A REVIEW ON TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLE

In recent years, there has been a rise in interest in the development of novel drug delivery systems that utilize nanoparticles. In terms of high stability, high specificity, high drug-carrying capacity, controlled release, the ability to use different routes of administration, and the ability to deliver both hydrophilic and hydrophobic drug molecules, nanoparticles can offer significant advantages over conventional drug delivery. We try to provide a detailed overview of template techniques designed for nanomaterial production. The pores and channels in the nanoporous “template” structures are used to generate the desired nanomaterials in template synthesis. Because this process has advantages over other methods, like allowing precise control over their size, shape, and structure, it is commonly used to generate nanoparticles. The first half of the review provides information on various template preparation processes. Templates are classified as “hard” or “soft” templates. Soft templates are often fluid-like, whereas hard templates are typically solid-state materials with distinct morphology and structure. This study discusses the effect of templates on morphologies and methodology and compares hard and soft templates.

DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF SOLID-LIPID NANO-PARTICLES OF SULFASALAZINE FOR ANTI- RHEUMATIC ACTIVITY

Chronic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can cause irreversible joint deterioration over time. Solvent-based lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are widely used as an efficient method to increase the oral bioavailability of poorly soluble medicines like Sulfasalazine. The present study aimed to formulate and evaluation of anti-rheumatic potential of the solid lipid nano-particles (SLNs) of Sulfasalazine. Drug loaded SLNs were formulated and coated with chitosan (CS) for sustained delivery and characterized for particle size, poly dispersity index and in vitro drug release. safety and efficacy profile of optimized batch was analyzed in animal model. Particle size of the optimized formulation was 269±2.45 nm with the PDI of 0.217±0.008 and entrapment efficiency of about 79.9±2.21. The zeta potential of particles was 35.7 mV. Particles had spherical shape with size ranging 100 nm which was determined by TEM analysis. Created formulation showed that the medication was released from the lipid matrix under regulated conditions, with 83.2±1.5% of the drug released in 24 h. Cmax for drug was higher (337±24) when administered as SLNs drug, similarly Tmax was longer when administered as lipid nanoparticles (6Hr), indicating a sustained drug release from SLNs. complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) activity in rats administered with CS-SSZ-SLN (300mg/kg) equivalent to doses of 300mg/kg SSZ showed reduction in paw edema by day 9 (53.1 ± 1.75% (p<0.005), day 18 (68.68 ± 2.08%) (p<0.001) and 78.24 ± 2.36 % ( p<0.001) on day 21 respectively. Significant increase in the Tmax and the T1/2 values for the nanoparticles, indicates sustained release of the drugs by the SLNs. Sulfasalazine functions by decreasing inflammation, which is likely responsible for lessening the signs and symptoms of inflammatory diseases such rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease.

Characterization, Antimicrobial and anticancer activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Garcinia gummi-gutta (L.) Robs. leaf extracts

Garcinia gummi-gutta is commercially an important plant as its leaves and fruits contain valuable chemical components and are used for various ailments and treatments. Even though, there are minimum reports that have been seen in their exploration of this plant in the field of nanotechnology. So the present study deals with the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from the aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of G. gummi-gutta and screening its antimicrobial and anticancer properties. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles was characterized by UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies. In UV-vis spectroscopy, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectrum of silver nanoparticles produced prominent peaks at 365 and 363 nm in aqueous and ethanol leaf extracts of G. gummi-gutta, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and XRD studies showed that the biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from aqueous and ethanol extracts of G. gummi-gutta leaves are spherical and crystalline in nature with an average size of 25 and 23 nm. FTIR spectroscopy reveals that the functional groups are responsible for the synthesis and stabilization of silver nanoparticles. The biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from both plant extracts have remarkable antibacterial and anticancer properties. Through these studies, it was found that silver nanoparticles from the ethanol leaf extract of G. gummi-gutta is more potential than silver nanoparticles from the aqueous leaf extract of G. gummi-gutta. So the present study is a novel attempt to synthesize the silver nanoparticles from this plant and elucidate its antimicrobial and anticancer potential.

Characterisation and Cytotoxicity Analysis of Green Synthesised Silver Nanoparticles Using Fruit Peel Extract of Citrus pennivesiculata (Lush.) Tanaka

Silver nanoparticles were green synthesized using the aqueous extract of Citrus pennivesiculata (Lush.) Tanaka, J. fruit peel. The metallic silver was reduced to silver nanoparticles by the action of secondary metabolites in the fruit peel. The characterization of silver nanoparticles was done by UV-visible spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). UV-vis spectrophotometry of the silver nanoparticles showed an absorption peak at 435 nm. The TEM analysis showed that the spherical diameter of the particle ranged between 2 to 34 nm. The XRD analysis proved the crystalline nature of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The FTIR analysis of the synthesized nanoparticles showed the presence of alcohols, phenols, aromatic esters, monosubstituted alkynes, disubstituted alkenes, sulfoxide, amino, and other functional groups. Cytotoxicity and anticancer activity of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles were determined using the mouse fibroblast cell line (L929) and human breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), respectively. The lethal concentration (LC50) of silver nanoparticles on the L929 cell line was found to be 48.521 ?g/mL, and that of the MCF-7 cell line was 21.625816 ?g/mL. The synthesized silver nanoparticles revealed cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner. The conclusions drawn from this research could be beneficial for nanotechnology-based biomedical applications.

