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OBJECTIVE:Cold water immersion methods are not standardized in terms of operational indicators such as immersion temperature,duration and depth,leading to controversy over the efficacy of recovery from exercise fatigue in skeletal muscle.In this article,we analyze the effects of cold water immersion on muscle injury,muscle soreness and muscle strength recovery under different factors,in order to find the best immersion implementation plan,and thus provide evidence for the recovery of muscle fatigue. METHODS:A search of CNKI,WanFang Data,Web of Science,and PubMed databases was conducted for relevant literature published from January 1,2000 to August 15,2023.A total of 4 759 articles were initially retrieved,with 4 735 articles excluded through screening and 24 articles finally included.The Physical Therapy Evidence Database Scale was used to assess the methodological quality of the included literature,and Stata-MP 16 software was used to perform effect size combinations,subgroup analyses,Meta-regression,sensitivity tests,and publication bias analyses. RESULTS:(1)The article included a total of 24 randomized controlled trial studies,including 617 subjects,with overall high legal quality.(2)Meta-analysis showed that cold water immersion can significantly reduce creatine kinase blood value[standardized mean difference(SMD)=-0.17,95%confidence interval(CI):-0.29 to-0.05,P<0.01],alleviate muscle pain(SMD=-0.60,95%CI:-0.81 to-0.38,P<0.01),and promote maximum muscle strength recovery(SMD=0.17,95%CI:0.05 to 0.30,P<0.01).(3)Subgroup analysis showed that:The immersing regimen with water temperature>14 ℃(SMD=-0.48,95%CI:-0.76 to-0.20,P<0.01)and duration of 12-14 minutes(SMD=-0.38,95%CI:-0.61 to-0.15,P<0.01)had the best effect in reducing creatine kinase blood values,and had a more significant intervention effect on endurance exercise(SMD=-0.45,95%CI:-0.71 to-0.20,P<0.01),while the immersion regimen with water temperature<10 ℃(SMD=-0.61,95%CI:-0.79 to-0.43,P<0.01),duration<12 minutes(SMD=-0.76,95%CI:-0.98 to-0.53,P<0.01),and immersion depth above the iliac spine(SMD=-0.74,95%CI:-0.97 to-0.52,P<0.01)had the best effect on relieving muscle soreness,and had a more significant analgesic effect after endurance exercise(SMD=-0.42,95%CI:-0.61 to-0.22,P<0.01).(4)Meta regression showed that immersion water temperature,immersion duration,and exercise type were important regulatory factors affecting the effect size of creatine kinase;immersing water temperature and immersing depth were important regulatory factors affecting the effect size of visual analogue scale score,while exercise type was an important regulatory factor affecting the maximum isometric muscle strength effect size. CONCLUSION:(1)Evidence of extremely low to moderate strength suggests that cold water immersion can effectively reduce muscle damage,alleviate muscle soreness,and promote muscle strength recovery.(2)In terms of reducing muscle injury,immersion water temperature,immersion duration,and exercise type are significant regulatory factors that affect the efficacy of immersing.Among them,immersion water temperature>14 ℃ and duration of 12-14 minutes are the best solutions to reduce muscle injury after exercise,and the immersing effect is better for endurance exercise.(3)In terms of reducing muscle soreness,immersion water temperature and immersion depth are important regulatory factors that affect the intervention effect.Among them,immersion water temperature<10 ℃,duration<12 minutes,and immersing depth above the iliac spine are the best solutions to reduce muscle soreness,and have a better analgesic effect after endurance exercise.(4)In terms of promoting muscle strength recovery,exercise type is a key regulatory factor that affects the maximum isometric muscle strength effect.
