El estudio de caso: contribución a las investigaciones en la Cultura Física y el Deporte

En los últimos años, se utilizan cada vez con más profusión los estudios de caso como parte de la investigación del paradigma cualitativo. Se aplica como método y también como estrategia para dar respuesta a problemas clínicos, sociales y educativos que difícilmente se pueden abordar desde un modelo más centrado en la explicación de los fenómenos, y no en la comprensión de los mismos. Este artículo tiene como objetivo valorar la contribución de los estudios de caso en la investigación científica, y las potencialidades de su aplicación en el ámbito de la Cultura Física y el Deporte. Mediante el análisis bibliográfico, se valora el estudio de caso, insertado en la metodología de la investigación cualitativa educativa. El investigador lo utiliza según sus objetivos particulares, se exponen estudios de caso en diferentes esferas de actuación de la cultura física y el deporte, de manera que propicia un acercamiento preliminar, se utiliza como método y como técnica en el procesamiento de la información recopilada; también como estrategia investigativa que permite profundizar en casos particulares, en los cuales se analiza y obtiene información valiosa en dependencia del objetivo planificado en la investigación. Se concluye que en el ámbito de la Cultura Física y el Deporte este tipo de investigaciones permite sistematizar estudios particulares distintivos y ejemplarizantes que constituyen una fuente enriquecedora para la docencia, la investigación y las prácticas de entrenadores, psicólogos, deportistas y demás especialistas.

Nos últimos anos, os estudos de caso têm sido cada vez mais usados como parte da pesquisa do paradigma qualitativo. Ele é aplicado como um método e também como uma estratégia para responder a problemas clínicos, sociais e educacionais que dificilmente podem ser abordados a partir de um modelo mais focado na explicação dos fenômenos, em vez de sua compreensão. O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a contribuição dos estudos de caso na pesquisa científica e o potencial de sua aplicação no campo da cultura física e do esporte. Por meio de uma análise bibliográfica, avalia-se o estudo de caso, inserido na metodologia da pesquisa educacional qualitativa. O pesquisador o utiliza de acordo com seus objetivos particulares, os estudos de caso são apresentados em diferentes âmbitos de atuação na cultura física e no esporte, de modo que favorece uma abordagem preliminar, é utilizado como método e como técnica no processamento das informações coletadas; também como estratégia de pesquisa que permite um estudo aprofundado de casos particulares, nos quais são analisadas e obtidas informações valiosas, dependendo do objetivo planejado na pesquisa. Conclui-se que, no campo da Cultura Física e do Esporte, esse tipo de pesquisa permite a sistematização de estudos particulares distintos e exemplares que constituem uma fonte enriquecedora para o ensino, a pesquisa e as práticas de treinadores, psicólogos, esportistas e outros especialistas.

In recent years, case studies have been increasingly used as part of qualitative paradigm research. It is applied as a method and also as a strategy to respond to clinical, social and educational problems that can hardly be approached from a model more focused on the explanation of the phenomena, and not on the understanding of them. The aim of this article is to evaluate the contribution of the case studies in scientific research, and the potential of their application in the field of Physical Culture and Sport. By means of the bibliographic analysis, the case study is evaluated, inserted in the methodology of educational qualitative research. The researcher uses it according to his particular objectives, case studies are presented in different spheres of action of physical culture and sport, so that it provides a preliminary approach, it is used as a method and as a technique in the processing of the information collected; also, as a research strategy that allows to deepen in particular cases, in which valuable information is analyzed and obtained depending on the objective planned in the research. It is concluded that in the field of Physical Culture and Sport, this type of research allows systematizing particular distinctive and exemplary studies that constitute an enriching source for teaching, research and practices of coaches, psychologists, athletes and other specialists.

Una metodología para la educación ambiental, desde la clase de Educación Física

Con el objetivo de perfeccionar el proceso de superación para el desarrollo de la educación ambiental en los maestros de Educación Física, desde las clases que imparten, se presenta una metodología estructurada en tres etapas (diagnóstico, implementación y valoración). Para el diagnóstico se tuvo en cuenta la revisión documental, la observación participante y las entrevistas a los maestros, lo que posibilitó la implementación de acciones para el tratamiento a los contenidos curriculares con un enfoque interdisciplinar, al quedar declaradas desde la planificación del sistema de trabajo metodológico los aspectos que afectan el desempeño pedagógico. La información recogida permitió valorar la efectividad de la metodología, al considerar las posibilidades que ofrece la disciplina para la integración de la relación medioambiente-deporte-salud y el nivel de satisfacción reflejado en los educandos. Como resultado se perfecciona la labor docente, se mejoran las relaciones de los educandos con el medioambiente en el entorno escolar y se da cumplimiento a una de las tareas del Proyecto de Investigación FARO: "Formación Activa, Reflexiva y Óptima de maestros y profesores en las Escuelas Pedagógicas".

