Persistencia de conducto arterioso en adulto: a propósito de un caso / Persistence of the duct arteriosus in adults: a propos of a case

Congenital heart disease includes a wide range of heart defects that appear at birth, corresponding to the most frequent group of genetic alterations. They represent the most frequent birth defects in the world, affecting millions of newborns annually. Chile is not exempt from this public health problem, estimating a prevalence of 8-10 per 1,000 live births, similar to international figures. Some of these defects are not diagnosed in a timely manner due to various causes, including causes such as poor clinical translation and limited accessibility to the Public Health system. Thanks to the improvement of technological resources, more cases of congenital heart disease are diagnosed every day and the time of diagnosis is getting earlier. The case presented below refers to a 47-year-old male patient with several comorbidities, who underwent a Doppler echocardiogram during his hospitalization due to acute respiratory failure, where a systodiastolic flow was detected in one of the compatible pulmonary arteries, with a patent ductus arteriosus.

Tratamiento intervencionista de las cardiopatías congénitas con hiperflujo pulmonar / Interventional treatment of congenital heart defects with pulmonary hyperflow

Resumen Introducción: En los últimos años se han desarrollado diversos dispositivos oclusores que permiten evitar la cirugía cardíaca en los pacientes con cardiopatías congénitas con hiperflujo pulmonar. Objetivo: Describir la experiencia en el cierre percutáneo de las cardiopatías con hiperflujo. Método: Mediante un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo se revisaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes sometidos a intervencionismo cardíaco de 2016 a 2020. Resultados: De 706 procedimientos realizados en el periodo, el 35% fueron terapéuticos. De ellos, 189 correspondieron a nuestra serie de pacientes intervenidos con diagnósticos de persistencia del conducto arterioso (PCA) (n = 164), comunicación interauricular (CIA) (n = 21) y comunicación interventricular (CIV) (n = 4). Los datos clínicos y demográficos fueron en PCA 3.4 años (0.7-15) y 10.2 kg (6.1-46), en CIA 7.2 años (6-15) y 17.5 kg (15-38), y en CIV 7.25 años (6-9) y 20.75 kg (16-27). Referente al tamaño de los defectos cardíacos, el promedio fue para PCA 4.3 mm, para CIA 19.1 mm y para CIV 6.75 mm. Los dispositivos más utilizados fueron Amplatzer PDA y ASD, y Occlutech PDA. La tasa de éxito fue adecuada: PCA 95%, CIA 90% y CIV 75%. Reportamos una baja incidencia de complicaciones y generalmente menores, como shunt residual y hemólisis. Conclusiones: El manejo intervencionista de las cardiopatías congénitas con hiperflujo pulmonar es cada vez más frecuente con la disponibilidad de oclusores en nuestro medio, así como por el desarrollo de nuevos centros y el mayor entrenamiento de cardiólogos intervencionistas, lo que ha permitido mejores tasas de éxito y menor índice de complicaciones.

Abstract Introduction: In recent years, various occlusive devices have been developed that make it possible to avoid cardiac surgery in patients with congenital heart disease with pulmonary hyperflow. Objective: To describe the experience in percutaneous closure in heart disease with hyperflow. Material and methods: Through a descriptive, retrospective study, the medical records of patients undergoing cardiac intervention were reviewed, from 2016 to 2020. Results: Of 706 procedures performed in this time, 35% corresponded to various therapeutic cases. Of these, 189 corresponded to our series of operated patients with diagnoses of PDA (n = 164), ASD (n = 21) and VSD (n = 4). The clinical and demographic data were: in PDA 3.4 years (0.7-15) and 10.2 kg (6.1-46), in ASD 7.2 years (6-15) and 17.5 kg (15-38), and in VSD 7.25 years (6-9) and 20.75 kg (16-27). Regarding the size of the heart defects, the average was 4.3 mm PDA, 19.1 mm ASD and 6.75 mm VSD. The most used occluding devices were Amplatzer PDA and ASD, and Occlutech PDA. The success rate was adequate, PDA 95%, ASD 90% and VSD 75%. We report a low incidence of complications and generally minor ones such as residual shunt and hemolysis. Conclusions: The interventional management of the congenital heart diseases with pulmonary hyperflow is increasingly frequent with the availability of occlusive as well as the development of new centers and more training of interventional cardiologists, which has allowed better success rates and lower complication rate.

Post Ligation Cardiac Syndrome: an Educational Presentation

ABSTRACT Although technically simple, surgical correction of patent ductus arteriosus can have serious complications. In this context, acute ventricular failure must be remembered, as its prompt diagnosis and proper management can change clinical outcomes.