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ObjectiveTo discuss the impact of Buzhong Yiqitang on lipid metabolism in skeletal muscle of exercise-induced fatigue (EIF) mice through adiponectin receptor 1 (Adipor1)/adenosine 5'-monophosphate(AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α). MethodC57BL6J mice were randomly divided into the control group, model group, low, middle, and high dose groups of Buzhong Yiqitang, and vitamin C group. No intervention was given to the control group, while the other groups were subjected to exhaustive swimming training to establish the EIF model. One hour before exhaustion, 0.2 mL distilled water was given to the control group and the model group, while the mice in the low, middle, and high dose groups of Buzhong Yiqitang were given intragastrically Buzhong Yiqitang of 4.1, 8.2, and 16.4 g·kg-1, respectively, and the vitamin C group was given vitamin C of 0.04 g·kg-1 via gavage for a duration of six weeks. After six weeks of the experiment, the growth rate of body weight, organ index, and exhaustive swimming time were calculated. Enzyme colorimetry was utilized to detect the levels of blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatine kinase acid (CK), lactate dehydrogenase acid (LDH), and lactic acid (LD). The pathological changes of skeletal muscle were observed using hematoxylin -eosin (HE) staining, while the ultrastructure of skeletal muscle was observed with transmission electron microscope (TEM). The contents of free fatty acids (NEFA) and triglyceride acid (TG) in serum were also examined by microplate method. The protein expressions of Adipor1, p-AMPK/AMPK, PGC-1α, and HK2 in the skeletal muscle were measured by Western blot. ResultCompared with those of the control group, the growth rate of body weight and thymus index of the model group were decreased, and the serum levels of BUN, CK, LD, and LDH were increased (P<0.01). The contents of NEFA and TG were decreased (P<0.01), and the protein expression of Adipor1, p-AMPK/AMPK, PGC-1 α, and HK2 in the skeletal muscle decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with those in the model group, the growth rate of body weight, thymus index, and exhaustive swimming time were significantly increased (P<0.01), and the levels of BUN, CK, LD, and LDH dropped in the high dose group of Buzhong Yiqitang (P<0.01). The levels of NEFA and TG were greatly improved (P<0.01). The protein expressions of Adipor1, p-AMPK/AMPK, PGC-1α, and HK2 in the skeletal muscle were significantly increased (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with those in the model group, the thymus index and exhaustive swimming time were significantly increased in the vitamin C group, and the levels of BUN, CK, and LD dropped (P<0.05, P<0.01). The levels of NEFA and TG were improved significantly (P<0.01), and the protein expression of Adipor1 in skeletal muscle was increased greatly (P<0.01). ConclusionBuzhong Yiqitang can delay the development of EIF, which may be connected with the regulation of the Adipor1/AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway and the improvement of the utilization rate of skeletal muscle to fat.
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ObjectiveTo study the effects of Epimedii Folium polysaccharides on mice with exercise-induced fatigue and explore its possible mechanism of action. MethodICR male mice screened by swimming training were randomly divided into a control group, model group, vitamin C group, and low, medium, and high dose groups of Epimedii Folium polysaccharides, with eight mice in each group. The exercise-induced fatigue model was established by weight-bearing swimming training in each group except for the control group. After two weeks of weight-bearing swimming, the Epimedii Folium polysaccharide groups were given 100, 200, 400 mg∙kg-1 of Epimedii Folium polysaccharides by gavage, and the vitamin C group was given 200 mg∙kg-1 of vitamin C by gavage. The control group and the model group were given equal amounts of saline for 14 d. At the end of the experimental period, the body mass of the mice in each group and the time of last swimming due to exhaustion were recorded. Serum urea nitrogen (BUN), lactic acid (LA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidation (GSH-Px), myoglycogen (MG) in skeletal muscle, hepatic glycogen (HG) in the liver were detected by kits. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was used to observe the pathological changes in muscle tissue. Western blot was used to detect the protein expression of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK), phosphorylation (p)-p38 MAPK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), p-NF-κB, interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in muscle tissue. The immunofluorescence (IF) method was used to detect the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in skeletal muscle tissue of mice in each group. ResultCompared with the control group, the body mass of mice in the model group decreased, and the time of last swimming due to exhaustion decreased (P<0.01). In addition, there were significantly higher serum levels of the fatigue metabolites LA, LDH, BUN, and lipid peroxidation product MDA (P<0.01) and decreased levels of MG, HG, SOD, and GSH-Px (P<0.01). The protein expressions of p-p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, p-NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in skeletal muscle tissue were significantly higher than those of the control group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the body mass and time of last swimming due to exhaustion of the mice in the low, medium, and high dose groups of Epimedii Folium polysaccharides and the vitamin C group were increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the contents of LA, LDH, BUN, and MDA were significantly decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). The levels of MG, HG, SOD, and GSH-Px increased (P<0.05, P<0.01), and the protein expression levels of p-p38 MAPK, ERK, p-NF-κB, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in skeletal muscle tissue decreased (P<0.05, P<0.01). ConclusionEpimedii Folium polysaccharides can play a role in alleviating exercise-induced fatigue by inhibiting the p38 MARK/NF-κB signaling pathway, thereby reducing the accumulation of metabolites, improving the activity of antioxidant enzymes, increasing the glycogen content of the body, and reducing inflammation in skeletal muscle.
