Genealogia da Prevenção Quaternária: entre o uso da Medicina Baseada em Evidências e a reformulação do cuidado na Atenção Primária à Saúde / Genealogical analysis of Quaternary Prevention: between the use of Evidence-Based Medicine and care reformulation in Primary Health Care

Resumo Realizamos uma análise genealógica da Prevenção Quaternária, instrumento da Atenção Primária à Saúde de enfrentamento à medicalização e a iatrogenia, a partir de seus enunciados e de entrevistas com seus formuladores. Identificamos que a ferramenta tem sido tanto apresentada como uma reformulação do cuidado e da relação médico-paciente, como também reduzida ao cálculo do risco-benefício por meio da aplicação atualizada de evidências científicas. Analisamos os paradoxos da Medicina Baseada em Evidências e problematizamos sua relação com a Prevenção Quaternária e a Atenção Primária à Saúde. Por fim, sugerimos questionar a verdade das evidências para o desenvolvimento de outros paradigmas de saúde.

Abstract We conducted a genealogical analysis of quaternary prevention, an instrument of primary health care to address overmedicalization and iatrogenesis, based on related statements and interviews with the creators of this concept. This tool has been used in the reformulation of care and the doctor-patient relationship, but limited to the risk-benefit assessment by using current scientific evidence. In this study, we analyze the paradoxes of evidence-based medicine (EBM) and discuss the relationship of EBM and quaternary prevention and primary health care (PHC). Finally, we suggest questioning the truth of the evidence for the development of other health paradigms.

Guía de práctica clínica para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el seguro social del Perú (Essalud)

El presente artículo resume la guía de práctica clínica (GPC) para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en el Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud). Su objetivo es proveer recomendaciones clínicas basadas en evidencia para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en EsSalud. Se conformó un grupo elaborador de la guía (GEG) que incluyó médicos especialistas y metodólogos. El GEG formuló 7 preguntas clínicas a ser respondidas por la presente GPC. Se realizó búsquedas sistemáticas de revisiones sistemáticas y -cuando fue considerado pertinente- estudios primarios en PubMed durante el 2022. Se seleccionó la evidencia para responder cada una de las preguntas clínicas planteadas. La certeza de la evidencia fue evaluada usando la metodología Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). En reuniones de trabajo periódicas, el GEG usó la metodología GRADE para revisar la evidencia y formular las recomendaciones, los puntos de buenas prácticas clínicas y flujogramas correspondientes. Finalmente, la GPC fue aprobada con Resolución N° 105-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022. La presente GPC abordó 7 preguntas clínicas sobre fluidoterapia, momento de inicio de nutrición enteral, analgesia, tipo de nutrición, tratamiento antibiótico y quirúrgico. En base a dichas preguntas se formularon 8 recomendaciones (1 fuerte y 7 condicionales), 13 BPC, y 1 flujograma. El presente artículo resume la metodología y las conclusiones basadas en evidencia de la GPC para el manejo de la pancreatitis aguda en EsSalud.

This article summarizes the clinical practice guideline (CPG) for the management of acute pancreatitis in the Social Security of Peru (EsSalud), to provide evidence-based clinical recommendations for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud. A guideline development group (GEG) was formed that included medical specialists and methodologists. The GEG formulated 7 clinical questions to be answered by this CPG. Systematic searches of systematic reviews and -when considered relevant-primary studies were carried out in PubMed during 2022. The evidence was selected to answer each of the clinical questions posed. The certainty of the evidence was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. In periodic work meetings, the GEG used the GRADE methodology to review the evidence and formulate the recommendations, the points of good clinical practice, and the corresponding ow charts. Finally, the CPG was approved with Resolution No. 105-IETSI-ESSALUD-2022. This CPG addressed 7 clinical questions on buid therapy, start of enteral nutrition, analgesia, type of nutrition, antibiotic, and surgical treatment. Based on these questions, 8 recommendations (1 strong and 7 conditional), 13 BPCs, and 1 flowchart were formulated. This article summarizes the methodology and evidence-based conclusions of the CPG for the management of acute pancreatitis in EsSalud.

Diretrizes clínicas para tratamento da depressão: análise de fatores associados à qualidade e comparação de recomendações para pacientes não respondedores e com depressão resistente / Clinical guidelines for the treatment of depression: analysis of factors associated with quality and comparison of recommendations for nonresponding patients and for patients with resistant depression

Diretrizes clínicas (DCs) de alta qualidade são importantes para a assistência efetiva de pacientes com doenças crônicas, incluindo a depressão. A depressão é um dos principais problemas de saúde mundial, sendo um dos transtornos psiquiátricos mais comumente encontrados na prática médica, afetando cerca de 300 milhões de pessoas. Além de sua natureza debilitante e onerosa, muitas vezes pode levar a desfechos graves, tal como o suicídio, principalmente em pacientes que não respondem aos tratamentos. Assim, o objetivo geral desta tese foi identificar fatores das DCs associados à qualidade metodológica desses documentos e de suas recomendações, e comparar as recomendações para duas situações de falhas da farmacoterapia: pacientes não respondedores e pacientes com depressão resistente ao tratamento (DRT). Operacionalmente, foram feitas revisões sistemáticas da literatura em bases científicas e específicas de DCs, e incluídas DCs publicadas nos últimos onze anos que contivessem recomendações para o tratamento farmacológico de adultos com depressão. Para avaliação geral das DCs, foi aplicado o instrumento AGREE II, e para avaliação específica das recomendações, o instrumento AGREE-REX. As DCs foram consideradas de alta qualidade quando pontuaram com escores maiores ou iguais a 60% (no estudo descrito no capítulo 2) e maiores ou iguais a 80% (no estudo descrito no capítulo 3) no domínio 3 (Rigor de desenvolvimento) do AGREE II. As DCs com recomendações de alta qualidade foram as que pontuaram com mais de 60% no domínio 1 (Aplicabilidade Clínica) do AGREE-REX. Das 63 DCs selecionadas, 17 (27%) apresentaram alta qualidade, e 7 (11%) apresentaram recomendações de alta qualidade. Os fatores associados à maior qualidade foram gerenciamento de conflitos de interesses, equipe multiprofissional e tipo de instituição. A inclusão de representante do paciente na equipe também foi associada a recomendações de maior qualidade. Verificou-se que a maioria das DCs concorda com a necessidade de: reavaliar o diagnóstico, a presença de comorbidades, a adesão ao tratamento, ajustar a dosagem do antidepressivo e adicionar psicoterapia como os primeiros passos para aqueles que não respondem ao tratamento antidepressivo de primeira linha. Em relação às recomendações, há falhas importantes, incluindo a não apresentação de definição padronizada de resposta adequada/inadequada/parcial, e o não estabelecimento de tempo de tratamento necessário para declarar DRT. Todas as DCs incluíram a possibilidade de substituição do antidepressivo, potencialização com outros medicamentos e combinação de antidepressivos. Todavia, três DCs não recomendaram uma sequência entre eles. Por fim, verificou-se que das 17 DCs de alta qualidade e das 7 DCs com recomendações de alta qualidade, apenas duas incluíram definição e recomendações para DRT. Não existe consenso entre as DCs de alta qualidade quanto à definição e uso do termo DRT. Não foi possível extrair uma estratégia terapêutica convergente para DRT em adultos. Os resultados obtidos reforçam a necessidade de maior foco no aprimoramento da qualidade das DCs e de suas recomendações, especialmente nos subgrupos relativos à resposta inadequada ao tratamento e a DRT, nas quais as definições não são claras

