination capacity for women (AUC 0.69 versus 0.57, P < 0.001). There were no significant differences in BMI. Optimal NC cut-off points were 36.5 cm for women (sensitivity [S]: 71.7%, specificity [E]: 55.3%) and 41 cm for men (S: 56%, E: 62%); and for WC, 97 cm for women (S: 65%, E: 69%) and 99 cm for men (S: 53%, E: 58%). CONCLUSIONS: NC and WC have moderate discrimination capacities for diagnosing OSA. The cut-off values suggest differences between Latin- and North American as well as Asian populations.

Características sociodemográficas, estado nutricional y salud oral en adultos masculinos de Yaguajay, Sancti Spíritus

Introducción: Las variables sociodemográficas y las patologías orales influyen en el estado nutricional. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre características sociodemográficas, estado nutricional y salud oral. Métodos: En 2022 se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 24 adultos masculinos de entre 31 y 62 años, de Yaguajay, Sancti Spíritus. Se aplicaron cuestionarios, mediciones antropométricas y exámenes orales. En SPSS versión 21 fueron resumidas las variables mediante frecuencias absolutas y relativas, el promedio y la desviación estándar, según correspondió. Para el estudio multivariado se utilizó el análisis de correlación canónica no lineal. Resultados: En la primera dimensión, las variables con saturaciones ≥ 0,5 que mostraron asociaciones fueron: grupo etario, nivel educacional, índice de masa corporal, dientes perdidos por caries y total de dientes perdidos. En la segunda dimensión, las variables que mostraron relación fueron: circunferencia de la cintura y dientes perdidos por caries. Adultos de 50 años o más presentaron pérdidas de 10 o más dientes. Se verificó la asociación entre la pérdida por caries de 10 o más dientes y la circunferencia de la cintura de 102 cm o más. El 71 % de los sujetos con nivel escolar de secundaria básica fue sobrepeso. El 55 y el 67 %, con nivel preuniversitario y universitario respectivamente, mostraron un índice de masa corporal aceptable. Conclusiones: Las asociaciones reportadas entre las variables socioeconómicas, nutricionales e intraorales señalan la importancia de una educación y promoción para la salud integradoras. La multidisciplinariedad y las estrategias comunes podrían ser más efectivas en la prevención de las enfermedades orales y nutricionales.

Introduction: Socio-demographic variables and oral pathologies influence nutritional status. Objective: To describe the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics, nutritional status, and oral health. Methods: In 2022, a descriptive observational study was conducted on 24 adult males, between 31 and 62 years old, from Yaguajay, Sancti Spíritus. Questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and oral examinations were applied. In SPSS version21, the variables were summarized using absolute and relative frequencies, mean and standard deviations, as appropriate. Non-linear canonical correlation analysis was used for the multivariate analysis. Results: In the first dimension, the variables with saturations ≥0.5 that showed associations were: age group, educational level, body mass index, teeth lost due to caries and total teeth lost. In the second dimension, the variables that showed associations were: waist circumference and teeth lost due to caries. Adults aged 50 years or older presented losses of 10 or more teeth. The association between caries loss of 10 or more teeth and waist circumference of 102 cm or more was verified. 71% of the subjects with basic secondary school level were overweight. 55% and 67% of those with pre-university and university level respectively showed an acceptable body mass index. Conclusions: The associations reported between socioeconomic, nutritional and intraoral variables point to the importance of integrative health education and promotion. Multidisciplinary and common strategies could be more effective in the prevention of oral and nutritional diseases.

Effect of food literacy on adherence to mediterranean diet and anthropometric measurements in adults / Efeito da alfabetização alimentar na adesão à dieta mediterrânea e nas medidas antropométricas em adultos

ABSTRACT Objective This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between food literacy, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MetDiet), and anthropometric measurements. Method In this study, 551 adults were evaluated. The defining features were questioned with the questionnaire form, Short Food Literacy Questionnaire (SFLQ), and Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). Neck circumference, waist circumference (WC) measurements, waist to height ratio (WHtR), waist to hip ratio (WHR), and body mass index (BMI) were evaluated. The effect of the SFLQ scores on the anthropometric measurements and MEDAS scores was evaluated with linear and binary logistic regression analysis. Results The food literacy scores were low in individuals with overweight and obesity and have risk according to the waist circumference and waist to height ratio. Individuals with high adherence to the MetDiet had high food literacy. The food literacy had the most effect on waist circumference. There was a positive relationship between the food literacy and MetDiet scores when the crude and adjusted models were compared according to age, gender, education level, marital status, and BMI. According to crude and adjusted models, food literacy was effective on strict adherence to the diet (Wald=13.446), and a 1-unit increase in the food literacy increased strict adherence to MetDiet by 1.05 times (95% CI=1.03-1.09). Conclusion The results showed positive effect of food literacy on obesity-related anthropometric measurements and MetDiet.