99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanoparticle for hybrid image / 99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanopartícula para imagem híbrida / 99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanopartícula para imagem híbrida

Introduction: Currently nanotechnology has radically changed the diagnosis of many human pathologies. The aim of this work is to obtain silver nanoparticles for hybrid imaging (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) having potential clinical imaging applications. Materials and methods: We mixed 2 ml of ascorbic acid (1.7x10-4 M), 5 mCi of 99mTcO4- , 2 ml of citric acid (8.0x10-4 M) and 0.5 ml of silver nitrate (2.5x10-3 M). Solution pH was 5, and it was shaken for 20 minutes at 37º C. Afterwards, 2 µL of Indocyanine Green (1.3x10-3 M) was added (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). Physiochemical properties of the solution were characterized by UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) and gamma detector. Fluorescence image, particle size and IR spectrum were evaluated. Results: Silver nanoparticles were obtained in aqueous solution a pH of 5. Their pH, color and spectrum were stable for seven days. Furthermore, the principal peak characterized by HPLC, UV and Gamma detector had similar retention times. Its UV spectrum showed an absorption band of 420 nm, which corresponds to the plasmon absorption band of these nanoparticles. The particle size was 46 nm ± 1.5 nm. The IR spectrum showed absorption bands in 3193, 2624, 1596 y 1212 cm-1. Conclusions: We describe for the first time in literature the synthesis of hybrid (radioactive and fluorescent) silver nanoparticles. Their physiochemical properties were characterized, being stable and their labelling was reproducible having potential biomedical applications.

Introducción: actualmente la nanotecnología ha cambiado radicalmente el diagnóstico de muchas patologías humanas. El objetivo de este trabajo es obtener nanopartículas de plata para imagen híbrida (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) que tengan potenciales aplicaciones clínicas en imagen. Materiales y métodos: se mezclaron 2 ml de ácido ascórbico (1,7x10-4 M), 5 mCi de 99mTcO4- , 2 ml de ácido cítrico (8,0x10-4 M) y 0,5 ml de nitrato de plata (2,5x10-3 M). El pH de la solución fue 5, y se agitó durante 20 minutos a 37º C. A continuación, se añadieron 2 µl de verde de indocianina (1,3x10-3 M) (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). Las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la solución se caracterizaron mediante UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) y detector gamma. Se evaluaron la imagen de fluorescencia, el tamaño de las partículas y el espectro IR. Resultados: se obtuvieron nanopartículas de plata en solución acuosa a un pH de 5. Su pH, color y espectro fueron estables durante siete días. Además, el pico principal caracterizado por HPLC, UV y detector Gamma tenía tiempos de retención similares. Su espectro UV mostró una banda de absorción de 420 nm, que corresponde a la banda de absorción plasmónica de estas nanopartículas. El tamaño de las partículas era de 46 nm ± 1,5 nm. El espectro IR mostró bandas de absorción en 3193, 2624, 1596 y 1212 cm-1. Conclusiones: describimos por primera vez en la literatura la síntesis de nanopartículas de plata híbridas (radioctivas y fluorescentes). Se caracterizaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, siendo estables y su etiquetado fue reproducible teniendo potenciales aplicaciones biomédicas.

Introdução: atualmente, a nanotecnologia mudou radicalmente o diagnóstico de muitas patologias humanas. O objetivo deste trabalho é obter nanopartículas de prata para imagens híbridas (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) com possíveis aplicações de imagens clínicas. Materiais e métodos: misturamos 2 ml de ácido ascórbico (1,7x10-4 M), 5 mCi de 99mTcO4- , 2 ml de ácido cítrico (8,0x10-4 M) e 0,5 ml de nitrato de prata (2,5x10-3 M). O pH da solução era 5 e ela foi agitada por 20 minutos a 37º C. Em seguida, foram adicionados 2 µL de indocianina verde (1,3x10-3 M) (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). As propriedades físico-químicas da solução foram caracterizadas por UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) e detector gama. A imagem de fluorescência, o tamanho das partículas e o espectro de infravermelho foram avaliados. Resultados: as nanopartículas de prata foram obtidas em solução aquosa com pH de 5. Seu pH, cor e espectro permaneceram estáveis por sete dias. Além disso, o pico principal caracterizado por HPLC, UV e detector gama teve tempos de retenção semelhantes. Seu espectro de UV mostrou uma banda de absorção de 420 nm, que corresponde à banda de absorção plasmônica dessas nanopartículas. O tamanho da partícula foi de 46 nm ± 1,5 nm. O espectro de IV mostrou bandas de absorção em 3193, 2624, 1596 e 1212 cm-1. Conclusões: descrevemos pela primeira vez na literatura a síntese de nanopartículas de prata híbridas (radioativas e fluorescentes). Suas propriedades físico-químicas foram caracterizadas, sendo estáveis e sua rotulagem foi reprodutível, com possíveis aplicações biomédicas.

