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Objetivo: Determinar la influencia de los determinantes sociales de la salud en la resistencia antibiótica, en los países de América Latina. Metodología: Estudio documental de tipo revisión sistemática, con análisis interpretativo de la información, se incluyeron a artículos publicados entre 2018 y 2023 de las bases de datos: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, Dialnet, Google académico, BVS, LilaCs, Scielo, Epistemonikos, CUIDEN, TripDatabase, BASE Search, Jurn, WorldWideScience, Refseek, Redalyc, EbscoHost y CONRICYT; en los idiomas español, inglés y portugués, que tuvieran como población comunidades y países de América Latina; se excluyeron aquellos con enfoque veterinario o agropecuario. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 4,625 en la búsqueda inicial y posterior a la aplicación de criterios de selección, se analizaron 28 artículos analizó la calidad metodológica, la bibliometría y el análisis temático a través de la interpretación de la información contenida. Conclusión: Los determinantes sociales de la salud estructurales asociados con la resistencia antimicrobiana fueron las políticas públicas, el género, los factores macroeconómicos, el nivel socioeconómico familiar, educativo y la gobernanza.
Objective: Determine the influence of social determinants of health on antibiotic resistance in Latin American countries. Methodology: Systematic review type documentary study with interpretive analysis of the information, articles published between 2018 and 2023 from the following databases were included: PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane, Dialnet, Google scholar, BVS, LilaCs, SciELO, Epistemonikos, CUIDEN, TripDatabase, BASE Search, Jurn, WorldWideScience, Refseek, Redalyc, EbscoHost and CONRICYT; in the Spanish, English and Portuguese languages, which had Latin American communities and countries as their population; Those with a veterinary or agricultural focus were excluded. Results: 4,625 were obtained in the initial search and after the application of selection criteria, 28 articles were analyzed that analyzed the methodological quality, bibliometrics and thematic analysis through the interpretation of the information contained. Conclusion: The social determinants of structural health associated with antimicrobial resistance were public policies, gender, macroeconomic factors, family socioeconomic level, education, and governance.
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Background: Antibiotic resistance is a public health problem affecting all countries and leads to an increase in morbidity and mortality rates. In Zambia, there is little information on the knowledge, attitude, and practices of community members about antibiotic use and resistance. This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) regarding antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) among community members in Mtendere township of Lusaka Zambia. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that was conducted from May 2020 to August 2020 using a structured questionnaire among 369 Mtendere residents. The data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0. Results: Of the 369 participants, 50.9% were male and 62.1% were aged between 18 and 29 years. Overall, this study found a poor KAP (38% good knowledge, 58% positive attitudes, and 52% good practices) regarding AMU and AMR. More than half of the participants 66.7% (246/369) had heard of antibiotics, 33.6% heard of AMR, and 23% heard of antimicrobial-resistant infections. Most of the participants 48.2% were not aware that AMR is a public health issue. A total of 52.8% (195/369) of the participants said they did not take antibiotics without consulting a doctor or pharmacist, translating into a prevalence of self-medication of 47.2%. Conclusions: This study showed that Mtendere residents had poor KAP towards antibiotic use and resistance. There is a need to implement community-based interventional campaigns including antimicrobial stewardship programmes address the gaps in KAP identified in this study.
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Bovine mastitis is a disease wi th far - reaching consequences for the dairy industry. Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that is especially resistant to antibiotics. The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the essential oils Lippia citriodora (Lam.), Thy mus vulgaris (L), and a mixture of the essential oils Lippia citriodora and Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v), against isolates of oxacillin - resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n=15) of positive cases of bovine mastitis. For the statistical analysis, the IBM SPSS s tatistical package was used. The mixture of essential oils ( Lippia citriodora and Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v)) obtained the most significant antimicrobial activity in relation to pure essential oils. It is therefore concluded that the mixture of these oils boosts their antimicrobial activity ( p <0.05). The minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentration of this mixture for the total isolations was 12 µL/L and 25 µL/mL, respectively.
