Adequação Alimentar de Indivíduos com Doença Cardiovascular Conforme Diretrizes Clínicas no Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor / Dietary Adequacy of Individuals with Cardiovascular Disease According to Clinical Guidelines in the Brazilian Cardioprotective Nutritional (BALANCE)

Resumo Fundamento Alcançar as metas nutricionais estabelecidas pelas sociedades científicas é um desafio constante e nem sempre alcançado. Objetivo Investigar a adequação alimentar de indivíduos com doença cardiovascular (DCV), participantes do Programa Alimentar Brasileiro Cardioprotetor residentes da região Nordeste do Brasil, segundo as recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia (SBC). Métodos Análise transversal com dados do estudo de implementação da Dieta Cardioprotetora Brasileira (DICA BR) que avaliou indivíduos com DCV, atendidos em centros especializados em saúde cardiovascular em oito estados do Nordeste. O consumo alimentar foi obtido por recordatório alimentar de 24 horas e a adequação da dieta seguiu as recomendações da SBC. Foram considerados significantes valores de p < 0,05. Resultados Foram estudados 647 pacientes, com média (desvio padrão) de idade de 63,1 (9,4) anos, sendo 50,2% do sexo feminino. Na avaliação da ingestão alimentar, observou-se baixa adequação de carboidratos (52,3%), proteínas (70,9%), lipídios (38,8%) e fibras (22,4%). Observou-se que a maioria das mulheres consumia dieta hipoproteica (59,2%) e idosos tinham maior inadequação no consumo de carboidratos (52,6%). Em relação a ingestão de sódio, os homens apresentaram maior ingestão (72,9%), enquanto os idosos apresentaram redução de 13%. Além disso, foi demonstrado que os homens ingeriam mais fibras (28,1%) e indivíduos com maior escolaridade tinham um consumo elevado de ácidos graxos saturados (70,5%). Conclusões A maioria dos indivíduos não alcançou as metas dietoterápicas preconizadas para prevenção cardiovascular secundária. Os achados do presente estudo reforçam a necessidade de implementação de estratégias estruturadas, a fim de estimular hábitos alimentares saudáveis nesses indivíduos.

Abstract Background Achieving nutritional goals established by scientific societies is a constant challenge and not always achieved. Objective To investigate the dietary adequacy of individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD), participants in the Cardioprotective Brazilian Food Program residing in the Northeast region of Brazil, according to the recommendations of the Brazilian Society of Cardiology (SBC). Methods Cross-sectional analysis with data from the study implementing the Brazilian Cardioprotective Diet (DICA BR), which evaluated individuals with CVD treated in specialized cardiovascular health centers in eight states in the Northeast region. Food consumption was obtained by 24-hour dietary records and dietary adequacy followed SBC recommendations. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. Results 647 patients were studied, with a mean (standard deviation) age of 63.1 (9.4) years, 50.2% of whom were female. When evaluating food intake, a low adequacy of carbohydrates (52.3%), proteins (70.9%), lipids (38.8%), and fiber (22.4%) was observed. It was observed that the majority of women consumed a low-protein diet (59.2%) and the elderly had a greater inadequacy in carbohydrate consumption (52.6%). Regarding sodium intake, men had a higher intake (72.9%), while the elderly showed a 13% reduction. Furthermore, it was shown that men ate more fiber (28.1%) and individuals with higher education had a high consumption of saturated fatty acids (70.5%). Conclusions Most individuals did not achieve the recommended dietary therapy goals for secondary cardiovascular prevention. The findings of the present study reinforce the need to implement structured strategies to encourage healthy eating habits in these individuals.

