The effect of the menstrual cycle on physical characteristics (speed, strength, and endurance) in women in Saudi Arabia

The increasing participation of women in sports has raised interest in understanding how the menstrual cycle, specifically estrogen, progesterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH), affects athletic performance. These hormones fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle, which is divided into the early follicular phase, ovulatory period, and mid-luteal phase, each with distinct hormonal profiles. While estrogen is believed to have an anabolic effect on skeletal muscle and influence substrate metabolism, progesterone may have an antiestrogenic effect, potentially affecting physical performance. However, research on the impact of these hormone fluctuations on performance yields contradictory results. Some studies report improved performance during various menstrual cycle phases, while others find no significant differences. Additionally, the effects of oral contraceptives (OCPs) on muscle strength and function remain unclear. Menopause, characterized by a decline in skeletal muscle mass and bone density, is associated with reduced physical performance in women. More research is needed to understand the effects of estrogen and progesterone fluctuations on physical performance in women, emphasizing the importance of gender-specific research and guidelines for optimizing athletic performance.

Low dose estrogen progestin pill is better than cyclical progestin as medical management of abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulatory dysfunction in premenopausal women

Background: In abnormal uterine bleeding due to ovulation dysfunction, unopposed estrogen causes persistent proliferative or hyperplastic endometrium and periods of amenorrhea followed by excessive bleeding. This is managed medically by cyclical use of some hormonal agents. The aim of the study was to compare the effectiveness and acceptability of cyclical progestin alone and low dose estrogen progestin pill as medical management of AUB-O in premenopausal women.Methods: The study composed of 57 premenopausal women with anovular type of bleeding. The study participants were randomly allocated to take either norethisterone 10 mg daily from 16th to 25th day of menstrual cycle or low dose estrogen progesterone pill, one pill daily from 1st day of menstrual cycle up to 24th day. These patients were followed up after three and six months to assess subjectively the persistence of abnormal uterine bleeding, patient’s satisfaction, need for hysterectomy and any side effects.Results: The symptomatic improvement was more apparent with estrogen progestin pill than cyclical norethisterone. More patients chose hysterectomy in the norethisterone group because they were not satisfied with medical management.Conclusions: Symptomatic improvement is more with low dose estrogen progestin pill than cyclical norethisterone in women with AUB-O. More women decline hysterectomy as they accept estrogen progestin pill.

Spironolactone-induced gynecomastia: a case report

The term "gynecomastia" refers to the benign growth of glandular breast tissue in men. In older men, adolescents, and newborns, physiological gynecomastia is common. Although it is self-limited, it can be managed to reduce both physical and emotional discomfort. Chronic conditions (such as cirrhosis, hypogonadism, and renal insufficiency), drug use (including prescription, over-the-counter, and illicit drugs), and tumors are rare causes of nonphysiologic gynecomastia. Exogenous estrogens, antiandrogens, 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, spironolactone, and cimetidine are the active ingredients that are known to cause gynecomastia the most frequently. A patient's medical history is crucial in diagnosing drug-induced gynecomastia. Treating the underlying disease and stopping contributing medications are the cornerstones of treatment. In certain cases, gynecomastia can be treated with surgery and medications such as estrogen receptor modulators. Early intervention and patient-directed care are important aspects of treatment. We describe the pathogenetic mechanism of spironolactone-induced gynecomastia and provide a case report of a 52-year-old male patient.

Impacto del Score de Recurrencia de 21 genes (Oncotype DX®) sobre la toma de decisión en tratamiento adyuvante: un estudio multicéntrico y colaborativo / Impact of the 21-gene Recurrence Score (Oncotype DX®) on decision-making in adjuvant treatment: a multicenter and collaborative study

En la actualidad, más de la mitad de las pacientes con cáncer de mama receptor hormonal positivo recibe algún esquema de quimioterapia adyuvante. Sin embargo, sólo algunas de ellas obtendrían un beneficio real en términos de sobrevida. Las plataformas genómicas permiten un mejor entendimiento de la heterogeneidad tumoral entre carcinomas con receptores hormonales positivos, Her2 negativos, habiendo sido validadas como herramientas para identificar aquellas. pacientes que obtendrían un beneficio claro con el tratamiento quimioterápico. El objetivo de nuestro estudio es describir el uso de la plataforma genómica Oncotype Dx® y evaluar su impacto sobre la indicación del tratamiento adyuvante, evaluado principalmente a través del cambio de conducta en relación con la indicación final del tratamiento adyuvante. Material y método: Estudio multicéntrico observacional de cohorte llevado a cabo en distintas Unidades de Mastología de la República Argentina que utilizaran el Oncotype Dx* para esclarecer la indicación del tratamiento adyuvante en pacientes luminales Her2neu negativas en estadio inicial. Se registraron las decisiones relacionadas con el tratamiento antes y luego de realizar la prueba genómica. El objetivo secundario consistió en describir los eventos en aquellas pacientes en quiénes se solicitó dicho estudio. Resultados: Entre enero de 2013 y diciembre de 2018, 211 pacientes con carcinomas luminales A o B, Her2neu negativas realizaron el Oncotype Dx* y fueron incluidas en el estudio. Según nuestros registros, 40% de las pacientes experimentó un cambio en la indicación del tratamiento adyuvante luego de realizada la plataforma genómica. De aquellas pacientes que tenían indicación inicial de hormonoterapia según parámetros tradicionales clínico-patológicos, 24% recibió adicionalmente quimioterapia. En relación con las pacientes que tenían indicación inicial de quimio y hormonoterapia, 49% experimentó un cambio en la indicación de su adyuvancia pudiendo realizar únicamente hormonoterapia. En relación a los eventos descriptos en las pacientes participantes del trabajo, se registraron 4 muertes específicas por la enfermedad, una muerte por otra causa, 2 recaídas a distancia y un cáncer de mama contralateral. Conclusiones: En nuestra población de estudio el uso del Score de Recurrencia (RS) resultó clínicamente significativo en relación al cambio de conducta en la toma de decisión para adyuvancia. En consecuencia, para este grupo de investigadores, ha demostrado ser una herramienta de significativa importancia en la decisión del tratamiento adyuvante de pacientes con cáncer de mama temprano, luminal, Her2neu negativo(AU)

