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@#Meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine is basically produced by chemical combination,and the most commonly used method is amide condensation reaction.Because of the covalent bonds between polysaccharide and protein,the prepared conjugate vaccine has high stability and good technical advantages,which plays an important role in the prevention of meningococcal related diseases.The vaccine can be applied to the immunization of young children under 2years old,and has more lasting protective effect.In this paper,the factors influencing the preparation of meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine,the binding mode of polysaccharide and carrier protein,the present situation at home and abroad and the existing problems in the preparation process were reviewed.
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Objective To analyze the occurrence characteristics of adverse events following immunization (AEFI) of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV-23) in Hebei Province and to evaluate the safety of the vaccine. Methods AEFI cases related to vaccination of PPSV-23 in Hebei Province from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2022 were collected through the AEFI surveillance module of Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention Information System. The incidence of reported AEFI cases were then analyzed and compared. Results The reported incidence rate of AEFI of PPSV-23 was 56.12 /100,000 doses, and the incidence rate of adverse reactions was 55.50 /100 000 doses. The incidence rate of common adverse reactions was 53.94/100 000 doses, and the incidence rate of rare adverse reactions was 1.56/100 000 doses. Most of the reported AEFI cases caused by PPSV-23 were common adverse reactions, which occurred mainly within one day after vaccination, and the overall regression was positive. Conclusion The 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine used in Hebei Province is safe，but its safety monitoring still needs to be strengthened.
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Objective:To investigate the inhibitory effect of lycium barbarum polysaccharide(LBP)on apoptosis of Schwann cells(SCs)and its related mechanisms.Methods:The autophagy model was prepared by starvation treatment of RSC96 cells for 12 h,and the expressions of autophagy related proteins LC3 and p62 were detected by Western Blot.Cell Counting Kit-8(CCK-8)kits were used to detect the optimal concentration of LBP.RSC96 cells were randomly divided into Control group,Starvation group and Starvation+LBP group.The expressions of autophagy associated pro-teins(LC3,p62)and myelin associated proteins(p75NTR,PMP22,S100β)were detected by Western Blot or immu-nofluorescence staining.Annexin V/PI fluorescence staining was used to detect apoptosis of the cells.The cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry.Western Blot analysis of phosphorylation levels of pathway proteins Erk1/2 and Akt.Results:CCK8 results showed that the viability of damaged RSC96 cells was the best when LBP was 300 μg/ml.Com-pared with Control group,LC3-Ⅱ/LC3-I levels in Starvation group were significantly increased(P＜0.05).Compared with Starvation group,the proportion of apoptotic and necrotic cells in Starvation+LBP group was significantly de-creased,and the proportion of cells in S and G2/M stages was increased.The expression levels of LC3-Ⅱ,p75NTR,PMP22 and S100β were increased,while the expression levels of autophagy substrate protein p62 were decreased.In-creased expression of pathway protein p-Erk1/2(P＜0.05),while the expression of p-Akt protein decreased slightly.Conclusion:LBP can inhibit the apoptosis of SCs and promote the expression of myelin-related proteins by enhancing autophagy,which is related to the activation of Erk1/2 and/or the inhibition of Akt.
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Objective To observe the protective effects of codonopsis pilosulae polysaccharide on lung tissues in mice with acute lung injury(ALI)induced by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)and its mechanism.Methods Fifty male Kunming mice were randomly divided into control group,model group,dexamethasone group,codonopsis polysaccharide high-dose group(300 mg/kg)and codonopsis polysaccharide low-dose group(150 mg/kg).The ALI model was established by intraperitoneal injection of LPS.All mice were given gavage administration according to the grouping except for the control group.0.3 s force expiratory volume(FEV 0.3)and force spirometry(FVC)and their ratios were measured using multiparametric lung function test system.The histopathology change of mouse lung was detected by hematoxylin-eosin(HE)staining,and the classification and count of inflammatory cells in alveolar lavage fluid(BALF)was detected by Richter-Giemsa staining.Levels of IL-1β,IL-6,MPO and TNF-α were measured by ELISA in BALF,and Western blot was used to detect the protein expression level of p-p38,p-IκB-α and p-p65.Results Compared with those in the control group,lung histopathological damage was more pronounced in the model mice,with significantly lower FEV 0.3,FVC,FEV0.3/FVC assay value,but signifi-cantly higher lung tissue wet mass/dry mass(W/D),neutrophils,lymphocytes,IL-1β,IL-6,MPO,TNF-α,p-p38 MAPK,p-IκB-α,and p-p65(P<0.05);while codonopsis pilosulae polysaccharide could significantly reverse these effects.Conclusion Codonopsis pilosulae polysaccharide plays a protective role against LPS-induced ALI via inhibiting MAPK/NF-κB pathway to reduce the pathological damage of lung tissue,and the level of inflammatory factors,thus to improve lung function in ALI model mice.