Com o objetivo de aperfeiçoar o processo de melhoria para o desenvolvimento da educação ambiental nos professores de Educação Física, a partir das aulas que ministram, é apresentada uma metodologia estruturada em três etapas (diagnóstico, implementação e avaliação). Para o diagnóstico foram levados em consideração a revisão documental, a observação participante e entrevistas com os professores, o que possibilitou implementar ações para o tratamento dos conteúdos curriculares com abordagem interdisciplinar, conforme foram declarados a partir do planejamento do sistema de trabalho . aspectos metodológicos que afectam o desempenho pedagógico. As informações coletadas permitiram avaliar a eficácia da metodologia, considerando as possibilidades oferecidas pela disciplina para a integração da relação meio ambiente-esporte-saúde e o nível de satisfação refletido nos alunos. Como resultado, o trabalho docente é melhorado, as relações dos alunos com o meio ambiente escolar são melhoradas e uma das tarefas do Projeto de Pesquisa FARO é cumprida: "Formação Pedagógica Ativa, Reflexiva e Ótima de Professores nas Escolas". Escolas".

With the aim of perfecting the improvement process for the development of environmental education in Physical Education teachers, from the classes they teach, a methodology structured in three stages (diagnosis, implementation and assessment) is presented. For the diagnosis, the documentary review, participant observation and interviews with the teachers were taken into account, which made it possible to implement actions for the treatment of the curricular contents with an interdisciplinary approach, once the aspect that affect pedagogical performance were declared from the planning of the methodological work system. The information collected allowed to assess the effectiveness of the methodology, considering the possibilities offered by the discipline for the integration of the environment-sport-health relationship and the level of satisfaction reflected in the students. As a result, teaching work is perfected, students' relationships with the environment in the school environment are improved, and one of the tasks of the FARO Research Project "Active, Reflective, and Optimal Training of Teachers in Schools." Pedagogical Schools" is fulfilled.

Juegos reducidos en la enseñanza de las habilidades técnicas y tácticas del baloncesto en niños y adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

El estudio analiza, mediante una revisión sistemática, los efectos de los juegos reducidos en la enseñanza de habilidades técnicas y tácticas básicas del baloncesto en niños y adolescentes. Para ello, se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Web of Science, PubMed, Eric y Scopus. considerando investigaciones originales publicadas desde el año 2010 hasta 2020. La búsqueda incluyó términos referentes al modelo de población, intervención, comparación, resultados y tipos de estudio (PICOS). Los artículos encontrados se examinaron con participación de revisores mediante criterios de selección predefinidos. De la revisión, un total de seis artículos cumplieron los criterios de elegibilidad, los resultados muestran que prevalecen juegos reducidos en modalidad 3v3 en mitad de cancha y la presencia e instrucción del entrenador en el desarrollo del juego. La revisión muestra que la aplicación de juegos reducidos en baloncesto es una estrategia metodológica eficaz para mejorar aspectos técnicos y tácticos básicos del deporte. Parece ser que la frecuencia y participación de los jugadores durante el juego podrían contribuir al desarrollo de habilidades técnicas y tácticas en el baloncesto.

The study analyzes, through a systematic review, the effects of small-sided games in teaching basic technical and tactical basketball skills in children and adolescents. To do this, a search was carried out in the Web of Science, PubMed, Eric, and Scopus, focusing on original research published from 2010 to 2020. The search criteria encompassed population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study types (PICOS). The identified articles were carefully examined by reviewers according to predetermined selection criteria. From the review, a total of six articles met the eligibility criteria, revealing a prevalence of small-sided games, particularly in a 3v3 format on half-court, and the significant role of coach presence and instruction in game development. The review shows that the implementation of small-sided games in basketball proves to be an effective methodological approach to enhancing fundamental technical and tactical aspects of the sport. It appears that both the frequency and active involvement of players during the games contribute to the development of technical and tactical skills in basketball.

O estudo analisa, por meio de uma revisão sistemática, os efeitos dos jogos reduzidos no ensino das habilidades técnicas e táticas básicas do basquetebol em crianças e adolescentes. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados Web of Science, PubMed, Eric e Scopus, considerando pesquisas originais publicadas entre 2010 e 2020. A busca incluiu termos referentes ao modelo de população, intervenção, comparação, resultados e tipos de estudos (PICOS). Os artigos encontrados foram examinados por revisores com base em critérios de seleção predefinidos. A partir da revisão, um total de seis artigos atenderam aos critérios de elegibilidade. Os resultados mostram que prevalecem jogos reduzidos na modalidade 3v3 na metade da quadra e a presença e instrução do treinador no desenvolvimento do jogo. A revisão mostra que a aplicação de jogos reduzidos no basquetebol é uma estratégia metodológica eficaz para melhorar os aspectos técnicos e táticos básicos do esporte. Parece que a frequência e a participação dos jogadores durante o jogo podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento das habilidades técnicas e táticas no basquetebol.

¿Qué condiciones deben reunir las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento para ser verdaderas guías de práctica clinica basadas en la evidencia? / What conditions should the diagnosis and treatment guidelines meet, to be true clinical practice guidelines based on evidence?