RESUMO Objetivo Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a relação entre alfabetização alimentar, adesão à dieta mediterrânea (MetDiet) e medidas antropométricas. Método Neste estudo foram avaliados 551 adultos. As características definidoras foram questionadas com o formulário do questionário Short Food Literacy Questionnaire (SFLQ) e Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (MEDAS). Medidas de circunferência do pescoço, circunferência da cintura (CC), relação cintura/altura (RCEst), relação cintura/quadril (RCQ) e índice de massa corporal (IMC) foram avaliados. O efeito dos escores SFLQ nas medidas antropométricas e escores MEDAS foi avaliado com análise de regressão logística linear e binária. Resultados Os escores de alfabetização alimentar foram baixos em pacientes com sobrepeso e obesidade e apresentam risco de acordo com a circunferência da cintura e relação cintura/altura. Indivíduos com alta adesão ao MetDiet tiveram alta alfabetização alimentar. A alfabetização alimentar teve o maior efeito sobre a circunferência da cintura. Houve uma relação positiva entre a alfabetização alimentar e os escores do MetDiet quando os modelos brutos e ajustados foram comparados de acordo com idade, sexo, escolaridade, estado civil e IMC. De acordo com modelos brutos e ajustados, a alfabetização alimentar foi eficaz na adesão estrita à dieta (Wald=13,446), e um aumento de 1 unidade na alfabetização alimentar aumentou a adesão estrita à MetDiet em 1,05 vezes (95% CI=1,03-1,09). Conclusão Os resultados mostraram efeito positivo da alfabetização alimentar sobre medidas antropométricas relacionadas à obesidade e MetDiet.

Age and sex-specific waist circumference percentiles among school children in Chennai

Background: The aim was to develop age- and sex-specific waist circumference percentiles for school children aged 5 to 17 years in Chennai.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study done among school children in Chennai. A total of 1124 children aged 5 to 17 years were included in the study, of which 540 were female and 584 were male. Anthropometric details, weight, height, waist circumference (WC), and body mass index (BMI) were measured. The percentiles for waist circumference according to age and gender was done using SPSS 28.0. Khadilkar et al suggested a cutoff of 70th centile screening for central obesity and risk for metabolic syndrome; similarly, we plotted 70th WC percentiles.Results: Age- and sex-specific WC percentiles (5th, 10th, 15th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 85th, 90th, 95th) were provided. Our study revealed a higher prevalence of overweight or obesity (40.6%) in children (overweight: 21.08%, obesity: 19.50%) when compared to other school studies. BMI in children with WC >70th percentile revealed 87% of them were overweight or obese. A strong and significant statistical correlation was observed between waist circumference and overweight or obesity (p<0.001).Conclusions: Age- and sex-specific reference curve percentiles for waist circumference and cut-off values greater than the 70th percentile for schoolchildren were provided. We strongly recommend utilising waist circumference as an anthropometrical tool to quantify central obesity in schoolchildren.

Relación entre Índices Antropométricos de Obesidad y Condición Física en Escolares de 9 a 14 Años de la Región de Valparaíso, Chile / Relationship Between Anthropometric Indices of Obesity and Physical Condition in Schoolchildren Aged 9 to 14 Years From the Valparaíso Region, Chile