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BACKGROUND:Clinical treatment for colon cancer mainly includes fluorouracil,irinotecan and oxaliplatin-based therapy.Studies have shown that membrane transport proteins such as ATP-binding cassette transport protein of G2(ABCG2)mediate the transport of these drugs.However,when patients develop resistance to these chemotherapeutic drugs,the high expression of ABCG2 leads to a significant decrease in the therapeutic effect and raises the problem of drug resistance in colon cancer.New drugs and treatments are urgently needed to improve the efficacy.Lycium barbarum polysaccharide has a wide range of biological activities.It can be used as anti-tumor drug to overcome the damage to normal cells in the process of chemotherapy and radiotherapy in tumor patients. OBJECTIVE:To explore the reversal effect of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide in combination with oxaliplatin on colon cancer drug-resistant cells through in vitro experiments to investigate the possible molecular mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide reversal on colon cancer drug-resistant cells. METHODS:Colon cancer cell line HCT116 and oxaliplatin-resistant cell line HCT116-OXR were selected for in vitro experiments.The optimal intervention concentration and intervention time of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide and oxaliplatin were determined by CCK8 assay of cell proliferation.Samples were further divided into the HCT116 control group,HCT116-OXR blank treatment group,Lycium barbarum polysaccharide group(2.5 mg/mL Lycium barbarum polysaccharide),and oxaliplatin group(10 μmol/L oxaliplatin),and Lycium barbarum polysaccharide + oxaliplatin group(2.5 mg/mL Lycium barbarum polysaccharide +10 μmol/L oxaliplatin).Cell apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry.The protein expression levels of phosphomannose isomerase(PMI)and ABCG2 were detected by immunofluorescence and western blot assay.Phosphatidylinositol3-kinase(PI3K),protein kinase B(AKT),B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2)and BCL2-Associated X(Bax)were detected by western blot assay. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)HCT116-OXR was more sensitive to Lycium barbarum polysaccharide compared to HCT116(P<0.05).(2)Compared with the HCT116-OXR blank group,Lycium barbarum polysaccharide + oxaliplatin could promote apoptosis of HCT116-OXR cells(P<0.05).The protein expression of Bcl-2 was significantly down-regulated(P<0.05);the protein expression of Bax was significantly up-regulated(P<0.05);the protein expression of ABCG2,PMI,PI3K and AKT was significantly down-regulated(P<0.05).(3)These results indicate that Lycium barbarum polysaccharide reverses drug resistance in colon cancer by inhibiting PMI/PI3K/AKT signaling pathway,which lays the foundation for studying the molecular mechanism of Lycium barbarum polysaccharide's sensitizing chemotherapeutic effects.