99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanopartícula para imagen híbrida / 99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanoparticle for hybrid image / 99mTc-AgNPs-ICG: nanopartícula para imagem híbrida

Introducción: actualmente la nanotecnología ha cambiado radicalmente el diagnóstico de muchas patologías humanas. El objetivo de este trabajo es obtener nanopartículas de plata para imagen híbrida (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) que tengan potenciales aplicaciones clínicas en imagen. Materiales y métodos: se mezclaron 2 ml de ácido ascórbico (1.7 x10-4 M), 5 mCi de 99mTcO4-, 2 ml de ácido cítrico (8.0 x 10-4 M) y 0.5 ml de nitrato de plata (2.5 x 10-3 M). El pH de la solución fue 5, y se agitó durante 20 minutos a 37º C. A continuación, se añadieron 2 µl de verde de indocianina (1.3 x 10-3 M) (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). Las propiedades fisicoquímicas de la solución se caracterizaron mediante UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) y detector gamma. Se evaluaron la imagen de fluorescencia, el tamaño de las partículas y el espectro IR. Resultados: se obtuvieron nanopartículas de plata en solución acuosa a un pH de 5. Su pH, color y espectro fueron estables durante siete días. Además, el pico principal caracterizado por HPLC, UV y detector Gamma tenía tiempos de retención similares. Su espectro UV mostró una banda de absorción de 420 nm, que corresponde a la banda de absorción plasmónica de estas nanopartículas. El tamaño de las partículas era de 46 nm ± 1,5 nm. El espectro IR mostró bandas de absorción en 3193, 2624, 1596 y 1212 cm-1. Conclusiones: describimos por primera vez en la literatura la síntesis de nanopartículas de plata híbridas (radioactivas y fluorescentes). Se caracterizaron sus propiedades fisicoquímicas, siendo estables y su etiquetado fue reproducible teniendo potenciales aplicaciones biomédicas.

Introduction: Currently nanotechnology has radically changed the diagnosis of many human pathologies. The aim of this work is to obtain silver nanoparticles for hybrid imaging (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) having potential clinical imaging applications. Materials and methods: We mixed 2 ml of ascorbic acid (1.7x10-4 M), 5 mCi of 99mTcO4-, 2 ml of citric acid (8.0 x 10-4 M) and 0.5 ml of silver nitrate (2.5 x 10-3 M). Solution pH was 5, and it was shaken for 20 minutes at 37º C. Afterwards, 2 µL of Indocyanine Green (1.3 x 10-3 M) was added (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). Physiochemical properties of the solution were characterized by UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) and gamma detector. Fluorescence image, particle size and IR spectrum were evaluated. Results: Silver nanoparticles were obtained in aqueous solution a pH of 5. Their pH, color and spectrum were stable for seven days. Furthermore, the principal peak characterized by HPLC, UV and Gamma detector had similar retention times. Its UV spectrum showed an absorption band of 420 nm, which corresponds to the plasmon absorption band of these nanoparticles. The particle size was 46 nm ± 1.5 nm. The IR spectrum showed absorption bands in 3193, 2624, 1596 y 1212 cm-1. Conclusions: We describe for the first time in literature the synthesis of hybrid (radioactive and fluorescent) silver nanoparticles. Their physiochemical properties were characterized, being stable and their labelling was reproducible having potential biomedical applications.

Introdução: Atualmente, a nanotecnologia mudou radicalmente o diagnóstico de muitas patologias humanas. O objetivo deste trabalho é obter nanopartículas de prata para imagens híbridas (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG) com possíveis aplicações de imagens clínicas. Materiais e métodos: Misturamos 2 ml de ácido ascórbico (1.7 x 10-4 M), 5 mCi de 99mTcO4-, 2 ml de ácido cítrico (8.0 x 10-4 M) e 0.5 ml de nitrato de prata (2.5 x 10-3 M). O pH da solução era 5 e ela foi agitada por 20 minutos a 37º C. Em seguida, foram adicionados 2 µL de indocianina verde (1,3x10-3 M) (99mTc-AgNPs-ICG). As propriedades físico-químicas da solução foram caracterizadas por UV (λ1 = 420 nm, λ2 = 254 nm) e detector gama. A imagem de fluorescência, o tamanho das partículas e o espectro de infravermelho foram avaliados. Resultados: As nanopartículas de prata foram obtidas em solução aquosa com pH de 5. Seu pH, cor e espectro permaneceram estáveis por sete dias. Além disso, o pico principal caracterizado por HPLC, UV e detector gama teve tempos de retenção semelhantes. Seu espectro de UV mostrou uma banda de absorção de 420 nm, que corresponde à banda de absorção plasmônica dessas nanopartículas. O tamanho da partícula foi de 46 nm ± 1,5 nm. O espectro de IV mostrou bandas de absorção em 3193, 2624, 1596 e 1212 cm-1. Conclusões: Descrevemos pela primeira vez na literatura a síntese de nanopartículas de prata híbridas (radioativas e fluorescentes). Suas propriedades físico-químicas foram caracterizadas, sendo estáveis e sua rotulagem foi reprodutível, com possíveis aplicações biomédicas.

Role of cerium oxide nanoparticles in doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and its effect on P53 gene expression / 中国现代医生

