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Resumen Introducción: La hipertensión arterial sistémica (HTA) constituye el principal factor de riesgo para morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular a nivel global, afecta a todas las edades, sin distinción de género y etnicidad. Su tratamiento continúa constituyendo un reto, dada la persistencia del pobre control, especialmente en países como Colombia. Objetivo: Mostrar la evidencia disponible respecto al tratamiento actualizado de la HTA y la elección certera de los agentes antihipertensivos acorde con la individualidad de cada paciente. Asimismo, consolidar y comparar el efecto hipotensor de cada agente antihipertensivo más usado. Metodología: Se realizó una búsqueda avanzada con los términos DeCS y MeSH: hipertensión, agentes antihipertensivos, hipertensión esencial y terapia combinada, en los motores de búsqueda PubMed, Clinical Key, Lilacs, Scielo. Un total de 109 artículos se seleccionaron para elaborar en la presente revisión de la literatura. Conclusiones: La individualización del manejo de la HTA lleva al reconocimiento de los distintos fenotipos, la presencia de complicaciones, el examen físico, el género y la raza como puntos fundamentales para elegir el agente antihipertensivo más adecuado que permita alcanzar las metas de control y propenda por la reducción y prevención de las complicaciones derivadas de un control no óptimo.
Abstract Introduction: Systemic arterial hypertension (HT) constitutes the main risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality at a global level, affecting all ages regardless of gender and ethnicity. Its treatment continues to be a challenge, given the persistence of poor control, especially in countries like Colombia. Objective: To show the available evidence regarding the updated treatments of HT and the correct choice of antihypertensive agents according to the individual needs of each patient. Likewise, to consolidate and compare the hypotensive effect of the most used antihypertensive agents. Methodology: An advanced search was carried out with the terms DeCS and MeSH: Hypertension, antihypertensive agents, Essential Hypertension and Combination Therapy through the search engines PubMed, Clinical Key, Lilacs, Scielo. A total of 109 articles were selected to prepare the present literature review. Conclusions: An individualized hypertension treatment plan leads to the recognition of the different phenotypes, the presence of complications, the gender, and race, which are fundamental aspects to consider when choosing the appropriate antihypertensive agents. These findings allow for the achievement of the desired blood pressure target and leads to reduction and prevention of complications derived from suboptimal control.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Essential Hypertension , Hypertension , Antihypertensive AgentsABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Introduction: Hypertension is one of the most common cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases and a major public health problem. Although, through the rational use of drugs, the blood pressure of hypertensive patients can be better controlled, a series of side effects of drugs and expensive medical expenses limit the ability of patients to comply with the demands of hypertension. Objective: To explore the effect of long-term exercise training on the rehabilitation of hypertensive patients. Methods: The patients were divided into a control group and an exercise group, and we used multiple measurements of blood pressure, a questionnaire, and registered the situation of each patient, after what results were compared and analyzed. Results: After 12 weeks of training, the subject's blood pressure has dropped significantly. The systolic blood pressure dropped by an average of 15.5mmHg compared to before the exercise prescription was implemented, diastolic blood pressure dropped by an average of 10.6mmHg. Conclusions: Continuous physical exercise in hypertensive patients has medium- and long-term effect on blood pressure control. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.
RESUMO Introdução: A hipertensão é uma das doenças cardiovasculares e cerebrovasculares mais comuns e um importante problema de saúde. Embora a pressão de pacientes hipertensos possa ser melhor controlada através do uso racional de medicamentos, seus efeitos colaterais e os elevados custos médicos limitam a habilidade dos pacientes de atender às demandas da hipertensão. Objetivo: Explorar o efeito a longo prazo de exercícios na reabilitação de pacientes hipertensos. Métodos: Dividiram-se os pacientes em um grupo controle e um grupo de exercícios e realizaram-se múltiplas avaliações de sua pressão sanguínea. Além disso, foi aplicado um questionário e a situação de cada paciente foi registrada. Em seguida, os resultados foram comparados e analisados. Resultados: Depois de 12 dias de treino, a pressão sanguínea dos pacientes caiu significativamente. A pressão sanguínea sistólica após a implementação dos exercícios caiu em média 15.5mmHg, e a pressão diastólica caiu em média 10.6mmHg. Conclusões: Atividade física continua em pacientes hipertensos tem efeitos de médio e longo prazo no controle da pressão sanguínea. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação de resultados de tratamento.
RESUMEN Introducción: La hipertensión es una de las enfermedades cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares más comunes y un importante problema de salud. Aunque la presión de pacientes hipertensos pueda ser mejor controlada a través del uso racional de medicamentos, sus efectos colaterales y los elevados costos médicos limitan la habilidad de los pacientes de atender a las demandas de la hipertensión. Objetivo: Explorar el efecto a largo plazo de ejercicios en la rehabilitación de pacientes hipertensos. Métodos: Los pacientes fueron divididos en un grupo control y un grupo de ejercicios y realizaron múltiples evaluaciones de su presión sanguínea. Además, fue aplicado un cuestionario y la situación de cada paciente fue registrada. Luego, los resultados fueron comparados y analizados. Resultados: Después de 12 días de entrenamiento, la presión sanguínea de los pacientes disminuyó significativamente. La presión sanguínea sistólica, después de la implementación de los ejercicios, descendió en promedio 15.5mmHg, y la presión diastólica descendió en promedio 10.6mmHg. Conclusiones: La actividad física continua en pacientes hipertensos tiene efectos de medio y largo plazo en el control de la presión sanguínea. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de resultados de tratamiento.
