Risk and determinants of catastrophic health expenditure among rural households in rivers state

Background: Concerns about how the expense of healthcare impacts rural families' ability to pay their bills are rising, especially in environments where prepayment systems are inadequate and people pay cash while using health services. This research evaluated the method of payment, frequency, and contributing factors of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) among rural inhabitants of Rivers State. Methods: This retrospective longitudinal study was conducted among 450 inhabitants in six rural communities in Rivers State. The participants were chosen using a multistage sampling process. A validated semi-structured questionnaire which was interviewer administered was used to obtain the data. IBM statistical package for the social sciences version 25 was used to analyze the data. Data were summarized using means, frequency, and proportions while bivariate and multivariate binary logistic regression were used to explore determinants of CHE with p?0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The result showed that 94.9% of rural households pay for health care via out-of-pocket payment and 88.4% rural residents experience catastrophic health payment. Household income of less than N100,000 (AOR=2.8, 95% C.I.=1.4-5.4, p=0.002) and having two or more dependents (AOR=3.3, 95% C.I.=1.3-8.0 p=0.002) were determinants of CHE. Conclusions: There is need to increase public funding for healthcare as well as expand the coverage of the NHIS to mitigate the effect of health care cost on rural residents in Rivers State.

The Prevalance of Depression and Anxiety among Elderly People in Dai Rural Areas of Jinggu County Yunnan Province and Its Relationship with Socio-economic Status / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective The aim of this study is to analyze the prevalence of depression and anxiety symptoms and its relationship with the socio-economic position(SEP)among the elderly people in Dai rural areas of Jinggu County,Yunnan province.Methods A multi-stage stratified random sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey among 1409 people aged 60 and over in Dai rural areas of Jinggu County,Yunnan Province.The individual SEP index was constructed using the principal component analysis.Results The prevalence of anxiety symptoms,depression symptoms,and mixed anxiety-depressive disorder symptoms was 4.8%,52.0%,and 4.2% among them,2.6%,49.4%,and 2.3% among the males,and 6.8%,54.5%,and 6.0% among the females respectively.Females had the higher prevalence of anxiety symptoms and mixed anxiety-depressive disorder symptoms than males(P<0.05).Elderly people with the higher level of education,annual per capita household income and SEP had the lower prevalence of anxiety symptoms and mixed anxiety-depressive disorder symptoms than their counterparts(both P<0.05).The prevalence of depression symptoms increased with age(P<0.01).The difference in the prevelence of depression symptoms among the elderly people with the different numbers of chronic conditions was statistically significant(P<0.01).The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the elderly people with lower SEP were more likely to suffer from the anxiety symptoms(OR=0.707,95% CI:0.566～0.883),depression symptoms(OR=0.492,95% CI:0.438～0.552),and mixed anxiety-depressive disorder symptoms(OR=0.602,95% CI:0.469～0.773).Conclusion There are significant socio-economic differences in the prevalence of anxiety symptoms and depression symptoms among the elderly people in Dai rural areas of Jinggu County,Yunnan province.Future mental health interventions should more focus on females,elderly people with advanced age,multiple chronic diseases and low SEP,so as to reduce the occurrence of depression symptoms and anxiety symptoms.

Mental Health Status and Its Influencing Factors Among Elderly Hypertension Patients from Rural Areas of Chuxiong and Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan / 昆明医科大学学报

Objective To investigate the mental health status and its influencing factors among elderly hypertensive patients from Rural Areas of Chuxiong and Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan.Methods Multi-stage random sampling method was adopted to select elderly hypertensive patients from rural Yi ethnic areas in Yunnan.Questionnaires were used to collect their basic information and mental health status.Multivariate logistic regression was performed to explore the influencing factors of mental health among the elderly hypertensives.Results 21.82%(209/958)of elderly people with hypertension have poor mental health status in Chuxiong and Honghe Prefecture,Yunnan.Age of 80-89 years(OR = 2.395,P<0.05)and over 90 years(OR = 3.293,P<0.05),as well as physical disability(OR = 2.037,P<0.05),were risk factors for poor mental health.Compared with those who rated their economic situation as very difficult,rating as somewhat difficult(OR = 0.490,P<0.05),moderate(OR = 0.632,P<0.05)and relatively affluent(OR = 0.344,P<0.05),having a spouse(OR = 0.655,P<0.05),received full concern from the offspring(OR = 0.411,P<0.05)and maintain good relationships with offspring(OR = 0.339,P<0.05)were protective factors.Conclusions The mental health status of elderly people with hypertension is relatively poor in rural areas of Chuxiong and Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan Province.Special attention should be paid to the mental health of older and physically disabled elderly hypertensives.Economic and mental support from children was crucially important in improving the mental health of elderly hypertensive patients in rural areas of Chuxiong and Honghe Prefecture in Yunnan Province.

Analysis of treatment gap of convulsive epilepsy patients in rural areas of Jiangsu Province / 临床神经病学杂志

Objective To explore the treatment gap and influencing factors of convulsive epilepsy in rural areas of Jiangsu Province.Methods The clinical data of 7836 rural convulsive epilepsy patients screened from 2005 to 2020 were statistically analyzed,and the treatment status,treatment gap and related influencing factors of epilepsy patients were analyzed.Results A total of 7836 patients with convulsive epilepsy were enrolled in this study.The treatment gap for convulsive epilepsy in rural areas of Jiangsu Province was 69.05%.There was no significant difference in the treatment gap between different genders(P＞0.05).There were statistically significant differences in the treatment gap between age(χ2 = 12.196,P =0.007),age of onset(χ2 =58.658,P＜0.001),disease duration(χ2 =65.430,P＜0.001),seizure frequency(χ2 =171.276,P＜0.001),and hospitalization level(χ2 = 122.076,P＜0.001).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the older the age of onset was,the shorter the course of the disease was,the more frequent the seizures was,and the greater the treatment gap in patients with epilepsy was(all P＜0.05).Patients aged 45-59 years(P =0.012)and treated in municipal and county hospitals(P＜0.001)were more likely to receive regular anti-epileptic treatment.Conclusions There is a significant treatment gap for convulsive epilepsy patients in rural areas of Jiangsu Province.This may be due to insufficient awareness of epilepsy and the underdevelopment of primary healthcare institutions.