A Rare Case of Cornelia de Lange Syndrome Achieving Intracardiac Repair of Tetralogy of Fallot Following Ectopic Patent Ductus Arteriosus Banding / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

We describe the case of a 1-year and 7-month-old girl who was born at 36 weeks and 6 days of pregnancy weighing 1,351 g. In addition to the diagnosis of Cornelia de Lange syndrome and Tetralogy of Fallot, we confirmed shunt blood flow from the lesser curvature of the aortic arch to the main pulmonary artery. Thus, we additionally diagnosed ectopic patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). Ultrasonography showed interruption and retrograde flow of the diastolic blood flow in the anterior cerebral artery. Therefore, we made a diagnosis of blood stealing due to an ectopic PDA, and we performed surgical intervention via a median sternotomy at 25 days. When we ligated the shunt blood vessel, the percutaneous oxygen saturation decreased from the high 90% range to the low 70% range, thus we temporarily released the ligation. We narrowed the ectopic PDA so that the percutaneous oxygen saturation could be maintained the high 80% range. Postoperative ultrasonography showed improvement of the pressure waveform in the anterior cerebral artery. After discharge, oxygen demand increased gradually with weight gain, and we performed intracardiac repair using a monocusp valve patch at 1 year and 7 months. We report a rare case of Cornelia de Lange syndrome wherein we achieved intracardiac repair of Tetralogy of Fallot after ectopic PDA banding in the neonatal period.

Timing of surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in very low birth weight infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the effect of timing of surgical ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) on the prognosis of very low birth weight infants (VLBWI).@*METHODS@#The medical data of VLBWI who underwent transthoracic ligation for PDA from June 2018 to May 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. The infants were divided into early ligation group (≤21 days of age) and late ligation group (>21 days of age) based on the age of ligation. The two groups were compared in terms of perioperative clinical features, complications, and mortality. The risk factors for early surgical ligation were analyzed.@*RESULTS@#A total of 72 VLBWI were enrolled, with 19 infants (26%) in the early ligation group and 53 infants (74%) in the late ligation group. There were significant differences in birth weight, gestational age, weight at operation, days of age at operation, rates of preoperative invasive and noninvasive mechanical ventilation, incidence rate of pulmonary hemorrhage, incidence rate of hypotension, preoperative PDA internal diameter (mm/kg), intraoperative PDA external diameter (mm/kg), incidence rate of post-ligation cardiac syndrome, and duration of postoperative invasive mechanical ventilation between the two groups (P<0.05). A binary logistic regression analysis showed that pulmonary hemorrhage was an indication of early surgical ligation of PDA (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the incidence rates of post-operative complications and the mortality rate between the early ligation and late ligation groups.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Early surgical ligation may be performed for VLBWI who are experiencing pulmonary hemorrhage and hemodynamically significant PDA confirmed by cardiac ultrasound after birth. However, post-ligation cardiac syndrome should attract enough attention. In addition, early surgical ligation of PDA does not increase the risk of surgery-related and long-term complications or death, indicating that it is a safe and feasible treatment option.

Value of bedside echocardiography in predicting persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus during the early postnatal period in very low birth weight infants / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the value of bedside echocardiography in predicting persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus during the early postnatal period in very low birth weight (VLBW) infants.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was performed for 51 VLBW infants who were admitted from March 2020 to June 2021, with an age of ≤3 days and a length of hospital stay of ≥14 days. According to the diameter of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) on days 14 and 28 after birth, the infants were divided into three groups: large PDA group (PDA diameter ≥2 mm), small PDA group (PDA diameter <2 mm), and PDA closure group (PDA diameter =0 mm). The echocardiographic parameters measured at 72 hours after birth were compared among the three groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to evaluate the value of the echocardiographic parameters in predicting persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus (PDA≥2 mm) at the ages of 14 and 28 days.@*RESULTS@#On day 14 after birth, there were 17 infants in the large PDA group, 11 in the small PDA group, and 23 in the PDA closure group. On day 28 after birth, there were 14 infants in the large PDA group, 9 in the small PDA group, and 26 in the PDA closure group. There were significant differences in gestational age, birth weight, rate of pulmonary surfactant use, and incidence rate of hypotension among the three groups (P<0.05). PDA diameter, end-diastolic velocity of the left pulmonary artery, left ventricular output, and left ventricular output/superior vena cava flow ratio measured at 72 hours after birth were associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus at the ages of 14 and 28 days (P<0.05), and the ratio of the left atrium to aorta diameter was associated with persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus at the age of 28 days (P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that the area under the curve that the PDA diameter measured at 72 hours after birth predicting the persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus at the ages of 14 and 28 days was the largest (0.841 and 0.927 respectively), followed by end-diastolic velocity of the left pulmonary artery, with the area under the curve of 0.793 and 0.833 respectively.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The indicators obtained by beside echocardiography at 72 hours after birth, especially PDA diameter and end-diastolic velocity of the left pulmonary artery, can predict persistent patency of the ductus arteriosus at the ages of 14 and 28 days in VLBW infants, which provides a basis for the implementation of early targeted treatment strategy for PDA.