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Objective:To analyze the changes of metabolic indexes and other characteristics in patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) and improve the understanding of PA.Methods:From January 2017 to August 2020, 91 PA patients who were clearly diagnosed and met the inclusion conditions in Tangshan workers Hospital, Hebei Medical University were selected as the observation object (PA group), and 112 patients diagnosed as essential hypertension (EH) in the same period were included as the control (EH group). A retrospective case-control study was conducted to compare the differences of blood glucose, blood lipid, homocysteine, blood potassium, creatinine, uric acid, aldosterone, renin, plasma aldosterone to renin ratio (ARR), blood pressure and waist circumference between the two groups. The measurement data of normal distribution were compared by independent sample t-test. The non normal distribution data are represented by M (Q 1, Q 3), and the rank sum test is used for inter group comparison. Comparison of counting data χ2 inspection. Logistic regression was used in multivariate analysis. Results:Univariate analysis showed that serum potassium, renin and ARR were (3.37±0.39) mmol/L, 1.61 (0.34, 7.23) ng/L and 96.85 (26.06, 506.10) in PA group and (3.91±0.59) mmol/L, 12.81 (1.90, 82.45) ng/L and 13.22 (1.06, 54.63) in EH group ( t=3.35, z=6.24, z=55.40, all P<0.001). In PA group, systolic blood pressure was (190.80±20.30) mmHg, diastolic blood pressure was (117.70±12.89) mmHg, waist circumference was (91.67±9.38) cm, and in EH group, systolic blood pressure was (177.01±12.89) mmHg, diastolic blood pressure was (101.39±9.34) mmHg, waist circumference was (86.59±9.07) cm. There were significant differences between the two groups ( t=5.88, 10.44, 3.90; all P<0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that waist circumference (OR=1.065, 95% CI 1.007-1.118, P<0.001), systolic blood pressure (OR=1.053, 95% CI 1.034-1.077, P<0.001), diastolic blood pressure (OR=1.054, 95% CI 1.031-1.077, P<0.001), and ARR (OR=1.170, 95% CI 1.115-1.228, P<0.001) were the risk factors for PA. Conclusion:Compared with essential hypertension, PA patients have higher blood pressure, ARR and waist circumference, lower blood potassium and renin levels. Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, ARR and waist circumference are the risk factors of PA. Strengthening the screening and treatment of PA in high-risk groups is helpful to better avoid the risk of target organ damage.
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Objective@#To create a model for early prediction of essential hypertension (EH) based on the TreeNet algorithm, so as to provide a tool for early monitoring of EH. @*Methods@#The health examination data were collected from individuals receiving health examinations in Hangzhou Haiqin Health Examination Center or Shanghai Yibao Health Management Co., Ltd from 2014 to 2016, and a predictive model for EH was created based on the TreeNet algorithm. The effectiveness of the model for early prediction of EH was evaluated using root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute deviation (MAD), coefficient of determination (R2) and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. @*Results@#A total of 12 variables were included in the model, and the highest contributing variable was body mass index (BMI), followed by BMI difference, two-year BMI difference, two-year triglyceride (TG) difference, two-year total cholesterol (TC) difference, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in 2014, TG in 2014, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in 2014, body weight in 2015, fasting blood glucose in 2015, TG in 2015, urea nitrogen difference and platelet in 2015. The highest predictive accuracy was 100.00%, and the lowest was 56.89%. The risk of EH significantly increased among individuals with BMI in 2015 of >25 kg/m2, two-year BMI difference of >0.5 kg/m2, two-year TG difference ranging from 1.3 to 3.3 mmol/L, TC in 2015 of 2.0 to 2.4 mmol/L and HDL-C in 2014 of <0.52 mmol/L. The model presented RMSE of 0.082, MAD of 0.064, R2 of 0.811, area under the ROC curve of 0.788 (95%CI: 0.741-0.815), sensitivity of 69.05% and specificity of 66.21% for prediction of EH@*Conclusion@# The TreeNet algorithm-based model is effective for early monitoring of high-risk individuals for EH.
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Objective:To evaluate the clinical efficacy of Tianma Gouteng Decoction combined with amlodipine besylate tabletsin treating patients with hypertension of liver-yang hyperactivity complicated with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH).Methods:A total of 80 patients with hypertension of liver-yang hyperactivity complicated with LVH, who met the inclusion criteria and were treated in the hospital between June 2019 and January 2021, were divided into two groups, with 40 in each group according to the random number table method. The control group was treated with amlodipine besylate tablets orally, and the observation group was treated with granules of Tianma Gouteng Decoction on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 2 months. Before and after treatment, the TCM syndromes were scored and the office blood pressure was measured with sphygmomanometer, and color Doppler ultrasonic diagnostic apparatus was adopted to detect the interventricular septum thickness (IVST), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (PWT), left ventricular end diastolic diameter (LVDd) and left ventricular mass index (LVMI), and the levels of homocysteine (Hcy) and Cystatin C (Cys-C) were determined by ELISA and the level of uric acid (UA) was determined by fully automatic biochemical analyzer. The clinical efficacy was evaluated.Results:The total effective rate was 95.0% (38/40) in the observation group and that of the control group was 77.5% (31/40) ( χ2=5.17, P=0.023). After treatment, the scores of dizziness, headache, insomnia and dreaminess and vexation and forgetfulness and total score of the observation group were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=10.06, 14.47, 15.47, 8.74, 14.50, all Ps<0.001), and the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure were significantly lower than those in the control group ( t=6.30, 8.79, P<0.001). The IVST [(9.36±1.32) mm vs. (11.23±1.07) mm, t=6.96], PWT [(8.89±1.14)mm vs. (10.03±1.02)mm, t=4.71], LVDd[(40.36±4.29) mm vs. (47.62±4.19) mm, t=7.66] and LVMI [(112.39±22.29) g/m 2vs. (148.26± 21.39) g/m 2, t=7.34] were significantly lower compared to the control group ( P<0.01). The levels of Hcy[(12.87±3.11) μmol/L vs. (19.85±3.67) μmol/L, t=9.18], UA [(276.29±19.56) μmol/L vs. (338.52±17.07) μmol/L, t=16.65] and Cys-C [(0.86±0.15) mg/L vs. (1.10±0.17) mg/L, t=6.70] were significantly lower than those in the control group ( P<0.01). Conclusion:The Tianma Gouteng Decoction can improve the clinical symptoms, control the blood pressure, relieve the left ventricular hypertrophy and improve the renal function of patients with hypertension of liver-yang hyperactivity complicated with LVH.