Objetive: Currently, over half of all patients diagnosed with hormone-receptor positive early stage breast cancer will receive some type of adjuvant chemotherapy (CHT), but only a few of them will actually benefit in terms of survival. Genomic platforms allow a better understanding of the heterogeneity among the different types of hormone receptor positive, her2 negative breast cancer, and have proven their validity as tools for identifying those patients who will obtain a clear benefit from CHT. The aim of our study was to analyze the use of the genomic platform Oncotype Dx® in our population and describe its impact on the decision of adjuvant treatment assessed through change in treatment decision. Material and method: this was a real world collaborative observational study, which was performed across several Breast Units in Argentina. Patients who underwent Oncotype Dx® testing to determine adjuvant treatment were included. Decisions regarding treatment were settled before and after the oncotype was performed by the tumor boards of each Breast Unit. Results: From January 2013 to December 2018, 211 patients with luminal A or B, her 2 negative breast cancer who underwent Oncotype Dx" testing were included. We found that treatment decisions were modified after Oncotype DX in approximately 40% of patients. In 24% percent of cases, chemotherapy was added to the initial treatment plan although endocrine therapy alone had initially been considered (potential subtreatment); and on the other hand, 49% of all patients were able to receive endocrine therapy only when, due to traditional prognostic factors, they would have received chemotherapy (potential overtreatment). Conclusions: In our population, we found that the use of the Recurrence Score was associated with a significant change in treatment recommendation We therefore consider it to be a very important tool and a decisive factor for the selection of adjuvant treatment in patients with hormone receptor positive, her2neu negative early breast cancer(AU)

Correlation between PIK3CA mutation and clinicopathological features and prognosis of breast cancer / 基础医学与临床

Objective To find the correlation between phosphatidylinositol kinase-3 catalytic subunit A gene(PIK3CA)mutation and pathological features as well as clinical prognosis of breast cancer.Methods The patho-logical data of 181 patients diagnosed with invasive breast cancer from January 2018 to January 2020 were collected.The estrogen receptor(ER),progestogen receptor(PR),human epidermal growth factor receptor-2(HER2),Ki67 were examined by immuno-histochemistry(IHC).Mutation of exon 9 and exon 20 of PIK3CA were examined by quantitative real-time PCR(qPCR).Results Among 181 cases of invasive breast cancer,70 cases had PIK3CA mutation with 31 cases(44.28%)showed exon 9 mutations and 39 cases(55.71%)showed exon 20 mutations.The difference between PIK3CA mutation and their distribution in molecular typing of breast cancer was statistically significant(P＜0.05).The expression of PIK3CA mutation in breast cancer with different Ki67 expression was sig-nificantly different(P＜0.05).There were 34 cases(48.57%)showed PIK3CA mutations in the HR+/HER2 group and 36 cases(51.43%)of non HR+/HER2 group mutations.There was a statistically significant difference in the distribution of PIK3CA mutations between 2 groups(P＜0.05).The death rate of PIK3CA mutation cases was higher than that of PIK3CA wild type cases(P＜0.05).Conclusions PIK3CA mutation is associated with molecular typ-ing,Ki67 increment index and prognosis of breast cancer.Detection of PIK3CA mutation provides potential support to the development of precise treatment of breast cancer patients.