Péptido natriurético cerebral tipo B como marcador de sobrecarga hemodinámica del conducto arterioso permeable en el recién nacido prematuro / B-type brain natriuretic peptide as marker of hemodynamic overload of the patent ductus arteriosus in the preterm infant

Resumen Introducción: El ecocardiograma es el método de referencia para el diagnóstico del conducto arterioso permeable (CAP) hemodinámicamente significativo (CAP-hs) del recién nacido prematuro (RNP). El péptido natriurético tipo B (BNP) puede ser útil en el diagnóstico y el manejo del CAP-hs. Objetivo: Evaluar la utilidad del BNP como marcador de sobrecarga hemodinámica del conducto arterioso permeable en el RNP con edad gestacional < 32 semanas o peso < 1500 gramos, e identificar el mejor punto de corte para los valores de BNP que mejor prediga un CAP con repercusión hemodinámica que requiera tratamiento farmacológico o quirúrgico. Método: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo de RNP < 32 semanas de gestación o peso < 1500 gramos en los que se realizó ecocardiograma y determinación del BNP. Análisis de muestra global y por subgrupos, en función del CAP-hs. Resultados: Se analizaron 29 pacientes. Se encontró una correlación significativa entre la relación CAP/peso y los valores del BNP (prueba de Spearman: 0.71; intervalo de confianza del 95%: 0.45-0.87; p < 0.001). El mejor punto de corte del BNP para predecir CAP-hs fue 486.5 pg/ml, con una sensibilidad del 81% y una especificidad del 92% (p < 0.001). Conclusión: El punto de corte del BNP identificado en el presente estudio se correlacionó con la presencia de CAP-hs.

Abstract Introduction: The echocardiogram is the gold standard, in the diagnosis of the hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hs-PDA) of the premature newborn (PNB). Type B natriuretic peptide (BNP) may be useful in the diagnosis and management of CAP-hs. Objective: To assess the utility of BNP as a marker of hemodynamic overload of the patent ductus arteriosus in newborns with gestational age < 32 weeks or weight < 1500 grams, and to identify the best cut-off point for BNP levels that would best predict a PDA with hemodynamic impact requiring pharmacological and/or surgical treatment. Methods: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study of PNB < 32 weeks gestation or weight < 1500 grams, in which echocardiogram and BNP determination was performed. Analysis of the global sample and by subgroups, depending on the hs-PDA status was performed. Results: A total of 29 patients were analyzed. A significant correlation was found between the PDA/weight ratio and BNP levels (Spearman: 0.71; 95% confidence interval: 0.45-0.87; p < 0.001). The best BNP cut-off point to predict CAP-hs was 486.5 pg/ml with a sensitivity of 81% and specificity of 92% (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The BNP cut-off point identified in the present study was correlated with the presence of CAP-hs.

Risk factors of hypotension after ligation of patent ductus arteriosus in very/extremely low birth weight infants / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the risk factors of hypotension after ligation of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in very/extremely low birth weight infants (VLBWI/ELBWI).Method:From March 2016 to January 2021, preterm infants with birth weight <1 500 g receiving bedside PDA ligation in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of our hospital were enrolled in the study. According to the occurrence of hypotension within 72 hours after ligation, the infants were assigned into non-hypotension group and hypotension group. The general status and perioperative conditions of the two groups were analyzed. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of hypotension.Result:A total of 44 cases were enrolled, including 33 in non-hypotension group and 11 in hypotension group. Univariate analysis showed that hypotension group had significantly more cases with body weight <1 100 g during surgery and receiving preoperative high frequency oscillatory ventilation (HFOV) than non-hypotension group ( P<0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that weight <1 100 g during surgery ( OR=12.045, 95% CI 1.351~107.394, P=0.026) and receiving preoperative HFOV ( OR=27.832, 95% CI 1.363~568.292, P=0.031)were independent risk factors of hypotension. Conclusion:Hypotension is one of the common complications of PDA ligation in VLBWI/ELBWI. The infant's body weight during ligation and receiving preoperative HFOV are independent risk factors of hypotension.

Risk factors of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus in extremely preterm infants / 中国新生儿科杂志

Objective:To study the risk factors of hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA) in extremely preterm infants (EPI).Method:From July 2017 to April 2020, EPI (gestational age <28 weeks) admitted to the Department of Neonatology of our hospital were included and analyzed retrospectively. According to whether hsPDA existed or not, the infants were assigned into non-hsPDA group and hsPDA group. Demographic findings and possible risk factors of hsPDA were collected.The cumulative fluid overload (FO) within 3 days after birth was calculated. Univariate and multivariate analysis were used to determine the risk factors of hsPDA.Result:A total of 79 infants with gestational age of (27.0±0.9) weeks and birth weight of (987±173)g were enrolled, including 23 cases in non-hsPDA group and 56 cases in hsPDA group. Univariate analysis showed that thrombocytopenia ( P=0.044), respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) treated with pulmonary surfactant (PS) ( P=0.006) and high FO level ( P=0.002) were associated with hsPDA. Multivariate analysis showed that RDS treated with PS ( OR=5.933, 95% CI 1.360~25.883, P=0.018) and high FO level ( OR=1.261, 95% CI 1.063~1.496, P=0.008) were independent risk factors for hsPDA in EPIs. ROC curve analysis showed that the cut-off value of FO was -0.2%, with 85.7% sensitivity and 56.5% specificity distinguishing the presence of hsPDA (AUC=0.712, Youden index=0.422). Conclusion:High level of FO within the first 3 days of life and RDS treated with PS are independent risk factors for hsPDA in EPI. After PS treatment, hemodynamic changes of infants with RDS should be monitored closely. During early fluid management of EPI, FO should be strictly monitored to avoid high FO level.