La mastitis bovina es una enfermedad de gran impacto para la industria lechera. El Staphylococcus aureus es uno de los principales patógenos, especialmente aquellos resistentes a los antibióticos. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de los aceites esenciales de Lippia citriodora (Lam.), Thymus vulgaris (L), y una mezcla de aceites esenciales de Lippia citriodora y Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v), frente a aislamientos clínicos de Staph ylococcus aureus oxacilino - resistentes (n=15) de mastitis bovina. Se utilizó p rograma estadístico IBM SPSS y se concluyó la diferencia significativa a un p <0.05. La mezcla de aceites esenciales ( Lippia citriodora y Thymus vulgaris (50/50 v/v)), obtuvo la m ayor actividad antimicrobiana en relación a los aceites esenciales puros, se concluye que la mezcla de estos aceites potencia su actividad antimicrobiana ( p <0.019). La concentración mínima inhibitoria y bactericida de esta mezcla fue del 12 µL/mL y 25 µL/m L, respectivamente, y puede ser una alternativa terapéutica.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Cattle , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Oils, Volatile/pharmacology , Lippia/chemistry , Thymus Plant , Mastitis, Bovine/microbiology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Staphylococcus aureus/isolation & purification , Drug Resistance, Microbial , Oils, Volatile/chemistry , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Colombia , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistryABSTRACT
Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is a significant problem in both diabetics and non-diabetics. High glucose may create a culture medium for growth of the virulent organisms. Diabetics are at greater risk for developing complications of UTI. Extensive and improper use of antibiotics has caused widespread anti-microbial resistance among uro-pathogens. Indiscriminate use of antibiotics during Covid-19 pandemic might lead to more resistant uro-pathogens which might further complicate the treatment of UTI. This study will help to determine resistance patterns of common uro-pathogens, which is essential for proper patient care. Methods: Clean voided midstream urine samples were collected from 91 patients (67 diabetic and 24 non-diabetic). Urine cultures were performed using semi-quantitative technique and pathogens were identified using phenotypic methods. Those with colony forming units (CFU) ?105 CFU/ml were subjected to antibiotic sensitivity testing by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method and the isolates were classified as sensitive, and resistant according to CLSI guidelines. Results: E. coli (53.84%) and Enterococci (29.67%) were the most commonly isolated pathogens of UTI in both diabetics and non-diabetics. E. coli resistance to imipenem was statistically more in diabetics when compared to non-diabetics (p=0.012). Resistance patterns of other organisms were similar in both the groups. Conclusions: E. coli was the most common pathogen isolated in both groups followed by Enterococci and Klebsiella. Diabetics showed statistically significant higher resistance (100%) to imepenem than non-diabetics. Other organisms isolated in this study did not show any statistically significant difference in their antibiogram.
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The global infection crisis poses a significant threat to public health, with the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria or "superbugs" becoming a major concern.The crisis has been fueled by various factors, including the overuse of antibiotics, inadequate infection prevention and control measures,and the lack of investment in research and development of new treatments.Addressing this issue requires a comprehensive approach that involves improving surveillance and monitoring systems, promoting individual responsibility, and investing in research and development.Collaboration between stakeholders, including governments, healthcare providers, researchers, and the public, is crucial in overcoming the challenges posed by the global infection crisis. Despite promising advances in emerging technologies, sustained investment in research and development is necessary to ensure continued progress in addressing the issue.Failure to take action risks a future where superbugs run rampant and existing treatments become ineffective. It is time to act decisively to halt the spread of superbugs and prevent a global health crisis.
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Introduction: Healthcare-associated infections pose a significant challenge, contributing to hospital morbidity and mortality. Objective: To describe the behavior of Healthcare Associated Infections before and during the pandemic reported to a high-complexity health institution in Colombia. Material and Methods: In our retrospective observational study on Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs), we analyzed data from all in-patients diagnosed with HAIs between 2018 and 2020. This included clinical, demographic, microbiological, and microbial susceptibility information collected from the Committee on Nosocomial Infections' prospective database. Data from 391 isolates were obtained using Whonet software for antimicrobial resistance surveillance. Results: We found 504 cases of HAIs (2018-2020) with an overall in-hospital infection rate of 2.55/1000 patient-days. The median age for pediatric patients was 5 years, and for adults, 56 years, with 57% male. The leading admission diagnoses were oncologic disease complications (31%). Bacteremia had a 30-day mortality rate of 13%, predominantly catheter-associated (37%). Gram-negative bacilli, notably Klebsiella pneumoniae, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, represented 58% cases of HAI. Discussion: The critical need for specific interventions and antimicrobial management to control HAIs, especially given the challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic, is highlighted. Conclusions: This is the first report on HAIs incidence at a tertiary hospital in Bucaramanga, Santander (Colombia). Bacteremia was predominant; 75% of HAIs patients had comorbidities. Gram-negative bacilli prevailed; a notable rise in ICU respiratory infections occurred during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic. Resistance to cephalosporins and carbapenems was prevalent.
Subject(s)
Drug Resistance, Microbial , Cross Infection , COVID-19ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the pollution of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the Lhasa River and provide a scientific basis for the safety of drinking water for the regional population and the prevention and control of water environment pollution. Methods A total of five water samples were collected in the Lhasa River in July 2022. Using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assay, 19 types of ARGs, including eight “last-resort” ARGs (LARGs) were detected and analyzed. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SPSS 22.0 software, and Student's t-test was used to compare data between two groups. Results All the 19 ARGs were detected with high frequencies, with the aminoglycoside resistance gene aadA having the highest concentration, followed by the sulfonamide resistance gene sul1 and the macrolide resistance gene ermB. Among the eight LARGs, the carbapenem resistance gene blaOXA-48 had the highest concentration. The absolute and relative concentrations of LARGs were lower than those of common ARGs. There was a statistically significant difference in the absolute concentrations between them, but no significant difference was observed in the relative concentrations. Conclusion Both “conventional” ARGs and LAGRs have been detected in the Lhasa River. Although they are at a relatively low level compared to other domestic waters, in view of the serious adverse effects that ARGs, especially LARGs, may cause, the pollution of ARGs in the Lhasa River should be taken seriously.