Los objetivos de este estudio fueron 1) describir factores antropométricos asociados a la obesidad y pruebas de condición física junto con 2) determinar la correlación entre estas variables en un grupo de escolares provenientes de la región de Valparaíso. Participaron un total de 109 escolares divididos por sexo y por grupos de edad. Los escolares fueron divididos en dos grupos entre 9 a 11 años (24 hombres= 47,98 ± 10,4 kg; 145,73 ± 7,3 cm; 25 mujeres= 45,06 ± 11,1 kg; 145,30 ± 6,6 cm) y entre 12 a 14 años (24 hombres= 54,85 ± 13,2 kg; 158,42 ± 8,8 cm; 36 mujeres= 52,21 ± 9,1 kg; 155,36 ± 6,1 cm). Se realizaron evaluaciones de la condición física utilizadas en el proceso de evaluación del Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) de educación física para escolares chilenos. Estas evaluaciones incluyeron parámetros de flexibilidad, carrera, salto horizontal, y resistencia muscular. Junto con esto, se evaluaron variables antropométricas como peso, estatura y perímetro de cintura para establecer índices antropométricos de obesidad como el índice de masa corporal (IMC), el perímetro de cintura (PC) y el índice de cintura estatura (ICE). Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos de hombres de los diferentes grupos de edad en las pruebas de condición física, resistencia muscular abdominal (p = 0,001), salto horizontal (p = 0,002) y prueba de carrera (p = 0,003). Entre los grupos de mujeres se encontraron diferencias significativas en las variables de condición física, salto horizontal (p = 0,002) y carrera (p = 0,003). Tanto en hombres como en mujeres del grupo de 9 a 11 años se encontraron correlaciones significativas entre las variables antropométricas con pruebas de salto horizontal y capacidad de carrera (p = 0,03, r = -0,42 - 0,83, moderado a muy fuerte). En este mismo grupo solo las mujeres presentaron una correlación significativa entre parámetros antropométricos y la prueba de resistencia muscular en flexo extensiones de codo (p < 0,05, r = -0,42 - -0,52, moderado a fuerte) y abdominales (p < 0,05, r = -0,57 - -0,60, fuerte). Para el grupo entre 12 y 14 años se obtuvieron correlaciones negativas entre el ICE y la prueba de carrera en hombres (p < 0,016, r = -0,48, moderado), PC y la prueba de carrera en mujeres (p < 0,011, r = -0,41, moderado). Sólo en mujeres fue posible encontrar correlaciones significativas entre PC, IMC e ICE con salto horizontal (p < 0,05, r = 0,38 - 0,48, moderado). Los resultados sugieren una correlación negativa entre parámetros antropométricos de exceso de peso corporal y el rendimiento en pruebas físicas, siendo en el grupo de mayor edad las mujeres quienes presentan mayor cantidad de correlaciones significativas entre variables. Estos datos refuerzan la importancia de incluir abordajes integrales en las clases de educación física considerando estilos de vida activos y saludables en conjunto con la promoción de la actividad física.

SUMMARY: The objectives of this study were 1) to describe anthropometric factors associated with obesity and physical fitness tests and 2) to determine the correlation between these variables in a group of schoolchildren from the Valparaíso region. A total of 109 schoolchildren divided by sex and age groups participated. The schoolchildren were divided into two groups between 9 to 11 years (24 males = 47,98 ± 10,4 kg; 145,73 ± 7,3 cm; 25 females = 45,06 ± 11,1 kg; 145,30 ± 6,6 cm) and between 12 to 14 years (24 males = 54,85 ± 13,2 kg; 158,42 ± 8,8 cm; 36 females = 52,21 ± 9,1 kg; 155,36 ± 6,1 cm). Physical fitness assessments used by the Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la Educación (SIMCE) evaluation process for physical education for Chilean schoolchildren were performed. These assessments included flexibility, sprint capacity, horizontal jump, and muscular endurance parameters. In addition, anthropometric variables such as weight, height and waist circumference were evaluated to establish anthropometric indices of obesity such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and waist-height index (WHI). Significant differences were found between the groups of men in the different age groups in the physical fitness tests, abdominal muscular endurance (p = 0.001), horizontal jump (p = 0.002), sprint test (p = 0.003) and the anthropometric index BMI (p = 0.048). Among the female groups, significant differences were only found in the physical condition variables, horizontal jump (p = 0.002) and sprint (p = 0.003). In both males and females in the 9- to 11- year-old group, significant correlations were found between anthropometric variables and tests of horizontal jumping and sprint ability (p = 0.03, r = -0.42 - 0.83, moderate to very high). In this same group, only females presented a significant correlation between anthropometric parameters and muscular endurance tests in elbow flexion (p < 0.05, r = -0.42 - -0.52, moderate to high) and abdominals (p < 0.05, r = -0.57 - -0.60, high). For the group between 12 and 14 years, negative correlations were obtained between WHI and the sprint test in males (p < 0.016, r = -0.48, moderate), WC and the sprint test in females (p < 0.011, r = -0.41, moderate). Only in women was it possible to find significant correlations between WC, BMI and ICE with a horizontal jump (p < 0.05, r = 0.38 - 0.48, moderate). The results suggest a negative correlation between anthropometric parameters of excess body weight and performance on physical tests, with women in the older age group presenting the highest number of significant correlations between variables. These data reinforce the importance of including integral approaches in physical education classes that consider active and healthy lifestyles together with the promotion of physical activity.