Atingimento das Metas de Colesterol LDL em Pacientes com Histórico de Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio: Estudo Transversal do Mundo Real / Attainment of LDL-Cholesterol Goals in Patients with Previous Myocardial Infarction: A Real-World Cross-Sectional Analysis

Resumo Fundamento: As diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Cardiologia recomendam um nível de colesterol LDL (LDL-C) < 55 mg/dL para pacientes com doença cardiovascular estabelecida. Embora a fórmula de Friedewald ainda seja amplamente utilizada para estimar o LDL-C, a fórmula mais recente de Martin-Hopkins mostrou maior precisão. Objetivos: Nosso objetivo foi avaliar: A) a proporção de pacientes que atingiram a meta de LDL-C e as terapias utilizadas em um centro terciário; B) o impacto da utilização do método de Martin-Hopkins em vez do método de Friedewald na proporção de pacientes controlados. Métodos: Estudo transversal monocêntrico, incluindo pacientes consecutivos pós-infarto do miocárdio, acompanhados por 20 cardiologistas, em um hospital terciário. Os dados foram coletados retrospectivamente de consultas clínicas realizadas após abril de 2022. Para cada paciente, os níveis de LDL-C e o atingimento das metas foram estimados a partir de um perfil lipídico ambulatorial, utilizando as fórmulas de Friedewald e Martin-Hopkins. Um valor-p bicaudal < 0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo para todos os testes. Resultados: Foram incluídos 400 pacientes (com 67 ± 13 anos, 77% do sexo masculino). Utilizando a fórmula de Friedewald, a mediana de LDL-C sob terapia foi de 64 (50-81) mg/dL, e 31% tinham LDL-C dentro da meta. Estatinas de alta intensidade foram usadas em 64% dos pacientes, 37% estavam em uso de ezetimiba e 0,5% estavam em uso de inibidores de PCSK9. A terapia combinada de estatina de alta intensidade + ezetimiba foi utilizada em 102 pacientes (26%). A aplicação do método de Martin-Hopkins reclassificaria um total de 31 pacientes (7,8%). Entre aqueles considerados controlados pela fórmula de Friedewald, 27 (21,6%) teriam LDL-C estimado por Martin-Hopkins acima da meta. Conclusões: Menos de um terço dos pacientes pós-infarto do miocárdio apresentaram LDL-C dentro da meta. A aplicação da fórmula de Martin-Hopkins reclassificaria um quinto dos pacientes presumivelmente controlados no grupo de pacientes não controlados.

Abstract Background: The European Society of Cardiology guidelines recommend an LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) < 55 mg/dL for patients with established cardiovascular disease. While the Friedewald equation to estimate LDL-C is still widely used, the newer Martin-Hopkins equation has shown greater accuracy. Objectives: We aimed to assess: A) the proportion of patients reaching LDL-C goal and the therapies used in a tertiary center; B) the impact of using the Martin-Hopkins method instead of Friedewald's on the proportion of controlled patients. Methods: A single-center cross-sectional study including consecutive post-myocardial infarction patients followed by 20 cardiologists in a tertiary hospital. Data was collected retrospectively from clinical appointments that took place after April 2022. For each patient, the LDL-C levels and attainment of goals were estimated from an ambulatory lipid profile using both Friedewald and Martin-Hopkins equations. A two-tailed p-value of < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all tests. Results: Overall, 400 patients were included (aged 67 ± 13 years, 77% male). Using Friedewald's equation, the median LDL-C under therapy was 64 (50-81) mg/dL, and 31% had LDL-C within goals. High-intensity statins were used in 64% of patients, 37% were on ezetimibe, and 0.5% were under PCSK9 inhibitors. Combination therapy of high-intensity statin + ezetimibe was used in 102 patients (26%). Applying the Martin-Hopkins method would reclassify a total of 31 patients (7.8%). Among those deemed controlled by Friedewald's equation, 27 (21.6%) would have a Martin-Hopkins' LDL-C above goals. Conclusions: Less than one-third of post-myocardial infarction patients had LDL-C within the goal. Applying the Martin-Hopkins equation would reclassify one-fifth of presumably controlled patients into the non-controlled group.