@#Objective To study the effect of nano-ceria on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxic injury and its effect on P53 gene expression,and to explore the mechanism of nano-ceria on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxic injury.Methods H9C2 myocardial cells were cultured and randomly divided into five groups:control group,model group(1μmol/L adriamycin),nano-cerium oxide group(10μg/ml nano-cerium oxide),experimental group(1μmol/L adriamycin +10μg/ml nano-cerium oxide),and positive control group(1μmol/L adriamycin+10μmol/L dexperimine).The adriamycin induced cardiotoxicity model was established,and the viability of myocardial cells was measured by CCK-8 method.The contents of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)and malondialdehyde(MDA)in myocardial cells were detected by biochemical method.The levels of reactive oxygen(ROS)and the apoptosis rate in myocardial cells were detected by flow cytometry.The expressions of Bax,Bcl-2 and P53 proteins in myocardial cells were detected by Western blot.Results Compared with the control group,the cell viability was decreased in the model group,the cell LDH and MDA contents were increased,the intracellular ROS level and apoptosis rate were increased,the expressions of Bax and P53 proteins were increased,and the expression of Bcl-2 protein was decreased,and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax was decreased(all P<0.001).Compared with the model group,the experimental group showed increased cell viability,decreased cell LDH and MDA contents,decreased cell ROS content and apoptosis rate,decreased Bax and P53 protein expressions,and increased Bcl-2 protein expression,and the Bcl-2/Bax ratio was increased(all P<0.001).Conclusion Ceria nanoparticles can effectively prevent adriamycin-induced cardiotoxic injury,and its effect may be related to the down-regulation of P53 gene to inhibit cardiomyocyte apoptosis.

Conformational Engineering of Antibody Fragments on The Surface of Platinum Nanoparticles / 生物化学与生物物理进展

ObjectiveRecent successful restoration of the native conformation and function of the complementary-determining regions (CDRs) of antibodies on gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) demonstrates that the era of molecular conformational engineering is dawning. Basically, molecular conformational engineering aims to precisely tune flexible non-functional molecules into special conformations to carry out novel functions, in the same way as protein folding. In order to explore the general applicability of molecular conformational engineering, as well as to reveal the mechanism of protein structure-function relationship, the objective of this work is to restore the native conformation and function of the CDRs of an antibody on platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs). MethodsThe CDR fragment of the anti-lysozyme antibody cAB-lys3, which has no stable conformation or function in free state, was conjugated onto the surface of PtNPs through two Pt-S bonds. The original antigen-recognizing function of the CDR restored on PtNPs was assessed by the specific inhibition of the enzymatic activity of lysozyme by the PtNP-CDR conjugates. ResultsAfter optimization of the peptide density on the surface of PtNPs and modification of PtNPs with polyethylene glycol (PEG), the resulted PtNP-based hybrid artificial antibody (PtNP-10PEG-30P1), dubbed Platinumbody, could bind specifically to lysozyme and significantly inhibit the activity of lysozyme. ConclusionThis is the first time that the fragment of a protein could refold on PtNPs. Together with the previous Goldbody and Silverbody, current work demonstrates that artificial proteins could be generally created by restoration of the native conformation of natural proteins fragments on NPs.

The Application in The Development of Immunoassay Based on Upconversion Nanomaterials / 生物化学与生物物理进展

Immunoassays are widely used in medicine, food, environment and other fields due to having the advantages of simpleness, rapidness and accuracy. Combining immunoassays with nanomaterials can improve the performance of immunoassays. Compared with traditional nanomaterials, upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) have excellent optical properties such as good photostability, long luminescence lifetime and narrow and tunable emission bands, which can significantly reduce background noise and improve analytical sensitivity when combined with immunoassay. This paper briefly introduces the luminescence mechanism of UCNPs, summarizes the synthesis and surface modification methods of UCNPs. And then 5 UCNPs-based immunoassay techniques, namely, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, inner filter effect, magnetic separation technique, upconversion-linked immunosorbent assay and upconversion immunochromatography, are discussed in detail. These sensing protocols of UCNPs-based immunoassays have been successfully utilized to detect various targets, including small molecules, macromolecules, and pathogens, all of which closely related to food safety, human health, and environmental pollution. Finally, the challenges and prospects of this technique are summarized and prospected. Although the UCNPs immunoassays based on antibodies and antigens have made great progress, most of the research is still in the stage of laboratory, and there is a long way to go to realize its social applications. There is a series of challenges need to be overcome. (1) Designing excellent water soluble and dispersive upconversion nanomaterials is needed. Hydrophilic ligands are bound to smaller upconversion nanoparticles and removing hydrophobic surface ligands are the most widely used methods to improve solubility and dispersity. (2) Multi-detection technology platforms and multi-mode simultaneous detection platforms have great potential, which will improve the efficiency of point of care detection. (3) The researchers also need to focus on some important problems. For examples, the upconversion luminescence efficiency of UCNPs is difficult to maintain, the synthesis method is complex, and the surface modification degree and functionalization are difficult to control.

Invivo and invitro evaluation of antitumor effects of iron oxide and folate core shell-iron oxide nanoparticles / Avaliação in vivo e in vitro dos efeitos antitumorais de nanopartículas de óxido de ferro e óxido de ferro com núcleo de folato

Abstract Nanoparticles are considered viable options in the treatment of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetite folate core shell (MFCS) on leukemic and hepatocarcinoma cell cultures as well as their effect on the animal model of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Through current study nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized by various techniques, and their properties were studied to confirm their nanostructure. Invivo study, nanoparticles were evaluated to inspect their cytotoxic activity against SNU-182 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human leukemia), and THLE2 (human normal epithelial liver) cells via MTT test. Apoptotic signaling proteins Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression were inspected through RT-PCR method. A cytotoxic effect of MNPs and MFCS was detected in previous cell cultures. Moreover, the apoptosis was identified through significant up-regulation of caspase-3, with Bcl-2 down-regulation. Invitro study, AML was induced in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea followed by oral treatment with MNPS and MFCS. Biochemical indices such as aspartate and alanine amino transferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, uric acid, complete blood count, and Beta -2-microglubulin were assessed in serum. Immunophenotyping for CD34 and CD38 detection was performed. Liver, kidney, and bone marrow were microscopically examined. Bcl-2 promoter methylation, and mRNA levels were examined. Although, both MNPs and MFCS depict amelioration in biochemical parameters, MFCS alleviated them toward normal control. Anticancer activity of MNPs and MFCS was approved especially for AML. Whenever, administration of MFCS was more effective than MNPs. The present work is one of few studies used MFCS as anticancer agent.