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BACKGROUND:Ginseng extracts have been found to significantly improve osteoarthritis,but the therapeutic effects of ginseng polysaccharide extracts on osteoarthritis have not been reported. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the effect of ginseng polysaccharide on the expression of prostaglandin E2/6-keto-prostaglandin F1α in traumatic osteoarthritis model rats. METHODS:Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were selected and randomly divided into healthy group,model group,ginseng polysaccharide low-dose group,ginseng polysaccharide medium-dose group,ginseng polysaccharide high-dose group and dexamethasone group.Except for 10 rats in the healthy group,the other rats were taken to establish traumatic osteoarthritis models.The healthy group and model group were given 0.2 mL of normal saline intraperitoneally.The low-,medium-,and high-dose groups were intraperitoneally injected with 0.1,0.25,0.5 μg/mL ginseng polysaccharide,respectively.In the dexamethasone group,0.2mg/kg dexamethasone(0.2 mL)was injected intraperitoneally.Injections were given once every 3 days,for 4 consecutive weeks.Serum prostaglandin E2 and 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α levels were detected by ELISA.The bone and joint function of rats were assessed by the Mankin's score.Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used to observe the pathologic morphology of the knee joints of rats.Western blot and PCR were used to detect the protein and mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-1β,interleukin-10 in articular cartilage tissue,respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Compared with the model group,serum prostaglandin E2 levels were decreased in the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group,while serum 6-keto-prostaglandin F1α levels were increased(P<0.05).Compared with the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group,the above-mentioned indicators were significantly improved in the high-dose group,and there was no significant difference between the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P>0.05).Compared with the model group,the Mankin's score was reduced in the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P>0.05).Compared with the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group,the Mankin's score was significantly reduced in the high-dose group(P<0.05).The cartilage tissue layer of rats in the model and low-dose groups was significantly thinned,the cracks and chondrocytes deep into the bone layer were largely lost,the tide line was seriously broken and blurred,the collagen fibers in the synovial layer were increased and thickened,and a large number of chondrocytes were destroyed and arranged irregularly.These pathological changes were improved in the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group compared with the model group as well as improved in the high-dose group compared with the medium-dose group.Compared with the model group,the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β was reduced,while the expression of interleukin-10 was increased in the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P<0.05).These indicators in the joint were significantly improved in the high-dose group compared with the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P<0.05),but there was no significant difference between the medium-dose group and dexamethasone group(P>0.05).To conclude,ginseng polysaccharide can improve the inflammatory level and pathological morphology of traumatic osteoarthritis rats and reduce the Mankin's score.Its mechanism may be related to the regulation of prostaglandin E2/6-keto-prostaglandin F1α levels.
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BACKGROUND:The repair of articular cartilage injury remains a difficult problem to be solved urgently in clinical practice.Utilizing synthetic or biological materials to promote cartilage regeneration has been a research hotspot. OBJECTIVE:To review the research progress of synthetic and biological materials in articular cartilage repair. METHODS:PubMed and CNKI databases were searched for articles about the progress of synthetic and biological materials utilized in articular cartilage repair."Collagen,gelatin,silk,chitosan,alginate,PEG,PCL,PLA,cartilage tissue engineering,cartilage tissue engineering materials"were used as English and Chinese search terms,respectively.After preliminary screening based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria,98 articles with high quality and relevance were retained for review. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:Natural materials,including collagen,gelatin,silk,chitosan,and alginate,have good biocompatibility and degradability.Synthetic materials,containing polyethylene glycol,polycaprolactone,and polylactic acid,have good mechanical properties.Modification and composition of materials can overcome the inherent defects in materials and show better cartilage repair ability.Studies about multi-layer scaffolds based on hierarchical structure are rare,and it is more targeted at osteochondral injury repair rather than simple cartilage injury repair.At present,scaffold research is focused on the synthetic research and development stage,and the corresponding clinical trials are few,so it is necessary to pay attention to clinical transformation in the future.
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BACKGROUND:Lycium barbarum polysaccharide has many biological activities and has been found to have potential effects on promoting wound healing. OBJECTIVE:To investigate the mechanism of lycium barbarum polysaccharide in tumor necrosis factor-α-mediated keratinocyte apoptosis and its effect on the healing of burn wounds. METHODS:(1)In vitro experiment:Keratinocytes were divided into four groups:cells were cultured in the α-MEM medium(complete medium)containing 15%fetal bovine serum and 1%glutamine in normal group,cultured in the complete medium containing lycium barbarum polysaccharide in positive control group,cultured in the complete medium containing tumor necrosis factor-α in model group,and cultured in the complete medium containing lycium barbarum polysaccharide and tumor necrosis factor-α in experimental group.After 24 hours of culture,cell proliferation was detected using cell counting kit-8 assay;Cleaved caspase-8,TNF R1,FADD,and LC3 were detected using western blot.Then an autophagy inhibitor group(the complete medium containing 3-methyladenine)and an autophagy inhibitor+lycium barbarum polysaccharide group(the complete medium containing lycium barbarum polysaccharide,tumor necrosis factor-α,and 3-methyladenine)were set up.After 24 hours of culture,keratinocyte apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry.(2)In vivo experiment:Six Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group,with three rats in each group.Four deep Ⅱ degree burn wounds with a diameter of 2 cm were made on the back of each rat.At 24 hours after modeling,mice in the control and experimental groups were coated with normal saline and lycium barbarum polysaccharide solution,respectively,once a day.Wound healing was observed regularly after treatment.Samples were taken 28 days after treatment and the pathologic pattern of the wound was observed. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:(1)In vitro experiment:Addition of lycium barbarum polysaccharide alone did not affect cell proliferation and apoptosis and the expression of apoptotic and autophagic proteins in keratinocytes.After the addition of tumor necrosis factor α,the proliferation of keratinocytes was inhibited,the apoptotic rate increased,and the expression of apoptotic and autophagic proteins was elevated,while lycium barbarum polysaccharide could antagonize the above effects of tumor necrosis factor-α.Lycium barbarum polysaccharide combined with autophagy inhibitors further reduced the apoptotic rate of keratinocytes.(2)In vivo experiment:The wound healing rate of rats in the experimental group was higher than that of the control group at 12,16,20,24,and 28 days after treatment(P＜0.05,P＜0.01).Hematoxylin-eosin staining results at 28 days after treatment showed an intact and well-defined epidermis of the wound in the experimental group compared with the control group.To conclude,lycium barbarum polysaccharide protects the integrity of skin epidermal tissue and promotes wound healing by inhibiting autophagy and apoptosis of keratinocytes.