Resumen Las guías de diagnóstico y tratamiento elaboradas por las sociedades científicas médicas, constituyen una herramienta muy útil para el ejercicio profesional de la especialidad. Sustentadas en bibliografía actualizada, representan un material de enorme valor con reco mendaciones de los expertos en los diversos temas de la especialidad. En el presente artículo se intenta determinar si las mismas podrían ser diseñadas acercándolas lo más estrechamente posible al formato de las Guías de Práctica Clínica Basadas en la Evidencia (GPC-BE), para lo cual se revisan las etapas en su elaboración y los requisitos que deberían cumplir para ser conside radas como tales. Las GPC-BE son un "conjunto de recomendaciones elaboradas de forma sistemática para ayudar a los profe sionales y a los pacientes en la toma de decisiones sobre la atención sanitaria más apropiada, seleccionando las opciones diagnósticas y/o terapéuticas más adecuadas en el abordaje de un problema de salud o una condición clínica específica". Su objetivo es mejorar la efectividad, la eficiencia y la seguridad de las decisiones clínicas, y pueden servir de base para la elaboración de políticas de salud. La elaboración de las GPC representa un proceso complejo, que requiere conocimientos, experiencia y re cursos tanto en tiempo como en dinero. Su robustez no depende de quienes la realizan, sino de cómo es realiza da. Ello implica la participación de técnicos que aporten la evaluación de la evidencia por el método GRADE, y la consideración de aspectos de costo-efectividad.

Abstract The guides for diagnosis and treatment prepared by scientific medical societies constitute a very useful tool for the professional practice of the specialty. Supported by an updated bibliography, they represent material of enormous value with recommendations from experts on the various topics of the specialty. This article attempts to determine if they could be designed as "Evidence - Based Clinical Practice Guide lines" (CPG BE), for which the stages in their develop ment and the requirements that they reviewed. The CPG BE are a "set of recommendations prepared systematically to help professionals and patients in making decisions about the most appropriate health care, selecting the most appropriate diagnostic and/or therapeutic options to address a problem of health or a specific clinical condition". Their objective is to improve the effectiveness, efficiency and safety of clinical deci sions, and they can serve a basis for the development of health policies. The preparation of CPGs represents a complex pro cess, which requires knowledge, experience and re sources, both in time and money. Its robustness does not depend on who does it, but on how it is done. This implies the participation of technicians who provide the evaluation of the evidence using the GRADE method and the consideration of cost-effectiveness aspects.

Extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil using hydrotropic solvents / Extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa utilizando solventes hidrotrópicos

The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil using hydrotropic solvents was investigated. Palmarosa oil possesses an appealing rose aroma and properties like anti - inflammatory, antifungal, and antioxidant due to the presence of geraniol. The extraction of geraniol from palmarosa oil by using distillation methods like steam dis tillation and fractional distillation was a laborious process. So hydrotropes were tried for extraction. The geraniol yield and purity depend on parameters like concentration of hydrotrope, solvent volume ratio, and time period. Using the Box Benkhem Desig n (BBD), the extraction process was optimized. One of the major advantages of using hydrotropic solvents is that they were classified as green solvents, and recovery of solvents is also possible. To reduce the extraction time probe sonication is carried ou t. Different hydrotropic solvents with probe sonication are done on palmarosa oil by altering various process parameters to study the separation, yield, and purity.

Se investigó la extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa utilizando solventes hidrotrópicos. El aceite de palmarosa posee un atractivo aroma a rosa y propiedades antiinflamatorias, antifúngicas y antioxidantes debido a la pr esencia de geraniol. La extracción de geraniol del aceite de palmarosa mediante métodos de destilación como la destilación por vapor y la destilación fraccionada ha sido un proceso laborioso. Por lo tanto, se probaron los hidrotropos para la extracción. El rendimiento y la pureza del geraniol dependen de parámetros como la concentración del hidrotropo, la relación de volumen del solvente y el período de tiempo. Se optimizó el proceso de extracción usando el diseño Box Benkhem (BBD). Una de las principales v entajas de usar solventes hidrotrópicos es que se clasifican como solventes verdes y también es posible recuperar los solventes. Para reducir el tiempo de extracción, se lleva a cabo una sonda de ultrasonido. Se realizan diferentes solventes hidrotropos co n sonda de ultrasonido en el aceite de palmarosa alterando varios parámetros del proceso para estudiar la separación, el rendimiento y la pureza.

Metodología para el tratamiento de los contenidos del hockey sobre césped categoría 11-12 años

La investigación va dirigida a resolver insuficiencias en el tratamiento de los contenidos en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje del hockey sobre Césped, en la categoría 11-12 años; en consecuencia, se planteó como objetivo elaborar una metodología para su proceder didáctico. De una población de 18 profesores se seleccionó, de manera intencionada, una muestra de 12; y de 168 hockeístas, a 72. Se emplearon métodos y técnicas como el análisis de documentos, la observación, la entrevista, el experimento pedagógico formativo y los talleres de opinión crítica. Se resolvió la esencia de la contradicción entre el tratamiento fragmentado de los contenidos del hockey categoría 11-12 años y la necesidad de una visión teórico y metodológica que favorezca la estructuración coherente entre el carácter desarrollador de los componentes de la preparación de los hockeístas y los del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de este deporte. Se argumentaron las potencialidades instructivas y educativas de los contenidos como vía para lograr el vínculo de la unidad entre lo cognitivo y lo afectivo en la metodología que contribuya al perfeccionamiento de su estructuración, mediante procedimientos didácticos sustentados en el aprendizaje desarrollador y las particularidades del deporte. La aplicación de la metodología, desde el experimento pedagógico formativo, permitió valorar su factibilidad y funcionalidad, y se evidenció su efectividad para lograr los fines trazados.