High-quality clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) are important for treating patients with chronic diseases such as depression. Depression is a major health concern worldwide, affecting approximately 300 million people. It is one of the most prevalent psychiatric disorders in medical practice. It is not only debilitating and costly but can also lead to tragic consequences such as suicide, particularly in patients who do not respond to treatment. The objective of this thesis was to identify CPGs factors associated with the methodological quality of these documents and their recommendations. Furthermore, this thesis aimed to compare the recommendations in two pharmacotherapy failure situations: inadequate response to treatment and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Systematic literature reviews were conducted on scientific and CPG-specific databases. Reviews were also conducted on CPGs published in the last eleven years that included recommendations for pharmacological treatment of adults with depression. The AGREE II instrument was used for the CPGs general assessment, while the AGREE-REX instrument was used specifically to assess their recommendations. CPGs were considered high quality if they achieved a score of at least 60% in the study mentioned in Chapter 2 and a score of at least 80% in the study mentioned in Chapter 3 in the AGREE II, rigour of development domain. The CPGs with high-quality recommendations were those that scored greater than 60% in Domain 1 (Clinical Applicability) of the AGREE-REX. Of the 63 selected CPGs, 17 (27%) were high quality, and 7 (11.1%) had recommendations of high quality. Factors associated with higher quality were conflict of interest management, multi-professional team, and type of institution. Inclusion of a patients representative on the team was associated with higher quality recommendations. Most CPGs agreed with the need to reassess diagnoses, comorbidities, and treatment adherence. They also agreed on adjusting antidepressant dosage and providing psychotherapy as a first step for patients who do not respond to first-line antidepressant treatment. There are significant shortcomings in the recommendations. In particular, the lack of a standardized definition of adequate, inadequate, or partial response to treatment and the lack of clarity surrounding the duration of treatment required to establish TRD. All CPGs included the possibility of antidepressant substitution, potentiation with other drugs, and a combination of antidepressants. However, three CPGs did not recommend a preferred sequence for these interventions. Finally, of the 17 high-quality CPGs and the 7 CPGs with high-quality recommendations, only two included definition and recommendations for TRD. There is no consensus among the high-quality CPGs regarding the definition and use of the term TRD. Ultimately, finding a convergent therapeutic strategy for TRD in adults was not possible. These results highlighted the need to focus more on improving the quality of CPGs and their recommendations, especially in the subgroups related to inadequate response to treatment and TRD, where definitions are unclear

Quality analysis of prior systematic reviews of carpal tunnel syndrome: an overview of the literature

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a common condition greatly affects patients' quality of life and ability to work. Systematic reviews provide useful information for treatment and health decisions. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the methodological quality of previously published systematic reviews on the treatment of CTS. DESIGN AND SETTING: Overview of systematic reviews conducted at the Brazilian public higher education institution, São Paulo, Brazil METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE and Cochrane Library database for systematic reviews investigating the treatment of CTS in adults. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and measurement tool to assess systematic reviews (AMSTAR) were applied by two independent examiners. RESULTS: Fifty-five studies were included. Considering the stratification within the AMSTAR measurement tool, we found that more than 76% of the analyzed studies were "low" or "very low". PRISMA scores were higher when meta-analysis was present (15.61 versus 10.40; P = 0.008), while AMSTAR scores were higher when studies performed meta-analysis (8.43 versus 5.59; P = 0.009) or when they included randomized controlled trials (7.95 versus 6.06; P = 0.043). The intra-observer correlation demonstrated perfect agreement (> 0.8), a Spearman's correlation coefficient of 0.829, and an ICC of0.857. The inter-observer correlation indicated that AMSTAR was more reliable than PRISMA. CONCLUSION: Overall, systematic reviews of the treatment of CTS are of poor quality. Reviews with better-quality conducted meta-analysis and included randomized controlled trials. AMSTAR is a better tool than PRISMA because it has a better performance and should be recommended in future studies. REGISTRATION NUMBER IN PROSPERO: CRD42020172328 (https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/display_record.php?ID=CRD42020172328)

Certainty of evidence, why? / Certeza das evidências, por quê?

ABSTRACT Optimal clinical decision-making requires understanding of evidence regarding benefits, harms, and burdens of alternative management options. Rigorously conducted systematic reviews and meta-analyses offer accurate summaries of the evidence. However, such summaries may review only low-certainty evidence, in the process highlighting that no single decision is likely to be best for all patients. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach offers a systematic and transparent method for rating certainty of evidence in systematic reviews. In this paper, we will address the importance of assessing the certainty associated with bodies of evidence; explain how the GRADE system rates the certainty of evidence from systematic reviews; and present the GRADE evidence to decision framework for moving from evidence to strong or weak recommendations in clinical practice guidelines.