Predictive value of ultrasonic cardiac output monitor in premature infants with hemodynamic significant patent ductus arteriosus / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To evaluate the diagnostic and predictive value of ultrasonic cardiac output monitor (USCOM) in premature infants with hemodynamic significant patent ductus arteriosus (hsPDA).Methods:A total of 165 preterm infants with gestational age less than 34 weeks and within 72 hours after birth in the Neonatal Medical Center of Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from January 2018 to June 2020 were retrospectively analyzed.According to the echocardiograph (ECHO) results within 72 hours after birth, clinical manifestations and oral administration of Ibuprofen, premature infants were divided into non-patent ductus arteriosus (non-PDA group, 77 cases), non-hsPDA group (59 cases), and hsPDA group (29 cases). USCOM was performed within half of an hour after ECHO.During the course of oral medication of Ibuprofen in the hsPDA group, USCOM was repeatedly examined every 24 hours.ECHO and USCOM were re-examined within 24 hours after the course of oral medication of ibuprofen.Results:Compared with non-hsPDA group and non-PDA group, the gestational age [(31.51±1.62) weeks, (32.09±1.27) weeks vs.(30.82±1.61) weeks, F=8.425, P<0.001], birth weight [(1 154.49±192.55) g, (1 195.58±182.02) g vs.(1 094.66±153.69) g, F=3.366, P=0.037] and the mean blood pressure [(38.37±2.20) mmHg, (38.53±2.37) mmHg vs.(30.52±2.31) mmHg, 1 mmHg=0.133 kPa, F=142.860, P<0.001]were significantly lower in hsPDA group.On the contrary, the heart rate[(129.68±7.11) times/min, (130.34±7.27) times/min vs.(164.76±7.65) times/min, F=271.790, P<0.001], B-type natriuretic peptide[(203.76±108.68) ng/L, (152.43±54.24) ng/L vs.(3 385.31±856.26) ng/L, F=931.30, P<0.001] and left artrium/aorta (1.32±0.12, 1.29±0.09 vs.1.60±0.12, F=84.970, P<0.001)were significantly higher.Among the USCOM parameters, left ventricular cardiac output [(0.40±0.08) L/min, (0.40±0.08) L/min vs.(0.51±0.04) L/min, F=26.760, P<0.001], cardiac index (CI) [(3.76±0.48) L/(min·m 2), (3.54±0.30) L/(min·m 2) vs.(4.43±0.36) L/(min·m 2), F=56.060, P<0.001], stroke volume[(3.75±0.28) mL, (3.70±0.23) mL vs.(4.22±0.36)mL, F=40.170, P<0.001], stroke volume index [(34.42±2.66) mL/m 2, (34.47±3.29) mL/m 2vs.(38.45±3.32) mL/m 2, F=20.080, P<0.001], peak ejection velocity [(1.12±0.12) m/s, (1.11±0.10) m/s vs.(1.23±0.09) m/s, F=14.890, P<0.001] and corrected flow time [(379.02±22.69) ms, (376.51±27.95) ms vs.(403.69±39.04) ms, F=10.120, P<0.001]were significantly higher in hsPDA group, while systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) [(1 109.49±115.67) ds·cm -5·m 2, (1 070.01±133.55) ds·cm -5·m 2vs.(861.31±115.22) ds cm -5m 2, F=41.130, P<0.001]was significantly lower than that of non-hsPDA and non-PDA group.The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of CI and SVRI for predicting hsPDA were 0.916 and 0.905, respectively.The sensitivity and specificity of CI>4.05 L/(min·m 2) for predicting hsPDA was 0.828 and 0.860, respectively, which was 0.660 and 1.000 for SVRI<1 002.5 ds·cm -5·m 2.The sensitivity and specificity of combining CI and SVRI for predicting hsPDA was 0.966 and 0.949, respectively. Conclusions:USCOM has a good diagnostic and predictive value for hsPDA in premature infants.The combined application of CI and SVRI can improve the predictive value, and help formulate the early diagnostic and treatment strategy for PDA in premature infants

Risk factors and prediction model of thrombocytopenia in children with patent ductus arteriosus after transca-theter closure / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective:To explore the risk factors of thrombocytopenia in children with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) after transcatheter closure, and to establish a prediction model of thrombocytopenia after transcatheter closure of PDA.Methods:A total of 39 PDA children with thrombocytopenia after transcatheter closure treated in Children′s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from November 2016 to January 2020 were selected.During the same period, 138 PDA children without thrombocytopenia after transcatheter closure were included in the control group. Logistic regression model was used to explore the possible risk factors of thrombocytopenia after transcatheter closure in PDA children, and a random forest model was established to predict the occurrence of thrombocytopenia after transcatheter closure of PDA. Results:After transcatheter closure of PDA, children developed thrombocytopenia within 1 to 7 days, and the platelet count recovered within 2 to 22 days. Logistic regression model suggested that the diameter of pulmonary artery end of arterial catheter ( OR=9.54, 95% CI: 2.08-48.84, P=0.004)and preoperative platelet count( OR=0.99, 95% CI: 0.98-0.99, P=0.001)were correlated with the occurrence of thrombocytopenia after transcatheter closure of PDA.The random forest model indicated that PDA inner diameter was the most important factor for predicting the occurrence of thrombocytopenia after transcatheter closure of PDA. Conclusions:A large diameter of arterial duct is an important risk factor and increased preoperative platelet count is a protective factor for thrombocytopenia after transcatheter closure of PDA.Diameter is of the greatest significance in predicting the occurrence of thrombocytopenia after transcatheter closure of PDA.