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BACKGROUND:Resveratrol is a natural antioxidant extracted from plants.Its mechanism of improving exercise-induced fatigue mainly focuses on the protective effect against oxidative stress and inflammation.In this study,the protective mechanism of resveratrol on exercise-induced fatigue was mainly discussed from the perspective of gluconeogenesis. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of resveratrol on gluconeogenesis in exercise-induced fatigue rats. METHODS:After 1 week of adaptive training,male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups with 12 rats in each group:blank control group,resveratrol group,exercise group,resveratrol + exercise group.Weight-bearing swimming training was used to simulate long-term medium-high intensity exercise.After swimming with a weight of 5%for 1 hour every day,50 mg/kg resveratrol solution or the same volume of dimethyl sulfoxide solvent were given orally,6 days a week,for a total of 6 weeks.Samples were collected 24 hours after the last exercise,and the levels of urea nitrogen,creatine kinase,blood glucose,liver glycogen and lactic acid and pyruvate in liver tissue were detected by the kit.The activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was detected by microassay,and the activity of glucose-6-phosphatase was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to detect the gene expression of silent information regulator 1,cAMP-response element binding protein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:In the exercise group,plasma urea nitrogen and creatine kinase levels of rats were significantly increased(both P<0.05),liver lactate and pyruvate levels and lactate/pyruvate ratio were significantly increased(all P<0.01),and blood glucose and liver glycogen contents were significantly decreased(both P<0.01).Resveratrol supplementation could effectively improve the above conditions.Exercise significantly decreased the activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase(P<0.01,P<0.05),and resveratrol supplementation significantly increased the activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase in liver tissue(P<0.01).The mRNA expression levels of silent information regulator 1,cAMP-response element binding protein and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α in liver tissue of the exercise group were significantly decreased(all P<0.01),while resveratrol supplementation could significantly increase the gene expression levels of this pathway.To conclude,resveratrol can relieve exercise-induced fatigue caused by long-term medium-high intensity exercise,and its mechanism may be related to up-regulating the gluconeogenesis regulatory pathway,improving rate-limiting enzyme activity,promoting liver gluconeogenesis,and increasing blood glucose and liver glycogen levels.
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Objective: To explore the possible mechanism of moxibustion in myocardial protection of rats undergoing long-term fatigue exercise based on observing the classical pyroptosis pathway mediated by nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)/cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase 1 (Caspase-1).Methods: A total of 50 specific-pathogen-free male Sprague-Dawley rats were bought. Ten unqualified rats were excluded, and the remaining 40 rats were divided into a normal group, a normal + Shenque (CV8) group, a model group, a model + non-meridian non-point group, and a model + Shenque (CV8) group according to the random number table method, with 8 rats in each group. Except for rats in the normal group and the normal + Shenque (CV8) group, rats in the other three groups were trained with an incline running table exercise protocol to create a long-term fatigue exercise model, 1 h/time, once a day for 5 d with 2 d off, for a total of 8 weeks. Rats in the normal group received no modeling or intervention. Rats in the normal + Shenque (CV8) group were not modeled but received mild moxibustion at Shenque (CV8); those in the model group were modeled only without intervention; those in the model + non-meridian non-point group received moxibustion at non-meridian and non-point spots after the modeling; those in the model + Shenque (CV8) group received moxibustion at Shenque (CV8) after modeling. The above moxibustion interventions were performed for 15 min/time once daily, for 5 d with 2 d off per week and a total of 8 weeks. Blood was collected from the femoral artery 4 h after the last exercise, and the serum interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 levels were measured. The