A pesquisa tem como objetivo solucionar insuficiências no tratamento de conteúdos no processo de ensino-aprendizagem do Hóquei em Campo, na categoria de 11 a 12 anos; Consequentemente, estabeleceu-se o objetivo de desenvolver uma metodologia para seu procedimento didático. De uma população de 18 professores, foi selecionada intencionalmente uma amostra de 12; e de 168 jogadores de hóquei, para 72. Foram utilizados métodos e técnicas como análise documental, observação, entrevista, experimento pedagógico formativo e oficinas de opinião crítica. A essência da contradição entre o tratamento fragmentado dos conteúdos da categoria Hóquei 11-12 anos e a necessidade de uma visão teórico-metodológica que favoreça a estruturação coerente entre o carácter desenvolvimental das componentes da preparação dos jogadores de hóquei e da processo de ensino-aprendizagem deste esporte. O potencial instrutivo e educativo dos conteúdos foi defendido como forma de alcançar o elo de unidade entre o cognitivo e o afetivo na metodologia que contribui para a melhoria da sua estruturação, através de procedimentos didáticos apoiados na aprendizagem desenvolvimental e nas particularidades do desporto. A aplicação da metodologia, a partir da experiência pedagógica formativa, permitiu avaliar a sua viabilidade e funcionalidade, sendo evidente a sua eficácia no alcance dos objetivos estabelecidos.

The research is aimed at resolving insufficiencies in the treatment of content in the teaching-learning process of Field Hockey, in the 11-12-year-old category; consequently, the objective was set to develop a methodology for its didactic procedure. From a population of 18 teachers, a sample of 12 was intentionally selected; and from 168 hockey players, 72 were chosen. Methods and techniques such as document analysis, observation, interview, formative pedagogical experiment and critical opinion workshops were used. It was resolved the essence of the contradiction between the fragmented treatment of the contents of Hockey category 11-12 years and the need for a theoretical and methodological vision that favors coherent structuring between the developmental nature of the components of hockey players ` preparation and those of the teaching-learning process of this sport. The instructive and educational potential of the contents were argued as a way to achieve the link of unity between the cognitive and the affective in the methodology that contributes to the improvement of its structuring, through didactic procedures supported by developmental learning and the particularities of sport. The application of the methodology, from the formative pedagogical experiment, allowed its feasibility and functionality to be assessed, and its effectiveness in achieving the established goals was evident.

La preparación especial de fuerza rápida en balistas con discapacidad físico-motriz por amputación

En el Campeonato Nacional de Paratletismo, en Cuba, los resultados competitivos de las balistas con discapacidad físico-motriz por amputación muestran un decrecimiento, en varias categorías. Se detectaron insuficiencias en la dosificación de las cargas, en la utilización de métodos, medios y procedimientos; además de una inadecuada orientación metodológica. Se trazó como objetivo diseñar una metodología para la planificación de la capacidad fuerza rápida en la etapa de preparación especial de balistas con discapacidad físico-motriz por amputación. Se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva y cuantitativa en el periodo comprendido entre el 2019-2022, el estudio se centró en el proceso de planificación y entrenamiento de la fuerza rápida en la etapa de preparación especial analizado y descrito, a través de métodos empíricos como la revisión de documentos, encuesta, entrevista y la triangulación metodológica, ello permitió evaluar su estado actual. Colaboraron como muestra atletas, entrenadores y directivos de nivel provincial y nacional. La metodología propuesta es viable y factible, con una efectividad esperada para el contexto deportivo actual y con posibilidades de generalización en otros eventos de lanzamiento. La propuesta diseñada enriquece la teoría del entrenamiento deportivo en atletas con discapacidad.

Nos Campeonatos Nacionais de Paratletismo em Cuba, os resultados competitivos dos balistas com deficiências físico-motoras por amputação mostram uma diminuição em várias categorias. Foram detectadas insuficiências na dosagem de cargas, no uso de métodos, meios e procedimentos, bem como uma orientação metodológica inadequada. O objetivo foi elaborar uma metodologia para o planejamento da capacidade de força rápida na fase de preparação especial de balistas com deficiência físico-motora decorrente de amputação. Foi realizada uma pesquisa descritiva e quantitativa no período entre 2019-2022, o estudo focou no processo de planejamento e treinamento da força rápida na fase de preparação especial analisada e descrita, por meio de métodos empíricos como revisão de documentos, pesquisa, entrevista e triangulação metodológica, o que permitiu avaliar seu estado atual. Atletas, técnicos e gerentes em nível provincial e nacional colaboraram como amostra. A metodologia proposta é viável e factível, com uma eficácia esperada para o contexto esportivo atual e com possibilidades de generalização em outros eventos de arremesso. A proposta elaborada enriquece a teoria do treinamento esportivo em atletas com deficiências.