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Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties
Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.
Subject(s)
Animals , Buffaloes , Enterococcus , Probiotics , Gastrointestinal Tract , Lactobacillus , Anti-Bacterial AgentsABSTRACT
Background: The prevalent utilization of medicinal plants in communities underscores their promise as antimicrobial agents amid rising antibiotic resistance. This study assesses five medicinal plants; Bambusa vulgaris, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Heteropogon contortus, Moringa oleifera, and Carica papaya against clinical isolates of Salmonella Typhi and Shigella dysenteriae. Methodology: Five medicinal plants were chosen based on traditional knowledge and ethnobotanical practices. Phytochemical analysis followed standard methods. Plant extracts were prepared using ethanol, ethyl acetate, dichloromethane, and hexane. Various concentrations (R conc., D1 conc., D2 conc, D3 conc, and D4 conc) of the extracts were evaluated using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and broth dilution methods to ascertain antimicrobial properties, including minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). Results: Phytochemical analysis revealed abundant saponins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, phenolics, and tannins, notably higher with ethanol extraction. Hibiscus sabdariffa demonstrated potent activity against S. Typhi with inhibition zone diameters of 29.00 mm (R conc), 27.00 mm (D1 conc), 14.00 mm (D2 conc), and 4.00 mm (D3 conc). Heteropogon contortus exhibited activity against S. dysenteriae with inhibition zone diameter of 25.05 mm (R conc), 15.00 mm (D1 conc), 10.00 mm (D2 conc), and 5.00 mm (D3 onc). The inhibition zone diameters of B. vulgaris were 18.50 mm (R conc), 17.00 mm (D1 conc), and 10.00 mm (D2 conc) against S. dysenteriae. The MIC and MBC were similar for both organisms, with H. sabdariffa (MIC: D3-4.27 mg/mL, MBC: D1-68.25 mg/mL) and H. contortus (MIC: D3-4.69 mg/mL, MBC: R-75.00 mg/mL), while M. oleifera, C. papaya, and B. vulgaris had negligible antimicrobial activity. Conclusion: Hibiscus sabdariffa and H. contortus exhibited potent antimicrobial effects against Salmonella, with MICs of 4.27 mg/mL and 4.69 mg/mL, and MBCs of 68.25 mg/mL and 75.00 mg/mL respectively. Their consistent low MICs against Shigella suggest their potentials for antibiotic production.
Contexte: L'utilisation répandue des plantes médicinales dans les communautés souligne leur promesse en tant qu'agents antimicrobiens dans un contexte de résistance croissante aux antibiotiques. Cette étude évalue cinq plantes médicinales; Bambusa vulgaris, Hibiscus sabdariffa, Heteropogon contortus, Moringa oleifera et Carica papaya contre les isolats cliniques de Salmonella Typhi et Shigella dysenteriae. Méthodologie: Cinq plantes médicinales ont été choisies sur la base des connaissances traditionnelles et des pratiques ethnobotaniques. L'analyse phytochimique a suivi les méthodes standard. Des extraits de plantes ont été préparés en utilisant de l'éthanol, de l'acétate d'éthyle, du dichlorométhane et de l'hexane. Diverses concentrations (R conc., D1 conc., D2 conc., D3 conc et D4 conc) des extraits ont été évaluées à l'aide des méthodes de diffusion sur disque Kirby-Bauer et de dilution en bouillon pour vérifier les propriétés antimicrobiennes, y compris les concentrations minimales inhibitrices (CMI) et les concentrations minimales concentrations bactéricides (MBC). Résultats: L'analyse phytochimique a révélé une abondance de saponines, de glycosides cardiaques, de terpénoïdes, de stéroïdes, de flavonoïdes, de composés phénoliques et de tanins, notamment plus élevés avec l'extraction à l'éthanol. Hibiscus sabdariffa a démontré une activité puissante contre S. Typhi avec des diamètres de zone d'inhibition de 29,00 mm (conc R), 27,00 mm (conc D1), 14,00 mm (conc D2) et 4,00 mm (conc D3). Heteropogon contortus a présenté une activité contre S. dysenteriae avec un diamètre de zone d'inhibition de 25,05 mm (R conc), 15,00 mm (D1 conc), 10,00 mm (D2 conc) et 5,00 mm (D3 onc). Les diamètres de zones d'inhibition de B. vulgaris étaient de 18,50 mm (conc R), 17,00 mm (conc D1) et 10,00 mm (conc D2) contre S. dysenteriae. La CMI et la MBC étaient similaires pour les deux organismes, avec H. sabdariffa (CMI: D3-4,27 mg/mL, MBC: D1-68,25 mg/mL) et H. contortus (CMI: D3-4,69 mg/mL, MBC: R -75,00 mg/mL), tandis que M. oleifera, C. papaya et B. vulgaris avaient une activité antimicrobienne négligeable. Conclusion: Hibiscus sabdariffa et H. contortus ont présenté de puissants effets antimicrobiens contre Salmonella, avec des CMI de 4,27 mg/mL et 4,69 mg/mL et des MBC de 68,25 mg/mL et 75,00 mg/mL respectivement. Leurs CMI constamment faibles contre Shigella suggèrent leur potentiel de production d'antibiotiques.