NF-κB, NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a CARD (ASC), Caspase-1, and gasdermin D (GSDMD) expression levels were detected by Western blotting. Myocardial morphology and pyroptosis were observed by hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and electron microscopy. Results: The HE staining results showed that the myocardial cells in the model group and the model + non-meridian non-point group were disorganized with blurred transverse lines, widened interstitial spaces, interstitial edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration. The structure of myocardial cells in the model + Shenque (CV8) group was clearly visible, with slightly widened interstitial spaces and occasional infiltration of inflammatory cells in the interstitium. Compared with the normal group, the serum IL-1β and IL-18 levels were increased, and myocardial NF-κB, NLRP3, ASC, Caspase-1, and GSDMD expression levels were elevated in the model group and the model + non-meridian non-point group (P<0.01). Compared with the model group, the above indicators did not change significantly in the model + non-meridian non-point group, while all the above indicators were decreased in the model + Shenque (CV8) group (P<0.01). Compared with the model + non-meridian non-point group, all the above biochemical indicators were decreased in the model + Shenque (CV8) group (P<0.01). Transmission electron microscopy showed that the mitochondria number was increased in the model group and the model + non-meridian non-point group, some of the mitochondrial lumen was irregularly enlarged, the cell membrane structure was unclear, and chromatin was aggregated. The mitochondria number was increased, the swelling was reduced, and the nuclear membrane structure was more intact in the model + Shenque (CV8) group. Conclusion: Moxibustion at Shenque (CV8) regulates the NF-κB/NLRP3/Caspase-1 pathway and reduces the pyroptosisin the myocardium of rats with long-term fatigue exercise, thus reducing the myocardial injury caused by long-term fatigue exercise.
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The research progress in fatigue protocols and biomechanics of lower extremity and its relationship with injury induced by exercise-induced fatigue was reviewed in this paper. At present, fatigue protocols can be divided into the traditional fatigue-induced protocol and the functional fatigue-induced protocol under laboratory condition. The former mainly includes power-cycling model, treadmill run model and step-ups model, while the latter is closer to what is experienced during competition, which is usually shown as multidirectional movements. In addition, the biomechanical measures of exercise-induced fatigue mainly include kinematics, ground reaction force, joint mechanics and electromyography. Different fatigue protocols do not uniformly produce alterations in lower limb biomechanical factors. The refinement of fatigue protocols and specific indicators should be considered in future studies, in order to compare the induced effects of fatigue protocols and provide references for the selection of fatigue protocols in laboratory tests. Meanwhile, the relationship between the response of brain-nerve system and the activation of musculoskeletal system for specific athletic task should be focused, so as to understand the difference of biomechanical mechanisms between fatigue protocols and further explore the effect of exercise-induced fatigue on sports injuries.
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OBJECTIVE@#To observe the therapeutic effect of pre-acupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6) and Zusanli (ST 36) on exercise-induced fatigue.@*METHODS@#A total of 50 subjects were divided into an observation group and a control group by random number table method, 25 cases in each one. In the observation group, acupuncture was applied at Neiguan (PC 6) and Zusanli (ST 36) before exercise, once a day, consecutive 5-day treatment was required. In the control group, there was no intervention. The subjective fatigue perception score, serum levels of lactate and lactate dehydrogenase, heart rate and oxygen saturation before and after exercise were observed in the two groups.@*RESULTS@#Compared before exercise, the subjective fatigue perception scores, serum levels of lactate and lactate dehydrogenase and heart rates after exercise were increased in the two groups (0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#Pre-acupuncture at Neiguan (PC 6) and Zusanli (ST 36) can effectively reduce the subjective fatigue perception score,serum levels of lactate and lactate dehydrogenase and heart rate to improve exercise-induced fatigue.