Value of near-infrared spectroscopy in monitoring intestinal tissue oxygen saturation in preterm infants with hemodynamically significant patent ductus arteriosus: a prospective research / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the change in regional oxygen saturation (rSO@*METHODS@#The preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) who had gestational age <32 weeks and/or birth weight <1 500 g were prospectively enrolled, who were admitted to the Department of Neonatology, Shenzhen Longgang Central Hospital from October 2017 to October 2020.According to the diagnostic criteria for hsPDA, the preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) were divided into two groups: hsPDA and non-hsPDA. According to closure of the ductus arteriosus after oral administration of ibuprofen, the preterm infants in the hsPDA group were subdivided into two groups: hsPDA closure and hsPDA non-closure. Hemodynamic parameters were measured at diagnosis of PDA and after treatment, and the level of intestinal tissue rSO@*RESULTS@#A total of 241 preterm infants with PDA were enrolled, with 55 infants (22.8%) in the hsPDA group and 186 infants (77.2%) in the non-hsPDA group. There were 36 infants (65%) in the hsPDA closure group and 19 infants (35%) in the hsPDA non-closure group. Compared with the non-hsPDA group, the hsPDA group had a significantly higher left atrial diameter/aortic root diameter ratio and significantly lower left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening (@*CONCLUSIONS@#hsPDA has an impact on intestinal tissue oxygenation in preterm infants, and continuous monitoring of intestinal tissue rSO

Progress in the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants / 国际儿科学杂志

With the progress of perinatal medicine and the improvement of cure rate in preterm infants, the diagnosis and treatment of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants is a great challenge for neonatal medicine.Continuous left-to-right shunt through catheters can lead to systemic hypotension, pulmonary perfusion, increased left ventricular volume load, prolonged mechanical ventilation, and increased risk of complications and death such as pulmonary hemorrhage, bronchopulmonary dysplasia, necrotizing enterocolitis, and intraventricular hemorrhage.Conservative treatment is still the first choice and drug treatment is not completely effective, while the long-term impact of both on newborns is still unclear, which need a reasonable assessment of the pros and cons.Surgical ligation can improve cardio-pulmonary function, but the indication and time of the arterial catheter are also controversial for its self-closing, thus more evidence-based studies are needed.We review the current management status and controversy of patent ductus arteriosus in extremely low birth weight infants to explore the scientific and effective clinical measures.

Unusual presentation of patent ductus arteriosus in elderly patient

Abstract We presented a case of a 56-year-old man with giant pulmonary artery aneurysm caused by a misdiagnosed patent ductus arteriosus, severe multivalvular disease and active aortic valve endocarditis successfully treated by surgery. The correct diagnosis was missed despite preoperative diagnostics because the small patent ductus arteriosus was located at the distal part of common pulmonary trunk and a huge regurgitant signal overlapped its Doppler signal. Thorough evaluation of every patient, regardless of age, is necessary to recognize and treat this congenital anomaly.

Análisis de los resultados del programa de ecocardiografía funcional neonatal en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel / Analysis of the results of the neonatal functional echocardiography program in a third-level pediatric hospital

Resumen Introducción: Se ha demostrado la utilidad del estudio ecocardiográfico en las enfermedades que afectan a los neonatos en estado crítico, por lo que se debe capacitar al neonatólogo para la toma y la interpretación de variables hemodinámicas que apoyen la toma de decisiones. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir los resultados del programa de ecocardiografía funcional neonatal y comparar las variables clínicas y hemodinámicas entre sobrevivientes y no sobrevivientes. Métodos: Durante un periodo de 2 años se realizó un estudio observacional, transversal y comparativo en neonatos que fueron evaluados con ecocardiografía funcional neonatal por alteraciones hemodinámicas del conducto arterioso persistente, hipertensión pulmonar aguda y crónica, estado de choque y búsqueda de trombos y vegetaciones. Se evaluaron parámetros de funcionalidad de los ventrículos derecho e izquierdo, presión pulmonar y subrogados de sobrecarga pulmonar. Se realizó un análisis comparativo (U de Mann Whitney y Χ2). De acuerdo con los resultados, se emitieron recomendaciones para el inicio, el ajuste o el retiro de fármacos vasoactivos. Resultados: Se realizaron 269 estudios en 119 neonatos (64.7% prematuros, mortalidad del 15%) atendidos por hipertensión pulmonar aguda (38%), conducto arterioso persistente (27%), choque (19%), hipertensión pulmonar crónica (14%) o búsqueda de trombos (2%). Se recomendó cambiar el manejo en el 45% de los estudios. El grupo de no sobrevivientes presentó diferencias significativas en los parámetros de función sistólica del ventrículo derecho y aumento de su poscarga. Conclusiones: La causa principal de la evaluación con ecocardiografía funcional neonatal fue la hipertensión pulmonar. De forma global, se recomendó un ajuste farmacológico en el 45% de los casos.