Network pharmacology and molecular docking reveal the mechanism of resveratrol in oral squamous cell carcinoma treatment / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To explore the molecular mechanism of resveratrol (RES) in the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) through the use of biological information methods such as network pharmacology and molecular docking and to provide a theoretical reference for the clinical application of RES in the treatment of OSCC.@*Methods@#The Swiss Target Prediction(http://www.swisstargetprediction.ch), SEA (http://sea.bkslab.org)database, and Pharm mapper database(http://lilab-ecust.cn) were used to retrieve RES-related targets, and the DISGENET (www.disgenet.org), OMIM (https://omim.org) and GeneCards (https://www.genecards.org) databases were used to screen OSCC disease targets. The intersection of drugs and disease targets was determined, and Cytoscape 3.7.2 software was used to construct a "drug-diseasetarget pathway" network. The Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins (STRING) database was used to construct a target protein interaction network, and the DAVID database was used for enrichment analysis of key proteins. Finally, molecular docking validation of key proteins was performed using AutoDock and PyMOL. The enrichment analysis and molecular docking results were integrated to predict the possible molecular mechanisms of RES treatment in OSCC; western blot was used to determine the effect of resveratrol at different concentrations (50, 100) μmol/L on the expression of Src tyrosine kinase (SRC), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), estrogen receptor gene 1 (ESR1), and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway proteins in OSCC HSC-3 cells.@*Results@#A total of 243 targets of RES drugs and 6 094 targets of OSCC were identified. A total of 116 potential common targets were obtained by intersecting drugs with disease targets. These potential targets mainly participate in biological processes such as in vivo protein self-phosphorylation, peptide tyrosine phosphorylation, transmembrane receptor protein tyrosine kinase signaling pathway, and positive regulation of RNA polymerase Ⅱ promoter transcription, and they interfere with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway to exert anti-OSCC effects. The docking results of resveratrol with OSCC molecules indicated that key targets, such as EGFR, ESR1, and SRC, have good binding activity. The results of cell-based experiments showed that resveratrol inhibited the protein expression of SRC, EGFR, ESR1, p-PI3K, and p-AKT in HSC-3 cells in a dose-dependent manner.@*Conclusion@#RES can inhibit the expression of its targets EGFR, ESR1, SRC, p-PI3K, and p-AKT in OSCC cells.

Research Progress on the Use of Phytoestrogens in the Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease / 医药导报

Phytoestrogens refer to a class of compounds in plants that can bind to and activate estrogen receptors in mammalian organisms,exerting varying degrees of protective and improvement effects on the body.Modern pharmacological studies have found that phytoestrogens have therapeutic effects on the cardiovascular system,nervous system,endocrine system,immune system,and so on.It is worth noting that the binding of phytoestrogens to estrogen receptors in the brain can produce central neuroprotective effects and improve learning and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's pectients through multiple targeted pathways.This paper describes the research progress and related mechanisms of phytoestrogen-like monomers,Chinese herbal medicine,and compound formulations in Alzheimer's disease.The aim is to provide new drug design ideas and solutions for the effective treatment of senile dementia with traditional Chinese medicine.

Mechanisms on radiation resistance induced by an estrogen receptor in breast cancer cells / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective:To explore the effects of estrogen receptor α (ERα) encoded by protein encoding gene ESR1 on the radiation resistance of breast cancer cells and their molecular mechanisms.Methods:The ESR1 overexpression plasmid was transfected into estrogen receptor (ER)-negative breast cancer cells. Then, the shRNA-ESR1 vector was introduced into ER-positive cell to establish models with different phenotype. The ATG5 mRNA level and protein expression levels of LC3B-I, LC3B-II, P62, FIP200, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12, Beclin1, ULK1 were detected using qPCR and Western blot techniques. Cell death was measured using flow cytometry. The radiation sensitivity was determined through the colony formation assay. The mortality of breast cancer cells under the autophagy gene knockdown and overexpression or treated with estrogen receptor inhibitor (TAM) combined with ionizing radiation were detected by trypan blue staining.Results:Under the condition of 8 Gy X-ray irradiation, the knockdown of ESR1 in ER-positive ZR75 breast cancer cells promoted cell death ( t = 3.49, 3.13, P < 0.05), while the overexpression of ESR1 in ER-negative MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells inhibited cell death ( t = 4.16, 7.48, P < 0.05). Compared to the control group, the treatment with chloroquine increased the number of formed colonies of ESR1 knockdown ZR75 cells ( t = 8.49, P < 0.05), and inhibiting autophagy could reduce the death of ZR75 cells caused by ESR1 silencing. Under the treatment with ionizing radiation, the overexpression of ESR1 in MDA-MB-231 cells promoted protective autophagy, which, however, was reduced after ESR1 knockdown in ZR75 cells. Furthermore, it was observed that the knockdown of ATG5 in ZR75 cells was associated with reduced autophagy and an increase in cell death ( t = 4.19, 6.39, P < 0.05). In contrast, the overexpression of ATG5 in ZR75 cells reversed the increase in cell death caused by ESR1 knockdown ( t = 1.70, 4.65, P < 0.05). After the treatment of ER-positive ZR75 breast cancer cells with TAM, the expressions of ATG5 and ATG12 decreased, suggesting inhibited autophagy and an increase in cell death ( t = 18.70, P < 0.05). Furthermore, these processes were promoted by ionizing radiation ( t = 16.82, P < 0.05). Conclusions:The estrogen receptor encoded by ESR1 promotes protective autophagy of ER-positive breast cancer cells by increasing ATG5, further leading to radiation resistance in ER-positive breast cancer cells. Treatment with tamoxifen combined with ionizing radiation can increase the radiation sensitivity of ER-positive breast cancer cells.