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OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at "Neiguan" (PC 6) on cardiac function of ventriculus sinister in rats with spontaneously hypertensive (SHR), and to explore the mediation effect of endothelin-1 (ET-1)/endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).@*METHODS@#Six 12-week-old male Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rats were taken as the normal group. Eighteen 12-week-old SHR were randomly divided into a model group, an EA group and a sham EA group, 6 rats in each group. The rats in the EA group were treated with EA (disperse-dense wave, 2 Hz/15 Hz in frequency, 1 mA in current intensity) at "Neiguan" (PC 6), 30 min each time, once a day for 8 weeks. The rats in the sham EA group were treated with superficial needling at "Neiguan" (PC 6) with no electrical stimulation applied. After treatment, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) were tested by echocardiographic analysis. The left ventricular systolic pressure (LVSP), left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), heart rate (HR), the maximum rate of increase/decrease of left ventricular pressure (±dp/dtmax) were detected. The serum content of ET-1 was detected by ELISA. Western blot was used to evaluate the expression of ETAR, eNOS in myocardial tissue of left ventricular.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the normal group, LVEF, LVFS, +dp/dtmax/LVSP and -dp/dtmax/LVSP were decreased (P<0.01, P<0.05), while LVSP, LVEDP, +dp/dtmax and -dp/dtmax were increased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, LVEF, LVFS, +dp/dtmax/LVSP and -dp/dtmax/LVSP were increased (P<0.01, P<0.05), and LVSP and LVEDP were decreased (P<0.01) in the EA group. Compared with the normal group, the serum content of ET-1 and the expression of ETAR in myocardial tissue were increased (P<0.01), whereas expression of eNOS was decreased (P<0.01) in the model group. Compared with the model group, the serum content of ET-1 and the expression of ETAR in myocardial tissue were decreased (P<0.05), whereas expression of eNOS was increased (P<0.05) in the EA group.@*CONCLUSION@#EA intervention may alleviate hypertensive cardiac function damage by up-regulating the expression of eNOS protein in myocardial tissue, down-regulating the serum content of ET-1 and the expression of ETAR protein in myocardial tissue.
Subject(s)
Animals , Electroacupuncture , Endothelin-1/genetics , Heart Diseases , Hypertension/therapy , Male , Nitric Oxide Synthase Type III/genetics , Rats , Rats, Inbred SHR , Rats, Inbred WKY , Stroke Volume , Ventricular Function, LeftABSTRACT
Caracterizar los pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencial y diabetes mellitus tipo 2 de la consulta externa. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de único centro, transversal, en pacientes de la consulta externa de medicina interna del Hospital del Instituto Venezolano de los Seguros Sociales (IVSS) "Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño". Resultados: Se evaluaron 120 pacientes, donde el sexo femenino fue más frecuente con 65%, provenientes en su mayoría del Distrito Capital 83.33%. Un 39,1% eran jubilados y 55% estaban en normopeso. El promedio de PAS y PAD fue de 140 ±19,6 mmHg y 84 ±15,2 mmHg respectivamente. El 47,5% tenían prescripción con BRA. La duración de las enfermedades era >10 años, el consumo de café fue el hábito más destacado con 78,33%, y la mayoría eran sedentarios con 64,16% y los últimos seis mesas el evento medico más descrito fue el mareo con 27,56%. En un 85,84% de los casos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 no estaban controlados. El 67% de los casos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 encuestados consideran que su enfermedad no está bajo control, y los médicos conceptuaron que el 79,17% de los pacientes no tenían adecuado control. Conclusión: Se evidencia incumplimiento de las metas de control de los pacientes con HTA y DMT2, con un mayor predominio de esta última, y la presencia de factores de riesgo como el sedentarismo en un alto porcentaje(AU)
Characterize outpatient patients with essential arterial hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: A single-center, cross-sectional study was conducted in patients from the internal medicine outpatient clinic of the Hospital of the Venezuelan Institute of Social Security (IVSS) "Dr. Miguel Pérez Carreño". Results: 120 patients were evaluated, where the female sex was more frequent with 65%, coming mostly from the Capital District 83.33%. 39.1% were retired and 55% were normal weight. îe mean SBP and DBP were 140 ± 19.6 mmHg and 84 ± 15.2 mmHg, respectively. 47.5% had a prescription with ARB. îe duration of the diseases(AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 , Hypertension , Obesity , Risk Factors , Noncommunicable Diseases , Sociodemographic Factors , Internal Medicine , Life StyleABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Background: The biomarker for left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in patients with essential hypertension (EH) remains an unmet clinical need. The microRNA-30 (miR-30) family has been associated with LVH in cellular and animal studies, but not in a clinical setting. Objective: The objective of the study was to investigate the clinical significance of circulating levels of miR-30 family as a biomarker for LVH in EH patients. Methods: A total of 239 EH patients and 239 healthy controls were enrolled in this study. Circulating levels of miR-30 family members, namely, miR-30a, miR-30b, miR-30c-1, miR-30c-2, miR-30d, and miR-30e, were evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. Results: The circulating miR-30a, miR-30b, and miR-30e were significantly reduced in EH patients in contrast to controls. EH patients with LVH (EH-LVH) had substantially lower circulating miR-30b and miR-30e levels compared to EH patients without LVH (EH-nLVH). Moreover, the expression levels of miR-30b and miR-30e were positively related to LVMI, respectively. Receiver operating curve analysis showed that circulating miR-30e levels distinguished EH patients from controls, and EH-LVH from EH-nLVH patients. Logistic regression analysis identified the circulating miR-30e as a risk factor for LVH in EH patients. Conclusion: Circulating miR-30e level can be used as a biomarker in distinguishing EH-LVH from EH-nLVH. A further prospective study is warranted to validate this finding.