RESUMO Para tomar a melhor decisão clínica, é preciso compreender as evidências a respeito dos benefícios, malefícios e ônus das alternativas de manejo. Revisões sistemáticas e meta-análises que sejam realizadas com rigor oferecem resumos precisos das evidências. No entanto, é possível que esses resumos avaliem apenas as evidências cujo grau de certeza é baixo e, ao fazê-lo, ressaltem que provavelmente não existe uma decisão única que será a melhor para todos os pacientes. O Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) é um método sistemático e transparente para avaliar o grau de certeza das evidências em revisões sistemáticas. Neste artigo, abordaremos a importância de avaliar o grau de certeza das evidências; explicaremos como o sistema GRADE classifica o grau de certeza das evidências provenientes de revisões sistemáticas e apresentaremos o evidence to decision framework (quadro para a avaliação de evidências) do GRADE para decidir se as evidências se traduzem em recomendações fortes ou fracas nas diretrizes de prática clínica.

Síntesis de evidencia y recomendaciones: directrices para el tratamiento de las leishmaniasis en la Región de las Américas / Synthesis of evidence and recommendations: guideline for the treatment of leishmaniasis in the Region of the Americas / Síntese de evidências e recomendações: diretrizes para o tratamento das leishmanioses na Região das Américas

RESUMEN Introducción. Las leishmaniasis continúan siendo enfermedades infecciosas desatendidas de gran importancia, ya que afectan principalmente a las personas más pobres y con menor acceso a los servicios de salud. En la Región de las Américas constituyen un problema de salud pública debido a su magnitud, amplia distribución geográfica y morbimortalidad. Objetivo. Sintetizar las recomendaciones incluidas en las Directrices para el tratamiento de las leishmaniasis en la Región de las Américas publicadas por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud/Organización Mundial de la Salud, con el fin de brindar un manejo adecuado de los pacientes con diagnóstico de leishmaniasis, reducir las complicaciones clínicas y muertes causadas por la toxicidad de los medicamentos así como la letalidad de la leishmaniasis visceral, y abordar aspectos claves de su implementación. Métodos. Se llevó a cabo una síntesis de las directrices y sus recomendaciones. Además, se realizó una búsqueda sistemática en PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos y literatura gris de otros estudios desarrollados en la Región de las Américas con el fin de identificar barreras, facilitadores y estrategias de implementación. Resultados. Se presentan recomendaciones que abordan el tratamiento farmacológico de pacientes con diagnóstico de leishmaniasis cutánea, mucosa y visceral en las Américas, así como para el manejo y la profilaxis secundaria en pacientes coinfectados con leishmaniasis visceral y VIH y pacientes con otras enfermedades que causan inmunosupresión. Conclusiones. Las recomendaciones buscan proveer conocimiento sobre el manejo de las leishmaniasis para entes gubernamentales y profesionales de la salud que atienden pacientes con la enfermedad en las Américas. Se presentan barreras relacionadas con los recursos humanos, el conocimiento de las directrices, insumos, costos, acceso y barreras de los pacientes, así como facilitadores y estrategias de apoyo a la implementación.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Leishmaniasis continues to be a neglected infectious disease of great importance, mainly affecting the poorest people with the least access to health services. In the Americas, it is a public health problem due to its magnitude, wide geographical distribution, and levels of morbidity and mortality. Objective. Summarize the recommendations included in Guideline for the Treatment of Leishmaniasis in the Region of the Americas, published by the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, in order to provide adequate management of patients diagnosed with leishmaniasis, reduce clinical complications and deaths caused by drug toxicity, reduce the lethality of visceral leishmaniasis, and address key aspects of implementation of the guidelines. Methods. The guideline and its recommendations were summarized and a systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence, Epistemonikos, and gray literature for other studies conducted in the Region of the Americas, in order to identify barriers, facilitators, and implementation strategies. Results. Recommendations are presented, addressing the pharmacological treatment of patients diagnosed with cutaneous, mucosal, and visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas, as well as case management and secondary prophylaxis in patients coinfected with visceral leishmaniasis and HIV, and patients with other diseases that cause immunosuppression. Conclusions. The recommendations aim to provide the government entities and health professionals that care for leishmaniasis patients in the Americas with knowledge on management of the disease. Barriers are discussed (related to human resources, knowledge of guidelines, inputs, costs, access, and patient access), as well as facilitators and strategies to support implementation.

RESUMO Introdução. As leishmanioses continuam sendo doenças infecciosas negligenciadas de grande importância, uma vez que afetam principalmente as pessoas mais pobres e com menos acesso aos serviços de saúde. Na Região das Américas, constituem um problema de saúde pública devido à sua magnitude, ampla distribuição geográfica e morbimortalidade. Objetivo. Sintetizar as recomendações contidas nas Diretrizes para o tratamento das leishmanioses na Região das Américas, publicadas pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde/Organização Mundial da Saúde, a fim de proporcionar o manejo adequado dos pacientes diagnosticados com leishmaniose; reduzir as complicações clínicas e as mortes causadas pela toxicidade dos medicamentos, bem como a letalidade da leishmaniose visceral; e abordar os principais aspectos da sua implementação. Métodos. Realizou-se uma síntese das diretrizes e suas recomendações. Além disso, foi feita uma busca sistemática nas bases de dados PubMed, Lilacs, Health Systems Evidence e Epistemonikos, e na literatura cinzenta de outros estudos desenvolvidos na Região das Américas, a fim de identificar barreiras, facilitadores e estratégias de implementação. Resultados. Apresentam-se recomendações que abordam o tratamento farmacológico de pacientes diagnosticados com leishmaniose cutânea, mucosa e visceral nas Américas, bem como para o manejo e a profilaxia secundária em pacientes coinfectados com leishmaniose visceral e HIV e pacientes com outras doenças que causam imunossupressão. Conclusões. As recomendações buscam fornecer conhecimento sobre o manejo das leishmanioses para entidades governamentais e profissionais de saúde das Américas que atendem pacientes com a doença. Apresentam-se barreiras relacionadas aos recursos humanos, conhecimento das diretrizes, insumos, custo, acesso e barreiras dos pacientes, bem como facilitadores e estratégias de apoio à implementação.