Valores del perímetro abdominal e índice cintura-cadera en pacientes con hipertensión arterial / Values of abdominal perimeter and waist-hip ratio in patients with hypertension i: en

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial constituye un problema de salud pública en casi todo el mundo. Entre los factores de riesgo vinculados a ella se destaca la acumulación de grasa, que puede, a su vez, establecer los riesgos, las comorbilidades y la mortalidad asociados a esta entidad nosológica. Objetivo: Determinar las variaciones de los valores del perímetro abdominal y el índice cintura-cadera en pacientes con hipertensión arterial, según variables epidemiológicas y clínicas seleccionadas. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, prospectivo y transversal de 221 pacientes con hipertensión arterial, pertenecientes al Consultorio 19 del Policlínico Docente Josué País García del municipio de Santiago de Cuba, desde junio del 2019 hasta diciembre del 2020. Resultados: Predominó el sexo femenino y el grupo etario de 65-74 años (28,5 %). Los indicadores antropométricos perímetro abdominal e índice cintura-cadera tuvieron valores que superaron los parámetros normales establecidos para ambos sexos. El cálculo del perímetro abdominal reveló un predominio de la obesidad en el sexo femenino, en tanto se clasificó como aumentado en el sexo masculino. Conclusiones: Los valores del índice cintura-cadera y del perímetro abdominal en ambos sexos estuvieron por encima de los clasificados por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como de alto riesgo de presentar la enfermedad.

Introduction: Hypertension constitutes a problem of public health in almost all over the world. Among the risk factors associated with it, the accumulation of fat is notable, which can, in turn, establish risks and determine comorbidities and mortality associated with this nosological entity. Objective: To determine the variations in the values of the abdominal perimeter and waist-hip ratio in patients with hypertension, according to selected epidemiological and clinical variables. Methods: A descriptive, prospective and cross-sectional study was carried out on 221 patients with hypertension, belonging to doctor's office 19 of Josué País García Teaching Polyclinic in Santiago de Cuba municipality, from June, 2019 to December, 2020. Results: There was a prevalence of the female sex and the 65-74 age group (28.5%). The anthropometric indicators, abdominal perimeter and waist-hip ratio, had values that exceeded the established normal parameters for both sexes. The calculation of the abdominal perimeter revealed a predominance of obesity in the female sex, while it was classified as increased in the male sex. Conclusions: The values of the waist-hip ratio and abdominal perimeter exceeded those classified by the World Health Organization as high risk of presenting the disease in both sexes.

Ingesta de alimentos ultraprocesados y circunferencia de cintura según área de residencia en adultos peruanos / Ultra-processed food consumption and waist circumference by residence setting in Peruvian adults

Introducción. La circunferencia de cintura (CC) es indicador de obesidad abdominal y riesgo cardiovascular en adultos. En Perú, la obesidad ha aumentado a diferente magnitud por área de residencia y poco se sabe de la influencia del consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados (AUP) sobre este fenómeno en población adulta. Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre ingesta de AUP y circunferencia de cintura en adultos peruanos por área de residencia. Materiales y métodos. Estudio transversal de datos secundarios de 745 adultos con información de ingesta dietaria (un recordatorio de 24 horas) de la Encuesta Nacional Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional por Etapas de Vida 2017-2018. Los AUP fueron caracterizados según la clasificación NOVA. La ingesta AUP como el porcentaje relativo de la ingesta energética total (%), dividida en terciles. La CC medida como punto medio entre última costilla y cresta iliaca. Se usó regresión lineal múltiple ponderada y análisis estratificado según área de residencia. Resultados. La edad promedio fue 37,2 años. La ingesta de AUP promedio fue 14,7% (IC95%: 14,2 ­ 15,3). Comparado con adultos en el menor tercil de ingesta de AUP, aquellos en tercil medio tuvieron mayor CC ( 0,73; IC95%: 0,22 ­ 1,24; valor p= 0,007). Al estratificar por área de residencia, adultos rurales del tercil medio tuvieron mayor CC en comparación con primer tercil ( : 1,85; IC95%: 1,17 ­ 2,53, valor p < 0,001). Conclusiones. En adultos peruanos, la ingesta de AUP se asoció a CC en áreas rurales, aunque no de forma lineal. Más estudios son necesarios para entender la naturaleza de esta asociación(AU)