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@#Objective To screen an effective method for removing free polysaccharides in polysaccharide-protein conjugate of pneumococcus type 9V(Pn9V),and to optimize the process and verify its stability,so as to use it in the preparation of multivalent conjugate vaccine against pneumococcus.Methods Pn9V-CRM_(197) conjugate was prepared,of which the free polysaccharides were removed by molecular sieve(Sepharose 4FF),ion exchange chromatography(DEAE Sepharose FF),hydrophobic chromatography(GP-Butyl)and ammonium sulfate(AS)salting out. The optimal method was selected by comparing the percentage of free polysaccharides,the recovery rate of polysaccharides and the recovery rate of proteins,and the determined method was optimized for the process. Three batches of conjugates were prepared continuously to verify the stability of the process.Results Both hydrophobic chromatography and ion exchange chromatography reduced the free polysaccharides in Pn9V-CRM197 conjugate to less than 5%. The recovery rates of polysaccharide and protein by hydrophobic chromatography were 34. 7% and 50. 1%,respectively,which were higher than those by ion exchange chromatography(16. 2% and 25. 7%). Hydrophobic chromatography was determined with the optimized process including 1. 1 mol/L AS as the loading buffer,water for injection used for elution,and the conjugate loading of 1. 81 mg protein/mL filler. The free polysaccharide removal rate,polysaccharide recovery rate and protein recovery rate of the conjugates prepared continuously in three batches were good,and the consistency among batches was high. The conjugates had good stability when stored at 2-8 ℃ for 6 months,and the percentage of free polysaccharides increased significantly(F = 5. 83 e~(-32),P = 0. 003)and was more than25% when stored at(25 ± 2)℃ for 6 months,indicating that high temperature storage was not suitable for the conjugates.Conclusion A hydrophobic chromatography process was established to effectively remove free polysaccharides from Pn9V polysaccharide-protein conjugate,which has good stability and provides a reference for the removal of free polysaccharides in other pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugates.