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Humans , Acupuncture Points , Acupuncture Therapy , Case-Control Studies , Exercise , Physiology , Fatigue , Therapeutics , Heart RateABSTRACT
Objective To explore the effect of low-level laser therapy (LLLT)applied to the quadriceps muscle on the recovery of exhausting-cycling-exercise-induced fatigue.Methods According to a randomised,double-blind and crossover design,16 healthy male students were randomly assigned to an LLLT-1,LLLT-3,LLLT-5 and a placebo group,and received LLLT for 300 s at the dosage of 0.06 J· cm-2,0.18 J·cm-2,0.3 J·cm-2 and 0 to the bilateral rectus femoris after the exhausting-cycling-exercise-induced fatigue.The blood lactate(BL),heart rate(HR),rated perceived exertion(RPE)and visual analogue scale(VAS)were assessed before the exercise,immediately after exercise,10 and 20 min after exercise,as well as immediately after the first Wingate(WG)test,5 and 30 min after the WG test.Meanwhile,the second WG test was performed 40 min after the first WG test.Results The average HR value of LLLT-1 group was significantly lower than the placebo group at 10 min after exercise(P< 0.05)and immediately after the WG test(P<0.01),while that of LLLT-3 and LLLT-5 groups was significantly lower than the placebo group immediately and 5 min after the WG test(P<0.01).Compared to the placebo group,the average BL of LLLT-1,LLLT-3 and LLLT-5 groups was significantly lower 10 min after exercise(P<0.05 for all)and that of LLLT-5 group was also significantly lower 30 min after the first WG test(P<0.05).However,the average blood glucose of LLLT-5 group was significantly higher than the placebo group right after the first WG test(P<0.05).Moreover,significant increase was observed in the mean(P=0.002)and peak power(P=0.006)at the second WG test and the mean(P=0.048) power at the first WG test of LLLT-3 group,compared to the placebo group.Conclusion LLLT applied to quadriceps muscles after exhausting exercise may enhance recovery,and LLLT at the dose of 0.18 J·cm-2 is of the best effect.
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Objective To observe the local field potential activity of dorsomedial and dorsolater striatal (STR) neurons in rats with exercise-induced fatigue,so as to explore the regional characteristics of those neurons.Methods Thirty-six male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group(CG),a single fatigue group(SFG)and a repeated fatigue group(RFG),each of 12.The exercise-induced fatigue model was established according to a load-increasing treadmill running protocol.The CG did not do any treadmill running,SFG finished one-time exhaustive exercise while the RFG repeated exhaustive exercise 6 times.The extracellular glass microelectrode technique was used to record the spontaneous firing of dorsomedial(n=6)and dorsolateral(n=6)STR neurons in vivo to observe the discharging frequency,characteristics and types.Results (1)Spontaneous firing frequencies of striatal neurons in SFG were significantly higher than those of CG(P<0.01),while those of RFG were significantly lower than SFG.(2) After repeated fatigues,there were significant decreases in the irregular firing pattern and significant increase in the explosive firing of striatal neurons compared with CG(P<0.05).(3)After the single fatigue and repeated fatigue,the discharging frequency of dorsomedial medium spiny-like neurons increased significantly(P<0.05),and that after repeated fatigue significantly higher than that of the dorsolateral(P<0.01).The discharge frequency of the dorsomedial and dorsolateral fast-spiking neurons decreased significantly after repeated fatigues.The discharge frequency of dorsolateral large aspiny-like neurons of RFG was significantly higher than SFG,while that of the latter was significantly lower than CG(P<0.05).Conclusions (1)Striatal neurons mediate exercise-induced fatigue and present regional characteristics,which might be due to dorsomedial and dorsolateral striatal neurons receiving different types of projection neurons.(2) Striatal fast-spiking neurons may play an important role in mediating the exercise-induced fatigue.
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Objective To explore the effects of excise-induced fatigue on the microloop plasticity of prefrontal cortex through observing the expression of parvalbumin positive neurons in prefrontal cortexes of rats induced by exhaustive exercise,so as to find out the possible mechanism of the central regulation of exercise-induced fatigue by measuring the expression of NMDAR2B receptors.Methods Thirty-six Wistar rats were randomly divided into an exhausted group (E),a repeated exhaustion group (RE) and a control group (CG),each of 12.For group E,the adjusted Bedford incremental load of treadmill exercise program was employed:the initial treadmill speed was 8.2 m/min,lasting for 15 minutes,then increased to 15 m/min for another 15 minutes,and finally increased to 20 m/min till exhaustion.For RE group,they were given continuous treadmill exercises to exhaustion for consecutive 7 days.The immunofluorescence technique was used to observe the expression of PV+ interneurons after exhausted treadmill running.The Western blotting technique was used to determine the expression of NMDAR2B in the tissue of the prefrontal cortex.Results After the exhausted treadmill running,the expression of PV+ interneurons in the prefrontal cortexes of both E and RE groups increased significantly compared with the control group(P<0.01).The immunofluorescence results indicated that NMDAR2B positive neurons were seen in group E,but not obviously in group CG and RE.The Western blotting showed that compared with CG group the protein expression of NMDAR2B in prefrontal cortexes of group E was relatively high,and that of group RE was relatively low,but without significant difference (P>0.05).The running distance and prefrontal cortex NMDAR2B expression were found negatively correlated (P< 0.01).Conclusions Exhaustive exercises have an impact on the plasticity in rats' prefrontal cortex neural network through regulating the local loop of PV positive neurons.This plasticity of the prefrontal cortex is involved in the regulation of central fatigue.The present study might provide morphological basis for the research of central mechanism of the exercise-induced fatigue.