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Objetivo: determinar la validez de constructo y la consistencia interna del instrumento Self-Care of Hypertension Inventory (SC-HI v.2.0), traducido al español, en adultos colombianos con hipertensión arterial. Materiales y métodos: estudio de tipo metodológico en el que se realizó traducción, adaptación cultural y validez de contenido mediante juicio de expertos. Con una muestra de 290 personas hipertensas, se determinó la validez de constructo mediante análisis factorial exploratorio (análisis de componentes principales con rotación Varimax con normalización Kaiser) y confirmatorio (análisis de máxima verosimilitud). La consistencia interna se calculó a través del coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: en la escala Mantenimiento del autocuidado resultó una estructura de dos factores (varianza acumulada 61 %) con buen ajuste (χ2 = 104,570; p = 0,000; RMSEA = 0,125; SRMR = 0,156; CFI = 0,856; NNFI = 0,767). En Gestión del autocuidado se obtuvo una estructura bifactorial (varianza acumulada 71 %) igualmente con buen ajuste (χ2 = 6,598; p = 0,582; RMSEA = 0,000; SRMR = 0,072; CFI = 1,000; NNFI = 1,032). En Confianza resultó una estructura bifactorial (varianza acumulada 82%) también con buen ajuste (χ2 = 94,991; p = 0,000; RMSEA = 0,194; SRMR = 0,106; CFI = 0,934; NNFI = 0,876). El alfa de Cronbach para mantenimiento (0,64), gestión (0,70) y confianza (0,86) fue aceptable. Conclusiones: el SC-HI v.2.0 versión español colombiano posee propiedades psicométricas adecuadas, por lo que su uso es recomendado en la investigación para medir el autocuidado en poblaciones con características similares.
Objetivo: determinar a validade de construto e a consistência interna do instrumento Escala de Autocuidado de Hipertensão (SC-HI v.2.0) traduzido para o espanhol, em adultos colombianos com hipertensão arterial. Materiais e métodos: estudo metodológico em que se realizou tradução, adaptação cultural e validade de conteúdo por meio do julgamento de especialistas. Com uma amostra de 290 hipertensos, a validade de construto foi determinada mediante análise fatorial exploratória (análise de componentes principais com rotação Varimax com normalização Kaiser) e confirmatória (análise de máxima verossimilhança). A consistência interna foi calculada por meio do coeficiente alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: a escala de manutenção do autocuidado resultou em uma estrutura de dois fatores (variância acumulada 61 %), com bom ajuste (χ2 = 104,570; p = 0,000; RMSEA = 0,125; SRMR = 0,156; CFI = 0,856; NNFI = 0,767). Na gestão do autocuidado, foi obtida uma estrutura bifatorial (variância acumulada 71 %), com bom ajuste (χ2 = 6,598; p = 0,582; RMSEA = 0,000; SRMR = 0,072; CFI = 1,000; NNFI = 1,032). Na confiança, resultou uma estrutura bifatorial (variância acumulada 82 %), com bom ajuste (χ2 = 94,991; p = 0,000; RMSEA = 0,194; SRMR = 0,106; CFI = 0,934; NNFI = 0,876). O alfa de Cronbach para manutenção (0,64), gerenciamento (0,70) e confiança (0,86) foi aceitável. Conclusões: o SC-HI v.2.0 versão em espanhol variante colombiana apresenta propriedades psicométricas adequadas, portanto seu uso é recomendado em pesquisas para mensurar o autocuidado em populações com características semelhantes às do presente estudo.
Objective: To determine the construct validity and internal consistency of the instrument Self- Care of Hypertension Inventory (SC-HI v.2.0) translated into Spanish in Colombian adults with arterial hypertension. Materials and methods: Methodological study in which translation, cultural adaptation and content validity were carried out through expert judgment. With a sample of 290 hypertensive individuals, construct validity was determined by exploratory (principal component analysis with Varimax rotation with Kaiser normalization) and confirmatory factor analysis (maximum likelihood analysis). Internal consistency was calculated through Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Results:The self-care maintenance scale resulted in a two-factor structure (accumulated variance 61%) with good fit (χ2 = 104.570; p = 0.000; RMSEA = 0.125; SRMR = 0.156; CFI = 0.856; NNFI = 0.767). Self-care management reported a bifactorial structure (accumulated variance 71%) with good fit (χ2 = 6.598; p = 0.582; RMSEA = 0.000; SRMR = 0.072; CFI = 1.000; NNFI = 1.032). Finally, confidence scale also resulted in a bifactorial structure (accumulated variance 82%) with good fit (χ2 = 94.991, p = 0.000; RMSEA = 0.194; SRMR = 0.106; CFI = 0.934; NNFI = 0.876). Cronbach's alpha for maintenance (0.64), management (0.70), and confidence (0.86) was acceptable. Conclusions: The SC-HI v.2.0 in Spanish has adequate psychometric properties. Therefore, its use is recommended in research studies aimed at measuring self-care in populations with similar characteristics to that addressed in this study.