Prevalência e fatores associados à violência contra as mulheres rurais: um estudo transversal, Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde, 2019 / Prevalence of violence against women living in rural areas and associated factors: a cross-sectional study based on the 2019 National Health Survey

Resumo Este estudo transversal objetivou estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados à violência contra as mulheres rurais e descrever os casos positivos segundo autoria, local e frequência, com dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (2019). Calcularam-se as prevalências brutas e ajustadas de violência contra as mulheres rurais de todo o Brasil nos últimos 12 meses, segundo perfil demográfico, apoio e saúde por meio da regressão de Poisson. A violência psicológica foi de 18%, a física, de 4,4% e a sexual, de 1,5%. Os principais autores eram pessoas conhecidas, a maior parte dos casos ocorreu na residência e as agressões eram recorrentes. As maiores prevalências: mulheres adultas jovens (24,2%), solteiras e divorciadas (20% cada), com ensino fundamental completo ao superior incompleto (22%),, percepções de saúde muito ruim (34%), ruim (30%) e aquelas com problema de saúde mental (30%). Após o ajuste, permaneceram no modelo as de 30-39 anos e de 40 a 49 anos, casadas, com estado de saúde muito ruim, ruim e regular e com problema de saúde mental. Aponta-se para a alta prevalência de violência contra as mulheres rurais.

Abstract The aim of this cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of violence against women living in rural areas, explore associated factors, and characterize cases of violence according to perpetrator, place of occurrence, and frequency. Based on data from the 2019 National Health Survey, using Poisson's regression we calculated crude and adjusted prevalence ratios for violence committed during the last 12 months against women living in rural areas across Brazil, focusing on the following variables: sociodemographic characteristics, income, social support, and self-reported health status. The prevalence of psychological, physical, and sexual violence was 18%, 4.4%, and 1.5%, respectively. Perpetrators were mainly people known to the victim and violence was mainly committed at home and repeated over time. Prevalence was highest among young women (24.2%), single and divorced women (20% each), women who had complete elementary school till not complete higher education (22% each), women with very poor (34%) and poor (30%) self-perceived health status; and women with a mental health problem (30%). After adjustment, the following variables were retained in the model: women aged 30-39 years and 40-49 years; married women; women with very poor, poor, and fair perceived health; and women diagnosed with a mental health problem.

"Eu sofria calada e certamente toda mulher é assim" - Silenciamentos: reproduções e rupturas da violência contra as mulheres que vivem em contextos rurais / "I suffered in silence and certainly all women are like that" - Silenced: reproduction of, and breaking with, violence against women living in rural areas

Resumo Este estudo se dedica, através de histórias de vida, a analisar a violência contra as mulheres que vivem em contextos rurais, seu silenciamento e os desafios de rompê-lo. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa a partir de 20 entrevistas com mulheres rurais em dois municípios do Rio Grande do Sul. Através da Análise de Narrativas chegamos a duas categorias: "Eu sofria calada e certamente toda mulher é assim" - A violência e o silenciamento; e "A gente cuida dela" - Rompendo o silêncio. A primeira, faz referência a opressão do silenciamento e como as mulheres foram afetadas através da violência e do isolamento. A segunda, apresenta os desafios enfrentados pelas mulheres ao romper o silenciamento e sair da relação abusiva, e como, através de suas narrativas, acessamos a histórias de outras mulheres que sofrem violência. As narrativas reforçam que o silenciamento, advindo dos papeis de gênero e do cerceamento de liberdade, contribuiu para a permanência na relação abusiva. A violência teve sustentáculo no contexto rural, no qual as mulheres ficavam ainda mais isoladas, sozinhas e sem apoio, acentuando seus medos, culpa, vergonha, dependência financeira. É fundamental haver um trabalho intersetorial para o enfrentamento a essa problemática com mais informação e assistência às mulheres rurais.

Abstract By way of life stories drawn from 20 interviews of women in two municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul, this qualitative study examined how violence against women living in rural areas is silenced and the challenges involved in breaking that silence. Narrative Analysis arrived at two categories: "I suffered in silence and certainly all women are like that" (Violence silenced) and "We take care of her" (Breaking the silence). The first relates to the oppression of imposed silence and how women were affected by violence and isolation. The second shows the challenges facing women who break the silence and leave abusive relationships and how, through their narratives, to access the stories of other women who suffer violence. The narratives stress that the imposition of silence, which arose from gender roles and constraints on freedom, contributed to their continuing in the abusive relationship. The violence was sustained by the rural setting, where women were even more isolated, alone and unsupported, which heightened their fears, guilt, shame and financial dependence. An inter-sector approach, with more information and care for rural women, is fundamental to addressing this problem.

Strategies used by nurses regarding underreporting of rural work accidents due to pesticide use / Estrategias utilizadas por los enfermeros en relación con el subregistro de accidentes laborales rurales causados por el uso de plaguicidas / Estratégias utilizadas por enfermeiros sobre subnotificações de acidentes de trabalho rural por uso de agrotóxicos

ABSTRACT Objective: To learn the strategies used regarding underreporting of pesticide use in rural areas. Methods: A qualitative study was carried out in eight primary healthcare units in rural areas and two emergency care units in a municipality in southern Brazil. Data collection took place in 2023 through interviews. Twenty professional nurses participated. The data was submitted to content analysis. Results: The strategies identified were lifelong and continuing education for the professionals who carry out the notification, active search and training of workers who deal directly with this type of substance, computerizing the notification by filling in the forms online, and carrying out research on the subject. Final considerations: Nurses play an important role in reporting occupational accidents caused by the use of pesticides, improving occupational safety in rural areas.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Conocer las estrategias utilizadas para el subregistro del uso de plaguicidas en áreas rurales. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo realizado en ocho unidades de atención primaria en áreas rurales y dos unidades de atención de emergencia en un municipio del sur de Brasil. La recopilación de datos se realizó en 2023 mediante entrevistas. Participaron 20 profesionales de enfermería. Los datos fueron sometidos a análisis de contenido. Resultados: Las estrategias identificadas fueron la educación continua y permanente de los profesionales que realizan la notificación, la búsqueda activa y la capacitación de los trabajadores que tratan directamente con este tipo de sustancia, la informatización de la notificación mediante el llenado de los formularios en línea y la realización de investigaciones sobre el tema. Consideraciones finales: Los enfermeros desempeñan un papel importante en la notificación de accidentes laborales causados por el uso de plaguicidas, mejorando la seguridad laboral en las zonas rurales.