Effect of estrogen-related receptor α-mediated lipophagy on proliferation and migration abilities of nasopharyngeal cancer cells / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To investigate the effect of estrogen-related receptor α (ESRRA)-mediated lipophagy on the proliferation and migration abilities of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.Methods:A total of 16 clinical samples diagnosed by pathology in the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University from 2021 to 2023 were selected, including 8 normal nasopharyngeal mucosa tissues and 8 nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues. Immortalized normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line NP69 and nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines C666-1, CNE2, TW03-EBV and TW03 were selected. The cell lines C666-1 and CNE2 were divided into the siR-NC group (transfected with small interfering RNA negative control sequence) and siR-ESRRA group (transfected with small interfering RNA against ESRRA gene). The relative expression levels of ESRRA were detected by Western blotting and immunohistochemical assay. EdU assay was used to detect the proliferation ability of C666-1 and CNE2 cells, and Transwell assay was used to detect the migration ability. Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to detect the relative expression levels of ESRRA and perilipin 3 (PLIN3) mRNA. The formation of lipophagy in C666-1 and CNE2 cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy. The co-localization of LC3, PLIN3 and LAMP2 with lipid droplets labeling with Bodipy was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Dual-luciferase reporter gene assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between ESRRA and PLIN3.Results:The relative expression level of ESRRA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues was higher than that in normal nasopharyngeal mucosa tissues(1.15±0.75 vs. 0.32±0.21, t = 3.02, P = 0.009). The relative expression level of ESRRA in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines C666-1 (1.539±0.044), CNE2 (1.420±0.030), TW03-EBV (2.867±0.044), and TW03 (1.323±0.022) were higher than that in normal nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line NP69 (0.094±0.002), and the difference was statistically significant ( F = 34.08, P < 0.001).The results of EdU assay showed that the proportions of EdU labeled positive cells in CNE2 cells of siR-NC group and siR-ESRRA group were (70.44±4.06)% and (51.51±0.92)% ( t = 7.88, P = 0.001), and the proportions in C666-1 cells were (62.25±3.89)% and (54.91±0.27)% ( t = 3.26, P = 0.031). The results of Transwell assay showed that the number of migrating cells in CNE2 and C666-1 cells was less than that in siR-NC group [CNE2 cells: (181±7) cells vs. (261±21) cells; C666-1 cells: (201±16) cells vs. (256±7) cells], and the differences were statistically significant ( t = 6.30, P = 0.003; t = 5.43, P = 0.006). According to qRT-PCR results, the relative expression level of PLIN3 mRNA in the siR-ESRRA group was higher than that in the siR-NC group (CNE2 cells: 1.58±0.16 vs. 0.83±0.17, t = 5.59, P = 0.005; C666-1 cells: 1.37±0.12 vs. 1.06±0.06, t = 3.86, P = 0.018). The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay results indicated a targeted binding interaction between PLIN3 and ESRRA. Transmission electron microscopy observation showed that the lipid droplets in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells increased and the binding to autophagosomes decreased after knockdown of ESRRA. The results of immunofluorescence assay demonstrated that, in contrast to the siR-NC group, there was a decrease in the co-localization of LC3 and LAMP2 and an increase in the co-localization of lipid droplets with PLIN3. Conclusions:ESRRA is highly expressed in nasopharyngeal carcinoma tissues and cells. As a transcription repressor, ESRRA may work to prevent PLIN3 from being transcribed, decrease lipid droplet stability, mediate lipophagy, and promote proliferation and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.

Circulating Inflammatory Proteins in Relation to Risk of Breast Cancer: A Two-sample Mendelian Randomization Study / 肿瘤防治研究

Objective To investigate the causal association between 91 kinds of circulating inflammatory proteins and different subtypes of breast cancer (estrogen receptor-positive and -negative breast cancer) using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) method. Methods Corresponding exposure and outcome data were extracted from the genome-wide association study database. The data were analyzed by two-sample MR with inverse-variance weighting (IVW) as the primary study method, and MR-Egger, weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode were used to complement the results. The results were complemented by sensitivity analysis to verify the reliability of the data. Results The IVW results showed that SULT1A1 (P=0.0007) was associated with an increased risk of total BC, whereas IL-5 (P=0.0011) was associated with a decreased risk of total BC. SULT1A1 (P=0.0011) and CX3CL1 (P=0.0005) were associated with an increased risk of ER+BC, whereas beta-NGF (P=0.0001) was associated with an increased risk of ER−BC. Supplementary analysis methods validated that the findings were consistent in direction and magnitude. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that the data were reliable and unbiased. Conclusion Using the MR method, this study confirms that SULT1A1 is a risk factor for overall breast cancer, whereas IL-5 is a protective factor for overall breast cancer. SULT1A1 and CX3CL1 are risk factors for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer, and beta-NGF is a risk factor for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.