Subject(s)
Humans , Psychometrics , Self Care , Cardiovascular Diseases , Validation Study , Essential HypertensionABSTRACT
RESUMEN El tratamiento con agentes farmacológicos de la hipertensión arterial sistémica (HTA) produce una disminución significativa de las complicaciones cardiovasculares. La terapia antihipertensiva farmacológica produce una reducción del riesgo relativo de casi 50% en la incidencia de insuficiencia cardíaca, una reducción del riesgo relativo de ictus de hasta 40%, y de hasta 25% de reducción del riesgo relativo en el infarto de miocardio. El grado de reducción de la presión arterial, no la elección de la medicación antihipertensiva, es el principal determinante de la reducción del riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con HTA. La terapia de combinación con fármacos de diferentes clases tiene un efecto de reducción de la presión arterial sustancialmente mayor que la duplicación de la dosis de un solo agente. Sin embargo, el riesgo de efectos adversos, costos e inconvenientes para el paciente aumentan a medida que se agregan más medicamentos antihipertensivos. El objetivo es realizar una revisión narrativa sobre el manejo terapéutico farmacológico actual de la HTA del adulto.
ABSTRACT Treatment with pharmacological agents for systemic arterial hypertension (HT) produces a significant decrease in cardiovascular complications. Pharmacologic antihypertensive therapy produces a relative risk reduction of nearly 50% in the incidence of heart failure, a relative risk reduction of stroke of up to 40%, and a relative risk reduction of up to 25% in myocardial infarction. The degree of reduction in blood pressure, not the choice of antihypertensive medication, is the main determinant of cardiovascular risk reduction in patients with HT. Combination therapy with drugs of different classes has a blood pressure lowering effect substantially greater than doubling the dose of a single agent. However, the risk of adverse effects, costs, and inconvenience to the patient increase as more antihypertensive medications are added. The objective is to carry out a narrative review on the current pharmacological therapeutic management of hypertension in adults.
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OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the level and significance of serum γ-glutamyl transferase-to-platelet ratio (GPR) and monocyte count to high-density lipoprotein ratio (MHR) in patients with essential hypertension (EH) and unstable angina (UA).@*METHODS@#A total of 218 patients with coronary angiography aged ≥60 years, who were admitted to the EH hospital of the Department of Cardiac Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, were selected from September 2018 to September 2019. They were divided into an EH+UA group (@*RESULTS@#Compared with the control group, patients in the EH+UA group and the EH group had higher body mass index (BMI), tyiglyceride (TG), GPR, and MHR, and lower high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (all @*CONCLUSIONS@#There is a correlation between GPR, MHR and EH combined with UA pectoris, and the combined detection of the two indicators has adjuvant diagnostic value for elderly EH combined with UA.
Subject(s)
Aged , Angina, Unstable , Cholesterol, HDL , Coronary Angiography , Essential Hypertension , Humans , Lipoproteins, HDL , MonocytesABSTRACT
To find the status of outcome indicators reported in published randomized controlled trial(RCT) of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) for essential hypertension in the past two years, we searched for relevant information from four Chinese databases, three English databases and two clinical trial registries in this study, from January 2018 to September 2019. The outcome indicators of RCT were extracted and categorized from trials and the risk of bias was assessed by ROB tools from the Cochrane Collaboration. A total of 125 RCTs and 15 RCT protocols were finally included after study screening. The results showed that the RCT outcomes mainly included efficacy and safety outcomes. Efficacy indicators mainly included blood pressure measurement, quality of life assessment, blood biochemical indicators, urine analysis, arterial ultrasound, vascular endothelial function indicators, hematocrit, hemorheology indicators and other indicators. The safety indicators mainly included general physical examination items, heart, liver and kidney function tests, blood, urine, and stool routine examinations as well as adverse drug reactions/events. The current RCTs cannot distinguish primary and secondary outcomes, and the RCT protocols didn't report efficacy criteria clearly. They both didn't report health economic indicators and the methodological qualities were relatively low. In view of the current status on outcome indicators reported in TCM RCTs, constructing a core outcome set of TCM for essential hypertension and improving the methodology quality of RCTs will help to accurately reflect the actual efficacy of TCM intervention.