RESUMO Objetivo: Conhecer as estratégias utilizadas acerca das subnotificações por uso de agrotóxicos no meio rural. Método: Estudo qualitativo realizado em oito unidades básicas de regiões rurais e duas unidades de pronto atendimento de um município do sul do Brasil. A coleta de dados deu-se em 2023, por entrevistas. Participaram 20 profissionais enfermeiros. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo. Resultados: Apontaram como estratégias a realização da educação permanente e continuada dos profissionais que realizam a notificação, a busca ativa e a capacitação dos trabalhadores que lidam diretamente com esse tipo de substância, a informatização da notificação por meio do preenchimento das fichas online e a realização de pesquisas acerca da temática. Considerações Finais: Os enfermeiros desempenham um papel importante na notificação de acidentes de trabalho pelo uso de agrotóxicos, melhorando a segurança ocupacional no meio rural.

Avaliação de indicadores sociais e de saúde em municípios de Minas Gerais conforme tipologia rural-urbano / Assessment of social and health indicators in municipalities of Minas Gerais according to the rural-urban typology

RESUMO O presente artigo tem o objetivo de avaliar indicadores sociais e de saúde de municípios conforme a tipologia rural-urbano. Trata-se de estudo ecológico que utilizou dados oficiais de acesso público dos 853 municípios do estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Foram conduzidas análises descritivas e bivariadas através da Regressão de Poisson e Teste de Kruskal-Wallis. Do total de municípios, 547 (64,12%) são rurais. A maior média do Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M) foi observada entre os municípios urbanos. A maior média de cobertura da Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) foi verificada entre os municípios rurais, nos quais também foram demonstrados os melhores resultados para os indicadores de mortalidades infantil, prematura e por causas evitáveis, homogeneidade vacinal e prevalência de desnutrição. Os achados deste estudo evidenciam que uma maior cobertura da ESF está associada à ocorrência de melhores condições gerais de vida e de saúde das populações atendidas em municípios de tipologia rural. Recomenda-se aos gestores de saúde o fomento à consolidação da ESF em comunidades com contextos socioeconômicos e culturais desfavoráveis, como localidades rurais remotas e aglomerados urbanos, e o estabelecimento de ações intersetoriais com impacto positivo na saúde.

ABSTRACT This article aims to evaluate social and health indicators of municipalities according to the rural-urban typology. This is an ecological study that used official publicly accessible data from the 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Descriptive and bivariate analysis were carried out using Poisson Regression and Kruskal-Wallis Test. 547 (64.12%) are rural municipalities. The highest average of the Municipal Human Development Index (MHDI) was observed among urban municipalities. The highest average coverage of the Family Health Strategy (FHS) was found among rural municipalities. In these municipalities, the best results were shown for the indicators of infant mortality, premature mortality and mortality from preventable causes, vaccine homogeneity and prevalence of malnutrition. The findings of this study show that greater FHS coverage is associated with the occurrence of better general living and health conditions in the populations served in rural municipalities. It is recommended that health managers encourage the consolidation of the FHS in communities with unfavorable socioeconomic and cultural contexts, such as remote rural locations and urban agglomerations, and the establishment of intersectoral actions with a positive impact on health.

Comparative study of feeding practices among children less than two years attending rural and urban primary health centers, Mysuru, Karnataka

Background: Breastfeeding is considered one of the most significant aspects of a child's health and survival. Breastfeeding is unquestionably the "GOLD STANDARD" dietary intake during the first six months after birth. So it is necessary to know about the feeding practices among children less than two years in both rural and urban areas. Aim of study was to compare the feeding practices among children less than two years attending the urban and rural Primary health centers under JSS Medical College, Mysuru. Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted among 280 mother and their children residing in both rural and urban areas of Mysuru for six months. A pretested structured questionnaire was used to collect the socio-demographic characteristics and feeding practices. Feeding practices among study subjects were analyzed using SPSS 23 software. Results: In the present study, 35% had poor, 57.1% had average and 7.9% had good infant and early child feeding practices in rural areas, on the other hand, 19.3% had poor, 55.0% had average and 25.7% had good in urban. In this study, the frequency of breastfeeding practices, pre-lacteal feeding, and overall feeding practices were significantly associated with place of residence. Conclusions: This study concludes that though pre-lacteal feeding and bottle feeding were more in urban areas, the overall feeding practices were poorer in rural than urban.

Prevalencia de la soledad en las personas mayores que viven en zonas rurales. Diferencias por grupos étnicos y variables predictivas / Prevalence of loneliness among older people living in rural areas. Differences by ethnic group and predictor variables

ANTECEDENTES: La soledad es uno de los problemas de salud pública más recurrentes en las personas mayores, sin embargo, en Chile se disponen de escasos datos sobre su prevalencia en personas mayores a 60 años que viven en zonas rurales y que pertenecen a pueblos originarios o al tribal afrodescendiente. OBJETIVO: Examinar la prevalencia de la soledad entre personas mayores que viven en zonas rurales por grupo étnico; y analizar las variables sociodemográficas, familiares y de salud que se relaciona con soledad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se aplicó la escala de soledad DJGLS-6, APGAR-familiar, cuestionario de 13 problemas de salud más frecuentes en personas mayores chilenas, e índice de Barthel a 1.692 personas mayores que residen en zonas rurales de las regiones de Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Los Lagos, Aisén y Magallanes. RESULTADOS: Se observa una alta prevalencia de la soledad (sobre el 55%) en personas de los pueblos: Afrodescendiente, Quechua, Atacameño, Colla, Chango, Huilliche, Kawesqar y no indígenas. Siendo la soledad emocional la más prevalente entre personas mayores indígenas y no indígenas que viven en zonas rurales (≥ 71%). Las variables que se asocian con soledad son: ser mujer, edad, no tener pareja, vivir solo(a), disfuncionalidad familiar y tener problemas de salud. CONCLUSIONES: La soledad en zonas rurales es más alta en las personas mayores y esta situación se complejiza en el cruce de diversidad étnico cultural, es necesario seguir abordando este problema que afecta el bienestar biopsicosocial en la vejez.

BACKGROUND: Loneliness is one of the most recurrent public health problems in older people. However, there is little data available in Chile on its prevalence in people over 60 years of age living in rural areas and belonging to native or Afro-descendant groups. AIM: To examine the prevalence of loneliness among older people living in rural areas by ethnic group and to analyze the socio-demographic, family, and health variables related to loneliness. METHODS: We interviewed 1,692 elderly people living in Chilean rural areas of the regions of Arica and Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, Atacama, Coquimbo, Valparaíso, Los Lagos, Aisén and Magallanes. The instruments applied were the DJGLS-6 loneliness scale, Family-APGAR, questionnaire of 13 most frequent health problems in Chilean older people, and Barthel index. RESULTS: We found a high prevalence of loneliness (over 55%) among Afro-descendants, Quechua, Atacameño, Colla, Chango, Huilliche, Kawesqar and non-indigenous people. Emotional loneliness is the most prevalent among indigenous and non-indigenous older people living in rural areas (≥ 71%). Variables associated with loneliness were being female, age, not having a partner, living alone, family dysfunctionality, and having health problems. CONCLUSIONS: Loneliness in rural areas is higher in older people, and this situation becomes more complex at the crossroads of ethnic-cultural diversity; it is necessary to continue to address this problem that affects biopsychosocial well-being in old age.