Yiqi Huoxue Formula （益气活血方） for Intrauterine Adhesion with Syndrome of Qi Deficiency and Blood Stasis： A Randomized Controlled Trial / 中医杂志

ObjectiveTo observe the effectivenss and safety of Yiqi Huoxue Formula （益气活血方） combined with surgery and sequential therapy of estrogen and progesterone for the treatment of intrauterine adhesion with syndrome of qi deficiency and blood stasis. MethodsSixty-four patients with intrauterine adhesions were recruited in Guang'anmen Hospital， China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences during 1st June 2021 to 31st December 2022， and they were randomly divided into two groups， with 32 patients in each group， all receiving transcervical resection of adhesions （TCRA）. The control group was treated with sequential therapy of estrogen and progesterone after surgery， taking 1 tablet orally daily， estradiol tablets for the first 14 days， and estradiol dydrogesterone tablets for the last 14 days. In the treatment group， the postoperative treatment was combined with Yiqi Huoxue Formula on the basis of the treatment in the control group， and 1 dose was taken daily. The treatment course of both groups was 3 months. We observed the clinical effectiveness， syndrome scores of traditional Chinese Medicine （TCM）， endometrial thickness， uterine adhesion score， menstrual flow points， and the re-adhesion rate and pregnancy rate 3 months after the end of treatment of the two groups， and conducted evaluation on safety. ResultsThe total clinical effectiveness rates of the treatment group and the control group were 90.63% and 75.00%， respectively， significantly better in the treatment group （P＜0.05）. The endometrial thickness and menstrual flow of patients in both groups increased after treatment， and the scores of uterine adhesion and TCM syndrome scores decreased significantly （P＜0.05 or P＜0.01）. After treatment， the uterine adhesion score and TCM syndrome scores of the treatment group decreased significantly compared with the control group （P＜0.05）. The 6-month postoperative pregnancy rate in the treatment group was 37.50%， higher than the 12.50% in the control group （P＜0.05）. The re-adhesion rate was 3.13% in the treatment group and 9.38% in the control group， and the difference between the two groups was not statistically significant （P＞0.05）. No adverse events occurred in both groups. ConclusionYiqi Huoxue Formula combined with surgery and sequential therapy of estrogen and progesterone for treating intrauterine adhesion patients with syndrome of qi deficiency and blood stasis can promote endometrial recovery， increase menstrual flow， improve patients' clinical symptoms， and improve pregnancy rate， showing certain clinical effectiveness and safety.

Role of sex hormones in keratoconus and potential therapeutic targets / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Keratoconus is a blinding corneal disease characterized by central or paracentral corneal thinning and conical ectasia, and usually happens in adolescence. Currently, the etiology of keratoconus is unclear. Multiple studies have identified an association between genetics, eye rubbing, allergic diseases, ultraviolet exposure and keratoconus. Recently, several studies identified that sex hormones also played important roles in the pathogenesis of keratoconus. The disturbance of sex hormones may increase the risk of occurrence and progress of keratoconus. This review aims to summarize the pathophysiological effects of sex hormones on the cornea, clarify the effects of sex hormones on keratoconus and its related inflammatory or immune mechanisms, and explore the role of sex hormones in the early diagnosis and treatment of keratoconus, providing reference and help for clinical work.

Effect of quercetin's anti-breast cancer depending on presence of estrogen receptor via down-regulating long non-coding RNA MALAT-1 and its mechanism / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the molecular mechanism by which quercetin inhibits the malignant behavior of breast cancer cells. Methods Breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MB231 were used as the research models. Lentiviral transfection was employed to establish tumor cells with high expression of ERa and MAL-AT-1. The expression of MALAT-1 was assessed using RT-qPCR,and ERa expression was determined through Western blot. Subsequently, CCK-8 assay and colony formation assay were conducted to evaluate cell proliferation. PI staining and adenovirus transfection were performed to observe the inhibitory effects of quercetin on breast cancer cell proliferation. Results 17|3-es-tradiol ( E2 ) promoted the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells, while 5 jjunol L quercetin reversed the promoting effect of E2 on proliferation ( P 0. 05 ) . Quercetin had no effect on MB231 breast cancer cells. Overexpression of ERa significantly inhibited the pro-proliferative effect of E2 on MB231-ERa cells, and quercetin further suppressed this effect. Additionally , quercetin inhibited the expression of MALAT-1. However,this inhibitory effect was reversed by overexpression of MALAT-1, leading to enhanced cell proliferation , cell cycle progression, and clonal formation a-bility. Conclusions Quercetin exerts its anti-tumor effects on breast cancer cells by regulating MALAT-1, dependent on the presence of estrogen receptor. Quercetin shows potential as a therapeutic drug for breast cancer targeting the estrogen receptor.