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<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To review and assess the effect of single moxibustion for exercise-induced fatigue: (EIF).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Computer-search for 8 medical databases and 5 clinical trail registries were conducted for: randomized controlled trials (RCTs), added with hand-search for 10 Chinese acupuncture-moxibustion journals and additional references. Data from included RCTs were pooled by RevMan5.1. Methodology quality of RCTs was judged by Cochrane Collaboration assessment tool while quality of primary outcomes was evaluated by GRADE3.2.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Five RCTs were finally included, all reported in small sample size with high risk of: bias. Comparisons on single moxibustion and rest relief (without treatment) were studied. Six outcomes were reported, all favored moxibustion to rest relief for EIF. Primary outcomes showed as rating of perceived exertion (RPE) with mean difference (MD)=-0.49, 95% confidence interval (CI) [-0.80, -0.19], 800-m race performance with MD=-2.21, 95% CI [-3.57, -0.85], and Harvard Step Index (HSI) with MD=14.75, 95% CI [8.35, 21.15]. Moreover, all primary outcomes as RPE, 800-m race performance and HSI were rated low quality.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Single moxibustion might be considered effective for EIF. However, due to small samples of included RCTs, high risk of bias among studies and poor quality of primary outcomes and subjects restricted to Chinese athletes only, these results present limitation, and should be taken with caution for practice. More large-size studies with rigorous design are warranted to further test effectiveness of moxibustion for EIF.</p>
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Humans , Exercise , Fatigue , Therapeutics , Moxibustion , Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Stroke patients often suffer from fatigue after exercise, which influences the limb function and the quality of life. Also, it may be related to the increase of mortality. Fatigue Severity Scale, Fatigue Assessment Scale and other scales are suitable for the subjective assessment. The critical flicker frequency and the reaction time are important physiological indexes. And blood lactic acid, creatine kinase, serum tryptophan and glucose are significant biochemical indexes. The effective treatment for the exercise-induced fatigue is still in the ex-ploratory stage, it mainly includes drug therapy, physical therapy, nutrition diet, and so on. Traditional Chinese medicine may have broad prospects. The lower limb negative pressure-atmospheric pressure recovery tank and the transcutaneous electrical acupoint stimulation play a role in helping the patients to recovery. Also the cognitive and graded activity training needs more attention.
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Exercise-induced fatigue is a comprehensive response to a variety of physiological and biochemical changes in the body, and can affect people’s quality of life to different extents. If no timely recovery after occurrence of fatigue, accumulated gradually, it can lead to “burnout”, a “overtraining syndrome”, “chronic fatigue syndrome”, etc., which will cause endocrine disturbance, immune suppression, even physical illness. Exercise-induced fatigue becomes an important factor endangering human health. In recent years, many experts and scholars at home and abroad are committed to the research of exercise-induced fatigue, and have put forward a variety of hypothesis to explain the cause of exercise-induced fatigue. They expect to find out the methods for preventing and eliminating exercise-induced fatigue. This article discusses mainly the pathogenesis, model building, elimination/ relief, etc. of exercise-induced fatigue to point out the research achievements of exercise-induced fatigue and its existing problems.