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La prescription des antibiotiques et la résistance liée à ces médicaments (considéré comme un motif d'échecs thérapeutiques) dans le domaine médical. L'objectif de cette étude est d'évaluer le niveau de connaissances des chirurgiens-dentistes des Centres Dentaires de l'Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry sur l'usage des antibiotiques et l'antibiorésistance. Méthodes : Il s'agissait d'une étude transversale de type descriptif d'une durée d'un mois allant 01 mai au 01 Juin 2023 dans les Centre Dentaires de l'Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry. Résultats : Des résultats de notre étude, il en ressort 66.67% de chirurgiens-dentistes au Centre Dentaire de l'Association France-Guinée (AFD) et 33.33% de chirurgiens-dentistes au Centre Dentaire de Mercy Ships. 70,83% des patients étaient des hommes. La tranche d'âge de 20-29 ans a été la plus représentée avec 62,5%. Le sexe masculin était plus représenté dans 70,83% des cas. La majorité des participants 83,33% avait une expérience professionnelle comprise entre 1-5 ans et 58,33% des répondants n'avaient bénéficié aucune formation continue en antibiothérapie. Avec un score attribué à chaque questionnaire, les chirurgiens-dentistes enquêtés avait un score globalement moyen selon leur niveau de connaissance et leurs attitude et pratique étaient jugées moyenne également. Conclusion : L'antibiothérapie est très fréquemment utilisée en milieu hospitalier en général et plus particulièrement par les chirurgiens-dentistes à cause de la prise en charge des pathologies infectieuses diverses dues à des germes bactériens variés. Ainsi, si cette antibiothérapie n'est pas pratiquée correctement par les chirurgiens-dentistes, ils feront face à une antibiorésistance qui conduira sans aucun doute à un échec de traitement.
The prescription of antibiotics and resistance linked to these drugs (considered a reason for therapeutic failures) in the medical field. The objective of this study is to assess the level of knowledge of dental surgeons Dental Centers of the Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry on the use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance. Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study lasting one month from May 1 to June 1, 2023 in the Dental Centers of the Gamal Abdel Nasser University of Conakry. Results: From the results of our study, it emerges 66,67% of dental surgeons at the Dental Center of the France-Guinea Association (AFD) and 33,33% of dental surgeons at Mercy Ships Dental Center 70,83% of the patients were men. The age range of 20-29 years old was the most represented with 62,5%. The male gender was more represented in 70,83% of cases. The majority of participants 83,33%, had professional experience of between 1-5 years and 58,33% of respondents had not received any continuing training in antibiotic therapy. With a score assigned to each questionnaire, the dental surgeons surveyed had an overall average score according to their level of knowledge and their attitude and practice were also considered average. Conclusion: Antibiotic therapy is very frequently used in hospitals in general and more particularly by dental surgeons because of the management of various infectious pathologies due to various bacterial germs. Thus, if this antibiotic therapy is not practiced correctly by dentists, they will face antibiotic resistance which will undoubtedly lead to treatment failure.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Oral HealthABSTRACT
Abstract Bacteria were isolated from samples of Fresh Apple juices from shops of three different localities of Lahore. Analysis of samples from Liberty, Anarkali and Yateem khana Markets show different levels of contamination. There were pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria in all samples and were identified by the morphological and biochemical tests. Most of the plasmids of pathogenic bacteria were 4kb in their molecular size. Ribotyping of 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing was done to confirm Helicobacter pylori strain and Gluconobacter oxydans. The highest sensitivity of 210mm was shown by Enterobacter sp. against Aztheromysine disk (15µg) while Micrococcus sp. was highly resistant against all of the Antibiotics applied. The antibiotic resistance of pathogenic bacteria was also checked against Ricinus communis plant's extracts, all isolated bacterial pathogens were resistant but only, E.coli was inhibited at 300µl of the extracts. Presence of pathogenic bacteria in Apple juice samples was due to contamination of sewage water in drinking water while some of these pathogenic bacteria came from Apple's tree and other from store houses of fruits.