In the National Para-Athletics Championship in Cuba, the competitive results of shot put athletes with physical-motor disabilities due to amputation show a decrease in several categories. Deficiencies were detected in the dosage of loads, in the use of methods, means and procedures; in addition to inadequate methodological guidance. The objective was to design a methodology for planning rapid strength capacity in the special preparation stage of shot put athletes with physical - motor disabilities due to amputation. A descriptive and quantitative research was carried out in the period between 2019-2022, the study focused on the planning and training process of rapid strength in the special preparation stage analyzed and described, through empirical methods such as the review of documents, survey, interview and methodological triangulation made it possible to evaluate its current state. Athletes, coaches and managers from provincial and national levels collaborated as a sample. The proposed methodology is viable and feasible, with expected effectiveness for the current sporting context and with possibilities of generalization in other throwing events. The designed proposal enriches the theory of sports training in athletes with disabilities.

Investigación cualitativa en el contexto de la Salud Pública: actualización de conceptos

Los enfoques cualitativos en la investigación han sido fundamentales en las ciencias sociales y son cruciales para el estudio de la salud y los servicios sanitarios. Con el progreso en medicina, mayor especialización, expectativas crecientes de los pacientes y la complejidad de los servicios de salud, los profesionales se enfrentan a un entorno laboral cada vez más complicado. Los métodos cualitativos, aunque distintos de las técnicas experimentales y cuantitativas de la investigación clínica y biomédica, son indispensables para la investigación en servicios de salud. Esto se debe a que permiten explorar aspectos no medibles cuantitativamente, como las creencias sobre la salud, y porque proporcionan una base -descriptiva necesaria para la investigación cuantitativa, especialmente en campos con escasa investigación previa.

Qualitative approaches in research have been fundamental in the social sciences and are crucial to the study of health and health services. With progress in medicine, greater specialization, increasing patient expectations and the complexity of health services, professionals face an increasingly complicated work environment. Qualitative methods, although different from the experimental and quantitative techniques of clinical and biomedical research, are essential for health services research. This is because they allow us to explore aspects that are not quantitatively measurable, such as beliefs about health, and because they provide a necessary descriptive basis for quantitative research, especially in fields with little previous research.

¿Ensayos clínicos de superioridad, equivalencia o no inferioridad? / ¿Clinical trials of superiority, non-inferiority or equivalence?

La eficacia de una nueva intervención se establece generalmente a través de ensayos clínicos (EC) con asignación aleatoria (AA). Sin embargo, entre otros tantos desafíos metodológicos, el especificar la hipótesis de un EC con AA, sigue siendo un problema complejo de resolver para los investigadores clínicos. En este manuscrito discutimos las características de tres variantes de los EC con AA: EC de superioridad (ECS), EC de no-inferioridad (ECNI), y EC de equivalencia (ECE). Estos tres tipos de EC tienen supuestos diferentes sobre los efectos de una intervención, por lo que plantear hipótesis y definir objetivos requiere conocer algunos supuestos subyacentes a estos EC, incluso hasta elementos relacionados con la estimación del tamaño de muestra para cada cual. El objetivo de este manuscrito fue describir las diferencias metodológicas entre ECS, ECNI y ECE.

Efficacy and effectivity of new interventions are generally established through randomized clinical trials (RCTs). However, among many other methodological challenges, specifying the hypothesis of a RCT remains complex problem for clinical researchers. In this manuscript we discuss the characteristics of three variants of RCTs: superiority RCT (SRCT), non-inferiority RCT (NIRCT), and equivalence RCT (ERCT). These three types of RCT have different assumptions about the effects of an intervention, so setting hypotheses and defining objectives requires knowing some assumptions underlying these RCTs, including elements related to the estimation of the sample size for each one. The aim of this manuscript was to describe methodological differences between SRCT, NIRCT and ERCT.

Desafios avaliativos em cenário ribeirinho: pistas metodológicas para o acesso à rede de urgência e emergência / Evaluation challenges in a ribeirinho context: methodological clues in accessing the urgency and emergency network / Desafíos evaluativos en el escenario ribereño: pistas metodológicas para el acceso a la red de urgencia y emergencia

O acesso à saúde e às políticas públicas em áreas remotas é um desafio relevante aos sistemas públicos no Brasil, dada sua dimensão e diversidade territorial. Este artigo tem como proposta apresentar o modelo teórico-lógico elaborado para avaliar o acesso da população ribeirinha à rede de urgência e emergência (RUE) em cenário amazônico, com vistas a fortalecer o planejamento, o monitoramento e a avaliação em saúde voltados para populações específicas. O ponto de partida metodológico foi a revisão temática sobre o acesso à saúde e o contexto amazônico na sua inter-relação com a proposta da pesquisa, que foi problematizada em encontros com colaboradores. Em seguida, buscou-se compreender e analisar os componentes teórico e lógico do modelo e adaptá-los à tríade donabediana ­ estrutura, processo e resultado. O resultado configurou a construção do modelo propriamente dito, com centralidade nas características que representam a oferta dos serviços (sócio-organizacional) e que retratam principalmente o espaço (geográfico). Esses pontos de construção do modelo demonstram sua contribuição para subsidiar outros processos avaliativos e o impacto final na tomada de decisão para qualificar o acesso da população ribeirinha à saúde em momento de sofrimento agudo, auxiliando na superação das condições que segregam essas populações.