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Objective To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning on exercise-induced fatigue in rats. Methods SD rats were subjected to loaded swimming after hyperbaric oxygen (250 kPa, φB[O2]≥99%) pretreatment, and rats exposed to normal pressured air were set as air control group. The time to exhaustion and levels of lactic acid (LA), malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in serum and skeletal muscle were observed to assess the effect of hyperbaric oxygen preconditioning on exercise-induced fatigue in rats. Results The time to exhaustion in loaded swimming of rats in hyperbaric oxygen pretreatment group was significantly prolonged compared with that in the air control group ([56. 13±16. 91] min vs[23. 13±9. 85] min, P<0. 01). After swimming for 20 min, the LA and MDA levels in the skeletal muscle and serum were significantly lower in the hyperbaric oxygen pretreatment group compared with air control group (P<0. 01), while the SOD levels in skeletal muscle and serum were significantly higher compared with air control group (P<0. 01). Conclusion Hyperbaric oxygen pretreatment can significantly delay the exercise-induced fatigue in rats.
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Objective To investigate the effects of percutaneous midband pulse current stimulation in hepatic region on anti-exercise fatigue ability and the free radicals and nissl bodies in cerebral cortex tissue of rats with exercise-induced fatigue. Methods Seventy-two 8-week old male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (18 each): control group (CG), fatigue group (FG), stimulation before fatigue group (SBF) and stimulation after fatigue group (SAF). Animals in FG, SBF and SAF group were used to reproduce the swimming-exhaustion models. Midband current stimulation (1024Hz, 10mA, current cycle 1sec) for 20 minutes was given to the rats of group SBF before swimming, and to those in group SAF after exhaustion. At the weekend of the 1st, 3rd and 5th week after modeling, the exhaustive swimming time of rats in all but CG group was observed. Cerebral cortex tissue was harvested for the estimation of the level of lipid peroxidation, including SOD, MDA, GSH-Px and SOD/MDA, and the histopathological changes in nissl bodies in neurons were observed. Results At the 1st weekend after modeling, no significant difference was found in all the indexes among the 4 groups, while at the 3rd weekend, the exhaustive time was obviously longer in SAF group than in FG group, and also in SAF group than in FG and SBF group at the 5th weekend (P<0.05). At the 5th weekend, the SOD and GSH-Px levels and SOD/MDA contents were obviously lower in FG and SBF group than in CG and SAF group, and the MDA content was obviously higher in FG and SBF group than in CG and SAF group (P<0.05). As regarding the nissl bodies in neurons, it is observed that the ratio of number/area was obviously higher in SAF group than in FG and SBF group at the 5th weekend (P<0.01). Conclusion Percutaneous stimulation of hepatic region with midband pulse current can effectively reduce the lipid peroxidation damage of cerebral cortex tissue and decrease the dissolution and loss of nissl bodies in fatigued rats, prolong the exhausting exercise time, and postpone the development of fatigue.
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Objective To study the influence of swimming training for different periods on rat liver function, and to evaluate the quality of exercise-induced fatigue rat model established by swimming training for different periods. Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, namely blank group, and 7-, 14-, 21-and 28-day exercise groups, 8 rats in each group. Rats in the blank group were fed with normal diet, but were not given exercise training. The other groups were given exercise training for 7, 14, 21 and 28 days respectively, two times a day, 15 minutes every time and with 10-minute resting interval between the two times. At the last day of the experiment, all rats were executed by neck dislocation for the sampling of blood and liver tissues, and then the serum contents of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were determined. And the contents of total anti-oxidization capacity (T-AOC), malondialdehyde (MDA), lactic acid (LA), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and glucose (Glu) in liver tissues were also examined. Results Compared with the blank group, the contents of ALT and AST were increased in 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-day exercise groups, especially in 21-and 28-day exercise groups (P<0.01) . The contents of T-AOC and MDA were increased in 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-day exercise groups (P<0.01), the effects on T-AOC in the 21-and 28-day exercise groups and on MDA in the 28-day exercise group being more obvious (P<0.05 or P<0.01) . The LA content and LDH activity were increased and the glycogen was decreased in the liver tissues of 7-, 14-, 21-, and 28-day exercise groups, and the increase of LA content in 21- and 28-day exercise groups and that of LDH activity in 28-day exercise groups were more significant ( P<0.05 or P<0.01). The hepatic glycogen content in 14-, 21-, and 28-day exercise groups were lower than that in the other groups (P<0.01). Conclusion With hepatic function injury in exercise-induced fatigue as the criteria, the exercise-induced fatigue rat model has been successfully established in this study, and the model established by swimming training for 21 and 28 days is more steady.