The role and mechanism of estrogen receptor in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis by Gushukang / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:The specific mechanism of Gushukang,as a Chinese traditional patent medicine for the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis of kidney deficiency and blood stasis,needs further studies. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of Gushukang on serum sex hormones,bone microstructure and estrogen receptor in postmenopausal osteoporosis. METHODS:Firstly,network pharmacological analysis was performed.The active ingredients and action targets of Gushukang and the targets of postmenopausal osteoporosis were obtained respectively.Cytoscape was used to construct the active ingredient-target network.STRING database and Cytoscape were used for protein-protein interaction analysis and screening of core targets.DAVID database was used for Gene Ontology(GO)and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)enrichment analyses of intersection targets.Then the ovariectomized Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the animal experiment.Gushukang was administered by gavage for 3 months.The serum estrogen level was detected by ELISA,the bone microstructure was detected by microCT,and the protein expression of estrogen receptor α and estrogen receptor β in bone tiusse was detected by western blot. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:The network pharmacological research results identified 132 active ingredients and 150 targets of Gushukang and 1155 targets of postmenopausal osteoporosis.After intersections with 1155 postmenopausal osteoporosis targets,87 targets of active ingredients of Gushukang against postmenopausal osteoporosis were obtained.By constructing the active ingredient-target network,it was found that the active ingredients at the core were quercetin,kaempferol,luteolin,naringin and isorhamnetin,and the targets at the core were NCOA2,ESR2,AR,F2,ESR1 and PTGS1.The final targets obtained after the protein-protein interaction analysis and screening included MAPK8,ESR1,JUN,R3C1,RELA and FOS,of which ESR1 was the common core target obtained from the two analyses.KEGG enrichment analysis showed estrogen,tumor necrosis factor,apoptosis and other signaling pathways.Therefore,animal experiments focused on the effect of Gushukang on different subtypes of estrogen receptors in the estrogen signaling pathway.The results showed that in the Gushukang group,bone microstructure was significantly improved,serum estrogen level had no significant change,but the protein expression of estrogen receptor α and β in bone tissue was significantly increased.All the findings indicate that the mechanism of Gushukang in the treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis may be related to its hormone-like effect and the enhancement of estrogen receptor expression.

Research progress in the effect of estrogen on tendinopathy / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND:Increasing studies have found that estrogen has a certain correlation with tendinopathy,but for a long time,there are few experiments and summaries of estrogen in tendinopathy,which makes it difficult for specialists and scholars in related fields to fully understand the research status. OBJECTIVE:To summarize the current clinical or preclinical original research,so as to summarize the role of estrogen in tendinosis,and make a certain prospect for the evaluation and management of estrogen in tendinosis in the future. METHODS:Relevant literature in PubMed,Web of Science,CNKI,WanFang,and VIP databases were searched by computer.Search time was from January 2008 to September 2023.The search terms were"oestrogen,estrogen,estrogen receptor,tendinopathy,tendonopathy,sinew,tendon,tendons,myotenositis"in English and"estrogen,estrogen receptor,tendinosis,tendon,tendinitis"in Chinese.According to the selection criteria,the search results were screened and excluded,and finally 60 documents were included for review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In vivo studies have shown that estrogen can promote tendon anabolism.In vitro experiments have also proved that various estrogens can promote the proliferation of tendon cells and reduce inflammation and apoptosis,but most of the experiments are limited to animal models.Estrogen receptor β acts more in tendon injury and repair processes,but estrogen receptor α has not been found to have a major impact on tendon injury.The expression of estrogen receptor β can repair the tendon by affecting the formation of fat,the deposition of type I collagen and reducing the apoptosis of tendon cells,while its over-expression may promote inflammation and angiogenesis,thus promoting the inflammatory process and playing a role in tendon injury.Animal studies have shown that estrogen deficiency may reduce the synthesis efficiency of collagen in the tendon,decrease the elasticity of tendon,inhibit the synthesis and metabolism of the tendon,which is not conducive to the repair of tendon injury,while normal level of estrogen may stimulate the synthesis of type I collagen in tendon and promote the proliferation and metabolism of tendon cells.At present,the molecular mechanism of estrogen in tendon injury has not been fully explained.More experiments focus on tendon collagen synthesis,cell proliferation and apoptosis.Only a few documents have studied the molecular mechanisms of estrogen receptor β deficiency regulating interferon regulatory factor 5-chemokine ligand 3 axis,E2 regulating estrogen receptor α and PI-3K-Akt signaling pathways,and high levels of estradiol reducing the level of free-circulating insulin-like growth factor.Various estrogens,including endogenous estrogens and phytoestrogens,are beneficial to the repair of tendinopathy at normal levels,and estrogen receptor β mainly affects the formation of fat,the deposition of type I collagen and the reduction of apoptosis of tendon cells through,which lays a foundation for the future treatment of tendinopathy with different subtypes of estrogens in vivo and the influence of estrogen membrane receptors on tendinopathy.