Access to health and public policies in remote areas is a major challenge for public systems in Brazil, given its dimension and territorial diversity. This article presents a theoretical-logical model designed to assess the ribeirinho population's access to the urgency and emergency network in the Amazon as to strengthen health planning, monitoring, and evaluation aimed at specific populations. Starting from a thematic review on access to health and the Amazon in its interrelation with the research proposal, which were problematized in meetings with collaborators, the research sought to understand and analyze the model's theoretical and logical components and adapt them to the Donabedian triad (structure, process and result). This resulted in the model itself, centered on service provision (socio-organizational) and the space (geographic). These points demonstrate its contribution to support other evaluation processes and the final impact on decision-making to qualify this population's access to health under acute suffering, helping to overcome current restrictive conditions.

El acceso a la salud y a las políticas públicas en áreas remotas es un desafío relevante para el sistema público en Brasil dada su dimensión y diversidad territorial. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar un modelo teórico-lógico desarrollado para validar el acceso de la población ribereña a la red de urgencia y emergencia en el escenario amazónico, para fortalecer la planificación, la vigilancia y la evaluación de los resultados de salud de poblaciones específicas. El punto de partida metodológico fue la revisión temática sobre el acceso a la salud en el contexto amazónico, en especial su interrelación con la propuesta de investigación, que fue problematizada en reuniones con colaboradores. Después, se buscó comprender y analizar los componentes teórico y lógico del modelo y adaptarlos a la tríada donabediana ­estructura, proceso y resultado. El resultado configuró la construcción del modelo propiamente dicho, con foco en las características que representan la prestación de los servicios (social-organizacional) y que retratan principalmente el espacio (geográfico). Estos puntos de construcción del modelo destacan su contribución para subsidiar otros procesos evaluativos y el impacto final en la toma de decisiones para calificar el acceso de la población ribereña a la salud en un momento de sufrimiento agudo, ayudando a superar las condiciones que segregan a estas poblaciones.

Optimization of Decoction Technology and Establishment of Quality Standard for Moringa oleifera Leaf Standard Decoction / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveBased on response surface methodology combined with principal component analysis（PCA）， the optimal decocting process of Moringa oleifera leaf standard decoction was optimized， and its multi-index quality evaluation system was established， in order to provide scientific basis for the quality control of this standard decoction. MethodResponse surface methodology and PCA were used to optimize the decoction process by taking the relative peak areas of 8 characteristic peaks and dry extract yield as indexes. Based on this， the quality of 15 batches of the standard decoction was evaluated by high performance liquid chromatography（HPLC） characteristic chromatogram， determination of major components（neochlorogenic acid， L-tryptophan， cryptochlorogenic acid， vicenin-2， isoquercetin， astragalin）， determination of active parts（total flavonoids， total organic acids， total polysaccharides， total α-amino acids， total sinapine）， dry extract yield， specific gravity and pH. ResultThe optimal decocting process was to soak M. oleifera leaves（100.00 g） for 30 min and decoct twice with the first decoction of 12 times the amount of water for 30 min and the second decoction of 10 times the amount of water for 20 min. Standard decoction containing 0.2 g·mL-1 of crude drug was defined by x¯±30%， the specific gravity was 0.722-1.340， pH was 3.86-7.16， dry extract yield was 23.1%-42.9%， and the alcohol-soluble extract content was 8.26%-15.34%. Calculated according to the dried products of the standard decoction， the contents of neochlorogenic acid， L-tryptophan， cryptochlorogenic acid， vicenin-2， isoquercetin and astragalin were 1.99-3.69， 1.20-2.22， 1.44-2.67， 0.53-0.99， 2.45-4.55， 1.22-2.26 mg·g-1， the relative transfer rates relative to the herbs were 34.37%-63.83%， 62.43%-115.94%， 64.65%-120.06%， 56.98%-105.82%， 37.46%-69.57%， 41.81%-77.64%， respectively. The contents of total flavonoids， total organic acids， total polysaccharides， total α-amino acids， total sinapine were 10.19-18.92， 11.82-21.96， 94.07-174.71， 42.69-79.27， 9.55-17.73 mg·g-1， the relative transfer rates for herbs were 25.72%-47.77%， 41.78%-77.59%， 64.90%-120.54%， 42.30%-78.57%， 34.99%-64.99%， respectively. ConclusionThe optimized decocting technology of M. oleifera leaf standard decoction is stable and feasible， and the established multi-indicator quality evaluation system can lay the foundation for the quality control of this standard decoction.