Escitalopram in the treatment of depression：an overview of systematic review / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To re-evaluate systematic review/meta-analysis of escitalopram in the treatment of depression， and to provide reference for clinical use of escitalopram. METHODS Retrieved from CNKI， Wanfang database， VIP， SinoMed， PubMed and the Cochrane Library， etc.， systematic review/meta-analysis of escitalopram in the treatment of depression were collected from the construction of the database to May 17， 2022. The literatures were screened according to the inclusion and exclusion criteria， the basic information of the included literatures was extracted， and the methodological quality， reporting quality and evidence quality of the included literatures were evaluated by using AMSTAR 2 scale， PRISMA statement， and GRADE system， respectively. RESULTS A total of 16 systematic reviews/meta-analyses were included. The results of efficacy comparison showed that escitalopram in the treatment of depression was superior to sertraline in improving the total effective rate， and was comparable to paroxetine， duloxetine and fluoxetine in improving cure rate. The results of safety comparison showed that the safety of escitalopram was higher than that of paroxetine and venlafaxine. The overall methodological quality evaluation of AMSTAR 2 scale was low， and all of them were rated as extremely low； main reason was the lack of many key items. PRISMA score was between 12 and 23 points. Among them， there were 5 literatures with scores ＞21 points， and the reports were relatively complete， 10 literatures with scores between 15 and 21 points， and the reports had certain defects， and 1 literature with scores ≤15 points， with serious information missing. The results of the grading of GRADE evidence showed that， of the 160 included outcome indicators， 69 were moderate evidence， 64 were low-level evidence， and 27 were very low-level evidence. CONCLUSIONS The total effective rate of escitalopram in improving depressive patients is not inferior to that of sertraline； compared with paroxetine， escitalopram is safer. However， the evidence level of the above conclusions is low.

Barriers and facilitators to implementing evidence based mental health practice in primary schools / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To explore the facilitators and barriers of the implementation of evidence based mental health practice, in order to provide practical experience for promoting the development of evidence based mental health services in primary schools in China.@*Methods@#Semi structured interviews were conducted with 4 education bureau managers, 8 school administrators, 7 classroom teachers, and 7 treatment providers after providing evidence based practice in 10 primary schools in Henan Province, China. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis.@*Results@#Evidence based practice in primary schools faced multiple factors at the macro level, school level, and individual level. A total of 8 facilitators and 9 barriers were extracted. Among these factors, some factors were particularly striking. These included the "exclusion" of teacher title evaluation system, time conflict between practice and school schedule, stigmatization of mental health and mismatch between perceived effectiveness of services and expectations.@*Conclusion@#Evidence based mental health practice is feasible in Chinese schools. The implementation process needs to take full account of macro, school and individual multi level factors to move evidence based mental health services from theory and data to practice in China.

"Brain-inspired intelligence" in dental implant decision-making / 口腔疾病防治

@#At present, implant surgery robots have basically achieved "surgical intelligence", but "brain-inspired intelligence" of robots is still in the stage of theory and exploration. The formulation of a clinical implantation plan depends on the timing of implantation, implantation area, bone condition, surgical procedure, patient factors, etc., which need to evaluate the corresponding clinical decision indicators and clinical pathways. Inspired by evidence-based medicine and the potential of big data and deep learning, combined with the data characteristics of clinical decision indicators and clinical pathways that can be quantitatively or qualitatively analyzed, this review simulates the cognitive behavior and neural mechanisms of the human brain and proposes a feasible brain-inspired intelligence scheme by predicting the decision indices and executing clinical pathways intelligently, that is, "select clinical indicators and clarify clinical pathways -- construct database -- use deep learning to intelligently predict decision indicators -- intelligent execution of clinical pathways -- brain-inspired intelligence of implant decision-making". Combined with the previous research results of our team, this review also describes the process of realization of brain-inspired intelligence for immediate implant timing decisions, providing an example of the comprehensive realization of brain-inspired intelligence of implant surgery robots in the future. In the future, how to excavate and summarize other clinical decision factors and select the best way to realize the automatic prediction of evidence-based clinical indicators and pathways and finally realize the complete intellectualization of clinical diagnosis and treatment processes will be one of the directions that dental clinicians need to strive for.

Avaliação da qualidade da informação de saúde na internet: indicadores de acurácia baseados em evidência para tuberculose / Assessment of the quality of health information on the Internet: evidence-based accuracy indicators for tuberculosis

RESUMO Pouco tempo atrás, para alguém obter informação, era preciso comprar um jornal, um livro, uma revista ou ir até uma biblioteca. Hoje, a internet disponibiliza uma miríade de informação rapidamente. Entretanto, as informações veiculadas podem estar desatualizadas, incompletas, incorretas ou deliberadamente mentirosas: as fakenews. Na saúde, essas informações podem afetar o bem-estar ou causar dano ao indivíduo e à sociedade. Para enfrentar esse problema, avaliações da qualidade da informação de sites de saúde têm sido realizadas por profissionais, pesquisadores e instituições. As avaliações verificam frequentemente a exatidão da informação oferecida. Contudo, os indicadores de acurácia da informação não têm sido construídos a partir da Medicina Baseada em Evidências (MBE). O objetivo desse artigo é construir indicadores a partir das práticas da MBE, analisando o caso da tuberculose. O artigo propõe 43 indicadores de acurácia da informação. Com eles, foi avaliada a informação disponível sobre tuberculose no site do Ministério da Saúde do Brasil. Os resultados indicam que falta muita informação e há informação incorreta. Essa avaliação reitera a importância da construção de indicadores de acurácia da informação a partir da MBE. Este trabalho pretende incentivar a realização de novos estudos sobre avaliação da qualidade da informação de saúde na internet.

ABSTRACT Not long ago, someone had to buy a newspaper, a book, or a magazine or go to a library to obtain information. Today, the Internet quickly facilitates a myriad of information. However, the information provided may be obsolete, incomplete, incorrect, or deliberately false: fake news. In the health field, this information can affect well-being or harm individuals and society. Thus, professionals, researchers, and institutions have assessed the quality of information on health websites to address this issue. Evaluations often verify the accuracy of the information provided. However, the information accuracy indicators have yet to be constructed from Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM). This article aims to build indicators from EBM practices, analyzing the case of tuberculosis. This manuscript proposes 43 information accuracy indicators that evaluated the tuberculosis information available on the Brazilian Ministry of Health. The results indicate that much information needs to be included, and some data must be corrected. This evaluation reiterates the importance of building EBM accuracy indicators. This work intends to encourage new studies about assessing the quality of health information on the Internet.