Expression and clinical significance of miR-141-5p as a biomarker in the serum of patients with early spontaneous abortion

Abstract Aim miR-141-5p expression in patients with Early Spontaneous Abortion (ESA) and its correlation with hormone levels during pregnancy were investigated. Methods A total of 70 pregnant women with ESA were selected as the research group, and 70 normal pregnant women who chose abortion for non-medical reasons were selected as the Con group. Serum β-HCG, Progesterone (P), and Estrogen (E2) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Differentially expressed miRNAs were screened by miRNA microarray analysis. miR-141-5p expression was detected by RT-qPCR, and its correlation with serum β-HCG, P, and E2 levels was analyzed. The diagnostic value of miR-141-5p for ESA was evaluated by the ROC curve. Results Serum β-HCG, P, and E2 were decreased and serum miR-141-5p was increased in patients with ESA. Pearson correlation analysis showed that serum β-HCG, P, and E2 levels were negatively correlated with miR-141-5p expression levels. ROC curve showed that miR-141-5p had a diagnostic value for ESA. Conclusions miR-141-5p is related to hormone levels during pregnancy and is expected to become a new candidate diagnostic marker for ESA.

Estrogen deficiency influences SEC23A gene expression in the odontogenic region of incisors ­ a murine model study / A deficiência de estrógeno influencia a expressão gênica de SEC23A na região odontogênica de incisivos ­ um estudo em modelo murino

Recent scientific evidence suggests a close relationship between estrogen deficiency and vitamin D- related genes. Estrogen and vitamin D were involved with alterations in odontogenesis and tooth eruption process. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of estrogen deficiency on the expression of genes related to the activation and degradation of vitamin D in the odontogenic region of incisors in a murine model. Material and Methods: This is an experimental clinical study that used female Wistar Hannover rats. The animals were randomly divided into two groups according to the intervention received: Hypoestrogenism Group ­ animals submitted to estrogen deficiency by ovariectomy surgery and Control Group ­ animals submitted to sham surgery. Surgical intervention was performed in the prepubertal period; the animals were followed throughout the pubertal period. After euthanasia, the hemimandibles were removed to evaluate the mRNA expression of the vitamin D-related genes AMDHD1, CYP24A1, NADSYN1 and SEC23A in the odontogenic region of incisors through real time PCR. Student's t test was used to compare means. Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's posttest were also used. The level of significance was 5%. Results: SEC23A was overexpressed in the estrogen deficiency condition in the odontogenic region (p=0.021). Conclusion: Estrogen deficiency may influence the expression of the SEC23A gene involved in the activation and degradation of vitamin D in the odontogenic region of incisors in a murine model(AU)

Evidências científicas recentes sugerem uma estreita relação entre a deficiência de estrógeno e os genes relacionados à vitamina D. O estrógeno e a vitamina D estão envolvidos com alterações na odontogênese e no processo de erupção dentária. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da deficiência de estrógeno na expressão de genes relacionados à ativação e degradação da vitamina D na região odontogênica de incisivos em modelo murino. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo clínico experimental que utilizou ratas Wistar Hannover fêmeas. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com a intervenção recebida: Grupo Hipoestrogenismo ­ animais submetidos à deficiência de estrógeno pela cirurgia de ovariectomia e Grupo Controle ­ animais submetidos à cirurgia simulada. A intervenção cirúrgica foi realizada no período pré-púbere; os animais foram acompanhados durante todo o período puberal. Após a eutanásia, as hemimandíbulas foram removidas para avaliar a expressão de mRNA dos genes AMDHD1, CYP24A1, NADSYN1 e SEC23A, relacionados à vitamina D, na região odontogênica de incisivos por meio de PCR em tempo real. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar as médias. Também foram utilizados o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o pós-teste de Dunn. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: SEC23A foi superexpresso na condição de deficiência de estrógeno na região odontogênica (p=0,021). Conclusão: A deficiência de estrógeno pode influenciar a expressão do gene SEC23A envolvido na ativação e degradação da vitamina D na região odontogênica de incisivos em modelo murino (AU)

Effect of ovarian dysfunction induced ovariectomy and Porphyromonas gingivalis induction to risk of metabolic syndrome: in vivo study / Efeito da disfunção ovariana por meio de ovariectomia e indução de Porphyromonas gingivalis no risco de desenvolvimento de síndrome metabólica: estudo in vivo