Preparation and in vitro dissolution behaviors evaluation of silymarin phospholipid complex / 药学实践与服务

Objective To prepare silymarin phospholipids complex（SM-PC） and investigate its physicochemical properties. Methods On the basis of single-factor tests, the drug-lipid ratio, drug concentration and reaction temperature were selected as the factors of the central composite design and response surface methodology in the preparation of SM-PC by solvent volatilization, and the best process was optimized with the compound rate as the index. And its in vitro dissolution was measured. Results The optimum preparation technology of SM-PC was as follows: acetone was used as compound solvent, the concentration of SM was 8.0 mg/ml, the mass ratio of SM to phospholipid was 1∶1.8, the reaction temperature was 56 ℃ and the recombination rate was（95.15±1.55）% with deviation of less than 3%. The in vitro dissolution test showed that the dissolution of SM-PC was close to 90% in 60 min. The dissolution behavior of main component of silybin was similar to that of silymarin capsules（Legalon ®）, which was higher than SM-API. Conclusion SM-PC was successfully prepared by central composite design response surface method, which significantly improved the dissolution and laid a foundation for the study of subsequent preparations.

Optimization of prescription process of lifitegrast eye drops and evaluation of its efficacy for dry eye disease / 中国药科大学学报

@#In order to develop a more effective drug for dry eye disease, the preparation of lifitegrast eye drops was carried out, and the safety and efficacy of lifitegrast eye drops in vitro and in vivo were investigated. First the method for the determination of lifitegrast content was established, and then the composition and preparation process of the preparation were determined by literature review and single factor experiment. Finally, the safety of lifitegrast eye drops was evaluated by Draize eye irritation test and HE staining, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated by Schirmer test and ELISA test. The results showed that the final prescription of lifitegrast eye drops consisted of 5% lifitegrast, 0.4% sodium chloride, 0.3%−0.4% anhydrous disodium hydrogen phosphate, 0.3% sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate and 0.3% sodium hydroxide. The appearance of lifitegrast eye drops was transparent and slightly brownish yellow solution, the pH was7.75±0.05, the osmotic pressure was in the range of 200−330 mOsmol/kg and it had good stability at 60℃ for 3 months. There was no significant difference in irritation study compared with normal saline. Schirmer test showed that tear secretion was increased and the expression of inflammatory factors IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α in tears were significantly decreased after treatment with lifitegrast eye drops and compared to the commercially available emulsion cyclosporine eye drops, it takes effect faster. The above results indicate that lifitegrast eye drops are simple to prepare and stable, which is a better choice for the rapid treatment of dry eye disease.

Exploration of the Characteristics， Existing Problems and Research Ideas of Traditional Chinese Medicine Disease Names / 中医杂志

The standardization study on disease names in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） is a key and challenging aspect of the modernization of TCM. TCM disease names refer to a symbolic system established by traditional medicine for the rational definition and denotation of physical and mental distress， characterized by temporal and spatial features， clinical features， and cultural traits. These features are both the characteristics of TCM disease names and the root causes of issues such as weakened application， standardization difficulties， and lack of methodology. In response to these problems， we propose a research idea for TCM disease names. Firstly， appropriate samples should be selected based on application needs， and by constructing models， the alignment of the TCM disease names' refe-rence system in content and form should be facilitated to address the issue of weakened application. Secondly， studies on semantics， pragmatics， and clinical positioning should be conducted simultaneously to promote the empi-rical nature of linguistic symbols and strengthen the clinical features of TCM disease names. Furthermore， research on methodology should be intensified. By fully referencing traditional naming methods and the nomenclature of western scientific fields and theoretically examining complex systems， the intrinsic relationship between classification systems and naming methods should be clarified， thereby completing the standardization study of the construction process of the TCM disease names reference system.

The Difficulties and Methodological Suggestions for the Recommendation Formation of Clinical Practice Guidelines of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中医杂志

Currently， there are many difficulties in formulating recommendations of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） clinical practice guidelines. This paper analyzed and summarized the unique or prominent difficult issues in the formulation of recommendations faced by TCM guidelines， such as experts' professional background and experience bringing about the preferance from the academic emotion， inconsistency between different academic schools making it difficult to reach consensus， lack of guiding principles of the decision weight of different dimensions for recommendations. Therefore， methodological suggestions have been put forward， including organizing parallel TCM and western medicine consensus group， improving the method of combining TCM and western medicine paradigm， attaching great importance to the evidence-based governance of academic schools， and promoting the research on different dimensions for recommendation formulation， which may provide a methodological reference for the guideline development.