Resumo As bactérias foram isoladas de amostras de suco de maçã fresco de lojas de três diferentes localidades de Lahore. A análise de amostras dos mercados Liberty, Anarkali e Yateem khana mostram diferentes níveis de contaminação. Havia bactérias patogênicas e não patogênicas em todas as amostras e foram identificadas pelos testes morfológicos e bioquímicos. A maioria dos plasmídeos de bactérias patogênicas tinha 4 kb em seu tamanho molecular. A ribotipagem do sequenciamento do gene do RNA ribossômico 16S foi realizada para confirmar a cepa de Helicobacter pylori e Gluconobacter oxydans. A maior sensibilidade de 210 mm foi mostrada por Enterobacter sp. contra disco de azteromisina (15µg) enquanto Micrococcus sp. foi altamente resistente a todos os antibióticos aplicados. A resistência a antibióticos de bactérias patogênicas também foi verificada contra extratos de plantas de Ricinus communis, todos os patógenos bacterianos isolados foram resistentes, mas apenas E. coli foi inibida em 300µl dos extratos. A presença de bactérias patogênicas nas amostras de suco de maçã deveu-se à contaminação da água de esgoto na água potável, enquanto algumas dessas bactérias patogênicas vieram da árvore da maçã e outras de armazéns de frutas.
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Abstract Due to extensive application of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal feed, antimicrobial resistance has been increased. To overcome this challenge, rumen microbiologists search for new probiotics to improve the rate of livestock production. The present study was aimed to isolate and evaluate breed-specific lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as potential animal probiotics. The current study was conducted during 10 months from July 2020 to April 2021, in which a total of n=12 strains were isolated from different samples including milk, rumen, and feces of Nilli Ravi Buffaloes. These isolates were evaluated for their antimicrobial potential against common animal pathogens (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). All the isolates were identified using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and the phylogenetic analyses inferred that these strains showed close relations to the species of various genera; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis, and Lactococcus lactis. NMCC-Ru2 has exhibited the enormous potential of antimicrobial activity, 28 mm, for Salmonella typhimurium;23 mm for Listeria monocytogenes 21 mm for E.coil. Highest resistance was seen in NMCC-Ru2 agasint test antbiotic, like 25.5 mm for Tetracycline. Overall results revesl that the probiotic profile of isolates was achieved using standard criteria, particularly with animal probiotic properties
Resumo Devido à extensa aplicação de antibióticos como promotores de crescimento na alimentação animal, a resistência aos antimicrobianos aumentou. Para superar esse desafio, os microbiologistas do rúmen buscam novos probióticos para melhorar a produtividade do gado. O presente estudo teve como objetivo isolar e avaliar bactérias lácticas específicas de raças (BAL) como potenciais probióticos animais. 12 cepas foram isoladas de diferentes amostras, incluindo leite, rúmen e fezes de búfalos Nilli Ravi. Esses isolados foram avaliados quanto ao seu potencial antimicrobiano contra patógenos animais comuns (Bacillus spp., E. coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Listeria spp.). Todos os isolados foram identificados por meio do sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA e as análises filogenéticas inferiram que essas cepas apresentaram estreita relação com as espécies de vários gêneros; Enterococcus lactis, Pediococcus pentosaceus, Bacillus subtilis, Weissella cibaria, Weissella soli, Bacillus tequilensis, Weissella bombi, Bacillus licheniformis, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus megaterium, Lactobacillus ruminis e Lactococcus lactis. O perfil probiótico dos isolados foi obtido usando critérios padrão, particularmente com propriedades probióticas animais.
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Abstract Background Understanding the epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) isolates is important for pneumonia treatment and prevention. This research aimed to explore the epidemiological characteristics of S. pneumoniae isolated from pediatric inpatients and outpatients during the same period. Methods S. pneumoniae were isolated from unsterile samples of inpatients and outpatients younger than five years old between March 2013 and February 2014. The serotypes were determined using diagnostic pneumococcal antisera. The resistance of each strain to 13 antibiotics was tested using either the E-test or the disc diffusion method. The Sequence Types (STs) were analyzed via Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST). Results The dominant serotypes obtained from inpatients were 19F (32.9 %), 19A (20.7 %), 23F (10.7 %), 6A (10.0 %), and 14 (8.6 %), while those from outpatients were 19F (13.6 %), 23F (12.9 %), 6A (10.0 %), 6B (10.0 %), and 19A (7.9 %). The coverage rates of 13-valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV) formulations were high in both groups. The nonsusceptibility to penicillin, cefuroxime, imipenem, erythromycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole among the inpatient isolates was 7.1 %, 92.8 %, 65.7 %, 100 %, and 85.0 %, respectively, while that among the outpatient isolates was 0.7 %, 50.0 %, 38.6 %, 96.4 %, and 65.7 %, respectively. There were 45 and 81 STs detected from the pneumococci isolated from inpatients and outpatients, respectively. CC271 was common among both inpatients and outpatients (43.6 % and 14.3 %). Conclusions Pneumococcal vaccine-related serotypes are prevalent among both inpatients and outpatients, especially among inpatients, who exhibit more severe antibiotic resistance. Therefore, universal immunization with PCV13 would decrease the hospitalization rate due to S. pneumoniae and the antibiotic resistance rate of S. pneumoniae.