Introduction. Waist circumference (WC) is an abdominal obesity and cardiovascular risk indicator among adults. In Peru, obesity prevalence has been increasing unequally between residence areas, and the influence of ultra- processed food (UPF) consumption on WC in Peruvian adults remains unclear. Objective. Evaluate the association between UPF consumption and waist circumference by residence setting among Peruvian adults. Materials and methods. A cross-sectional secondary analysis of dietary intake data (single 24-hour recall) from 745 adults aged 18 and 59 years old from the "Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional por Etapas de Vida 2017-2018" National Surveys was performed. The NOVA system was used to characterize the UPFs, and the exposure was the percentage of total energy consumed from UPF per day (%), in quantiles. WC (cm) was assessed at the middle point between the last rib and the iliac crest. Weighted linear regression analysis stratified by residence areas were conducted. Results. The mean age was 37.2 years. The mean percent of total energy consumed from UPF was 14.7% (95%CI: 14.2 ­ 15.3). Those in the middle tertile of UPF consumption, had higher WC ( 0.73; 95%CI: 0.22 ­ 1.24; p-value = 0.007) compared with those in the lower tertile. In the stratified analysis, those in the second tertile in rural areas have more WC compared with the first tertile ( 1.85; 95%CI: 1.17 ­ 2.53, p-value< 0.001). Conclusions. In rural areas, UPF consumption was associated with waist circumference, but it does not follow a linear association. Further studies are needed to understand the rationale behind these results(AU)

Asociación entre la velocidad de marcha y obesidad en población chilena: Resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017

Antecedentes: La velocidad de marcha es un marcador funcional, utilizado como predictor de enfermedades crónicas. Sin embargo, existe escasa evidencia de la asociación entre la velocidad de marcha y obesidad. Objetivo: Investigar la asociación entre la velocidad de marcha auto-reportada y obesidad en población chilena. Métodos: 6.183 participantes entre 15 a 98 años de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 de Chile fueron incluidos en este estudio transversal. Peso corporal, talla, perímetro de cintura (PC), índice de masa corporal (IMC) e índice cintura/altura (ICA) fueron determinados. Auto-reporte de velocidad de la marcha (normal, lenta, rápida) fue la variable de exposición. La relación entre velocidad de marcha y marcadores de obesidad fue determinada mediante regresión lineal y regresión de Poisson y todos los análisis fueron ajustados en Modelos según factores sociodemográficos y estilos de vida. Resultados: En el modelo más ajustado, quienes reportaron una velocidad de marcha normal y rápida presentaron un menor IMC (p: -1,03, p = 0,017y -1,56p = 0,001, respectivamente), menor PC (p: -2,98, p = 0,004 y -3,64, p = 0,001) e ICA (3: -0,19, p = 0,004 y -0,26 p < 0,0001) respecto a quienes reportaron una marcha lenta. La velocidad de marcha rápida se asoció a una menor probabilidad de tener obesidad y obesidad central. Conclusión: La velocidad de marcha normal y rápida fueron asociadas con menor peso corporal, IMC, PC e ICA. La velocidad de marcha rápida se asoció a una menor probabilidad de obesidad y obesidad central, independiente de factores sociodemográficos y estilos de vida.