Evidence from Cochrane systematic reviews on pharmacological treatment compared to placebo for panic disorder / Evidências das revisões sistemáticas cochrane sobre o tratamento farmacológico comparado ao placebo para transtorno de pânico

ABSTRACT. Panic disorder is an anxiety condition characterized by recurrent and unexpected panic attacks. The comparison between active treatment and placebo is essential to analyze an intervention's efficacy and safety. It is important to identify and summarize the studies with higher evidence to assist health professionals and public policy managers in clinical decision-making. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and summarize all Cochrane systematic reviews (SRs) that compared the efficacy and safety of any drug treatment compared to placebo for panic disorder patients. Methods: SRs published in the Cochrane Library were included without date restriction. All outcomes presented were analyzed. The methodological quality of the SRs was evaluated using the AMSTAR-2 tool. Results: We included three Cochrane SRs of high methodological quality on the effects of antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and azapirones for panic disorder. All medications showed benefits in response to treatment, symptom improvement, and reduced panic attacks. Dropouts were lower with tricyclic antidepressants and benzodiazepines and higher with azapirones. The occurrence of adverse events was higher for drug groups. Conclusions: Very low to moderate certainty evidence (GRADE) showed that antidepressants and benzodiazepines seem to improve clinical symptoms in individuals with short-term panic disorder compared to placebo. In addition, the use of azapirones seems to have greater adherence by patients than placebo. However, there is insufficient evidence to support its clinical efficacy.

RESUMO. O transtorno de pânico é uma condição de ansiedade caracterizada por ataques de pânico recorrentes e inesperados. A comparação entre tratamento ativo e placebo é essencial para analisar a eficácia e a segurança de uma intervenção. É importante identificar os estudos com maiores evidências para auxiliar os profissionais de saúde e gestores de políticas públicas nas decisões clínicas. Objetivo: Identificar e sumarizar todas as revisões sistemáticas (RS) publicadas na Cochrane que relatam a eficácia e a segurança de qualquer tratamento medicamentoso comparado ao placebo para pacientes com transtorno de pânico. Métodos: Foram selecionadas e analisadas todas as RS publicadas na base de dados Cochrane, sem restrição de data. A qualidade metodológica das RS foi avaliada utilizando a ferramenta AMSTAR-2. Resultados: Foram incluídas três RS Cochrane com alta qualidade metodológica que avaliaram os efeitos de antidepressivos, benzodiazepínicos e azapironas para transtorno de pânico. Todos os medicamentos mostraram benefícios na resposta ao tratamento, melhora dos sintomas e redução das crises de pânico. O número de desistências do tratamento foi baixo com antidepressivos tricíclicos e benzodiazepínicos e alto com azapironas. A ocorrência de eventos adversos foi elevada para os grupos das medicações analisadas Conclusões: Evidências de certeza muito baixa a moderada (pela Classificação de Recomendações, Avaliação, Desenvolvimento e Análises - GRADE) mostraram que antidepressivos e benzodiazepínicos parecem melhorar os sintomas clínicos em indivíduos com transtorno de pânico em menor prazo, em comparação ao placebo. Além disso, o uso de azapironas parece ter maior adesão por parte dos pacientes do que o placebo. No entanto, não há evidências suficientes para comprovar sua eficácia clínica.

Assessment of the strength of recommendation and quality of evidence: GRADE checklist. A descriptive study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) is a tool for assessing evidence produced in synthesis reports. OBJECTIVES: To present the translation into Portuguese of the GRADE checklist, whose original version is in English, and to describe and explain each topic, in order to provide examples to researchers and professionals who will use the tool. DESIGN AND SETTING: Descriptive study developed at Centro Universitário Tiradentes, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil. METHODS: This was a translation of the GRADE checklist, with the addition of the Risk Of Bias In Systematic Reviews (ROBIS) tool in the checklist, with examples of its use. RESULTS: Situations of practical use of the tool were presented in order to facilitate and expand the use of assessment of the quality and strength of evidence among Portuguese speakers. CONCLUSIONS: The GRADE checklist is valuable in helping to assess the strength and quality of evidence for synthesis reports for healthcare decision-making.

Dedução, Indução e a Arte do Raciocínio Clínico na Educação Médica: Revisão Sistemática e Proposta Bayesiana / Deduction, Induction and the Art of Clinical Reasoning in Medical Education: Systematic Review and Bayesian Proposal

Resumo Fundamento O raciocínio clínico está no centro da prática médica e emaranhado em uma confusão conceitual.A teoria da dualidade da probabilidade permite analisar seus aspectos objetivos e subjetivos. Objetivos Fazer revisão sistemática da literatura sobre o raciocínio clínico para tomada de decisão na educação médica e uma proposta chamada "Pensamento Conforme a Regra de Bayes" (PCRB). Métodos A revisão sistemática foi realizada na base PubMed até a data de 27/02/2022, seguindo metodologia rigorosa, por pesquisador experiente em revisão sistemática. A proposta PCRB, apresentada na discussão, foi elaborada no trabalho de conclusão de graduação em Filosofia na Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais. Usou-se a insuficiência cardíaca como exemplo. Resultados De 3340 artigos encontrados, incluíram-se 154 artigos: 24 tratando da condição de incerteza; 87 tratando de conceitos vagos (discussão de casos, heurística, lista de vieses cognitivos, escolha com sabedoria) incluídos sob o termo 'arte'; e 43 discutindo a ideia geral de raciocínio indutivo ou dedutivo. PCRB oferece regras de coerência e reprodutibilidade, inferência sob incerteza e regra de aprendizado, e pode, por meio da perspectiva subjetiva sobre a probabilidade, incorporar aqueles termos vagos classificados como 'arte', bem como argumentos e evidências. Conclusões A revisão sistemática mostra que o raciocínio é fundado na incerteza, predominantemente probabilístico; além de mostrar algumas possibilidades de erro do pensamento hipotético-dedutivo. O PCRB é um pensamento probabilístico em duas etapas que pode ser ensinado. A regra de Bayes é uma ferramenta linguística, uma regra geral de raciocínio, de diagnóstico, de comunicação científica e de revisão do conhecimento médico conforme novas evidências.