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The objective of this study is to communicate the findings of the first whole genome sequencing of a colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolate harboring mcr-1 gene obtained from a pig in Argentina. Genomic DNA was sequenced using the MinION Oxford Nanopore platform. The libraries were prepared using a SQK-RBK110-96 protocol. The sequencing process was conducted on a MinION Mk1C MIN 101-C, utilizing a FLO-MIN106 flow cell. The quality of the reads was evaluated using NanoPlot. De novo assembly was conducted using Canu 1.6 and the quality of contigs was evaluated using QUAST. Annotation was performed using Prokka. The CBC20 strain exhibited a colistin MIC of 4 µg/mL. The genome size was 5178653 bp with a GC content of 50,31%. The N50 value was 133,250, while the L50 value was 21. A total of 11,620 genes, 11,518 coding sequences, 77 transfer RNAs and 24 ribosomal RNAs were identified. A serotype O9:H37 with sequence type ST-297 was observed. A total of seven antimicrobial resistance genes were identified, including mcr-1.5, bla TEM-1B, bla EC-18, bla TEM-70, aph(3')-Ia, mph(A) and sul3. The presence of punctual mutations was observed in the genes encoding the proteins GyrA (S83L, D87N) and ParC (S80I). Five distinct plasmid replicon types were identified, including IncFII, IncY, IncFIB, IncX1 and Col440II. Our findings may assist in the comprehension of the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance, genomic epidemiology and dissemination of mcr-1 gene among animals and environment, which could potentially impact human health.
El objetivo de este estudio es comunicar la primera secuenciación de genoma completo de un aislamiento de Escherichia coli resistente a colistina mediada por el gen mcr-1 obtenido de un cerdo en Argentina. El ADN genómico se secuenció utilizando la plataforma MinION Oxford Nanopore. Las bibliotecas se prepararon utilizando un protocolo SQK-RBK110-96. El proceso de secuenciación se realizó en un MinION Mk1C MIN 101-C, utilizando una flow cell FLO-MIN106. La calidad de las lecturas se evaluó mediante NanoPlot. El ensamblaje de novo se realizó utilizando Canu 1.6 y la calidad de los contigs se evaluó utilizando QUAST. La anotación se realizó utilizando Prokka. CBC20 exhibió una CIM de colistina de 4 µg/mL. El tamaño del genoma fue de 5.178.653 pb con un contenido de GC del 50.31 %. El valor N50 fue 133.250, mientras que el valor L50 fue 21. Se identificaron un total de 11.620 genes, 11.518 secuencias codificantes, 77 ARN de transferencia y 24 ARN ribosómicos. Se observó el serotipo O9:H37 con un secuenciotipo ST-297. Se identificaron siete genes de resistencia, incluyendo mcr-1.5, bla TEM-1B, bla EC-18, bla TEM-70, aph(3')-Ia, mph(A) y sul3. Se observó la presencia de mutaciones puntuales en los genes que codifican las proteínas GyrA (S83L, D87N) y ParC (S80I). Se identificaron cinco tipos distintos de plásmidos, incluidos IncFII, IncY, IncFIB, IncX1 y Col440II. Nuestros hallazgos podrían ayudar a comprender los mecanismos de resistencia antimicrobiana, la epidemiología genómica y la diseminación del gen mcr-1 entre animales y el medio ambiente, lo que potencialmente podría afectar la salud humana.
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Abstract Objectives: to assess the prevalence and epidemiological factors associated with group B Streptococcus (GBS) colonization in pregnant women in Porto Velho City, Rondônia. Methods: GBS was identified and isolated by genotypic and microbiological methods from rectovaginal samples of pregnant women between 35 and 37 weeks of gestation. Epidemiological data were collected using questionnaires and their correlation with colonization was assessed. The antimicrobial susceptibility profile was determined by disk diffusion method. Results: a total of 22.5% (102/453) pregnant women were colonized with GBS. A higher level of colonization was observed at the vaginal tract (17.6%), compared to the rectal area. We did not find any sociodemographic or obstetric factors associated with an increased risk of GBS colonization. All strains were susceptible to antibiotics penicillin, ampicillin, cefazolin, and ceftriaxone. In contrast, the rates of resistance to tetracycline (74.1%), erythromycin (14.1%), and clindamycin (3.5%) were observed. Conclusion: the prevalence of GBS as well as the absence of predictors of colonization demonstrated the need for universal screening for GBS in all pregnant women in the region. In addition, we showed that the first-line antibiotics recommended for prophylaxis are still good options for the prevention of neonatal GBS disease in the region.