Background: Walking Pace is a functional marker, used as a predictor of chronic diseases. However, there is a lack of evidence on the association between walking pace and obesity. Aim: To investigate the association between-self-reported walking pace with obesity in the Chilean adult population. Methods: 6,183 Chilean participants (aged 15 to 98 years) from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017 were included in this cross-sectional study. Weight, height, waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and waist to height ratio (WHtR) were the outcomes of interest. Self-reported walking pace (slow, average and brisk) was the exposure. The association between walking pace and obesity was determined by linear regression and Poisson regression and all analyses were adjusted in models according to sociodemographic and lifestyle factors. Results: In the most adjusted model, those who reported an average and brisk walking pace had a lower BMI (¡3: -1.03, p = 0.017 and-1.56 p = 0.001), lower WC (3: -2.98, p = 0.004 and -3.64, p = 0.001) and waist to height ratio (3: -0.19, p = 0.004 and -0.26 p < 0.0001) compared to people who reported a slow walking pace. A brisk walkingpace was associated with a lower probability of obesity and central obesity. Conclusion: the average and brisk walkingpace was associated with lower body weight, BMI, waist circumference and waist to height ratio and a brisk walking pace was associated with a lower probability of obesity and central obesity, independently of sociodemographic and lifestyle factors.

Weight reduction and glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus using a wholly Nigerian diet at university of Port Harcourt teaching hospital, Nigeria

Background: Weight gain is associated with poor glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes and worsened by resource restrained environment with almost no access to sustainable therapy. In the absence of effective access to health care and medication due to poverty, safer locally available and proven scientific options to manage their health becomes a priority. Today, targeted lifestyle interventions are found to be clinically effective and affordable for diabetes prevention and treatment. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a wholly Nigerian diet in achieving weight reduction and good glycaemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Sixty study participants were randomized into matched control (standard of care) and intervention (caloric restriction dietary intervention) groups. Participants were followed for 24 weeks and samples taken 3 times a week for the duration of the study. Results: The result revealed a significant drop in weight (waist circumference and BMI) in the intervention group. Mean waist circumference decreased from 88.82 cm to 80.0 cm (p=0.001) while BMI decreased from 22.67 to 22.86 kg/m2 (p=0.025). The fasting blood sugar dropped from a group mean of 7.97 on the initial visit to a mean of 5.35 after six months in the intervention group. Conclusions: Caloric restriction with locally available food reduced weight and normalized fasting blood sugar in study participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Dyslipidemia as a risk factor for acute myocardial infarction in postmenopausal women: An observational study

Objective: This study has evaluated risk factors, especially dyslipidemia, for an acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in postmenopausal women. Materials and Methods: This was a hospital-based, observational, single-center study among 100 postmenopausal women admitted to the medicine ward with AMI. They were categorized based on lipid profile groups, viz., dyslipidemic group and non-dyslipidemic group. All clinical parameters were studied between the groups. Results: Among anthropometric profiles, in the comparison of mean height (cm), weight (kg), body mass index (BMI) (kg/m2 ), and waist circumference (WC) (cm) for the dyslipidemic group and non-dyslipidemic group, only WC was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Most patients were hospitalized between 6 and 12 h after the onset of symptoms. At the time of hospitalization, most patients from both groups were observed to have diabetes and hypertension with poor control of postprandial blood sugar, glycated hemoglobin, and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (P < 0.05). The dyslipidemic group’s mean C-reactive protein was higher (P < 0.05). The comparison of mean total cholesterol, triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol in mg/dL, and TG: high density lipoprotein was significantly increased (P < 0.001), while high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (mg/ dL) was significantly decreased (P < 0.001) in the dyslipidemic group. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction is standard in both groups. The maximum patient has regional wall motion abnormality in echocardiography after day 3 of admission. Among the dyslipidemic group, ejection fraction was on the lower side, and the predominant complication was in the left ventricular failure (LVF) (P < 0.05). Conclusion: WC has a positive association with patients with AMI who have dyslipidemia and can be used as an indicator of the risk of AMI when BMI is normal. WC is a surrogate marker of abdominal fat mass (subcutaneous and intra-abdominal); increased WC is a significant component marker of metabolic syndrome and insulin resistance related to cardiovascular mortality. There was poor glycemic control and blood pressure (mainly DBP) among the dyslipidemic patients. Hypertriglyceridemia is the most common lipid abnormality, followed by hypercholesterolemia among the dyslipidemic group. LVF is the most common complication in dyslipidemic patients.