Predictors of COVID-19 Related Health Literacy among Older People Living in Rural Areas of Indonesia / Predictores de la alfabetización en salud relacionados con el COVID-19 en las personas mayores que viven en zonas rurales de Indonesia / Preditores relacionados à COVID-19 de alfabetização em saúde em idosos que vivem na zona rural da Indonésia

Objective. This study aims to identify predictive factors of COVID-19-related health literacy (HL) among older adults living in rural areas. Method. This study used a cross-sectional design. A total of 106 respondents participated in this study. HL was measured by using a questionnaire modified from the HLS-COVID-Q22, in addition, the scales 'Health Information Seeking', 'Family's Social Support Scale', 'Health Service Utilization'; and information on some socio-demographic variables was also obtained. A multiple linear regression model was used to identify the predictors of HL. Results. About two-thirds of the respondents had a moderate level of HL (63.2%). Multiple linear regression analysis showed that education level, family support, information source, and gender were significant predictors for HL (p<0.01). Conclusion. HL literacy was better among males, highly educated older people, media users, and those with adequate family support. This study provided insight for nurses and healthcare professionals to pay greater attention to vulnerable groups of older people (ie. female gender and those with less formal education) as well as involve family members in education or health promotion activities and use easily accessed media, such as television and radio.

Objetivo. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los factores predictivos de alfabetización en salud (AS) relacionados con el COVID-19 en los adultos mayores indonesios que viven en zonas rurales. Métodos. Este estudio utilizó un diseño de corte transversal. Un total de 106 encuestados participaron en este estudio. La AS relacionada con el COVID-19 se midió con el cuestionario HLS-COVID-Q22, además se utilizaron las escalas 'Búsqueda de información sanitaria', 'Escala de apoyo social de la familia' y 'Utilización de servicios sanitarios'; también se obtuvo información de algunas variables sociodemográficas. Se utilizó un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple para identificar los predictores de la AS. Resultados. Alrededor de dos tercios de los encuestados tenían un nivel moderado de AS (63.2%). El análisis de regresión lineal múltiple mostró que el menor nivel educativo, el apoyo familiar, la fuente de información y el sexo eran predictores significativos de la AS (p<0.01). Conclusión. La AS fue mejor entre los varones, las personas mayores con alto nivel educativo, los usuarios de los medios de comunicación y aquellos con un apoyo familiar adecuado. Este estudio sugirió que las enfermeras y los profesionales de la salud deben prestar más atención a los grupos vulnerables de personas mayores (especialmente las mujeres y las personas con poca educación formal). También mostró la importancia de involucrar a los familiares en las actividades de educación y promoción de la salud, y de usar medios de comunicación accesibles, como la televisión y la radio.

Objetivo. Este estudo tem como objetivo identificar preditores de alfabetização em saúde (AS) relacionados ao COVID-19 em idosos indonésios que vivem em áreas rurais. Métodos. Este estudo utilizou um desenho transversal. Um total de 106 entrevistados participaram deste estudo. A AS relacionada à COVID-19 foi medida com o questionário HLS-COVID-Q22, além das escalas 'Pesquisa de informações em saúde', 'Escala de apoio social familiar' e 'Uso de serviços de saúde'; também foram obtidas informações sobre algumas variáveis sociodemográficas. Um modelo de regressão linear múltipla foi usado para identificar os preditores de HL. Resultados. Cerca de dois terços dos entrevistados apresentaram nível moderado de LH (63.2%). A análise de regressão linear múltipla mostrou que menor escolaridade, apoio familiar, fonte de informação e gênero foram preditores significativos de HL (p<0.01). Conclusão. A alfabetização em LH foi melhor entre os homens, idosos altamente educados, usuários de mídia e aqueles com suporte familiar adequado. Este estudo forneceu ideias para enfermeiros e profissionais de saúde prestarem mais atenção a grupos vulneráveis de idosos (ou seja, mulheres e pessoas com menos educação formal), bem como envolver os familiares em atividades de educação ou promoção de saúde e usar mídias de fácil acesso, como televisão e rádio.

Prevalence of tobacco dependence among rural population of Mysuru District

Background: Tobacco is generally a leaf with 1-3% of the alkaloid nicotine Consuming it becomes so dangerous that it is the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Tobacco risks include heart attack, gum disease and pre-cancerous mouth lesions etc. The purpose of the current study is to investigate the prevalence of Tobacco dependence and factors that contribute to tobacco dependence among rural populations. Objectives of current study was to estimate the prevalence of tobacco dependence and to assess the factors influencing Tobacco dependence among rural population. Methods: A community based cross sectional study was carried out in rural areas of Nanjangud taluk for 6months from January 2022 to June 2022. Multistage sampling Technique was adopted to select the study population.one subcentre is selected randomly by lottery method, PPS sampling technique will be applied to select the required number of participants from the villages in the selected subcentre. Sample size is 362 individuals aged above 18years who comes under ICD10 criteria were included in the study. The data were gathered using the pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire by interview method, and the FRAGESTROM test to assess dependence on nicotine SPSS version 25 was used for analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of Tobacco dependence among rural population of Nanjangud taluk is 62.40%. We found that tobacco dependence was significantly associated with gender, age group, occupation education, and socioeconomic status and there is no significant association between caste and Tobacco dependence. Conclusions: The present study concludes that the prevalence of tobacco dependence is high in a rural population. More tobacco free initiatives to be implemented.