Abstract Background Clinical reasoning is at the core of medical practice and entangled in a conceptual confusion. The duality theory in probability allows to evaluate its objective and subjective aspects. Objectives To conduct a systematic review of the literature about clinical reasoning in decision making in medical education and to propose a "reasoning based on the Bayesian rule" (RBBR). Methods A systematic review on PubMed was conducted (until February 27, 2022), following a strict methodology, by a researcher experienced in systematic review. The RBBR, presented in the discussion section, was constructed in his undergraduate dissertation in Philosophy at Minas Gerais Federal University. Heart failure was used as example. Results Of 3,340 articles retrieved, 154 were included: 24 discussing the uncertainty condition, 87 on vague concepts (case discussion, heuristics, list of cognitive biases, choosing wisely) subsumed under the term "art", and 43 discussing the general idea of inductive or deductive reasoning. RBBR provides coherence and reproducibility rules, inference under uncertainty, and learning rule, and can incorporate those vague terms classified as "art", arguments and evidence, from a subjective perspective about probability. Conclusions This systematic review shows that reasoning is grounded in uncertainty, predominantly probabilistic, and reviews possible errors of the hypothetico-deductive reasoning. RBBR is a two-step probabilistic reasoning that can be taught. The Bayes theorem is a linguistic tool, a general rule of reasoning, diagnosis, scientific communication and review of medical knowledge according to new evidence.

Revisiones sistemáticas: conceptos clave para profesionales de la salud / Systematic reviews: Key concepts for health professionals

El crecimiento exponencial de evidencia disponible actualmente ha hecho necesario recopilar, filtrar, valorar críticamente y sintetizar la información biomédica para mantenerse actualizado. En este sentido, las revisiones sistemáticas constituyen una herramienta útil y pueden ser fuentes confiables para asistir a la toma de decisiones basadas en evidencia. Definimos como revisiones sistemáticas a aquellas investigaciones secundarias o síntesis de evidencia focalizadas en una pregunta específica que, a partir de una metodología estructurada, permiten identificar, seleccionar, valorar críticamente y resumir los hallazgos de estudios relevantes. Las revisiones sistemáticas presentan varias ventajas potenciales, tales como la minimización de sesgos o la obtención de resultados de mayor precisión. La confiabilidad de la evidencia presentada en las revisiones sistemáticas está determinada, entre otros factores, por su calidad metodológica, pero también por la calidad de los estudios incluidos. Para realizar una revisión sistemática, se debe seguir una serie de pasos que incluyen la formulación de una pregunta de investigación a partir del formato PICO; una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva; la selección de los estudios relevantes; la valoración crítica de los datos obtenidos a partir de los estudios incluidos; la síntesis de resultados, a menudo mediante métodos estadísticos (metanálisis); y finalmente una estimación de la certeza de evidencia para cada desenlace. En esta nota metodológica definiremos los conceptos básicos sobre revisiones sistemáticas, sus métodos y sus limitaciones.

The exponential growth of currently available evidence has made it necessary to collect, filter, critically appraise, and synthesize biomedical information to keep up to date. In this sense, systematic reviews are a helpful tool and can be reliable sources to assist in evidence-based decision-making. Systematic reviews are defined as secondary research or syntheses of evidence focused on a specific question that -- based on a structured methodology -- make it possible to identify, select, critically appraise, and summarize findings from relevant studies. Systematic reviews have several potential advantages, such as minimizing biases or obtaining more accurate results. The reliability of the evidence presented in systematic reviews is determined, amongst other factors, by the quality of their methodology and the included studies. To conduct a systematic review, a series of steps must be followed: the formulation of a research question using the participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes (PICO) format; an exhaustive literature search; the selection of relevant studies; the critical appraisal of the data obtained from the included studies; the synthesis of results, often using statistical methods (meta-analysis); and finally, estimating the certainty of the evidence for each outcome. In this methodological note, we will define the basic concepts of systematic reviews, their methods, and their limitations.

Eficacia y seguridad de antipsicóticos y antidepresivos en el tratamiento de la anorexia nerviosa: revisión sistemática / Efficacy and Safety of Antipsychotics and Antidepressants in the Treatment of Anorexia Nervosa: a Systematic Review

RESUMEN Introducción: Las recomendaciones de las guías vigentes están basadas en evidencia de baja calidad. Se requiere su actualización periódica considerando la evidencia reciente. Objetivo: Sintetizar la mejor evidencia clínica disponible sobre eficacia y seguridad de antidepresivos y antipsicóticos de segunda generación en pacientes con anorexia nerviosa. Métodos: Revisión sistemática (CRD42020150577). Se buscaron en PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid(Cochrane), EMBASE y LILACS los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados realizados en pacientes con anorexia nerviosa que evaluasen el uso de antipsicóticos de segunda generación o antidepresivos orales a cualquier dosis y por cualquier tiempo en el tratamiento ambulatorio y/u hospitalario tomando como resultados el peso (índice de masa corporal), las entidades psicopatológicas y la seguridad. Resultados: Se incluyeron 5 estudios, 4 catalogados como con alto riesgo de sesgo. La evidencia indica que los pacientes que reciben tratamiento con olanzapina o fluoxetina tienden a mantenerse por más tiempo dentro de los programas de tratamiento. La olanzapina mostró resultados favorables (un estudio) en cuanto al aumento de peso, pero no mostró los mismos resultados en psicopatología, donde la evidencia es contradictoria. Conclusiones: En concordancia con las revisiones anteriores, nuestro trabajo permite concluir que hay información contradictoria sobre la eficacia de los psicofármacos para la anorexia nerviosa. El trabajo futuro debe enfocarse en desarrollar ensayos clínicos de alta calidad metodológica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The recommendations of the current guidelines are based on low quality evidence. Periodic updating is required, taking recent evidence into consideration. Objective: To synthesise the best available clinical evidence on the efficacy and safety of second-generation antidepressants and antipsychotics in patients with anorexia nervosa. Methods: Systematic review (CRD42020150577). We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Ovid(Cochrane), EMBASE and LILACS for randomised clinical trials performed in patients with anorexia nervosa that evaluated the use of second-generation antipsychotics or oral antidepressants, at any dose and for any length of time, in outpatient and/or hospital treatment, taking weight (body mass index), psychopathological entities and safety as results. Results: Five studies were included, with four assessed as having a high risk of bias. The evidence indicates that patients receiving treatment with olanzapine or fluoxetine tend to stay in treatment programmes for longer. Olanzapine showed favourable results (one study) in terms of weight gain, but did not show the same results in psychopathology, where the evidence is contradictory. Conclusions: In accordance with previous reviews, our work allows us to conclude that there is contradictory information on the efficacy of psychotropic drugs in the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Future work should focus on developing clinical trials of high methodological quality.