Value of triglyceride-glucose index combined with obesity index in predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea / 临床肝胆病杂志

Objective To investigate the value of triglyceride-glucose index (TyG), TyG combined with body mass index (BMI), and TyG combined with waist circumference (WC) in predicting nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for 190 patients who underwent sleep respiratory monitoring and were diagnosed with OSA in The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University from January 2020 to December 2021, and according to the results of ultrasonography, they were divided into OSA+NAFLD group with 107 patients and control group with 83 patients. The t -test or the Mann Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups. The binary logistic regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors for the development of NAFLD in patients with OSA. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for TyG, TyG combined with BMI, and TyG combined with WC in predicting NAFLD in the patients with OSA, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) was calculated. The Z test was used for comparison of AUC. Results Compared with the control group, the OSA+NAFLD group had significantly higher BMI, neck circumference, WC, apnea-hypopnea index, oxygen desaturation index, alanine aminotransferase, gamma-glutamyltransferase, triglyceride, fasting plasma glucose, and TyG and significantly lower age, average SpO 2 , LSaO 2 , and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (all P < 0.05). The binary logistic regression analysis showed that TyG (odds ratio [ OR ]=1.961, 95% confidence interval [ CI ]: 1.03-3.73, P =0.04), BMI ( OR =1.203, 95% CI : 1.03-1.41, P =0.020), and WC ( OR =1.074, 95% CI : 1.01-1.14, P =0.026) were independent risk factors for NAFLD in patients with OSA. TyG, TyG combined with BMI, and TyG combined with WC had an AUC of 0.696 (95% CI : 0.625-0.760), 0.787 (95% CI : 0.722-0.843), and 0.803 (95% CI : 0.739-0.857), respectively, in predicting NAFLD in OSA patients, with an optimal cut-off value of 8.72, 0.36, and 0.60, respectively. TyG combined with BMI had a significantly higher value than TyG in predicting NAFLD in OSA patients ( Z =2.542, P =0.011), and TyG combined with WC also had a significantly higher predictive value than TyG ( Z =2.976, P =0.002 9). Conclusion TyG, TyG combined with BMI, and TyG combined with WC have a good value in predicting NAFLD in OSA patients, among which TyG combined with WC has the best predictive value and is thus expected to become a predictor for the risk of NAFLD in OSA patients.

The relationship between hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype and muscle mass loss in the 18-65 year-old adults / 中华内分泌代谢杂志

Objective:To detect the incidence of muscle mass loss in the adults and explore its relevant influencing factors.Methods:A total of 1 503 participants aged between 18 and 65 years old were collected from the Department of Preventive Treatment of Disease and Health Management Center of First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine from March 2019 to October 2021. All subjects completed physical and laboratory examination and bioelectrical impedance analysis. According to the cutpoint of plasma triglycerides concentration≥1.7 mmol/L, waist circumference≥85 cm in men or≥80 cm in women, 1 503 subjects were divided into four groups: normal triglycerides and waist circumference group, normal waist circumference and hypertriglyceridemia group, abdominal obesity and normal triglycerides group, and hypertriglyceridemic-waist phenotype(HTWC) group. Subjects were also divided into 4 groups according to age. Skeletal muscle mass index(ASMI) was calculated according to the skeletal muscle mass of the limbs. Differences of the ASMI and other relevant indicators among the above four groups were analyzed, and body composition was compared among four age groups. Then explore whether HTWC phenotype was an independent risk factor for the occurrence of sarcopenia in different age groups of different gender.Results:The level of triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure in HTWC group were higher than those in the normal group(all P<0.001). But the incidence of the muscle mass loss in the HTWC group was much lower than that in the other three groups( P<0.001). The incidence of muscle mass loss in overall subjects was 9.2%, in which man was 2.05 times higher than women(12.9% vs 6.3%). There is no statistically significant difference in the incidence of muscle mass loss between the 18-35 age group and the 56-65 age group. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that body mass index, body fat percentage, bone mineral content were independent factors affecting muscle loss in 18-45 year-old adults. After adjustment for other risk factors, HTWC phenotype was still not an independent influencing factor of sarcopenia( OR=1.679, 95% CI 0.523-5.386, P=0.384). Conclusion:HTWC phenotype was not an independent influencing factor of sarcopenia. To prevent the occurrence of sarcopenia in middle-aged and young adults, in addition to assessing the muscle mass, attention should also be given to the measurement of body mass index, bone mineral content, and body fat percentage.