Experiencia educativa: consejería en lactancia materna y relactancia en zonas de difícil acceso en Colombia / Educational experience: breastfeeding and relactation counseling in hard-to-reach areas in Colombia

RESUMEN La lactancia materna es importante para salvar vidas y mejorar la salud y bienestar de las mujeres y niños en el mundo. Los profesionales de la salud desempeñan un papel fundamental en el apoyo a las mujeres para amamantar, para lo cual requieren conocimientos idóneos y habilidades de consejería. Por ende, con este estudio, se busca presentar una experiencia de formación en el Curso de Consejería en Lactancia Materna (modalidad blended, con una intensidad de 40 horas) a profesionales de la salud que hacen parte de instituciones que atienden la desnutrición aguda. Estos profesionales buscaban certificarse como consejeros en lactancia materna en Colombia para los departamentos de La Guajira, Cesar y Chocó entre agosto y octubre de 2021. Se realizó un análisis mixto de tipo descriptivo con base en la participación en los componentes del curso. Posterior al curso, se hicieron entrevistas estructuradas a las cuales se les realizó análisis temático reflexivo. El 51,7% de los participantes aprobaron el curso a pesar de que el componente virtual implicó un reto social dadas las dificultades de conectividad y suministro de energía eléctrica en las áreas más distantes. Los profesionales destacaron como aprendizajes: el rol del profesional de la salud en el mantenimiento de la lactancia materna, la importancia del acompañamiento desde un abordaje integral, la relactancia como proceso coadyuvante, la relación del diálogo de saberes y la replicación del conocimiento. La capacitación de los profesionales en estos departamentos mostró una oportunidad para el fortalecimiento de habilidades comunicativas y de sensibilización con miras a mejorar los procesos de lactancia materna en los servicios y su práctica profesional como educadores.

ABSTRACT Breastfeeding is crucial for saving lives and improving the health and well-being of women and children world-wide. Health professionals play a vital role in supporting women to breastfeed, which requires appropriate knowledge and counseling skills. We aim to present to present a training experience in the Breastfeeding Counseling Course (blended mode -40-hour intensity) for health professionals working in institutions that care for acute malnutrition. This training certified participants as breastfeeding counselors in Colombia for the departments of La Guajira, Cesar, and Chocó, between August and October 2021. After the training, a mixed descriptive analysis was conducted based on participation in the course components. Reflective thematic analysis was carried out on structured interviews applied to participants. 51.7% of the participants approved the course, despite the social challenges posed by the virtual component due to connectivity and electricity supply issues in the most remote areas. Participants highlighted the importance of comprehensive accompaniment, the role of health professionals in maintaining breastfeeding, the contribution of relactation, and the relationship between knowledge dialogue and its replication as key learnings. The training of professionals in these departments showed an opportunity to strengthen communication and awareness skills, improve breastfeeding processes in services, and enhance their professional practice as educators.

A systematic review of the epidemiology of epilepsy in Mexico during 1970 to 2020 / Revision sistematica de la epidemiologia en Mexico de la epilepsia de 1970 a 2020

Abstract Background Epilepsy is the most common major neurological disorder that affects people of all ages. The prevalence varies from one country to another and even between different areas, due to a lack of access to medical care for reasons related to limited resources. Objective Epilepsy is a worldwide public health problem that affects more deeply populations living in developing countries such as Mexico, where more aggressive health policies based on epidemiological data are needed; however, this information is scarce and the evolution of this data over time remains unclear. The aim of the present study is to provide an overview of the epidemiology of epilepsy in Mexico from 1970 to 2020. Methods We searched descriptive epidemiological studies on epilepsy in rural and urban regions of Mexico from 1970 to 2020. Available data on the sociodemographic characteristics, prevalence, and incidence data were extracted. Finally, the abstract, full-text review, and data abstraction were conducted in duplicate and reported using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Descriptive statistics was also used. Results Overall, 11 underrepresented and heterogeneous epidemiological studies were included. In total, the prevalence of epilepsy in Mexico is 3.9 to 41:1,000 inhabitants; 3.9 to 41 per 1,000 persons in rural regions, and 3.49 to 44.3 per 1,000 persons in urban regions. None of these studies addressed the incidence of epilepsy. The prevalence of epilepsy in Mexico has remained unchanged during the last 5 decades. Conclusions Our results confirm a high prevalence of epilepsy in both urban and rural settings in Mexico that remain unchanged during the last 5 decades. All studies included in the present review showed multiple methodological limitations. New and robust epidemiological studies are needed to delineate the epidemiological profile of epilepsy in Mexico.

Resumen Antecedentes La epilepsia es el trastorno neurológico más común que afecta a individuos de todas las edades. La prevalencia varía entre paises e incluso entre diferentes áreas del mismo pais debido a la falta de acceso a la atención médica. Objectivo La epilpesía es un problema de salud pública mundial que afecta de manera más importante a los países en desarrollo como México, donde hacen falta políticas en salud y datos epidemiológicos, para conocer el impacto real de esta enfermedad. El objetivo de este estudio es brindar una visión general de la epidemiología de la epilepsia en México (1970-2020). Métodos Se realizo unas búsquedas bibliografica de estudios epidemiológicos descriptivos sobre epilepsia en regiones rurales y urbanas de México desde 1970 a 2020. Se extrajeron los datos disponibles sobre las características sociodemográficas, prevalencia e incidencia. Finalmente, el resumen, la revisión completa del texto y la extracción de datos se realizaron por duplicado y se informaron utilizando PRISMA. Se utilizo estadística descriptiva. Resultados Se incluyeron 11 estudios epidemiológicos heterogeéneos. En total la prevalencia de epilepsia en México es 3.9-41: 1000 habitantes; 3,9 a 41 por 1000 personas en las regiones rurales y 3,49 a 44,3 por 1000 personas en las regiones urbanas. Ninguno de estos estudios abordó la incidencia de epilepsia. La prevalencia de la epilepsia en México se ha mantenido sin cambios durante las últimas cinco décadas. Conclusiones Nuestros resultados confirman una alta prevalencia de epilepsia en las areas urbanas y rurales de México que se mantiene sin cambios durante las últimas cinco décadas. Todos los estudios incluidos en esta revisión mostraron múltiples limitaciones metodológicas. Se necesitan estudios epidemiológicos nuevos y sólidos para delinear el perfil epidemiológico de la epilepsia en México.