Abstract Background: Echocardiography is useful in the group of comorbidities of critically ill newborns. The targeted neonatal echocardiography program trains neonatologists for acquiring and interpreting hemodynamic variables to support decision making. This study aimed to describe the results of the functional echocardiography program (fNE) and compare clinical and hemodynamic variables between survivors and non-survivors. Methods: Observational, cross-sectional, and comparative study of neonates that received a fNE evaluation for hemodynamic disturbances related to patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), acute and chronic pulmonary hypertension (aPH, cPH), state of shock and thrombus/vegetations surveillance for two years. Functional parameters of the right and left ventricle, pulmonary pressure, and surrogates of pulmonary over circulation were assessed. Comparative analysis with U Mann Whitney test and Χ2 was performed. Based on the results, recommendations to start, adjust, or withdraw vasoactive medications were issued. Results: Of 269 studies on 119 neonates (65% premature, 15% mortality), the reasons for consultation were aPH (38%), PDA (27%), shock (19%), cPH (14%), and thrombus surveillance (2%). A change in management was recommended on 45% of studies. Non-survivors presented significant differences in the right ventricular (RV) systolic performance and an increased right ventricular afterload. Conclusions: The main indication for fNE was pulmonary hypertension. A pharmacological adjustment was recommended on 45% of the cases.

Device closure of patent ductus arteriosus: analysis of cases in a Bangladeshi centre

Background: Transcatheter closure of Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) has become the first-choice therapy for closure in patients of any age group. Authors reviewed the outcome of device closure in all age groups starting from neonate to adult.Methods: From December 2014 to December 2019, 440 cases underwent transcatheter closure in a catheterization laboratory of a tertiary level cardiac hospital. Selection criteria were isolated PDA or PDA with associated conditions which can be managed in the same setting by an intervention. Exclusion criteria were proven Eisenmenger syndrome. A retrospective review of outcome and complications were recorded from computerized data records.Results: Age of the patient varied from 10 days to 65 years. The median age was 3 years. Most of the patients were female (63%), weight varied from 1.8 kg to 75 kg. the median weight was 7.5 kg. Isolated PDA cases were 74.77 %. Among syndromes, congenital rubella syndrome was common (7.5%), followed by Down Syndrome (6.36%). The narrowest PDA diameter varied for 1.8 mm - 14 mm with a median of 5 mm. Among duct occluders, 8x6 mm CeraTM was the commonest one used in the study population. Complete occlusion was observed in 99.55% of cases.Conclusions: Transcatheter closure of PDA is considered safe and efficacious in all age groups. It is the gold standard now and replaced surgical option in most of the places.

Caracterización de cardiopatías congénitas en Manizales 2010-2016 / Characterization of Congenital Heart Defects in Manizales 2010-2016 / Caracterização de cardiopatias congênitas em Manizales, Colômbia, 2010-2016

Resumen: Las cardiopatías congénitas son la tercera causa de malformaciones congénitas y una de las principales responsables de la mortalidad en periodo neonatal en el mundo; se originan a partir de alteraciones en el desarrollo embrionario. La incidencia es variable; en Colombia, se estima que afectan del 2 al 3 % de los recién nacidos vivos. En 2015, 20,8 % de los niños menores de cinco años afectados con cardiopatías congénitas fallecieron a causa de estas alteraciones. El presente es un estudio descriptivo y retrospectivo. Se incluyeron los datos de 252 historias clínicas de pacientes con diagnóstico de cardiopatía congénita entre los años 2010 y 2016, el 56 % de la población encontrada fue de sexo femenino. Predominaron las cardiopatías congénitas no cianosantes (87 %). La mayor prevalencia fue el ductus arterioso permeable (35,3 %). La ecocardiografía Doppler se utilizó en 98,4 % de los casos; con respecto al manejo, el 47,2 % de los pacientes estuvieron en seguimiento, siendo este más común que las alternativas médicas o quirúrgicas. En conclusión, el ductus arterioso permeable, la comunicación interventricular y la comunicación interatrial son las cardiopatías no ciano-santes más frecuentes en la población estudiada y se asocian a hipertensión pulmonar que ameritan mayor seguimiento. La tetralogía de Fallot fue la cardiopatía congénita cianosante más común.