Association of body mass index and waist circumference with risk of all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis / 中华肾脏病杂志

Objective:To investigate the association between body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) with all-cause mortality in middle-aged and elderly patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis (MHD).Methods:It was a prospective cohort study. The clinical data of MHD patients aged ≥50 years old from eleven hemodialysis centers from April to June 2017 in Beijing were analyzed. The patients were divided into low BMI group [body mass index (BMI)<18.5 kg/m 2], normal BMI group (18.5 kg/m 2≤BMI <24.0 kg/m 2), overweight group (24.0 kg/m 2≤BMI<28.0 kg/m 2) and obesity group (BMI≥28.0 kg/m 2) by BMI, and central obesity group (male ≥85 cm, female ≥80 cm) and normal WC group (male <85 cm, female <80 cm) by WC. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis method was used to compare the difference of all-cause mortality between those groups. Multivariate Cox regression model was used to analyze the association of BMI and WC with all-cause mortality. Results:A total of 613 MHD patients were enrolled, with age of (63.82±7.14) years old and 258 (42.09%) females. There were 46 (7.50%) patients in the low BMI group, 303 (49.43%) patients in the normal BMI group, 227 (37.03%) patients in the overweight group and 37 (6.04%) patients in the obesity group. In addition, 346 (56.44%) patients were categorized as central obesity. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis results showed that the all-cause mortality rates of low BMI group (log-rank χ2=13.571, P<0.001) and obesity group (log-rank χ2=6.664 P=0.010) were higher than that of normal BMI group, and the all-cause mortality rate of central obesity group was higher than that of normal WC group (log-rank χ2=5.698, P=0.017). Multivariate Cox regression analysis results showed that，besides the low BMI group and obesity group (with normal BMI group as a reference, HR=5.289, 95% CI 2.318-12.067, P<0.001; HR=5.360, 95% CI 2.088-13.760, P<0.001, respectively), normal BMI and overweight combined with central obesity were also independently correlated with all-cause mortality (with normal WC group as a reference, HR=2.605, 95% CI 1.199-5.663, P=0.016; HR=1.787, 95% CI 1.026-3.732, P=0.031, respectively). Conclusions:Lower and higher BMI or combined central obesity are independently associated with all-cause mortality in the middle-aged and elderly patients receiving MHD.

Effects of Body Weight and Waist Circumference on Balance Function in Overweight and Obese Adults / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectiveTo explore the effects of body weight and waist circumference on static and dynamic balance function in overweight and obese adults. MethodsParticipants （n=103） were selected by cluster random sampling from the Hypoglycemic Weight Loss Clinic of the Endocrinology Department of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. All participants were assessed for basic data collection， biochemical test， body weight， waist circumference and height measurement， static balance function assessed by balance error scoring system （BESS） and dynamic balance function assessed by functional reach test （FRT）. The BESS score and FRT distance of all participants were compared among groups according to different BMI grades and WC grades. Multivariate linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors of participants' dynamic and static balance functions. Results① With the increase of BMI grading， the BESS score showed an upward trend， and the difference between groups was statistically significant （P = 0.004）. The BESS score of normal WC patients was lower than that of central obesity patients （P < 0.001）， which indicated that compared with normal BMI， overweight and obese people had poor dynamic and static balance ability； ② With the BMI grading， the FRT distance increased， showing a downward trend （P < 0.001）. The FRT distance in normal WC patients was significantly higher than that in central obesity patients （P < 0.001）， which indicated that the static and dynamic balance ability of central obesity patients was worse than that of normal WC patients； ③ In BMI overweight group， the FRT distance decreased significantly with the increase of WC （P = 0.02）. The results showed that under the condition of no difference in BMI， Compared with normal WC， the dynamic and static balance ability of central obese patients was worse； ④ The influence of BESS score on BMI（B=4.12，P =0.027， 95% CI=0.48-7.75）and WC（B = 3.47，P = 0.046， 95% CI = 0.07 - 6.88）was significant. The influence of FRT distance on BMI（B = -5.68，P = 0.001， 95% CI = -8.95 - 2.41）and WC（B = -4.71，P = 0.003， 95% CI = -7.83 to -1.61）was significant， which indicated that the static and dynamic balance ability of obese people was worse with the increase of BMI， and the ability of dynamic and static balance of central obesity was worse than that of normal WC. ConclusionWaist circumference is an independent factor affecting the dynamic and static balance function of overweight and obese people. Under similar BMI， the dynamic balance function of central obese people is worse than that of people with normal waist circumference， leading to higher risk of falling.