Terapia ocupacional e meio rural: uma revisão de escopo / Occupational therapy and rural environment: a scoping review

Resumo O mundo rural é um território de extrema importância para a sociedade como um todo; não obstante, tende ainda a ser visto como algo separado desta e, muitas vezes marginalizado em relação ao meio urbano. Além disso, é tido como um espaço atrasado, desatualizado e rústico em alguns contextos, como no brasileiro. A falta de acesso a bens sociais acaba por limitar as perspectivas da pessoa que vive nesse território, diminuindo sua autonomia e oportunidade de escolhas com relação à sua própria vida. Tanto no âmbito mundial quanto nacional, a terapia ocupacional, em suas diferentes subáreas, tem buscado contribuir para a resolução de problemáticas que envolvem contextos e sujeitos diversos que ocupam e vivem no meio rural. Assim, o objetivo primário deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão de escopo que abrangesse publicações nacionais e estrangeiras, procurando apreender, sistematizar e divulgar a produção científica na interface da terapia ocupacional com o mundo rural, analisando-a criticamente, de modo a perceber suas potencialidades e fragilidades, considerando as diversas ruralidades e contextos mundo afora. Foram encontrados resultados dos cinco continentes com dados necessários para essa sistematização e para uma síntese dessa produção. Tais resultados foram estudados, analisados e distribuídos em seis categorias configuradas a partir dos assuntos específicos abordados. Conclui-se que estudos relevantes foram realizados na interface terapia ocupacional-mundo rural, voltando-se a fatores que influenciam a atuação profissional nesses territórios, ao mesmo tempo em que propõem métodos, estratégias e programas de prática e formação para superar importantes desafios.

Abstract The rural world is a territory of extreme importance for society as a whole; nevertheless, it still tends to be seen as something separate from it and often marginalized in relation to the urban environment. In addition, it is seen as a backward, outdated and rustic space in some contexts, such as the Brazilian one. The lack of access to social goods ends up limiting the perspectives of people living in this territory, reducing their autonomy and opportunity to make choices about their own lives. Both worldwide and nationally, occupational therapy, in its different subareas, has sought to contribute to the resolution of problems involving different contexts and subjects who occupy and live in rural areas. Thus, the primary objective of this study was to carry out a scope review that covered national and foreign publications, seeking to apprehend, systematize and disseminate scientific production in the interface of occupational therapy with the rural world, critically analyzing it, in order to perceive its potential and weaknesses, considering the different ruralities and contexts around the world. Results from five continents were found with data necessary for this systematization and for a synthesis of this production. Such results were studied, analyzed and distributed in six categories configured from the specific subjects addressed. It is concluded that relevant studies were carried out in the occupational therapy-rural world interface, focusing on factors that influence professional performance in these territories, while proposing methods, strategies and practice, and training programs to overcome important challenges.

Diferenças urbano-rurais relativas ao consumo e ambiente alimentar e aos parâmetros antropométricos de adultos mais velhos: resultados do ELSI-Brasil / Diferencias urbano-rurales relativas al consumo y entorno alimentario y a los parámetros antropométricos de adultos mayores: resultados de ELSI-Brasil / Urban-rural differences in food consumption and environment and anthropometric parameters of older adults: results from ELSI-Brazil

Objetivou-se identificar diferenças alimentares e antropométricas entre adultos mais velhos brasileiros (≥ 50 anos) residentes em áreas urbano-rurais. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com dados da segunda onda (9.949 participantes) do Estudo Longitudinal da Saúde dos Idosos Brasileiros (ELSI-Brasil), de 2019-2021. Foram avaliados: consumo alimentar semanal de fruta/hortaliça, feijão e peixe; autopercepção do consumo de sal; ambiente alimentar (disponibilidade de fruta/hortaliça na vizinhança e produção própria de alimentos); e parâmetros antropométricos objetivos (índice de massa corporal [IMC] e circunferência da cintura [CC]). As análises foram ajustadas por escolaridade. Em comparação com as áreas urbanas, observaram-se nas rurais: menor consumo de fruta/hortaliça em cinco dias da semana ou mais (74,6% vs. 86,4%) e maior consumo adequado de sal (96,8% vs. 92,1%) - diferenças observadas para homens e mulheres. A CC elevada foi menor nas áreas rurais (61,9% vs. 68%), sendo significativa somente para homens. Houve menor disponibilidade de fruta/hortaliça na vizinhança (41,2% vs. 88,3%) e maior produção própria de alimentos (38,2% vs. 13,2%) nas áreas rurais. O consumo de fruta/hortaliça em cinco dias da semana ou mais foi menor nas áreas rurais quando houve disponibilidade de fruta/hortaliça na vizinhança e ausência de produção própria de alimentos. Há diversidade alimentar e nutricional entre áreas urbano-rurais. O incentivo ao consumo de fruta/hortaliça nas áreas urbanas deve considerar a disponibilidade de fruta/hortaliça na vizinhança, enquanto nas áreas rurais deve ser em conjunto com a produção do próprio alimento. O consumo adequado de sal e a manutenção da CC nos valores ideais devem ser reforçados nas áreas urbanas.

El objetivo fue identificar diferencias alimentarias y antropométricas entre adultos mayores brasileños (≥ 50 años) que viven en áreas urbano-rurales. Se trata de un estudio transversal con datos de la segunda ola (9.949 participantes) del Estudio Longitudinal Brasileño sobre el Envejecimiento (2019-2021). Se evaluaron el consumo semanal de alimentos, como frutas/verduras, frijoles y pescado; autopercepción del consumo de sal; entorno alimentario (disponibilidad de frutas/verduras en el barrio y la producción propia de alimentos); y parámetros antropométricos objetivos (índice de masa corporal [IMC] y circunferencia de la cintura [CC]). Los análisis se ajustaron por escolaridad. Se observó un menor consumo de frutas/verduras en las zonas rurales respecto a las urbanas en ≥ 5 días/semana (74,6% vs. 86,4%), mayor consumo adecuado de sal (96,8% vs. 92,1%), y estas diferencias se observaron para hombres y mujeres. La CC elevada fue menor en las zonas rurales (61,9% vs. 68%), y fue significativa solo para los hombres. Hubo una menor disponibilidad de frutas/verduras en el barrio (41,2% vs. 88,3%) y mayor producción propia de alimentos (38,2% vs. 13,2%) en las zonas rurales. El consumo de frutas/verduras en ≥ 5 días/semana fue menor en las zonas rurales cuando hubo frutas/verduras disponibles en el barrio y ausencia de producción del propio alimento. Existe una diversidad alimentaria y nutricional entre las zonas urbanas y rurales. Fomentar el consumo de frutas/verduras en las zonas urbanas debe tener en cuenta la disponibilidad de frutas/verduras en el barrio, mientras que en las zonas rurales debe tener en cuenta también la producción del propio alimento. Se debe reforzar el consumo adecuado de sal y el mantenimiento de la CC en valores ideales en las zonas urbanas.