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ObjectiveTo explore the protective effect of polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus （IOP） on lipopolysaccharide （LPS）-induced acute lung injury （ALI） in mice. MethodA total of 40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into normal group， model group， dexamethasone group， and high-dose and low-dose IOP groups， with eight mice in each group. The high-dose and low-dose IOP groups were administered intragastrically with IOP at 20 and 10 mg·kg-1， respectively. The normal group and the model group were intragastrically administered with normal saline in equal volumes， and the dexamethasone group was intraperitoneally injected with dexamethasone phosphate injection of 30 mg·kg-1 for 21 days. An ALI mouse model induced by LPS was constructed， and hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining， immunofluorescence staining， and blood routine were used to detect pathological damage of lung tissue and blood cell content. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay （ELISA） and Real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction （Real-time PCR） were used to detect the expression levels of various inflammatory factors. Changes in gut microbiota and plasma differential metabolites in mice were detected using 16S rRNA sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry （UPLC-Q-TOF-MS）. ResultCompared with the model group， the lung tissue lesions of ALI mice were significantly improved after IOP administration， and the spleen and thymus index were dramatically increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The ratio of wet-to-dry weight of lung tissue was sensibly decreased （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the number of lymphocytes was substantially increased （P<0.05， P<0.01）. The number of neutrophils was markedly decreased （P<0.01）. The expression level of interleukin-6 （IL-6）， interleukin-8 （IL-8）， interleukin-1β （IL-1β）， nuclear factor-κB（NF-κB）， and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor 3 （NLRP3） decreased prominently （P<0.05， P<0.01） and the expression level of interleukin-10 （IL-10） increased memorably （P<0.01）. The 16S rRNA sequencing results show that IOP can regulate and improve intestinal microbial disorders. The UPLC-Q-TOF-MS results indicate that the treatment of ALI mice with IOP may involve pathways related to mitochondrial， sugar， and amino acid metabolism， such as nucleotide sugar metabolism， histidine metabolism， ubiquinone， and other terpenoid compound-quinone biosynthesis， as well as starch and sucrose metabolism. ConclusionThe improvement of lung tissue lesions and inflammatory response by IOP in ALI mice may be related to maintaining intestinal microbiota balance， regulating mitochondrial electron oxidation respiratory chain， as well as sugar and amino acid metabolism pathways， and affecting the production of related microbial metabolites and tricarboxylic acid cycle metabolites.
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ObjectiveTo observe the effects of Hedysari Radix polysaccharide on the apoptosis of gastric sinus smooth muscle cells and explore the underlying mechanism via the insulin-like growth factor-1 （IGF-1）/phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase （PI3K）/serine-threonine kinase （Akt） pathway in the rat model of diabetic gastroparesis （DGP）. MethodSixty-two Wistar male rats were randomized into a blank group （n=12） and a modelling group （n=50）. The rat model of DGP was established by small-dose multiple intraperitoneal injections of streptozotocin combined with an irregular high-fat and high-sugar diet for 4 weeks. The modeled rats were randomized into model group， mosapride citrate （1.35 mg·kg-1）， and high-， medium-， and low-dose （200， 100， and 50 mg·kg-1， respectively） Hedysari Radix polysaccharide groups. The rats were administrated with corresponding drugs by gavage， and those in the blank and model groups with equal volumes of pure water by gavage once a day for 8 consecutive weeks. The random blood glucose and body mass were measured every 2 weeks， and gastric emptying rate was calculated. Hematoxylin-eosin （HE） staining was used to observe the pathological changes of smooth muscle in gastric antrum， and terminal deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick-end labeling （TUNEL） was employed to detect the apoptosis of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum. The expression of IGF-1， phosphorylated （p）-PI3K， and p-Akt in the smooth muscle of gastric sinus tissue was detected by immunohistochemistry. Western blot was employed to determine the protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， B-cell lymphoma-2 （Bcl-2）， and Bcl-2-associated X protein （Bax） in the smooth muscle of the gastric antrum. ResultCompared with the blank group， the model group showed elevated random blood glucose at all time points （P<0.01）， decreased body mass and gastric emptying rate （P<0.01）， increased apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum （P<0.01）， down-regulated protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2， and up-regulated protein level of Bax （P<0.01）. Compared with the model group， the 8 weeks of drug administration lowered the random blood glucose， increased the body mass and gastric emptying rate （P<0.05， P<0.01）， decreased the apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum （P<0.05， P<0.01）， up-regulated the protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2， and down-regulated the protein level of Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the mosapride citrate group，the administration of low-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide for 6 and 8 weeks lowered the random blood glucose and decreased the body mass （P<0.05， P<0.01），low and medium-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide decreased the gastric emptying rate and the apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the astragaloside low-dose group decreased （P<0.05）. The protein levels of IGF-1，p-PI3K/PI3K，p-Akt/Akt and Bcl-2（low dose）were down-regulated and the protein level of Bax was up-regulated by low doses of Hedysari Radix polysaccharide （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with high-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide， low-dose Hedysari Radix polysaccharide elevated random blood glucose and reduced body mass after 6 and 8 weeks of administration （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and the low and medium doses decreased the gastric emptying rate， increased the apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in the gastric antrum （P<0.05， P<0.01）， down-regulated the protein levels of IGF-1， p-PI3K/PI3K， p-Akt/Akt， and Bcl-2， and up-regulated the protein level of Bax （P<0.05， P<0.01）. Compared with the medium-dose group，the low-dose group of Hedysari Radix polysaccharide had lower body mass，lower gastric emptying rate in rats，higher apoptotic index of smooth muscle cells in gastric sinus tissue after 6 and 8 weeks of administration （P<0.05， P<0.01）， and lower protein expression of IGF-1，p-PI3K/PI3K，p-Akt/Akt. ConclusionHedysari Radix polysaccharide protects the smooth muscle cells in gastric antrum against apoptotic injury and promotes gastric motility by activating the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt signaling pathway， as manifested by the up-regulated expression of IGF-1， p-PI3K， p-Akt， and Bcl-2 and down-regulated expression of Bax.