Abstract: Congenital heart defects are the third cause of congenital malformations and one of the main causes of mortality in the neonatal period in the world; they originate from alterations in embryonic development. The incidence is variable; in Colombia, it is estimated that they affect 2 to 3% of live newborns. In 2015, 20.8% of children under the age of five affected with congenital heart defects died from these disorders. This is a descriptive and retrospective study. Data of 252 clinical records of patients diagnosed with congenital heart defect between 2010 and 2016 were included, showing that 56% of this population were female. Acyanotic Congenital Heart Diseases predominated (87%). The highest prevalence was patent ductus arteriosus (35.3%). Doppler echocardiography was used in 98.4% of cases; regarding management, 47.2% of patients were in follow-up, this being more common than medical or surgical alternatives. In conclusion patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect and interatrial septal defect are the most frequent acyanotic heart diseases in the population under study and they are associated with pulmonary hypertension that require higher follow-up. Tetralogy of Fallot was the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease.

Resumo: As cardiopatias congênitas são a terceira causa de malformações congênitas e uma das principais responsáveis pela mortalidade no período neonatal no mundo. São originadas a partir de alterações no desenvolvimento embrionário. A incidência é variável; na Colômbia, é estimado que afetam de 2 a 3 % dos recém-nascidos vivos. Em 2015, 20,8 % das crianças menores de cinco anos afetadas com cardiopatias congênitas faleceram por causa dessas alterações. Este estudo é descritivo e retrospectivo. Foram incluídos dados de 252 prontuários de pacientes com diagnóstico de cardiopatia congênita entre 2010 e 2016, 56 % da população encontrada foi do sexo feminino. Predominaram as cardiopatias congênitas não cianóticas (87 %). A maior persistência foi o dueto arterioso permeável (35,3 %). A ecocardiografìa Doppler foi utilizada em 98,4 % dos casos; quanto ao manejo, 47,2 % dos pacientes estiveram em seguimento, o que foi mais comum do que as alternativas médicas ou cirúrgicas. Em conclusão, o ducto arterioso permeável, a comunicação interventricular e a comunicação interatrial são as cardiopatias não cianóticas mais frequentes na população estudada e são associadas com a hipertensão pulmonar que merecem maior seguimento. A tetralogia de Fallot foi a cardiopatia congènita cianòtica mais comum.

Clinical outcomes after more conservative management of patent ductus arteriosus in preterm infants / Desfechos clínicos após tratamento mais conservador da persistência do canal arterial em prematuros

Abstract Objective: Management of patent ductus arteriosus is still controversial. This study aimed to describe the impact of a more conservative approach on treatment rates and on main outcomes of prematurity, especially in preterm infants with <26 weeks of gestation. Method: Clinical charts review of infants ≤30 weeks with patent ductus arteriosus between 2009 and 2016 at two centers. In 2011, the authors changed patent ductus arteriosus management: in first period (2009-2011), patients who failed medical treatment underwent surgical closure; in second period (2012-2016), only those with cardiopulmonary compromise underwent surgical ligation. Medical treatment, surgical closure, mortality, and survival-without-morbidity were compared. Results: This study included 188 patients (27 ± 2 weeks, 973 ± 272 grams); 63 in P1 and 125 in P2. In P2, significantly lower rates of medical treatment (85.7% P1 versus 56% P2, p < 0.001) and surgical closure (34.5% P1 versus 16.1% P2, p < 0.001) were observed. No differences were found in chronic lung disease (28.8% versus 13.9%, p = 0.056), severe retinopathy of prematurity (7.5% versus 11.8%, p = 0.403), necrotizing enterocolitis (15.5% versus 6.9%, p = 0.071), severe intraventricular hemorrhage (25.4% versus 18.4%, p = 0.264), mortality (17.5% versus 15.2%, p = 0.690) or survival-without-morbidity adjusted OR = 1.10 (95% CI: 0.55-2.22); p = 0.783. In P2, 24.5% patients were discharged with patent ductus arteriosus. The subgroup born between 23 and 26 weeks (n = 82) showed significant differences: lower incidence of chronic lung disease (50% versus 19.6%, p = 0.019) and more survival-without-morbidity (20% versus 45.6%, p = 0.028) were found. Conclusion: A conservative approach in preterm infants with patent ductus arteriosus can avoid medical and surgical treatments, without a significant impact in survival-without-morbidity. However, two-thirds of preterm infants under 26 weeks are still treated.

