ABSTRACT
Genetically modified LLcotton25 from Bayer Crop Science expresses the bar gene from Streptomyces hygroscopicus ATCC21705 encoding the phosphinothricin-acetyl–transferase (PAT) enzyme, which confers tolerance to the active herbicide glufosinate-ammonium. Updated bioinformatics analyses of the inserted DNA and flanking sequences in LLCotton25 have not indicated potential production of putatively harmful toxins or allergens caused by the genetic modification. Genomic stability of the functional insert and consistent expression of the bar gene have been shown over several generations of LLCotton25. Data from field trials indicate that with the exception of the newly introduced trait, LLCotton25 is compositionally, phenotypically and agronomically equivalent to its conventional counterpart Coker 312 and other cotton cultivars. A 33-day nutritional assessment trial with broilers has not revealed adverse effects of cottonseed meal from LLCotton25. Toxicity testing of the PAT protein in a repeated-dose dietary exposure test with rats did not indicate adverse effects. The PAT protein produced in LLCotton25 does not show amino acid sequence resemblance to known toxins or IgEdependent allergens, nor has it been reported to cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions. It is therefore unlikely that the PAT protein will cause toxic or IgE-mediated allergic reactions to food or feed containing LLCotton25 compared to conventional cotton cultivars. Cotton is not cultivated in Norway, and there are no cross-compatible wild or weedy relatives of cotton in Europe. Based on current knowledge and with the exception of the introduced traits, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that LLCotton25 is nutritionally, compositionally, phenotypically and agronomically equivalent to and as safe as its conventional counterpart and other cotton cultivars. Considering the intended uses, which exclude cultivation, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that LLCotton25 does not represent an environmental risk in Norway.
ABSTRACT
Genetically modified cotton GHB614 from Bayer Crop Science expresses a modified epsps gene (2mepsps) gene from maize encoding the enzyme 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase (2 mEPSPS), which confers tolerance to the herbicide glyphosate. Updated bioinformatics analyses of the inserted DNA and flanking sequences in GHB614 have not indicated potential production of putatively harmful toxins or allergens caused by the genetic modification. Genomic stability of the functional insert and consistent expression of the 2mepsps gene has been shown over several generations of cotton GHB614. Field trials indicate that with the exception of the introduced trait, cotton GHB614 is compositionally, phenotypically and agronomically equivalent to its conventional counterpart Coker 312 and other cotton cultivars. A 42-day nutritional assessment trial with broilers did not reveal adverse effects of cottonseed meal from GHB614. The 2mEPSPS protein produced in GHB614 does not show amino acid sequence resemblance to known toxins or IgE-dependent allergens, nor has it been reported to cause IgE-mediated allergic reactions. It is therefore unlikely that the 2 mEPSPS protein will cause toxic or IgE-mediated allergic reactions to food or feed containing cotton GHB614 compared to conventional cotton cultivars. Cotton is not cultivated in Norway, and there are no cross-compatible wild or weedy relatives of cotton in Europe. Based on current knowledge and with the exception of the introduced trait, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that cotton GHB614 is nutritionally, compositionally, phenotypically and agronomically equivalent to and as safe as its conventional counterpart and other cotton cultivars. Considering the intended uses, which exclude cultivation, the VKM GMO Panel concludes that GHB614 does not represent an environmental risk in Norway.
ABSTRACT
A espécie Rhizoctonia solani é um patógeno importante na cultura do algodão associada a doenças conhecidas como tombamento e mela. A variabilidade entre os isolados são extremamente importantes, porque existem diferenças entre os grupos de anastomose, tomadas como aqueles isolados capazes de trocar informações genéticas entre si. A caracterização morfológica, quando confirmada pela a caracterização genética fornece informações concretas sobre a distribuição do isolados quando agem como um agente patogênico. O objetivo foi identificar e caracterizar os grupos de anastomose no Brasil e confirmá-los pela caracterização genética. Foram consideradas 51 isolados de Rhizoctonia solani com o objetivo de caracterizar os grupos de anastomose e determinar a patogenicidade. A caracterização morfológica foi realizada observando-se o número de núcleos, morfologia da colônia e identificação de grupos de anastomose (AG). Na caracterização genética foram sequenciados e analisados os fragmentos genômicos contendo as regiões 5.8 S, ITS1 e ITS2, comparando-se os isolados listados no GenBank. A patogenicidade foi avaliada utilizando a escala de infecção com graus que variam de 1 a 4. Considerando-se o AG foram identificados 36 de 51 isolados como AG-4 e dois isolados como AG-7, 13 isolados não tiveram classificação. Em análises moleculares foram confirmados os 36 isolados identificados pela caracterização morfológica e mais 10 isolados como AG-4. Todos os isolados AG-7 foram confirmados e encontrado mais um nas análises moleculares. Para a patogenicidade verificou-se que cinco isolados não diferem do controle. A virulência intermediária e alta virulência foram observadas em 16 e 24 isolados, respectivamente, com médias 2,52-3,3 e 3,4-3,9.
The Rhizoctonia solani is an important pathogen in cotton crop associated with damping-off disease. The variability among isolates are extremely important, because differences exist between anastomosis groups, taken as those isolates capable of exchanging genetic information with each other. Morphological characterization, when confirmed by genetic characterization provides concrete information about the isolates distribution when it acts like a pathogen. Our study was to identify and characterize the anastomosis groups in Brazil and confirm them by genetic characterization. We considered 51 Rhizoctonia solani isolates aiming to characterize the anastomose group and determine their pathogenicity. The morphological characterization was done observing the number of cores, colony morphology and identification of anastomosis groups (AG). In genetic characterization were sequenced and analyzed the genomic fragments containing the 5.8 S, ITS1 and ITS2 regions and compared them to Rhizoctonia isolates listed in the GenBank. The pathogenicity was evaluated for the disease severity, using the scale of infection with grades ranging from 1 to 4. Considering the AG we identified 36 of 51 isolates as AG-4 and two isolates as AG-7 and 13 isolates were listed as unrated. In molecular analyses were confirmed those 36 isolates and were identified more 10 isolates as AG-4. All the AG- 7 isolates were confirmed and we found one more considering the molecular analyses. For the pathogenicity was found that five strains did not differ from the control. Intermediate virulence and high virulence were observed in 16 and 24 isolates, respectively with averages from 2.52 to 3.3 and from 3.4 to 3.9.