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Heart failure is one of the main cardiovascular system diseases at present， and it is a clinical syndrome caused by changes in cardiac structure and function， resulting in impaired ejection function or ventricular filling. Therefore， heart failure has become the most important cardiovascular disease in the 21st century. In recent years， the incidence of heart failure is increasing， and the survival rate of patients with heart failure is very low. Traditional Chinese medicine has rich experience in preventing and treating heart failure. With the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine， more and more attention has been paid to the research， development， and application of active ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine has unique advantages in improving the heart function of patients with heart failure by treating multiple targets and multiple pathways through syndrome differentiation. Astragalus membranacus， a traditional Chinese medicine， is a kind of medicine that benefits Qi and blood circulation and removes evil spirits. It has the functions of improving myocardial energy metabolism and hemodynamics， protecting myocardial muscle， and promoting angiogenesis. Astragalus membranaceus is often used to treat patients with heart failure， yielding remarkable results. In recent years， it has been found that astragaloside， Astragalus polysaccharide， quercetin， calyx isoflavones， and other main active ingredients of Astragalus membranacus can improve cardiac function and treat heart failure by inhibiting inflammatory response， myocardial apoptosis， and myocardial fibrosis. This paper reviewed the research progress of the action and mechanism of the active ingredients of Astragalus membranacus in the treatment of heart failure by studying relevant literature， with a view to providing a reference for its further research， development， and application in the prevention and treatment of heart failure.
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OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect and mechanism of Astragalus polysaccharide （APS） on peritoneal fibrosis and angiogenesis in rats with peritoneal dialysis （PD）. METHODS Rats were randomly divided into normal control group （Control group）， model group （PD group）， 70 mg/kg APS group （APS-L group）， 140 mg/kg APS group （APS-H group）， and 140 mg/kg APS+40 mg/kg hypoxia-inducible factor-1α （HIF-1α） agonist DMOG group （APS-H+DMOG group）， with 12 rats in each group. PD rat models were constructed in the last four groups of rats. Administration groups were given APS intragastrically and DMOG intraperitoneally. Control group and PD group were given constant volume of normal saline intragastrically， once a day， for 4 consecutive weeks. After the last medication， the peritoneal ultrafiltration （UF）， mass transfer of glucose （MTG）， the levels of serum creatinine （Scr） and blood urea nitrogen （BUN） were detected in rats； peritoneal histomorphology and peritoneal fibrosis （peritoneal thickness and proportion of collagen fiber deposition） were observed； the microvascular density and the expression levels of α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）， laminin （LN）， HIF-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor （VEGF） proteins were detected in peritoneal tissue of rats. RESULTS Compared with Control group， the mesothelium of rats in the PD group was loosely arranged and shed， inflammatory cells infiltrated， the peritoneal thickness and proportion of collagen fiber deposition were increased significantly （P＜0.05）. The levels of MTG， Scr and BUN in serum， microvascular density and the expressions of α-SMA， LN， HIF-1α and VEGF proteins were significantly increased， while the level of UF was significantly decreased （P＜ 0.05）； compared with PD group， the levels of above indexes were significantly reversed in APS-L and APS-H groups （P＜0.05）， and the improvement of APS-H group was better than APS-L group （P＜0.05）. Compared with APS-H group， the levels of above indexes in APS-H+DMOG group were all reversed （P＜0.05）. CONCLUSIONS APS inhibits peritoneal fibrosis and angioge-nesis in PD rats by inhibiting HIF-1α/VEGF signaling pathway.