Sistemas de apoio à decisão clínica e desfecho clínico na Atenção Primária à Saúde: uma revisão sistemática / Clinical decision support systems and clinical outcomes in Primary Health Care: a systematic review

Esta revisão sistemática aborda o uso de Sistemas de Suporte à Decisão Clínica (SADC) nos atendimentos realizados na Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), identificando relações existentes entre o uso dos sistemas e os desfechos clínicos. Foram selecionados trabalhos, estudos em português e inglês, sem restrição ao cenário brasileiro, encontrados em diferentes bases de dados. Os resultados demonstram que os SADC ainda se encontram em estágio de desenvolvimento e refinamento, com aplicação ainda incipiente nas mais diversas patologias e condições clínicas. São raros os ensaios clínicos que tracem os desfechos clínicos primários, levando ao acúmulo de dados apenas sobre desfechos secundários ou compostos, dificultando a avaliação dos sistemas. Há indicativos de relativa eficiência no uso dos SADC para situações de diagnóstico e prevenção, com eficiência limitada na fase de tratamento. Finalmente, não existem dados suficientes para afirmar se os SADC geram desfechos clínicos primários mais favoráveis ou desfavoráveis na APS.

This systematic review addresses the use of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS) in Primary Health Care (PHC), identifying relationships between the use of the Systems and clinical outcomes. The research employed selected studies in Portuguese and English, with no restriction to the Brazilian scenario, found in different databases. Results demonstrate that CDSS are still in the development and refinement stage, and their application is still incipient for the most diverse pathologies and clinical conditions. Clinical trials that trace the primary clinical outcomes are rare, leading to the accumulation of data only on secondary or compound outcomes, making it difficult to evaluate the systems. There are indications of relative efficiency in the use of CDSS for diagnosis and prevention situations, with limited efficiency in the treatment phase. Finally, there is insufficient data to establish whether CDSS generates more favorable or unfavorable primary clinical outcomes in PHC.

Modelo de gestión de riesgo del programa de recuperación precoz de la cirugía colorectal electiva / Risk management model of the early recovery program of the elective colorectal surgery

Introducción: La gestión de riesgo perioperatorio sustentado en los programas o protocolos de recuperación precoz o mejorada después de la cirugía valida la calidad en los cuidados perioperatorios con disminución de la incidencia de morbilidad y mortalidad basado en la evidencia de un conjunto de acciones que cubren todo el período perioperatorio. Objetivo: Validar el programa de recuperación precoz después de la cirugía colorectal en los pacientes quirúrgicos electivos en los hospitales Provincial Docente de Oncología María Curie, Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech de la provincia de Camagüey y General Universitario Carlos Manuel de Céspedes y del Castillo en la provincia de Granma. Métodos: La investigación se ejecutó en dos fases. En la Fase I se realizó validación externa e interna del programa de recuperación precoz de la cirugía colorectal electiva por consulta de expertos mediante escala Likert. En la Fase II se realizó un estudio piloto experimental con dos grupos de 119 pacientes cada uno. Resultados: La mayor parte de los pacientes del grupo de estudio, 97,5 por ciento tuvieron una recuperación precoz óptima basada en no dolor, no íleo paralítico, no complicaciones cardiovasculares, ni respiratorias perioperatorias. El 94,1 por ciento de grupo de estudio egresó en condición de vivo, con una estadía de cinco días en promedio, inferior a los nueve del grupo control. Conclusiones: El programa de recuperación precoz muestra disminución de la incidencia de morbilidad y mortalidad así como reducción de estadía hospitalaria. Con beneficios tanto para el paciente como para los servicios de salud(AU)

Introduction: Perioperative risk management supported by programs or protocols for early or improved recovery after surgery validates the quality of perioperative care, with a decrease in the incidence of morbidity and mortality based on the evidence of a set of actions covering the entire perioperative period. Objective: To validate the program for early recovery after colorectal surgery in elective surgical patients at María Curie Provincial Teaching Oncological Hospital and Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital, both in Camagüey Province, as well as at Carlos Manuel de Céspedes General University Hospital in Granma Province. Methods: The research was carried out in two phases. In phase I, external and internal validation of the early recovery program for elective colorectal surgery was carried out by means of expert consultation using a Likert scale. In phase II, an experimental pilot study was carried out with two groups of 119 patients each. Results: Most of the patients in the study group (97.5 percent) had optimal early recovery, based on the fact that they did not present pain, paralytic ileus, either cardiovascular or respiratory complications perioperatively. 94.1 percent of the patients in the study group were discharged in the condition of living, with an average hospital stay of five days, lower than the nine days of the control group. Conclusions: The early recovery program shows a decrease in the incidence of morbidity and mortality, as well as a reduction in hospital stay, with benefits for both the patient and the health services(AU)

A comparative quantitative evidence-based chronopharmacological efficacy research between metformin monotherapy and metformin combination therapy, and a systematic review and meta-analysis on the application rationalities of metformin pharmacotherapeutics