Resumo Objetivos: avaliar a prevalência e os fatores epidemiológicos associados à colonização por Streptococcus do grupo B (GBS) em gestantes na cidade de Porto Velho, Rondônia. Métodos: GBS foi identificado e isolado por métodos genotípicos e microbiológicos a partir de amostras retovaginais de grávidas com 35-37 semanas de gestação. Os dados epidemiológicos foram coletados através de questionários e sua correlação com a presença de colonização foi avaliada. O perfil de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana foi determinado pelo método de disco-difusão. Resultado: um total de 22.5% (102/453) gestantes foram colonizadas por GBS. Um nível mais alto de colonização foi observado no sítio vaginal (17.6%) em comparação ao sítio retal. Não encontramos nenhum fator sociodemográfico ou obstétrico associado a um risco aumentado de colonização por GBS. Todas as amostras foram suscetíveis aos antibióticos penicilina, ampicilina, cefazolina e ceftriaxona. Em contraste, as taxas de resistência à tetraciclina (74.1%), eritromicina (14.1%) e clindamicina (3.5%) foram observadas. Conclusões: a prevalência de GBS, bem como a ausência de preditores de colonização, demonstraram a necessidade de triagem universal para GBS em todas as gestantes da região. Além disso, mostramos que os antimicrobianos de primeira linha recomendados para profilaxia são boas opções para a prevenção da doença GBS neonatal na região.
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Aims@#The study was aimed to explore the antimicrobial potential of ethanolic leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus, Moringa oliefera, Syzygium cumini and Citrus limon against antibiotic-resistant Clostridium perfringens type D (n=5).@*Methodology and results@#Antibiotic resistance pattern of C. perfringens type D isolates against tetracycline, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, amoxicillin and streptomycin was evaluated by disc diffusion method. Well diffusion and micro broth dilution methods were used to determine the anti-bacterial activity, sub-inhibitory concentrations and antibiotic resistance modulating effects of the plant extracts. Ethanolic extract of E. globules was selected to evaluate its modulatory impact and subjected to GC-MS analysis to separate and identify the phytochemicals. The results showed that the isolates were resistant to gentamicin (0 ± 0.00 mm), streptomycin (0 ± 0.00 mm), tetracycline (13.2 ± 2.28 mm) and ceftriaxone (0 ± 0.00 mm) while sensitive to amoxicillin (23.8 ± 1.30 mm) and tetracycline (13.2 ± 2.28 mm). Eucalyptus globulus exhibited the maximum anti-bacterial activity with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 14.6 ± 0.54 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) (1500 ± 947.85 µg/mL). Other plant extracts (M. oliefera, S. cumini and C. limon) also showed anti-bacterial activity but couldn’t modulate the resistance. The activity of ceftriaxone associated with E. globulus extract was improved with 20.2 ± 0.20 mm ZOI at 78.125 µg/mL sub-inhibitory concentration.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study: @#The study results indicate the possible use of the ethanolic extract of E. globulus alone or in combination with common antibiotics for the treatment of C. perfringens infections in small ruminants.
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Aims@#The microbiological qualities of fermented oil bean seeds depend on the indigenous microflora, personal and environmental hygiene of the handlers and the food environments. This study was aimed to evaluate the incidence of histamine-producing, multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus isolates from oil bean seeds during fermentation. @*Methodology and results@#Histamine extraction and analysis were performed on randomly sampled oil bean seeds. Histamine producing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated, from where Enterococcus species were further isolated. Strain-specific identification and antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out on the identified Enterococcus isolates. Histamine was detected in fermented seeds. Enterococcus strains were identified among the histamine-producing fermenters. These include E. faecalis HA5, E. faecium VB976, E. faecium LMEM18, E. gallinarum M190262 and E. gilvus CR1. Enterococcus faecalis HA5, E. faecium VB976, E. faecium LMEM18, E. gallinarum M190262 and E. gallinarum were resistant to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin, Ceftriaxone, Ciprofloxacin and Erythromycin. Enterococcus faecium VB976, E. faecium LMEM18 and E. gallinarum M190262 were resistant to Streptomycin and Gentamycin. Enterococcus faecalis HA5 was intermediately resistant to Streptomycin and Gentamycin but sensitive to Vancomycin, while E. gilvus was intermediately resistant to Ampiclox, Amoxicillin and Gentamycin but sensitive to Ceftriaxone, Vancomycin, Ciprofloxacin, Streptomycin and Erythromycin.@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study@#The pathogenic and histamine-producing abilities of Enterococcus pose serious public health hazard. This is complicated by their resistance to a wide range of antibiotics. Therefore, improving the hygienic practices and regulating fermentation conditions is essential to curtailing histamine production and growth of fermenters with pathogenic potentials and ensuring the safety of the product.