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@#Meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine is basically produced by chemical combination,and the most commonly used method is amide condensation reaction.Because of the covalent bonds between polysaccharide and protein,the prepared conjugate vaccine has high stability and good technical advantages,which plays an important role in the prevention of meningococcal related diseases.The vaccine can be applied to the immunization of young children under 2years old,and has more lasting protective effect.In this paper,the factors influencing the preparation of meningococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine,the binding mode of polysaccharide and carrier protein,the present situation at home and abroad and the existing problems in the preparation process were reviewed.
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Obｊective To investigate the protective mechanism of tricholoma matsutake polysaccharides(TMP) against 1-methy-4-pehnyl-pyridine ion (MPP
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In recent years, polysaccharides have received much attention because of their high safety and good immunological activity. The study of polysaccharide in vivo process is a key scientific problem that needs to be solved for polysaccharide drug development. Some progress has been made in the field of polysaccharide pharmacokinetics and immunomodulation. However, due to the lack of both chromogenic and light-absorbing groups and the complex molecular structure of polysaccharides, the in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms of polysaccharides have been slow to be investigated. The effective combination of multiple techniques can break the bottleneck of difficult tracing and unknown immunomodulatory mechanism of polysaccharides in vivo, and promote the development and utilization of polysaccharides. In this paper, we systematically summarize the key techniques in the study of polysaccharide in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms in order to provide technical references and research ideas for the study of polysaccharide in vivo processes and immunomodulatory mechanisms.
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@#Objective To evaluate the stability of polyribosylribitol phosphate(PRP),the basic structure of capsular polysaccharide of Haemophilus influenzae type b(Hib),in the preparation of Hib conjugate vaccine.Methods The structures of the prepared Hib polysaccharides,polysaccharide derivatives and protein-conjugated polysaccharides were analyzed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR).Results The detection results of the prepared Hib polysaccharides,polysaccharide derivatives and protein-conjugated polysaccharides all met the requirements of relevant standards of Chinese Pharmacopoeia(VolumeⅢ,2020 edition),and the NMR spectra showed no significant change.Conclusion The basic structure PRP of the main carbohydrate antigen of Hib conjugate vaccine had no change during the vaccine manufacturing.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of Dendrobium officinale polysaccharide （DOP）on CCl4-induced hepatic fibrosis（HF）and its mechanism. MethodsA total of 56 male SD rats were randomly divided into seven groups： normal group（NG），model group（MG），colchicine group（CG， 0.1 mg/kg）， Fuzheng Huayu group（FG， 0.45 g/kg），low-dose DOP group（LDG， 0.05 g/kg），middle-dose DOP group（MDG， 0.1 g/kg）and high-dose DOP group（HDG，0.2 g/kg），with 8 rats in each group. HF rat model was established by subcutaneous injection with 40% CCl4 olive oil mixture， every 3-day for 10 weeks. At the end of the sixth week， the drug groups were treated with colchicine， Fuzheng Huayu and DOP solution by gavage respectively， once a day for 4 weeks. NG and MG groups were similarly handled with an equal amount of 0.9 % normal saline. Liver histopathology was detected using hematoxylin-eosin （HE）， Masson and Sirius red staining； blood biochemistry was tested for liver function and four indicators of HF； RT-qPCR and Western Blot were used to measure the expression of α-SMA， Col-I， E-cadherin， and ZEB1 genes and proteins in the liver tissues of rats， respectively. ResultsHE， Masson， and Sirius red staining showed that the liver tissue of MG rats had typical pathologic features of HF， and the degree of HF was alleviated in LDG， MDG， and HDG rats， respectively. Liver function test results showed that the serum AST， TBIL， and AKP levels were significantly lower in LDG， MDG， and HDG， compared with those of the MG （P < 0.05 or < 0.01）. Meanwhile， ALT levels in serum deceased remarkably except in LDG （P < 0.05 or < 0.01）. The four results of HF showed that the serum HA， LN， PC-Ⅲ， and COL-Ⅳ levels in LDG， MDG， and HDG rats were significantly decreased compared with those of the MG （P < 0.05 or < 0.01）. The relative expressions of α-SMA， COL-I， and ZEB1 genes and proteins were significantly decreased in the liver tissues of LDG， MDG， and HDG （P < 0.05 or < 0.01）， and the relative expression of E-cadherin gene and protein increased （P < 0.05 or < 0.01）. In addition， the expressions of HA， α-SMA， COL-I， ZEB1 and E-cadherin were dependent on the dose of DOP. ConclusionDOP alleviated the degree of CCl4 induced HF in rats by inhibiting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition in liver tissue.