Background: This comparative efficacy quantification research between metformin monotherapy and metformin combination therapy, and the subsequent systematic review, along with a consecutive meta-analysis of the different as well as wide-ranged study literature on oral hypoglycemic application rationality of metformin pharmacotherapeutics were performed, for a better comprehension of multicenter maintenance of rational pharmacotherapeutic aspects in the regular antidiabetic mono- and combination therapies prescribed to the new Type II diabetic patients. Aim and Objective: This clinical research study was conducted with the objective for a comparative quantitative evidence-based chronopharmacological efficacy research between metformin monotherapy and metformin combination therapy, and a systematic review, along with an accompanying meta-analysis, on the application rationalities of metformin pharmacotherapeutics. Materials and Methods: In this comparative quantitative evidence-based chronopharmacological efficacy research study, 100 patients suffering from newly detected early moderate grade Type II diabetes mellitus, were allotted into Group A consisting of 50 patients and Group B consisting of 50 patients. The Group A patients were prescribed the anti-diabetic treatment of orally administered metformin 500 mg, to be taken once daily for a span of 30 days, as metformin 1st line (only) monotherapy. The Group B patients were prescribed an oral hypoglycemic drug other than metformin, as 1st line anti-diabetic treatment, for the 1st 30 days, and then these Group B patients were gradually transferred to oral metformin combination therapy with another oral hypoglycemic drug, as metformin 2nd line (only) combination therapy, for the next 30 days. The derived study findings of comparative percentage efficacy quantification were statistically analyzed, on the basis of comparison between both the deduced results, for obtaining the comparative quantitative evidence-based chronopharmacological efficacy between metformin monotherapy and metformin combination therapy. Systematic review as well as meta-analysis is clinical research methods, comprising of a detailed, systematic and interpretative method of collecting, assessing and synthesizing the various medical evidences, to elaborate the research solution to a well-defined research question, in the form of a well-structured qualitative research review as well as quantitative analytical interpretations. Results: In this study, it was derived that the evidence-based chronopharmacological comparative percentage efficacy quantification of anti-diabetic metformin treatment showed 53% of percentage efficacy, when metformin was administered as 1st line (only) monotherapy, and 47% of percentage efficacy, when metformin was administered as 2nd line (only) combination therapy, with other oral hypoglycaemic drugs, prescribed in diabetes mellitus type II treatment regimens. The systematic review as well as meta-analysis in this study deduced 2482 refined, and also relevant, medical research database records, from total 3211 medical research database records, with a comprehensive qualitative and quantitative research database analyses. Conclusions: In this study, it was concluded that there was a slightly greater pharmacological efficacy of metformin 1st line (only) monotherapy than metformin 2nd line (only) combination therapy. The systematic review as well as meta-analysis derived a refined and conclusive medical research analysis, which was qualitatively synthesised, along with quantitative interpretations, on the various application rationalities of metformin pharmacotherapeutics.

Review of the Literature on Oral Cancer: Epidemiology, Management and Evidence-based Traditional Medicine Treatment

Oral cavity cancers are part of the upper aerodigestive tract cancers and represent a significant burden worldwide. Its epidemiology varies from country to country with high frequencies in South East Asian countries. Tobacco and alcohol are the main risk factors. Survival of oral cancer is low i.e., less than 40% in the advanced stage (stage III and IV), diagnosis of oral cavity cancer is based on a complete clinical examination of the oral cavity complete with biopsy, bio-markers are an adjunct to screening and diagnosis of oral cavity cancers, surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy are part of the therapeutic armamentarium of oral cancer but also have limitations. Traditional medicine is an important and proven alternative in the treatment and support of patients with oral cavity cancer. Prevention of oral cavity cancers includes not only early detection of precancerous and cancerous lesions but also control of risk factors and education of the population. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and immunotherapy are part of the therapeutic strategy of oral cancer treatment but also have limitations. Traditional Medicine is an important and proven alternative in the treatment and support of patients with oral cavity cancer. It is thus desirable to scientifically validate phytochemicals in order to integrate alternative medicine as part of national cancer management strategy. In silico advanced studies on secondary metabolites of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat oral cancer are in progress.

Diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome and use of Brighton criteria in Peruvian hospitals / Diagnóstico del Síndrome de Guillain-Barré y uso de los criterios de Brighton en hospitales Peruanos

ABSTRACT Background: Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease of the peripheral nervous system that caused multiple epidemiological outbreaks in Peru during 2018 and 2019. It is usually diagnosed using the Brighton criteria (BC). Objective: We aimed to determine the performance of Peruvian neurologists in diagnosing GBS based on the BC, along with its associated factors. Methods: This was a retrospective multicenter cohort study. We included patients diagnosed with GBS between 2007 and 2018 in three public hospitals in Lima, Peru. We collected data regarding demographic, clinical and management characteristics. We evaluated the use of the BC for confirmatory diagnosis of GBS and developed a logistic regression model to identify factors associated with its use. Results: Out of 328 cases, we reviewed 201 available charts. The median age was 48 years, with male predominance. Over half of the patients presented an inadequate motor examination according to their Medical Research Council (MRC) score. Additional testing included lumbar puncture and electrophysiological testing, in over 70% of the cases. The BC showed certainty level 1 in 13.4% and levels 2 and 3 in 18.3%. Neither the quality of the motor examination nor the type of institution showed any association with the BC. Conclusions: Level 1 diagnostic certainty of the BC was met in less than one quarter of the cases with a GBS diagnosis in three centers in Lima, Peru, between 2007 and 2018. This level was not significantly associated with being treated in a specialized institute, rather than in a general hospital.

Resumen Antecedentes: El Síndrome de Guillain-Barré (SGB) es una enfermedad autoinmune del sistema nervioso periférico, causante de brotes epidemiológicos en Perú entre el 2018 y el 2019. El diagnóstico se realiza a través de los Criterios de Brighton (CB). Objetivo: Determinar el desempeño de neurólogos peruanos en diagnosticar SGB basándose en los CB, así como factores asociados. Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva multicéntrica. Incluimos pacientes diagnosticados con SGB del 2007-2018 en 3 hospitales públicos en Lima, Perú. Recolectamos sus características demográficas, clínicas y de manejo. Evaluamos el uso de los CB para el diagnostico de SGB y empleamos un modelo de regresión logística para identificar los factores asociados con su uso. Resultados: De 328 casos, revisamos 201 historias disponibles. La edad mediana fue 48 años, con predominancia masculina. Mas del 50% de pacientes presento un examen motor inadecuado acorde con el puntaje MRC. Se realizaron exámenes auxiliares como punción lumbar y estudios electrofisiológicos en mas del 70% de pacientes. Se obtuvo un nivel de certeza 1 para los CB en un 13.4% de casos , y un nivel 2 o 3 en un 18.3%. El nivel no estuvo asociado con la calidad del examen motor ni el tipo de institución de atención. Conclusiones: Un diagnostico nivel 1 de certeza acorde con los BC se obtuvó en menos de un cuarto de casos diagnosticados como SGB. Este nivel no estuvo asociado con la atención en una institución especializada, comparado con un hospital general.