Subject(s)
Endpoint Determination , Essential Hypertension , Humans , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Quality of Life , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Yangxue Qingnao Granules combined with conventional Western medicine in the treatment of essential hypertension and its accompanying symptoms. PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, VIP, CNKI, Wanfang, and China biomedical database(CBD) were searched to screen out from the establishment of the database to April 2020 about the clinical randomized controlled trials of Yangxue Qingnao Granules combined with conventional Western medicine in the treatment of essential hypertension and accompanying symptoms. The articles were selected according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria. RevMan 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis. TSA 0.9.5.10 Beta software was used for sequential analysis, and GRADE 3.6 was used for evidence quality evaluation. A total of 4 532 patients were included in 34 randomized controlled trials. Meta-analysis results showed that: Yangxue Qingnao Granules combined with conventional anti-hypertensive agents reduced systolic blood pressure(MD=-10.56, 95%CI[-13.63,-7.50], P<0.000 01) and diastolic blood pressure(MD=-8.21, 95%CI[-10.84,-5.59], P<0.000 01), improved total effective rate(RR=1.21, 95%CI[1.14, 1.29], P<0.000 01), improved patients dizziness(RR=1.29, 95%CI[1.21, 1.37], P<0.000 01), insomnia(RR=1.66, 95%CI[1.44, 1.91], P<0.000 01), headache(RR=1.32, 95%CI[1.21, 1.43], P<0.000 01), chest distress(RR=1.26, 95%CI[1.12, 1.42], P=0.000 1), memory loss(RR=1.24, 95%CI[1.10, 1.40], P=0.000 4), palpitation(RR=1.28, 95%CI[1.17, 1.41], P<0.000 01), and improved traditional Chinese medicine symptom scores(MD=-4.24, 95%CI[-5.25,-3.23], P<0.000 01) and headache symptom improvement scores(MD=-2.02, 95%CI[-2.51,-1.53], P<0.000 01) as compared with Western medicine group alone. Subgroup analysis results showed that Yang-xue Qingnao Granules combined with ACEI drug had more obvious effects in lowering systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of adverse reactions, and no abnormal liver and kidney function was observed in each study. Trial sequential analysis showed that the total effective rate was cumulative across the traditional and TSA thresholds, further confirming its clinical efficacy. The evidence level was mostly low or extremely low in GRADE evaluation. The clinical application of Yangxue Qingnao Granules combined with conventional Western medicine in the treatment of essential hypertension and its accompanying symptoms is clear and safe, so it is recommended for clinical application.
Subject(s)
Antihypertensive Agents/adverse effects , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal/adverse effects , Essential Hypertension , Humans , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Randomized Controlled Trials as TopicABSTRACT
To systematically evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tianma Gouteng Granules combined with conventional anti-hypertensive drugs in the treatment of essential hypertension. The clinical randomized controlled trials(RCTs) on the treatment of essential hypertension with Tianma Gouteng Granules combined with conventional anti-hypertensive drugs were searched in PubMed, EMbase, Cochrane Library, VIP, CNKI, Wanfang, SinoMed since the establishment of the databases to April 2020 based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, and Meta-analysis was conducted by using RevMan 5.3 software. A total of 15 RCTs were included, involving a total of 1 508 patients. Meta-analysis results showed that Tianma Gouteng Granules combined with conventional Western medicine were supe-rior to the control group in reducing systolic blood pressure(MD=-10.24, 95%CI[-13.54,-6.95], P<0.000 01), diastolic blood pressure(MD=-5.33, 95%CI[-7.21,-3.45], P<0.000 01), improving the clinical efficacy of patients(RR=1.22, 95%CI[1.15, 1.28], P<0.000 01) and curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine syndrome(RR=1.26, 95%CI[1.02, 1.57], P=0.04), increasing nitric oxide content(MD=9.59, 95%CI[7.23, 11.96], P<0.000 01), reducing endothelin-1(MD=-10.74, 95%CI[-15.74,-5.75], P<0.000 1), tumor necrosis factor(MD=-0.28, 95%CI[-0.36,-0.19], P<0.000 01), and interleukin-6(MD=-39.71, 95%CI[-43.40,-36.03], P<0.000 01). There was no statistically significant difference between the test group and the control group in the incidence of adverse reactions. No liver and kidney dysfunction occurred. The results of the subgroup analysis showed that the effect of Tianma Gouteng Granules combined with ARB drugs was more obvious in reducing the systolic and diastolic pressure. Trial sequential analysis showed that the studies accumulatively included for clinical efficacy crossed the traditional threshold and the TSA threshold, further affirming its clinical efficacy. The clinical application of Tianma Gouteng Granules combined with conventional Western medicine in the treatment of primary hypertension and accompanying symptoms has clear efficacy and certain safety, so it is recommended for clinical application.
Subject(s)
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors , Antihypertensive Agents/therapeutic use , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Essential Hypertension/drug therapy , HumansABSTRACT
To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Songling Xuemaikang Capsules combined with conventional Western medicine in the treatment of essential hypertension. PubMed, VIP, CNKI, Wanfang and other databases were retrieved from the establishment of the database to February 2020 for clinical randomized controlled trial(RCT) about Songling Xuemaikang Capsules combined with conventional Western medicine in the treatment of essential hypertension. The literatures were screened out according to the inclusion criteria, and RevMan 5.3 software was used for Meta-analysis. A total of 3 100 patients in 27 RCTs were enrolled. According to Meta-analysis, Songling Xuemaikang Capsules combined with conventional Western medicine could effectively reduce systolic blood pressure(MD=-7.88,95%CI[-9.68,-6.08],P<0.000 01) and diastolic blood pressure(MD=-7.85, 95%CI[-9.07,-6.62], P<0.000 01), triglyceride(MD=-0.46, 95%CI[-0.66,-0.26], P<0.000 01) and total cholesterol(MD=-0.92, 95%CI[-1.49,-0.35], P=0.001), but increase HDL cholesterol(MD=0.51, 95%CI[0.28, 0.73], P<0.000 01), with a better effect than the Western medicine group alone. The results of LDL-C analysis showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups(MD=-0.91, 95%CI[-1.82, 0.01], P=0.05). The subgroup analysis suggested that reduced systolic blood pressure may be related to the use of ARB. There was a close correlation between CCB drugs and the decrease of diastolic blood pressure. In addition, there was no significant difference in the compliance and the incidence of adverse reactions. Clinical application of Songling Xuemaikang Capsules combined with Western medicine in the treatment of patients with essential hypertension has clear efficacy and certain safety. More clinical randomized controlled trials are needed for verification in the future.