This study aimed to identify dietary and anthropometric differences in older Brazilian adults (≥ 50 years old) living in urban-rural areas. This is a cross-sectional study with data from the second wave (9,949 participants) of the Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Aging (ELSI-Brazil) from 2019-2021. Weekly dietary intake of fruit/vegetables, beans, and fish; self-perception of salt consumption; food environment (availability of fruit/vegetables in the neighborhood and self-production of food); and objective anthropometric parameters (body mass index [BMI] and waist circumference [WC]) were evaluated. Analyses were adjusted for schooling level. Compared to urban areas, rural areas show lower consumption of fruit/vegetables five days or more per week (74.6% vs. 86.4%) and greater adequate salt intake (96.8% vs. 92.1%) - differences we observed for men and women. Rural areas showed lower high WC (61.9% vs. 68%), significant only for men. Considering food environment, rural areas had lower fruit and vegetable availability in the neighborhood (41.2% vs. 88.3%) and higher self-production of food (38.2% vs. 13.2%). We observed a lower consumption of fruit/vegetables five days or more per week in rural areas with fruit/vegetable availability in the neighborhood and no self-production of food. Urban and rural areas show food and nutritional diversity. Incentives for fruit or vegetable consumption among residents in urban areas should consider the greater availability of these foods in their neighborhood, whereas, in rural areas, self-production of food should be encouraged. Adequate salt intake and ideal WC maintenance should be reinforced in urban areas.

Avaliação das estratégias de promoção da saúde e prevenção ao uso de drogas na rede psicossocial / Evaluación de estrategias de promoción de la salud y prevención del consumo de drogas en la red psicosocial / Assessment of health promotion and drug use prevention strategies in the psychosocial network

Resumo Objetivo avaliar as estratégias de promoção da saúde e prevenção ao uso de drogas na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial. Método estudo qualitativo, fundamentado na avaliação de empoderamento, desenvolvido em 2017 na Rede de Atenção Psicossocial (RAPS) de um município do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Os grupos de interesse foram 42 trabalhadores e gestores representativos dos componentes da RAPS municipal. Foram utilizadas técnicas de observação participante, entrevistas e Fórum Aberto. Resultado avaliou-se que as ações de promoção da saúde e prevenção ao uso de drogas são precárias e necessitam de investimentos, constituindo-se a missão dos trabalhadores e gestores. Identificou-se como dificuldade a atuação da atenção primária, devido às fragilidades nas políticas públicas e à falta de apoio dos serviços especializados. Como potencialidade, elencou-se o matriciamento em saúde mental. Sugere-se investimento na Atenção Primária por meio de treinamento e suporte a essas equipes. Conclusão e implicações para a prática a pauta da promoção da saúde e prevenção ao uso abusivo de drogas é urgente e deve ser incluída na estruturação de políticas públicas e práticas no âmbito das redes.

Resumen Objetivo evaluar las estrategias de promoción de la salud y prevención de drogas en la Red de Atención Psicosocial. Método estudio cualitativo, basado en la evaluación de empoderamiento, desarrollado en 2017 en la Red de Atención Psicosocial (RAPS) de un municipio de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Los grupos de interés fueron 42 trabajadores y directivos representantes de los componentes de la RAPS municipal. Se utilizaron técnicas de observación participante, entrevistas y Foro Abierto. Resultado se evaluó que las acciones de promoción de la salud y prevención del uso de drogas son precarias y requieren inversiones, constituyendo la misión de trabajadores y gestores. La actuación de la atención primaria fue identificada como una dificultad, debido a las debilidades de las políticas públicas y la falta de apoyo de los servicios especializados. Como potencialidad, se enumeró el apoyo matricial en salud mental. Se sugiere invertir en Atención Primaria a través de la formación y el apoyo a estos equipos. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica la agenda de promoción de la salud y prevención del abuso de drogas es urgente y debe ser incluida en la estructuración de políticas públicas y prácticas en redes.

Abstract Objective to assess health promotion and drug use prevention strategies in the Psychosocial Care Network. Method this is a qualitative study based on empowerment evaluation, developed in 2017 in the Psychosocial Care Network of a municipality in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The interest groups were 42 workers and managers representing the municipal RAPS components. Participant observation techniques, interviews and Open Forum were used. Results it was assessed that health promotion and drug use prevention actions are precarious and require investments, constituting the mission of workers and managers. Primary care was identified as a difficulty due to weaknesses in public policies and lack of support from specialized services. As a potentiality, matrix support in mental health was listed. Investment in Primary Care is suggested through training and support for these teams. Conclusion and implications for practice health promotion and drug abuse prevention agenda are urgent and must be included in the structuring of public policies and practices within the networks.

Prevalência e fatores associados à multimorbidade em pessoas idosas residentes na zona rural de um município do Nordeste brasileiro / Prevalence of multimorbidity and associated factors among older people in rural Northeast Brazil

Resumo Objetivo identificar a prevalência de multimorbidade em pessoas idosas residentes na zona rural e os fatores sociodemográficos, comportamentais e clínico-terapêuticos associados. Método estudo transversal, realizado com idosos residentes na zona rural de Araçagi, Paraíba, Brasil, vinculados à Estratégia Saúde da Família e selecionados aleatoriamente. A variável dependente do estudo foi a multimorbidade, entendida como a presença de duas ou mais condições crônicas em um só indivíduo. Os dados foram coletados através de um questionário sociodemográfico e um formulário sobre problemas de saúde autorreferidos, abordando 32 condições. Na análise dos dados, utilizou-se a estatística univariada, bivariada e regressão de Poisson. Resultados participaram do estudo 360 idosos com prevalência de multimorbidade de 54,2% (IC95%: 49,0-59,3). Após regressão, identificou-se que sexo feminino (RP=1,16; IC95%: 1,09-1,25), idade ≥ 70 anos (RP=1,08; IC95%: 1,01-1,15), sobrepeso (RP=1,19; IC95%: 1,10-1,29), acesso a água tratada e encanada (RP=1,09; IC95%: 1,00-1,18), histórico de tabagismo (RP=1,10; IC95%: 1,03-1,17), não fazer uso de álcool (RP=1,13; IC95%: 1,05-1,22), dor crônica (RP=1,18; IC95%: 1,10-1,26), hospital como primeira opção de serviço de saúde (RP=1,12; IC95%: 1,03-1,21) e consulta médica no último ano (RP=1,19; IC95%: 1,11-1,27) eram fatores associados à multimorbidade. Conclusão o estudo revelou alta prevalência de multimorbidade e seus fatores associados. Por fim, torna-se viável o planejamento de medidas que melhorem a condição de saúde desses indivíduos e pensar em possibilidades de promover um envelhecimento saudável.