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Aims@#The aim of this study was to investigate plasmid profiles and antibiotic resistance patterns of multidrug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from different clinical specimens in Jordan.@*Methodology and results@#Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains were isolated from different clinical specimens from different hospitals and primary health care centers. The antimicrobial susceptibility of P. aeruginosa isolates was determined using the disc diffusion method against 16 commonly used antimicrobial drugs. Plasmid DNAs were extracted from lysed P. aeruginosa cells using the plasmid alkaline lysis method and visualized using agarose gel electrophoresis followed by ethidium bromide staining. The isolated strains of P. aeruginosa were resistant to cefepime (90%), meropenem (70%), ceftazidime (60%), piperacillin (55%), aztreonam (50%), ciprofloxacin and tobramycin (35%), gentamicin (29%), imipenem and amikacin (20%). All the isolates were sensitive to colistin. Plasmid analysis of the clinical isolates showed the presence of 0 to 3 plasmids with a size range of 1 to 25 kb compared to the standard strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922).@*Conclusion, significance and impact of study: @#The results obtained in this study showed some correlation between the patterns of antibiotic resistance and plasmid profiles.
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【Objective】 To explore the impact of intrapartum antibiotic prophylaxis (IAP) on antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the gut microbiota of infants up to 6 months of age and their longitudinal changes, in order to provide theoretical basis for the rational use of antibiotics and antibiotic resistance control. 【Methods】 Fecal samples were collected within 3 days, 2 months, and 6 months from a maternal and birth cohort conducted between January 2018 and June 2019. A panel of 6 common ARGs (aac(6′)-Ib, qnrS, blaTEM, ermB, mecA, tetM) were tested, the absolute abundance and positive detection rate by qPCR were calculated. Nonparametric and linear mixed model (LMM) analysis were used to assess the influence of IAP on the absolute abundance of antibiotic resistance genes and the longitudinal changes in their abundance at the three time points. 【Results】 A total of 157 samples from 65 singleton infants were analyzed, including 15 mothers (23.1%) who received IAP. The detection rate of ARGs was high in infants up to six months of age, and the abundance of ARGs tended to increase over time. IAP significantly increased the abundance of the mecA gene in the gut microbiota of vaginally delivered infants at 6 months of age (6.1±1.1 in the VDIAP group vs. 3.8±4.6 in the VDno-IAP group, P=0.046). Additionally, in cesarean section infants, there was a significant increase in the abundance of aac(6′)-Ib genes at 2 months (β=3.81, ,P<0.05), P<0.05] and 6 months of age (β=4.89, ,P<0.001), P<0.001) compared to 3 days of age. 【Conclusions】 The findings suggest that IAP can increase the abundance of ARGs in 6-month-old infants, and this effect is still significant after stratifying by delivery mode. Therefore, the rational and standardized use of intrapartum antibiotics may help reduce the development of antibiotic resistance.
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@#Objective To isolate and identify Lactobacillus paracasei and Bacillus subtilis from feces of northern white geese.Methods Lactobacillus paracasei and Bacillus subtilis,numbered S00834-8 and IS00439-2 respectively,were isolated from feces of 30 52-week-old northern white geese and cultured in specific medium,and identified by 16S DNA sequencing. The two strains were cultured for different time duration(0,2,4,6,8,10,12,14,16,18,20,22,24,36 and 48 h),at different temperature(34,36,37,38 and 40 ℃)and pH(5. 5,6. 0,6. 5,7. 0,7. 5 and 8. 0). The growth characteristics of the strains were evaluated according to the A600values measured by UV-Vis spectrophotometer. At the same time,the acid and bile salt tolerance(pH 2. 0,2. 5,3. 0,3. 5 and 7. 0,bile salt concentration 0,0. 3%,0. 5%,1. 0% and 1. 5%)and the antibiotic tolerance were tested. Results The strains S00834-8 and IS00439-2 were Lactobacillus paracasei subspecies tolerance H and Bacillus subtilis KA9,respectively. The strain S00834-8 cultured under the optimum condition of the culture medium with pH 6. 0,at 37 ℃,for 12 h,had good bile resistance and gastric acid resistance,which was moderately susceptible to piperacillin,norfloxacin,amikacin,gentamicin and tetracycline,and susceptible to levofloxacin,streptomycin and chloramphenicol. The strain IS00439-2 best cultured in the culture medium with pH 7. 5,at 36 ℃,for 8 h,showed good bile resistance and gastric acid resistance,which was moderately sensitive to levofloxacin and tetracycline,while sensitive to piperacillin,norfloxacin,streptomycin and chloramphenicol. Conclusion Goose-derived Lactobacillus paracasei subspecies tolerance H and Bacillus subtilis KA9 have good acid resistance and bile salt resistance,which are expected to be candidate strains for goose-derived microecological preparations.