Doenças periodontais e síndrome metabólica estão relacionadas a condições multifatoriais complicadas. No entanto, a relação ainda não é evidente. A insuficiência de estrogênio pode estar correlacionada a essa condição, possivelmente causada pela remoção dos ovários e infecção por Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da disfunção ovariana causada pela ovariectomia e infecção por P. gingivalis no desenvolvimento da síndrome metabólica. Este foi um estudo experimental de laboratório utilizando ratos fêmeas da linhagem Sprague Dawley. Os modelos animais foram divididos em quatro grupos: controle, ovariectomia (OVX), ovariectomia-periodontite (OPG) e periodontite (PG). O objetivo de cada tratamento em cada grupo foi obter disfunção ovariana. O grupo OVX foi submetido à cirurgia de remoção dos ovários; no grupo PG foi realizada a indução de P. gingivalis; e no grupo OPG foi feita uma combinação de ovariectomia e indução de P. gingivalis. O sangue foi coletado e observado nos dias 0, 3, 7, 14, 21 e 28. A amostra de sangue foi examinada para ácido úrico, colesterol, glicose e estrogênio. Os dados coletados foram todos examinados estatisticamente. Todos os grupos de tratamento apresentaram peso corporal e observações bioquímicas sanguíneas significativamente maiores do que o grupo controle, exceto o colesterol total (p<0,05). Além disso, a maioria das variáveis apresentou uma correlação entre os grupos com o peso corporal e indicadores bioquímicos sanguíneos, exceto o nível de ácido úrico no sangue (R>0,5). A síndrome metabólica foi desencadeada pela disfunção ovariana causada pela infecção por P. gingivalis após a ovariectomia. Ambos apresentaram o mesmo risco. Mesmo a indução por P. gingivalis piorou a síndrome metabólica no grupo de modelos animais que foram submetidos à ovariectomia.(AU)

Periodontal diseases and metabolic syndrome are related to complicated multifactorial conditions. However, the relationship is not yet evident. Estrogen insufficiency might correlate to this condition, possibly caused by ovarian removal and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis) infection. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of ovarian dysfunction caused by ovariectomy and P. gingivalis infection to metabolic syndrome development. This study was an experimental laboratory study using female rats Sprague Dawley Strain. Animal models were divided into four groups: control, ovariectomy (OVX), ovariectomy-periodontitis (OPG), and periodontitis (PG). The purpose of every treatment in each group was to induce ovarian dysfunction. The OVX group was undertaken ovaries removal surgery. PG was performed P. gingivalis induction. Therefore OPG was a combination of ovariectomy and P. gingivalis induction. Blood was drawn and observed on days 0, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28. The blood sample was examined for uric acid, cholesterol, glucose and estrogen. The collected data were all statistically examined. All treatment groups presented body weight and blood biochemical observation significantly higher than the control group, except total cholesterol (p<0.05). Moreover, most variables presented a correlation between groups to body weight and biochemical blood indicators, except blood uric acid level (R>0.5). The metabolic syndrome was triggered by ovarian dysfunction brought on by P. gingivalis infection after ovariectomy. They both took the same risk. Even P. gingivalis induction made metabolic syndrome in the group of animal models which underwent ovariectomy worse (AU)

Effect of Dioscorea villosa extract and the phytoestrogen diosgenin on ovariectomized mice with zymosan-induced arthritis

Abstract Humans are exposed to natural compounds such as phytoestrogens primarily through diet and supplements. These compounds promote health by alleviating the symptoms and illnesses associated with menopause and arthritis. Diosgenin (DSG) occurs naturally in plants such as Dioscorea villosa (DV) and binds to estrogen receptors, so it may have similar effects to this hormone, including against arthritis. Thus, we investigated the effect of chronic treatment with dry extract of DV and its phytoestrogen DSG on ovariectomized mice with arthritis. We found that dry extract of Dioscorea villosa (DV) contains the phytoestrogen diosgenin (DSG) in its composition. Furthermore, arthritic mice treated with DV and DSG showed reduced neutrophil accumulation in the articular cartilage. Also, the dry extract of DV administered orally (v.o) did not alter the leukocyte count in the joints or promote changes in the reproductive tract. However, DSG altered these parameters, with possible beneficial effects by reducing symptoms related to reproductive aging. Thus, oral treatment with dry extract of DV and subcutaneous (s.c) treatment with DSG showed promise by acting against inflammation caused by arthritis and reducing symptoms in the reproductive tract due to menopause.

Effects of different anesthesia methods on labor process and postpartum serum estrogen and progesterone levels in primiparas with painless labor

ABSTRACT Objective: To look into the effects of different anesthesia methods on the labor process and the expression of serum estrogen and progesterone in primiparas with painless labor. Methods: 60 primiparas receiving painless labor were selected as the research objects, and they were divided into either a Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group (n = 30) or a continuous epidural anesthesia group (n = 30), anesthesia is administered using the corresponding anesthesia method. The authors compared serum estrogen and progesterone, inflammatory index expression, pain degree and neonatal health status in different periods. Results: At T2 and T3, serum P, LH, FSH and E2 levels in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group were signally lower than those in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group harbored faster onset and longer duration of sensory block and motor block than the Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). SAS and SDS scores of the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group were clearly lower than those of the Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). VAS score and serum TNF-α, IL-6 levels of pregnant women in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group were memorably lower than those in the Continuous epidural anesthesia group at T2 and T3 (p < 0.05). The total incidence of postoperative complications in the Spinal & Continuous epidural anesthesia group was distinctively lower than that in the Continuous epidural anesthesia group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Spinal anesthesia combined with continuous epidural anesthesia has a better anesthesia effect in the painless labor of primiparas, which can effectually ameliorate the labor process and the expression of serum estrogen and progesterone.