Subject(s)
Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists , Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors , Capsules , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Essential Hypertension/drug therapy , HumansABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE：To reeval uate the systematic review/Meta-analy sis of efficacy and safety of eplerenone in the treatment of essential hypertension. METHODS ：Retrieved from PubMed ，Embase，Cochrane Library ，Web of Science ，Wanfang database，CNKI，VIP，systematic review/Meta-analysis about eplerenone in the treatment of essential hypertension were collected from the inception to June 24th，2021. After literature screening and data extraction ，the quality of included literatures were evaluated with PRISMA statement ；methodology quality of included literatures were evaluated with AMSTAR 2 scale；GRADE method was adopted to evaluate the evidence quality of outcome measures. Efficacy and safety index evaluation of included literatures were summeried. RESULTS ：A total of 8 systematic reviews/Meta-analyses were included ，involving 5 systematic reviews and 3 Meta-analysis，including 73 outcome indicators. PRISMA scores ranged from 7.5 to 23.5，including 6 literatures （75.0％）with≤15 points，1（12.5％）with ＞15-＜21 points and 1（12.5％）with ≥21 points. The results of AMSTAR 2 evaluation indicated that the methodological quality of 2 studies was low ，and that of 6 studies was very low . GRADE quality evaluation results showed that there were 3 high quality indicators ，24 medium quality indicators and 46 low or very low quality indicators；the factors contributed to downgrading evidence quality were limitation ，inconsistency，imprecision and publication bias. In terms of efficacy ，compared with placebo ，eplerenone could significantly reduce clinical blood pressure （CBP）and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure （ABP）. Its effect in reducing CBP was significantly better than other antihypertensive drugs or equivalent to other antihypertensive drugs. The effects of eplerenone on reducing clinical systolic blood pressure was not as good as spironolactone and enalapril ，or bett er than calcium channel blocker ，enalapril and angiotensin receptor antag onist，or equivalent to calcium channel blocker and enalapril ；the effect of eplerenone on reducing clinical diastolic blood pressure was not as good com as spironolactone ，calcium c hannel blocker and enalapril ，or as good as enalapril ，but better than angiotensin receptor antagonist. In terms of safety ，there was no significant difference in the incidence of ADR ，serious ADR or hyperkalemia caused by eplerenone ，compared with placebo ，or the incidence of ADR was higher than that of placebo. There was no statistical significance in the incidence of ADR or serious ADR ，compared with other antihypertensive drugs. CONCLUSIONS ：Efficacy and safety of eplerenone in the treatment of essential hypertension was good ，but in view of the poor methodological quality of systematic reviews or Meta-analysis and the low or very low level of outcome indicator evidence ，the authenticity and effectiveness of the conclusion will be reduced ，so that those indcaters should be interpreted carefully.
ABSTRACT
Objective:To explore the application of four-dimensional automatic left atrial quantitation (4D LAQ) in evaluating left atrial function in patients with essential hypertension (EH) and to find the independent correlative factors affecting left atrial function.Methods:Fifty patients with EH(EH group) and fifty healthy controls(control group) were selected from Fuwai Center China Cardiovascular Hospital from September 2020 to January 2021. Conventional two-dimensional echocardiography was performed, and 4D LAQ parameters, including left atrial minimum volume (LAVmin), left atrial maximum volume (LAVmax), left atrial pre-systolic volume (LAVpreA), left atrial maximum volume index (LAVImax), left atrial reservoir longitudinal strain (LASr), left atrial conduit longitudinal strain (LAScd) and left atrial contraction longitudinal strain (LASct) was analyzed. The independent sample t-test or rank sum test was used to compare the EH group with the normal control group, and ROC curves were used to find the most sensitive parameters for evaluating left atrial function and their correlations were investigated by univariate and multivariate linear regression analyses. Results:Compared with the control group, there was no difference in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) ( P>0.05), LAVmin, LAVmax, LAVpreA and LAVImax increased significantly (all P<0.05), the absolute values of LASr, LAScd and LASct were decreased (all P<0.05). ROC curve analysis showed that LASr had the best performance in evaluating left atrial function in EH patients (AUC: 0.929), systolic blood pressure (SBP), relative wall thickness (RWT) and E/e′ were negatively correlated with LASr (β=-0.308, P<0.05; β=-0.219, P<0.05; β=-0.359, P<0.05). Conclusions:4D LAQ can early identify the changes of left atrial function in EH patients, and the longitudinal strain in the left atrial reservoir period, left atrial conduit period and left atrial contraction period are all impaired in EH patients. LASr has the highest evaluation efficiency in evaluating the left atrial function, and SBP, RWT and E/e′ are independently correlated with LASr.
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Objective:To observe the therapeutic effect of Bushen-Yijing-Tiansui Decoction combined with levoclodipine besylate in the treatment of senile hypertension. Methods:A total of 150 elderly hypertensive patients admitted in our hospital from January 2019 to February 2020 were randomly divided into 2 groups by a random number table method, with 75 in each. Both groups were given basic symptomatic treatment of other comorbidities and concurrent health education. The control group received oral amlodipine besylate tablets, and the observation group received Bushen-Yijing-Tiansui Decoction on the basis of the control group. Both groups were treated for 4 weeks. The TCM syndromes were scored before and after treatment, manometer was used to measure blood pressure and heart rate, the serum ET-1 level was detected by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and the nitrate reductase method was used to detect serum NO levels, and adverse events occurred during treatment in the two groups were recorded. Results:The total effective rate of the observation group was 88.0% (66/75), and the control group was 73.3% (55/75), and the comparison difference in 2 groups was statistically significant ( χ2 =5.172, P=0.022). After treatment, the symptom scores of pain, palpitations, constipation, insomina, sore feeling on back and legs of the observation group were signigicantly lower than those in the control group ( t value were 5.814, 10.397, 12.094, 7.019, 6.121, all Ps<0.001). After treatment, heart rate [(79.60 ± 4.80) times/min vs. (84.30 ± 5.40) times/min, t=5.634], SBP [(144.8 ± 7.90) mmHg vs. (150.60 ± 7.90) mmHg, t=4.729], DBP [(78.80 ± 8.20) mmHg vs. (85.20 ± 9.10) mmHg, t=4.525] of the observation group were signigicantly lower than those of the control group ( P<0.01). After treatment, the serum ET-1 [(179.25 ± 30.45) μmol/L vs. (190.83 ± 30.89) μmol/L, t=2.312] of the observation group was signigicantly lower than that of the control group ( P<0.05), NO [(58.51 ± 8.78) μmol/L vs. (54.12 ± 9.03) μmol/L, t=3.019] of the observation group was signigicantly higher than that of the control group ( P<0.05). During treatment, the incidence of adverse events in the control group was 4.0% (3/75), and the observation group was 1.3% (1/75), and the two groups had no significant difference ( χ2 =1.027, P=0.311). Conclusion:Bushen-Yijing-Tiansui Decoction combined with levoclodipine besylate in the treatment of senile hypertension can relieve the clinical symptoms and blood pressure of patients, improve the function of vascular endothelial cells.