Resumo Nanopartículas são consideradas opções viáveis ​​no tratamento do câncer. Este estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de nanopartículas de magnetita (MNPs) e núcleo de folato de magnetita (MFCS) em culturas de células leucêmicas e de hepatocarcinoma, bem como seu efeito no modelo animal de leucemia mielocítica aguda (LMA). Através do atual estudo, nanopartículas foram sintetizadas, caracterizadas por várias técnicas, e suas propriedades foram estudadas para confirmar sua nanoestrutura. No estudo in vivo, as nanopartículas foram avaliadas para inspecionar sua atividade citotóxica contra células SNU-182 (carcinoma hepatocelular humano), K562 (leucemia humana) e THLE2 (fígado epitelial humano normal) por meio do teste MTT. A expressão das proteínas sinalizadoras apoptóticas Bcl-2 e Caspase-3 foram inspecionadas através do método RT-PCR. Um efeito citotóxico de MNPs e MFCS foi detectado em culturas de células anteriores. Além disso, a apoptose foi identificada por meio de regulação positiva significativa da Caspase-3, com regulação negativa de Bcl-2. No estudo in vitro, a AML foi induzida em ratos por N-metil-N-nitrosoureia seguida por tratamento oral com MNPS e MFCS. Índices bioquímicos como aspartato e alanina aminotransferases e atividades de lactato desidrogenase, ácido úrico, hemograma completo e Beta-2-microglubulina foram avaliados no soro. A imunofenotipagem para detecção de CD34 e CD38 foi realizada. Fígado, rim e medula óssea foram examinados microscopicamente. A metilação do promotor Bcl-2 e os níveis de mRNA foram examinados. Embora tanto os MNPs quanto os MFCS representem uma melhora nos parâmetros bioquímicos, o MFCS os aliviou em direção ao controle normal. A atividade anticâncer de MNPs e MFCS foi aprovada especialmente para AML. Sempre, a administração de MFCS foi mais eficaz do que MNPs. O presente trabalho é um dos poucos estudos que utilizou o MFCS como agente anticâncer.

Study on the role of nano antibacterial materials in orthodontics (a review) / Estudo sobre o papel dos materiais nanoantibacterianos na ortodontia

Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO2 on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.

Nanopartículas (NPs) são partículas insolúveis com diâmetro inferior a 100 nanômetros. Dois métodos principais têm sido utilizados na terapia ortodôntica para evitar a aderência microbiana ou a desmineralização do esmalte: NPs são incluídas em adesivos ortodônticos ou resinas acrílicas (fluoro-hidroxiapatita, fluorapatita, hidroxiapatita, SiO2, TiO2, prata, nanopreenchimentos) e NPs são revestidas nas superfícies de equipamentos ortodônticos, ou seja, uma camada fina de TiO2 dopado com nitrogênio nas superfícies do braquete. Embora o uso de NPs em ortodontia possa tornar acessível modernos recursos, pesquisas anteriores analisaram as características antibacterianas ou físicas por um período limitado de tempo, variando de 24 horas a várias semanas, por isso devem ser compreendidos os limites dos estudos in vitro. A eficácia de longo prazo de materiais ortodônticos com base em nanotecnologia ainda não foi confirmada de forma conclusiva, o que exige mais estudos, bem como potenciais preocupações de segurança (efeitos tóxicos) associadas ao tamanho da NP.

Invivo and invitro evaluation of antitumor effects of iron oxide and folate core shell-iron oxide nanoparticles

Abstract Nanoparticles are considered viable options in the treatment of cancer. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) and magnetite folate core shell (MFCS) on leukemic and hepatocarcinoma cell cultures as well as their effect on the animal model of acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). Through current study nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized by various techniques, and their properties were studied to confirm their nanostructure. Invivo study, nanoparticles were evaluated to inspect their cytotoxic activity against SNU-182 (human hepatocellular carcinoma), K562 (human leukemia), and THLE2 (human normal epithelial liver) cells via MTT test. Apoptotic signaling proteins Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 expression were inspected through RT-PCR method. A cytotoxic effect of MNPs and MFCS was detected in previous cell cultures. Moreover, the apoptosis was identified through significant up-regulation of caspase-3, with Bcl-2 down-regulation. Invitro study, AML was induced in rats by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea followed by oral treatment with MNPS and MFCS. Biochemical indices such as aspartate and alanine amino transferases, and lactate dehydrogenase activities, uric acid, complete blood count, and Beta -2-microglubulin were assessed in serum. Immunophenotyping for CD34 and CD38 detection was performed. Liver, kidney, and bone marrow were microscopically examined. Bcl-2 promoter methylation, and mRNA levels were examined. Although, both MNPs and MFCS depict amelioration in biochemical parameters, MFCS alleviated them toward normal control. Anticancer activity of MNPs and MFCS was approved especially for AML. Whenever, administration of MFCS was more effective than MNPs. The present work is one of few studies used MFCS as anticancer agent.