Resumo Objetivo O tratamento da persistência do canal arterial ainda é controverso. Nosso objetivo foi descrever o impacto de uma abordagem mais conservadora em nossas taxas de tratamento e nos principais desfechos da prematuridade, especialmente em prematuros com < 26 semanas de gestação. Método Revisão de prontuários de lactentes com ≤ 30 semanas e persistência do canal arterial entre 2009-2016 em dois centros. Em 2011, mudamos o manejo da persistência do canal arterial: no primeiro período (2009-2011), os pacientes que não apresentaram sucesso com o tratamento clínico foram submetidos a fechamento cirúrgico; no segundo período (2012-2016), apenas aqueles com comprometimento cardiopulmonar foram submetidos ao fechamento cirúrgico. Comparamos o tratamento clínico, fechamento cirúrgico, mortalidade e sobrevida sem morbidade. Resultados Foram incluídos 188 pacientes (27 ± 2 semanas, 973 ± 272 gramas); 63 em P1 e 125 em P2. Em P2, foram observadas taxas significativamente mais baixas de tratamento clínico (85,7% no P1 versus 56% no P2, p < 0,001) e fechamento cirúrgico (34,5% no P1 versus 16,1% no P2, p < 0,001). Não foram encontradas diferenças em relação à doença pulmonar crônica (28,8% versus 13,9%, p = 0,056), retinopatia grave da prematuridade (7,5% versus 11,8%, p = 0,403), enterocolite necrosante (15,5% versus 6,9%, p = 0,071), hemorragia intraventricular grave (25,4% versus 18,4%, p = 0,264), mortalidade (17,5% versus 15,2%, p = 0,690) ou OR ajustado pela sobrevida sem morbidade = 1,10 (IC95%: 0,55-2,22); p = 0,783. Em P2, 24,5% dos pacientes receberam alta com persistência do canal arterial. O subgrupo nascido entre 23 a 26 semanas (n = 82) apresentou diferenças significativas, foram encontradas menor incidência de doença pulmonar crônica (50% versus 19,6%, p = 0,019) e maior sobrevida sem morbidade (20% versus 45,6%, p = 0,028). Conclusão Uma abordagem conservadora em prematuros com persistência do canal arterial pode evitar tratamentos clínicos e cirúrgicos, sem um impacto significativo na sobrevida sem morbidade. No entanto, dois terços dos prematuros com menos de 26 semanas ainda são tratados.

Aspectos desconocidos de la relación entre el sistema de grupo sanguíneo ABO y las morbilidades en prematuros / Unknown aspects of the relationship between ABO blood group system and preterm morbidities

Objetivos. Se ha demostrado, en diversos estudios llevados a cabo en adultos, que los grupos sanguíneos desempeñan un papel importante en muchas enfermedades. El objetivo fue investigar si hay una relación entre las morbilidades y el sistema de grupos sanguíneos ABO en lactantes prematuros.Metodología. En este estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, se incluyó a recién nacidos prematuros que habían nacido con menos de 32 semanas de gestación y con un peso al nacer inferior a 1500 g. Se los agrupó por grupo sanguíneo (0, A, B, AB) y por morbilidades de la prematurez y se los comparó.Resultados. Se analizaron los datos de 1785 recién nacidos prematuros de muy bajo peso al nacer. La comparación entre los grupos sanguíneos A y no A reveló que los lactantes de grupo sanguíneo A tenían una incidencia más alta de conducto arterial persistente (CAP) (48,7 % frente a 39,7 %, p = 0,005) y displasia broncopulmonar (DBP) (27 % frente a 20,8 %, p = 0,04), mientras que la incidencia de la hemorragia intraventricular de grado ≥3 era más baja (5,1 % frente a 10,1 %, p = 0,006).Conclusión. Este estudio es la primera y más grande investigación sobre la relación entre los grupos sanguíneos y las morbilidades en los prematuros. Con estos resultados se demuestra que el grupo sanguíneo A podría ser un factor de riesgo de CAP y DBP

Objectives. Blood groups have been shown to play an important role in a lot of diseases in various studies conducted in adults. The objective was to investigate whether there is a relationship between morbidities and ABO blood groups system in preterm infants.Methodology. This retrospective cohort study included preterm neonates born at < 32 weeks of gestation with a birth weight < 1500 g. Neonates were grouped by blood type (O, A, B, AB) and morbidities of prematurity were compared among these groups. Results. Data pertaining to 1785 very low birth weight preterm neonates were analyzed. Comparison of the A and non-A blood groups revealed that infants with blood group A had significantly higher incidence of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) (48.7 % vs. 39.7 %, p = 0.005) and bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) (27 % vs. 20.8 %, p = 0.04), while the incidence of grade ≥ 3 intraventricular hemorrhage was lower (5.1 % vs. 10.1 %, p = 0.006).Conclusion. This study represents the first and biggest series examination of the relationship between blood groups and preterm morbidities. Our results show that blood group A may be a risk factor for PDA and BPD.

Early outcomes of surgical treatment for patent ductus arteriosus combined with intracardiac abnormity via right vertical infra-axillary thoracotomy / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective    To explore the early outcomes of the surgical treatment for patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) combined with intracardiac abnormities via right vertical infra-axillary thoracotomy (RVIAT). Methods    A total of 7 children with PDA combined with intracardiac defects underwent surgery through RVIAT at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University from 2016 to 2018. There were 4 males and 3 females, with an average age of 5.3±4.5 years and weight of 18.0±11.2 kg. Results    In all patients, PDA was ligated before the repair of intracardiac abnormities. No patient died in hospital. All patients were followed up, with a mean follow-up time of 18.0±8.0 months. No other complications such as residual shunts, arrhythmias, hemorrhaging or wound infection occurred after operations or during the follow-up period. Conclusion    RVIAT is an emerging technique used for the surgical repair of PDA combined with intracardiac defects. It yields satisfying cosmetic results, without increasing postoperative complications or mortality.