Abstract Objective to identify the prevalence of multimorbidity in elderly people living in rural areas and associated sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical-therapeutic factors. Method cross-sectional study, conducted with randomly selected elderly residents in the rural area of Araçagi, Paraíba, Brazil, linked to the Family Health Strategy. The dependent variable of the study was multimorbidity, understood as the presence of two or more chronic conditions in a single individual. Data were collected through a sociodemographic questionnaire and a form about self-reported health problems, addressing 32 conditions. Univariate and bivariate statistics and Poisson regression were used in the data analysis, considering significant when p-value <0.05. Results 360 elderly subjects participated in the study, with a 54.2% (95%CI: 49,0-59,3) prevalence of multimorbidity. After regression, it was identified that female gender (PR=1,16; 95%CI: 1,09-1,25), age ≥70 years (PR=1,08; 95%CI: 1,01-1,15), overweight (PR=1,19; 95%CI: 1,10-1,29), access to treated and piped water (PR=1,09; 95%CI: 1,00-1,18), smoking history (PR=1,10; 95%CI: 1,03-1,17), not using alcohol (PR=1,13; 95%CI: 1,05-1,22), chronic pain (PR=1,18; 95%CI: 1,10-1,26), hospital as first choice of health service (PR=1,12; 95%CI: 1,03-1,21) and medical consultation in the last year (PR=1,19; 95%CI: 1,11-1,27) were factors associated with multimorbidity. Conclusion the study revealed a high prevalence of multimorbidity and its associated factors. Finally, it becomes feasible to plan measures that improve the health condition of these individuals and think of possibilities to promote healthy aging.

Violência contra as mulheres que vivem em contextos rurais: uma revisão integrativa / Violence against women living in rural contexts: an integrative review

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo foi analisar quais violências acometem as mulheres que vivem em contextos rurais. Foi realizada uma revisão integrativa nas bases BVS, SciELO, Medline, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, Redalyc e Redib, sem restrição de idioma e período, de artigos brasileiros, com os termos: violência contra a mulher, violência entre parceiros íntimos, violência doméstica, violência de gênero e rural. Os 23 artigos incluídos foram analisados de forma qualitativa e organizados em duas categorias: as múltiplas violências contra as mulheres em contextos rurais (18 artigos) e a violência invisibilizada e silenciada contra as mulheres em contextos rurais (cinco artigos). Observou-se uma multiplicidade de violências, como doméstica, de gênero, entre parceiros íntimos e institucional. Destacam-se as violências física, psicológica, sexual, moral, patrimonial, além de feminicídio, desvalorização do trabalho, dependência financeira, privação e controle de liberdade, jornadas de trabalho intensas e falta de acesso a financiamentos públicos, potencializadas próprio contexto rural. As mulheres rurais, portanto, são sistematicamente silenciadas diante da opressão de gênero e violência que vivem. Além disso, o silenciamento também ocorre pela falta de pesquisas na área e até mesmo a não diferenciação entre rural e urbano nos registros e dados coletados.

Abstract The objective of this article was to analyze which violence affect women living in rural contexts. An integrative review was carried out in the databases VHL, SciELO, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, EMBASE, Redalyc, and REDIB, without restriction of language and period, of Brazilian articles, with the terms: violence against women, intimate partner violence, domestic violence, gender-based and rural violence. The 23 articles included were analyzed qualitatively and organized into two categories: the multiple violence against women in rural contexts (18 articles) and the invisible and silenced violence against women in rural contexts (five articles). A multiplicity of violence was observed, such as domestic, gender, intimate partner, and institutional. Physical, psychological, sexual, moral, patrimonial violence, as well as femicide, devaluation of work, financial dependence, deprivation, and control of freedom, intense working hours, and lack of access to public funding, potentiated by the rural context itself, stand out. Rural women are, therefore, systematically silenced in the face of the gender oppression and violence they experience. In addition, the silencing also occurs due to the lack of research in the area and even the non-differentiation between rural and urban in the records and collected data.

Manifestaciones de violencia contra la mujer en zonas urbanas y rurales del Perú / Manifestations of violence against women in urban and rural areas of Peru

Introducción: La violencia contra la mujer es un problema de salud pública en todo el mundo, que puede manifestarse de diversas formas según el contexto de la mujer. Objetivo: Comparar las manifestaciones de violencia contra la mujer en zonas urbanas y rurales del Perú. Métodos: Estudio analítico, transversal y retrospectivo basado en las bases de datos de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar del 2019. Se analizaron registros de 21 518 mujeres en edad reproductiva; se estimaron frecuencias ponderadas y no ponderadas, y se aplicó la prueba chi cuadrado (x2). Resultados: La prevalencia de violencia contra la mujer fue 57,7 por ciento. En la violencia psicológica se halló que la pareja dé celos o moleste a la mujer (36,4 por ciento), la humille delante de otras personas (18,5 por ciento) y la amenace con irse de la casa/quitarle los hijos o ayuda económica (16,3 por ciento) fueron más frecuentes en zonas urbanas (p < 0,001). En la violencia física, que la pareja golpee con el puño u otro objeto (17,3 por ciento) y que la patee o arrastre (11,9 por ciento) fue mayor en zonas rurales (p< 0,001). En la violencia sexual, 7,2 y 6 por ciento de mujeres de zonas rurales y urbanas, respectivamente, fueron obligadas a tener relaciones sexuales (p = 0,049). Conclusiones: La violencia en cualquiera de sus tipos y la violencia psicológica demostraron ser más frecuentes entre las mujeres de zonas urbanas en comparación a las de zonas rurales(AU)

Introduction: Violence against women is a public health problem worldwide, which can manifest in various ways depending on the context of the woman. Objective: To compare the manifestations of violence against women, in urban and rural areas of Peru. Methods: Analytical, cross-sectional and retrospective study based on the databases of the 2019 Demographic and Family Health Survey. The records of 21518 women of reproductive age were analyzed; weighted and unweighted frequencies were estimated, and the chi-square test (x2) was applied. Results: The prevalence of violence against women was 57.7percent. In psychological violence, it was found that the partner incites jealousy or annoys the woman (36.4percent), humiliated her in front of other people (18.5percent) and threatened to leave home / take away her children or help economic (16.3percent) were more frequent in urban areas (p < 0.001). In physical violence, partner hitting with a fist or another object (17.3percent) and kicking or dragging (11.9percent) was higher in rural areas (p < 0.001). In sexual violence, 7.2 and 6percent of women in rural and urban areas, respectively, were forced to have sexual relations (p = 0.049). Conclusions: Violence in any of its types; and, only psychological violence proved to be more frequent among women in urban areas compared to those in rural areas(AU)