Resumo Nanopartículas são consideradas opções viáveis no tratamento do câncer. Este estudo foi conduzido para investigar o efeito de nanopartículas de magnetita (MNPs) e núcleo de folato de magnetita (MFCS) em culturas de células leucêmicas e de hepatocarcinoma, bem como seu efeito no modelo animal de leucemia mielocítica aguda (LMA). Através do atual estudo, nanopartículas foram sintetizadas, caracterizadas por várias técnicas, e suas propriedades foram estudadas para confirmar sua nanoestrutura. No estudo in vivo, as nanopartículas foram avaliadas para inspecionar sua atividade citotóxica contra células SNU-182 (carcinoma hepatocelular humano), K562 (leucemia humana) e THLE2 (fígado epitelial humano normal) por meio do teste MTT. A expressão das proteínas sinalizadoras apoptóticas Bcl-2 e Caspase-3 foram inspecionadas através do método RT-PCR. Um efeito citotóxico de MNPs e MFCS foi detectado em culturas de células anteriores. Além disso, a apoptose foi identificada por meio de regulação positiva significativa da Caspase-3, com regulação negativa de Bcl-2. No estudo in vitro, a AML foi induzida em ratos por N-metil-N-nitrosoureia seguida por tratamento oral com MNPS e MFCS. Índices bioquímicos como aspartato e alanina aminotransferases e atividades de lactato desidrogenase, ácido úrico, hemograma completo e Beta-2-microglubulina foram avaliados no soro. A imunofenotipagem para detecção de CD34 e CD38 foi realizada. Fígado, rim e medula óssea foram examinados microscopicamente. A metilação do promotor Bcl-2 e os níveis de mRNA foram examinados. Embora tanto os MNPs quanto os MFCS representem uma melhora nos parâmetros bioquímicos, o MFCS os aliviou em direção ao controle normal. A atividade anticâncer de MNPs e MFCS foi aprovada especialmente para AML. Sempre, a administração de MFCS foi mais eficaz do que MNPs. O presente trabalho é um dos poucos estudos que utilizou o MFCS como agente anticâncer.

Study on the role of nano antibacterial materials in orthodontics (a review)

Abstract Nanoparticles (NPs) are insoluble particles with a diameter of fewer than 100 nanometers. Two main methods have been utilized in orthodontic therapy to avoid microbial adherence or enamel demineralization. Certain NPs are included in orthodontic adhesives or acrylic resins (fluorohydroxyapatite, fluorapatite, hydroxyapatite, SiO2, TiO2, silver, nanofillers), and NPs (i.e., a thin layer of nitrogen-doped TiO2 on the bracket surfaces) are coated on the surfaces of orthodontic equipment. Although using NPs in orthodontics may open up modern facilities, prior research looked at antibacterial or physical characteristics for a limited period of time, ranging from one day to several weeks, and the limits of in vitro studies must be understood. The long-term effectiveness of nanotechnology-based orthodontic materials has not yet been conclusively confirmed and needs further study, as well as potential safety concerns (toxic effects) associated with NP size.

Resumo Nanopartículas (NPs) são partículas insolúveis com diâmetro inferior a 100 nanômetros. Dois métodos principais têm sido utilizados na terapia ortodôntica para evitar a aderência microbiana ou a desmineralização do esmalte: NPs são incluídas em adesivos ortodônticos ou resinas acrílicas (fluoro-hidroxiapatita, fluorapatita, hidroxiapatita, SiO2, TiO2, prata, nanopreenchimentos) e NPs são revestidas nas superfícies de equipamentos ortodônticos, ou seja, uma camada fina de TiO2 dopado com nitrogênio nas superfícies do braquete. Embora o uso de NPs em ortodontia possa tornar acessível modernos recursos, pesquisas anteriores analisaram as características antibacterianas ou físicas por um período limitado de tempo, variando de 24 horas a várias semanas, por isso devem ser compreendidos os limites dos estudos in vitro. A eficácia de longo prazo de materiais ortodônticos com base em nanotecnologia ainda não foi confirmada de forma conclusiva, o que exige mais estudos, bem como potenciais preocupações de segurança (efeitos tóxicos) associadas ao tamanho da NP.

Influence of the addition of nanohydroxyapatite to scaffolds on proliferation and differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells: a systematic review of in vitro studies

One of the main challenges of tissue engineering in dentistry is to replace bone and dental tissues with strategies or techniques that simulate physiological tissue repair conditions. This systematic review of in vitro studies aimed to evaluate the influence of the addition of nanohydroxyapatite (NHap) to scaffolds on cell proliferation and osteogenic and odontogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. In vitro studies on human stem cells that proliferated and differentiated into odontogenic and osteogenic cells in scaffolds containing NHap were included in this study. Searches in PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, OpenGrey, ProQuest, and Cochrane Library electronic databases were performed. The total of 333 articles was found across all databases. After reading and analyzing titles and abstracts, 8 articles were selected for full reading and extraction of qualitative data. Results showed that despite the large variability in scaffold composition, NHap-containing scaffolds promoted high rates of cell proliferation, increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity during short culture periods, and induced differentiation, as evidenced by the high expression of genes involved in osteogenesis and odontogenesis. However, further studies with greater standardization regarding NHap concentration, type of scaffolds, and evaluation period are needed to observe possible interference of these criteria in the action of NHap on the proliferation and differentiation of human stem cells.