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OBJECTIVES: Diagnosis and management of essential hypertension (EH) or type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) by combining comprehensive treatment and classificatory diagnosis have been continuously improved. However, understanding the pathogenesis of EH patients with concomitant T2DM and subsequent treatment remain the major challenges owing to the lack of non-invasive biomarkers and information regarding the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Herein, we collected 200 serum samples from EH and/or T2DM patients and healthy donors (N). Gene-expression profiling was conducted to identify candidate microRNAs with clinical significance. Then, a larger cohort of the aforementioned patients and 50 N were used to identify the correlation between the tumor suppressor miR-195-5p and EH and/or T2DM. The dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to explore the target genes of miR-195-5p. The suppressive effects of miR-195-5p on the 3′-UTR of the dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) transcript in EH patients with concomitant T2DM were verified as well. RESULTS: Compared with that in other groups, serum miR-195-5p was highly downregulated in EH patients with concomitant T2DM. miR-195-5p overexpression efficiently suppressed DRD1 expression by binding to the two 3′-UTRs. Additionally, two single nucleotide polymorphisms, including 231T-A and 233C-G, in the miR-195-5p binding sites of the DRD1 3′-UTR were further identified. Collectively, we identified the potential clinical significance of DRD1 regulation by miR-195-5p in EH patients with concomitant T2DM. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggested that miR-195-5p circulating in the peripheral blood served as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for EH and T2DM, which could eventually help address major challenges during the diagnosis and treatment of EH and T2DM.
Subject(s)
Humans , Receptors, Dopamine D1/genetics , MicroRNAs/genetics , Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics , Essential Hypertension/genetics , Biomarkers , Polymorphism, Single NucleotideABSTRACT
RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar los factores asociados con hipertrofia sigmoidea (HS) en adultos que habitan en la altura. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional, analítico, de casos y controles. Se realizó en el laboratorio de Ecocardiografía del Hospital Regional Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Daniel Alcides Carrión de Huancayo, entre enero del 2017 y julio del 2019. La muestra estuvo conformada por 74 personas que viven a más de 3000 m.s.n.m. Para el diagnóstico de HS se consideró el incremento del grosor septal basal (> 13 mm en varones y > 12 mm en mujeres), y tener el grosor > a 50% de la pared septal media. Los datos se recolectaron mediante un cuestionario. Se realizó el análisis estadístico con X2, t-student, y regresión logística considerándose significativo p<0,05. Resultados: Se incluyeron 74 pacientes. El promedio de edad fue 63 ± 16 años (rango: 23-94), 41 (55,4 %) fueron mujeres. La HS tipo 2 fue dos veces más frecuente que el tipo 1. Se conformaron dos grupos: n1=37 casos y n2=37 controles. En el análisis multivariado se encontró que la diabetes mellitus (OR=23,76 IC 95%: 1,61-350,7); la edad de 60 a más años (OR=9,97; IC 95%: 1,93-51,48) y la hipertensión arterial (OR=5,18 IC 95%: 1,19-22,59) estuvieron asociados con la mayor frecuencia de presentación de HS (p<0.05). Conclusiones: Se concluye que en el poblador que habita en la altura la diabetes mellitus, la edad avanzada y la hipertensión arterial son factores asociados a HS.
SUMMARY Objective: To determine factors associated to sigmoidal hypertrophy (SH) in adults living at high altitude. Methods: A case-control study was carried-out in the Ultrasound laboratory at Hospital Regional Docente Clínico Quirúrgico Daniel Alcides Carrión, Huancayo from January 2017 to July 2019. 74 persons were included who lived at altitudes above 3000 m.a.s.l. SH was defined considering the septal thickening (> 13 mm for males and > 12 mm for females) and having a septal median thickening > a 50%. Data were collected in a questionnaire, chi-square and student´s t-test were performed and a logistic regression analysis was carried-out including variables with statistical significance at <0.05. Results: Mean age was 63 ± 16 years (range: 23-94); 41 (55.4%) were females. SH type 2 was twice more common than SH type 1; 37 patients were cases and 37 were controls. The multivariate analysis found that diabetes mellitus (OR=23.76; 95% CI: 1.61-350.7); age above 60 years old (OR=9.97; 95% CI: 1.93-51.48) and blood hypertension (OR=5.18; 95% CI: 95%: 1.19-22.59) were associated with HS (p<0.05). Conclusions: In people living at high altitude, diabetes mellitus, advanced age and blood hypertension are associated to SH.