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OBJECTIVE@#To study the in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects of the polysaccharide of Alocasia cucullata (PAC) and the underlying mechanism.@*METHODS@#B16F10 and 4T1 cells were cultured with PAC of 40 µg/mL, and PAC was withdrawn after 40 days of administration. The cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8. The expression of Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 proteins were detected by Western blot and the expressions of ERK1/2 mRNA were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A mouse melanoma model was established to study the effect of PAC during long-time administration. Mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: control group treated with saline water, positive control group (LNT group) treated with lentinan at 100 mg/(kg·d), and PAC group treated with PAC at 120 mg/(kg·d). The pathological changes of tumor tissues were observed by hematoxylin-eosin staining. The apoptosis of tumor tissues was detected by TUNEL staining. Bcl-2 and Caspase-3 protein expressions were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the expressions of ERK1/2, JNK1 and p38 mRNA were detected by qRT-PCR.@*RESULTS@#In vitro, no strong inhibitory effects of PAC were found in various tumor cells after 48 or 72 h of administration. Interestingly however, after 40 days of cultivation under PAC, an inhibitory effect on B16F10 cells was found. Correspondingly, the long-time administration of PAC led to downregulation of Bcl-2 protein (P<0.05), up-regulation of Caspase-3 protein (P<0.05) and ERK1 mRNA (P<0.05) in B16F10 cells. The above results were verified by in vivo experiments. In addition, viability of B16F10 cells under long-time administration culture in vitro decreased after drug withdrawal, and similar results were also observed in 4T1 cells.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Long-time administration of PAC can significantly inhibit viability and promote apoptosis of tumor cells, and had obvious antitumor effect in tumor-bearing mice.
Subject(s)
Mice , Animals , Alocasia/metabolism , MAP Kinase Signaling System , Caspase 3/metabolism , Apoptosis , RNA, Messenger/metabolismABSTRACT
Objective:To observe the effect of astragalus polysaccharides on liver injury in mice with viral hepatitis,and to investigate whether it can regulate the expression of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1(NOD1)/receptor-interacting protein 2(RIP2)/nuclear factor-κB(NF-κB)immune inflammation mediated by signaling pathway plays a protective role in liver.Methods:Sixty female C3H/HeJ mice were divided into modeling group(50 mice)and normal group(10 mice)using a random number table.The mouse model of viral hepatitis was established by intraperitoneal injection of mouse hepatitis virus type 3(MHV-3)in the modeling group.After the successful modeling was confirmed,the surviving mice were divided into thymus peptide group(10 μg),astragalus polysaccharide low,medium and high dose groups(100,200,400 mg/kg astragalus polysaccharide lyophilized in 1 ml/100 g body weight saline)and model group by random number table.Model group and normal group were given the same amount of normal saline intraperitoneal injection,each group was given once a day for 1 month.Results:The model was confirmed by HE staining of liver tis-sue and detection of viral plaque.Compared with the normal group,the liver index,serum alanine aminotransferase(ALT),aspartate aminotransferase(AST),total bilirubin(TBIL)and tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α),IL-1β and IL-8,viral plaques in liver tissue,NOD1,RIP2 and NF-κB p65 expressions and p-NF-κB p65 level in the model group increased(P<0.05),and the liver tissue showed severe pathological changes.Compared with the model group,the liver indexes,serum ALT,AST,TBIL and TNF-α,IL-1β and IL-8,viral plaques in liver tissue,NOD1,RIP2 and NF-κB p65 expressions and p-NF-κB p65 level in the thymosin group and astragalus polysaccharide each 3-dose groups decreased(P<0.05),and the pathological changes of liver tissue were alleviated.The effect of astragalus polysaccharide was dose-dependent,and there were no significant differences in these indexes between thymosin group and astragalus polysaccharide medium dose group(P>0.05).Conclusion:Astragalus polysaccharides can improve the liver function of mice with viral hepatitis,reduce the inflammatory response and pathological changes of liver tissue,reduce the level of virus,specu-late and inhibit NOD1/RIP2/NF-κB pathway and down-regulate NOD1,RIP2 and NF-κB p65 expressions,inhibit p-NF-κB p65 level,and high dose of astragalus polysaccharide has the best effect,which is better than thymosin-α1.