Methodological Evaluation of Advantages of Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment of Sjögren's Syndrome / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Screening and evaluating the diseases responding specifically to traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） will help to highlight the advantages of TCM treatment， and the evaluation method should be standardized with consideration to the unique characteristics of the diseases. The incidence of Sjögren's Syndrome （SS） is increasing year by year， while the pathogenesis of this disease remains unclear. Modern therapies for this disease include biological agents and immunosuppressants， which generally have unsatisfactory efficacy. The TCM treatment of SS focuses on the harmony of the physical and mental health. The Rheumatology Branch of the China Association of Chinese Medicine organizes experts in TCM， Western medicine， and evidence-based medicine to form working groups. Delphi method and bibliometric method were used for analysis， and SS was selected as a disease responding specifically to TCM. Furthermore， the evaluation system was established for this disease， and the consensus regarding this disease was reached after seminar discussion. This paper summarized the whole process of the evaluation of the advantages of TCM treatment of SS. First， because TCM atomization is widely used in clinical practice and enriches TCM administration methods， this therapy is included after other non-drug therapies were taken as characteristic therapies. Second， the evaluation indicators of therapeutic effect should be determined with consideration to international acceptance and the current research status. Third， the expression method should be accurate， standardized， and objective， highlight the natural advantages of TCM， and avoid arbitrary extension. This paper provides a reference for clinicians to explore other diseases responding specifically to TCM.

Application of Quality Evaluation of Blind Method in Clinical Trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国实验方剂学杂志

The quality evaluation of the blind method is to evaluate the clinical blind data obtained from clinical trials adopting the blind method and judge the effectiveness of the blind method by investigating the blind effect of different blind objects. A successful blind method can avoid the influence of subjective factors on the test results of subjects and researchers to a certain extent. The quality evaluation of the blind method can reflect not only the effectiveness of the blind method but also the accuracy and credibility of clinical trial results. In recent years， randomized controlled trials have been widely used in the evaluation of the clinical efficacy of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）， but the quality of the implementation of blind methods is uneven， and the evaluation criteria have not yet been formed. In this paper， the data collection methods， calculation principles， advantages， and disadvantages of two quantitative quality evaluation methods of blind methods， namely James Blinding Index （JBI） and Bang Blinding Index （BBI）， were introduced. The two indexes were analyzed in a randomized controlled trial of acupuncture and moxibustion to relieve postoperative oral pain. The calculation process of the results was demonstrated by R software and visualized by forest map. At the same time， a tool table was designed to facilitate the collection of evaluation data of blind methods in TCM clinical trials at different stages. Finally， the necessity and feasibility of quality evaluation of blind method in TCM research were discussed to provide a basis for evaluating and improving the quality of blind method implementation in TCM clinical trials.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine（Part 3）： Identification of Clinical Questions / 中医杂志

The identification of clinical questions for clinical practice guidelines of Chinese patent medicine （CPM） is important for subsequent evidence retrieval， evaluation of evidence quality， formation of recommendations. This paper described a methodological proposal for the identification of clinical questions for CPM guidelines to highlight the characteristics of Chinese patent medicine and reflect its effect in specific stage of the disease. Considering four aspects， namely， the drug of Chinese patent medicine （D）， the specific disease stage （S）， comparison （C）， and specific outcome （O）， DSCO framework has been proposed to formulate the clinical questions. Multi-source information through scientific research， policy or standard documents， and clinical data are suggested for collecting clinical questions， and clear selection criteria should be set to finalize the clinical questions to be addressed by the guideline. In addition， the above process needs to be transparently and publicly reported in order to ensure the clarity and completeness of the guidelines.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine（Part 4）： Evidence Retrieval and Evaluation / 中医杂志

The retrieval and evaluation of evidence is the basis for the development of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine. As traditional Chinese medicine has a different development trajectory and utilization characteristics from modern medicine， there is certain differences in terms of evidence composition， retrieval and integration.This paper discussed multi-source body of evidence on Chinese patent medicine based on modern evidence-based medicine and ancient medical literature， and summarized the retrieval strategy as well as the possible problems and solving methods. For different types of evidence on Chinese patent medicine， the corresponding evaluation tools have been recommended， and the order to integrate the evidence based on the quality of the evidence from high to low is suggested. Finally， a multi-source based evidence retrieval-evaluation-integration scheme for Chinese patent medicine has been formed， which will provide a methodological reference for practitioners in the development of clinical practice guidelines for Chinese patent medicine.

Methodology for the Development of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Chinese Patent Medicine（Part 5）： Retrieval and Synthesis of Key Information on Rational Drug Use / 中医杂志

Recommendations for Chinese patent medicine （CPM） based on key information on rational drug use are one of the important conditions for enhancing guideline enforceability as well as facilitating guideline implementation. In this study， we discussed in detail of the key information on the rational use of CPM in five aspects， which are dosage， drug discontinuation， drug-drug and drug-food interactions， safety and economy. Following the process of multi-source search， synthesis and prioritization， it is suggested to collect key information on the rational use of CPM from a multi-source search of drug instructions， policy documents， literature， and clinical experts' experiences. Then the searched information should be summarized and prioritized with the principle that taking drug instructions as the basis and other-sources information for check and supplementation. Finally， methodological recommendations for the retrieval and synthesis of key information on rational drug use in guideline recommendations has been formed.