Niobium oxyhydroxide as a bioactive agent and reinforcement to a high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite

Abstract Objective The present in vitro study incorporated niobium oxyhydroxide fillers into an experimental high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite to improve its mechanical performance and provide it a bioactive potential. Methodology Scanning electron microscopy synthesized and characterized 0.5% niobium oxyhydroxide fillers, demonstrating a homogeneous morphology that represented a reinforcement for the feature. Fillers were weighed, gradually added to the experimental resin composite, and homogenized for one minute, forming three groups: BF (experimental high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite; control), BF0.5 (experimental high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite modified with 0.5% niobium oxyhydroxide fillers), and BFC (commercial bulk-fill resin composite Beautifil Bulk U, Shofu; positive control). In total, 10 specimens/groups (8 × 2 × 2 mm) underwent flexural strength (FS) tests in a universal testing machine (Instron) (500N). Resin composites were also assessed for Knoop hardness (KH), depth of cure (DoC), degree of conversion (DC), elastic modulus (E), and degree of color change (ΔE). The bioactive potential of the developed resin composite was evaluated after immersing the specimens into a simulated body fluid in vitro solution and assessing them using a Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscope with an attenuated total reflectance accessory. One-way ANOVA, followed by the Tukey's test (p<0.05), determined FS, DC, KH, and ΔE. For DoC, ANOVA was performed, which demonstrated no significant difference between groups (p<0.05). Conclusions The high-viscosity bulk-fill resin composite with 0.5% niobium oxyhydroxide fillers showed promising outcomes as reinforcement agents and performed well for bioactive potential, although less predictable than the commercial resin composite with Giomer technology.

Poly-ε-caprolactone based nanoparticles for delivery of genistein in melanoma treatment

We developed poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL)-based nanoparticles containing D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol-1000 succinate (TPGS) or Poloxamer 407 as stabilizers to efficiently encapsulate genistein (GN). Two formulations, referred to as PNTPGS and PNPol, were prepared using nanoprecipitation. They were characterized by size and PDI distribution, zeta potential, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA), GN association (AE%), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). PNTPGS-GN exhibited a particle size of 141.2 nm, a PDI of 0.189, a zeta potential of -32.9 mV, and an AE% of 77.95%. PNPol-GN had a size of 146.3 nm, a better PDI than PNTPGS-GN (0.150), a less negative zeta potential (-21.0 mV), and an AE% of 68.73%. Thermal and spectrometric analyses indicated that no new compounds were formed, and there was no incompatibility detected in the formulations. Cellular studies revealed that Poloxamer 407 conferred less toxicity to PCL nanoparticles. However, the percentage of uptake decreased compared to the use of TPGS, which exhibited almost 80% cellular uptake. This study contributes to the investigation of stabilizers capable of conferring stability to PCL nanoparticles efficiently encapsulating GN. Thus, the PCL nanoparticle proposed here is an innovative nanomedicine for melanoma therapy and represents a strong candidate for specific pre-clinical and in vivo studie

Formulation Optimization of Hydroxyylsafflower Yellow A Nanoparticle Using Box-Behnken Response Surface Method and in Vitro Release Evaluation / 中药新药与临床药理

Objective To optimize the preparation process of hydroxysafflor yellow A(HSYA)nanoparticle and conduct in vitro release evaluation.Methods HSYA nanoparticles were prepared with PLGA as carrier by modified compound emulsion method.The optimal preparation process of the experiment was selected by Plackett-Burman and Box-Behnken response surface method.The nanoparticles were characterized by using particle size analyzer,TEM scanning electron microscope,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),X-ray diffraction(XRD).Frozen(4℃)storage stability,stability in physiological medium,lyophilized protective agent and in vitro release rate were investigated.Results The optimal process prescription of nanoparticle is as follow:pH value is 6.95,the dosage is 2.8 mg,and carrier dosage is 18.2 mg.The size of nanoparticles obtained at optimum condition is(176.4±1.29)nm,the polydiseperse index(PDI)is 0.152±0.014,the Zeta potential is(-17.6±0.46)mV,the encapsulation rate is(78.5±0.49)％,drug loading is(7.3±0.07)％.These nanoparticles showed round and good dispersion.Good stability in 4℃ storage environment and different physiological media of nanoparticles were observed.The best lyophilized protective agent was 1％glucose and the in vitro release rate of nanoparticles at 48 hours was 85％.Conclusion The optimization method is reasonable and reliable.The obtained nanoparticles have good stability and sustained-release effect.The in vitro release behavior conformed to first-order kinetic model.

Research progress on the application of metal nanoenzymes in the prevention and treatment of plaque biofilm-associated oral diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#Oral plaque biofilms are one of the bases for the survival and metabolism of different bacteria. With the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria due to antibiotic abuse, the prevention and treatment of plaque biofilm-associated oral diseases are becoming increasingly difficult. Although some research progress has been made in the field of biofilm formation and destruction, there is still a lack of effective clinical therapies for plaque biofilm-associated oral diseases. Metal nanoenzymes possess the physical properties of nanoparticles and exhibit catalytic activity similar to that of natural enzymes. The nanoscale size of metal nanoenzymes provides a greater specific surface area to help reactive oxygen species spread rapidly to active catalytic sites and improve the antioxidant properties of nanoenzymes. Additionally, metal nanoenzymes are easy to produce using different methods, such as electrochemical reduction, solvent thermal synthesis and microwave-assisted synthesis. Moreover, metal nanoenzymes can produce a high concentration of hydroxyl radicals, catalyze plaque biofilm degradation, lyse glucan and inhibit biofilm formation by oxidative stress reactions, as well as kill bacteria by releasing metal ions. Thus, metal nanoenzymes are expected to become a new option for the prevention and treatment of oral plaque biofilm-associated diseases. However, metal nanoenzymes can enter organisms through oral, intravenous and respiratory routes, triggering potential toxic effects such as pulmonary toxicity, hepatotoxicity and neurotoxicity. In a complex biological environment, the occurrence of metal nanoenzymes toxicity may involve multiple mechanisms, and the mechanism of action and safety need to be thoroughly investigated. In this paper, we intend to describe the research progress on metal nanoenzymes through an overview of their properties, antibacterial mechanisms, biotoxicity and applications in the prevention and treatment of oral plaque biofilm-related diseases, which may provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of these diseases.