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The mechanisms of exercise-induced fatigue have not been investigated using proteomic techniques, an approach that could improve our understanding and generate novel information regarding the effects of exercise. In this study, the proteom alterations of rat skeletal muscle were investigated during exercise-induced fatigue. The proteins were extracted from the skeletal muscle of SD rat thigh, and then analyzed by two-dimensional electrophoresis and PDQuest software. Compared to control samples, 10 significantly altered proteins were found in exercise samples, two of them were upregulated and eight of them were downregulated. These proteins were identified by MALDI TOF-MS. The two upregulated proteins were identified as MLC1 and myosin L2 (DTNB) regulatory light-chain precursors. The eight decreased proteins are Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate Dehydrogenas (GAPDH); Beta enolase; Creatine kinase M chain (M-CK); ATP-AMP Transphosphorylase (AK1); myosin heavy chain (MHC); actin; Troponin I, fast-skeletal muscle (Troponin I fast-twitch isoform), fsTnI; Troponin T, fast-skeletal muscle isoforms (TnTF). In these proteins, four of the eight decreased proteins are related directly or indirectly to exercise induced fatigue. The other proteins represent diverse sets of proteins including enzymyes related to energy metabolism, skeletal muscle fabric protein and protein with unknown functions. They did not exhibit evident relationship with exercise-induced fatigue. Whereas the two identified increased proteins exhibit evident relationship with fatigue. These findings will help in understanding the mechanisms involved in exercise-induced fatigue.
Subject(s)
Animals , Male , Rats , Muscle Fatigue/physiology , Muscle Proteins/metabolism , Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism , Physical Exertion/physiology , Body Weight/physiology , Electrophoresis, Gel, Two-Dimensional , Energy Metabolism/physiology , Mass Spectrometry , Models, Animal , Muscle Proteins/chemistry , Proteomics , Random Allocation , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Swimming/physiology , Troponin I/chemistry , Troponin I/metabolism , Troponin T/chemistry , Troponin T/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective To study the observation and nursing for exercise-induced fatigue by thread-burying in acupoint. Methods 41 athletes-in-training were treated by thread-burying in acu-point for 2 courses of treatment, choosing main acupointa such as Guan yuan, Shen yu, Pi yu, Ming men,Zu sanli, San yinjiao. Then the changes of athletes' training and hemoglobin were observed. Results After two courses of treatment, athletes' quality of sleep, mental condition in the morning, diet, desire to train, physical fitness, training quality and concentration improved siguificantly.Level of hemoglobin in-creased distinctly. Conclusions The treatment of thread-burying in acupoint could improve sport fa-tigue. Combination with Chinese and western integrative medicine, dialectical treatment, emotion and diet nurse, western integral appraisal procedure to observe and asepsis operation played a positive part in the recovery from sport fatigue.
ABSTRACT
@#ObjectiveTo research the protective mechanism of acupoint iontophoresis to the heart function.Methods46 SD rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. The methods of histology, transmission electron microscope and radioimmunoassay were used respectively to observe the influence of acupoint iontophoresis on rats' heart ultrastructure.ResultsAcupoint iontophoresis could prolong rats' exertion period, protect ultrastructure of heart and prevent it from abnormal accretion. Over training would cause unbalance secreting between endothelin (ET) and calcitoningene related peptide (CGRP), while acupoint iontophoresis could improve such situation.ConclusionThe rise of exercise induced fatigue is related to many factors; acupoint iontophoresis can protect cardiac muscle, improve heart function and prevent it from exercise induced fatigue via several ways.
ABSTRACT
Objective: To observe the effect of JianLiKeLi(JLKL) on immune function of rat with exercise-induced fatigue and discuss the mechanism of its anti-fatigue.Methods: SPF healthy SD rats were randomly divided into five groups:the control group,the SLJ group,the low dose of JLKL group,middle dose of JLKL group and high dose of JLKL group.The chronic fatigue model was established by exhaustive swimming.Eyeball was removed to collect blood,and the ability of T lymphocyte proliferation,NK cells,IL-1 and IL-6 were tested.Results: Compared with the control group,T cells proliferation in the high and middle dose of JKLL groups increased,the activities of NK cells,IL-1 and IL-6 in the three doses of JLKL groups and the SLJ group were all higher(P