Effect and mechanism of reactive oxygen species-responsive nanoparticles on the regulation of human gingival fibroblast function and inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To investigate the effects of PssL-NAC reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive nanoparticles on intracellular ROS production, inflammatory factor levels, collagen production, cell function and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), NF-κB nuclear factor-κB (p65) pathway protein expression in human gingival fibroblasts (HGFs) induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis-lipopolysaccharide (P.g-LPS).@*Methods@#This study was reviewed and approved by the ethics committee. PssL-NAC microspheres containing oil soluble antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) were obtained by connecting the hydrophobic end of polycaprolactone (PCL) and the hydrophilic end of polyethylene glycol (PEG) via thioketal (TK) bonds in response to ROS, and self loading in the aqueous and oil phases. After preparation of the PssL-NAC microspheres and aqueous NAC solution, successful synthesis of the nanoparticles was verified by transmission electron microscopy. Then, HGFs were exposed to P.g-LPS (0, 5, or 10 μg/mL), P.g-LPS (0, 5, or 10 μg/mL)+NAC, and P.g-LPS (0, 5, or 10 μg/mL)+PssL-NAC, and the ROS levels in the different groups were observed under confocal microscopy to determine the concentration of P.g-LPS for use in subsequent experiments. The groups were as follows: control group (no treatment), P.g-LPS group (HGFs treated with P.g-LPS), NAC group (HGFs treated with P.g-LPS and NAC), and PssL-NAC group (HGFs treated with P.g-LPS and PssL-NAC). Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays verified the biosafety of PssL-NAC. The ROS levels in the different groups were detected by DCFH-DA probes and observed via confocal microscopy. Real-time qPCR (RT-qPCR) was used to monitor the gene expression levels of the intracellular inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), collagen 1 (COL1) and collagen 3 (COL3). The effect of PssL-NAC on the migration of HGFs was observed via the scratch test. The protein expression of TLR4-NF-κB, and phosphorylated p65 (p-p65) in the TLR4-NF-κB pathway was evaluated by Western blot.@*Results@#PssL-NAC had no significant effect on HGF proliferation (P>0.05). At elevated P.g-LPS concentrations, PssL-NAC maintained intracellular ROS levels approximately twice those in the control group (P<0.001). PssL-NAC significantly decreased P.g-LPS-induced IL-6 (P<0.001) and TNF-α (P<0.001) gene expression and increased COL1 gene expression (P<0.001). After P.g-LPS stimulation, PssL-NAC restored cell migration to the control level (P>0.05) and decreased the protein expression of TLR4 (P<0.001), p65 (P = 0.006), and p-p65 (P = 0.017) in the TLR4-NF-κB pathway.@*Conclusion@#PssL-NAC maintains the appropriate intracellular ROS concentration, alleviates P.g-LPS-induced inflammation in HGFs through the TLR4-NF-κB pathway, and restores the cell functions of collagen production and migration in an inflammatory environment.

Preparation of tripterygium glycoside nanoparticles and therapeutic effect on arthritis rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To prepare tripterygium glycoside nanoparticles and probe into their therapeutic effect on collagen-induced arthritis ( CIA) rats. Methods Tripterygium glycosides polyglycoside nanoparticles were prepared by thin film dispersion method and their quality was assessed. The CIA model was established and drug intervention performed. The body weight, toe swelling degree and arthritis index were measured. The pathological changes of the organs, knee and ankle synovium were observed. The serum levels of kidney function and inflammatory cytokine expression were detected in rats. Results The prepared tripterygium wil-fordii polyglycoside nanoparticles were round particles with uniform distribution and stable properties under electron microscope. Compared with the model group, the swelling of the left and right toes of medication group significantly decreased (P < 0. 01), and the ar-thritis index markedly decreased ( P < 0. 01). Among them, the efficacy of the TG-NPs group was better than that of the TG group. Compared with the normal group, the indexes of heart, spleen, kidney and testis all significantly decreased (P <0. 05, P<0.01). TG-NPs group had a significantly reduced pathological ankle-joint injury in knee cartilage and increased apoptotic synovial cells. Compared with the model group, the serum levels of ALT and BUN and CRE in TG-NPs group were significantly lower (P < 0. 05 ), and IL-1β, TNF-α and IL-6 levels decreased significantly (P <0. 05). Conclusions TG-NPs have good therapeutic effect on CIA through induction of synovial cell apoptosis and decrease of the expression of inflammatory cytokines. By intravenous injection of blood circula-tion, slow and controlled release of drugs can be achieved, the first pass effect caused by oral drug can be avoided, the viscera toxicity can be reduced, which provides an experimental basis for the development of new nanoagents for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.