Precipitating and aggravating factors in patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: a cross-sectional study / 中华风湿病学杂志

Objective:To investigate the precipitating and aggravating factors in patients with fibromyalgia (FMS) compared to patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).Methods:This study was conducted from January 2015 to November 2021, using a cross-sectional survey research method, based on references to develop a patient-reported "onset and exacerbation triggers questionnaire", and surveyed patients with FMS and RA at the same time, and counted the types and proportions of onset and exacerbation triggers in the two groups of patients and used the chi-square test to make comparisons between the groups.Results:A total of 415 patients with FMS and 200 patients with RA participated the survey. 146 patients with FMS (35.2%) and 38 patients with RA (19.0%) reported morbidity triggers. Experiencing physical injury (71, 17.1%), wind-cold/cold-dampness (30 patients, 7.2%), mental stress (26, 6.2%), and exercise fatigue (10 patients, 2.4%) were the common morbidity triggers for FMS. More FMS patients reported to have experienced physical injuries and mental stress before the onset of the disease compared to RA patients [8.2%(17/200), χ2=5.41, P=0.020; 1.5%(3/200), χ2=6.82, P=0.009]. Exacerbation triggers were reported by 319 patients with FMS (76.9%) and 137 patients with RA (68.5%), in the order of weather changes (219 patients, 52.7%), physical labor (192 patients, 46.2%), mood swings (147 patients, 35.4%), sleep deprivation (145 patients, 34.9%), and mental stress (130 patients, 31.3%). The proportion of FMS patients with symptom exacerbation due to physical labor [46.2%(192/415)], mood swings[35.4%(147/415)], sleep deprivation[34.9%(145/415)], mental stress[31.3%(130/415)], and infection [9.3%(39/415)] was significantly higher than that of RA patients [35.0%(70/200), χ2=7.00, P=0.008; 19.5%(39/200), χ2=16.22, P<0.001; 13.5%(27/200), χ2=30.79, P<0.001; 17.5%(35/200), χ2=13.14, P<0.001; 3.0%(6/200), χ2=8.15, P=0.004). Conclusion:More than a third of FMS patients reported precipitating factors, and nearly four fifths FMS patients reported at least one aggravating trigger. FMS patients are likely to be more sensitive to environmental changes and perceived stress than RA patients.

Expert Consensus on Standardized Construction of Integrated Outpatient Clinic for Cervical Cancer Prevention and Control in Hubei Provincial Grassroots Maternal and Child Health Hospitals / 肿瘤防治研究

Cervical cancer is a malignant tumor that can be effectively controlled and eventually eliminated through etiological prevention, pathogenic prevention, and clinical prevention. In China, some problems exist in comprehensive prevention and control system for cervical cancer, such as uneven development, insufficient capacity building, and scattered institutions. In 2022, the Hubei Provincial Government launched a province-wide project to provide free cervical cancer screening for 12.67 million women aged 35-64 from 2022 to 2024. It is a historic opportunity and of great significance to fully utilize the scale and team advantages of this full-coverage cervical cancer screening, build integrated outpatient clinic for cervical cancer prevention in grassroots maternal and child health hospitals, and implement standardized construction and management. The expert group of the Cervical Disease Prevention and Control Professional Committee of Hubei Maternal and Child Health Association formulated this consensus based on the latest progress and the actual situation in Hubei. The consensus elucidated the general requirements, HPV vaccination outpatient construction standards and workflow, cervical cancer screening outpatient construction standards and workflow, colposcopy outpatient construction standards and workflow, precancerous lesion treatment outpatient construction standards and workflow, the follow-up after treatment of precancerous lesions, public education, etc. This consensus is suitable for guiding the standardized construction and management of integrated outpatient clinics for cervical cancer prevention and control in grassroots (county, district) maternal and child health hospitals in Hubei province.

Artificial liver support therapy for patients with pre-liver failure / 临床肝胆病杂志

Liver failure is a common clinical syndrome of severe liver disease with rapid progression and high mortality. Therefore， early intervention in pre-liver failure or “golden window” is of great significance in improving the prognosis of patients. Hepatitis B virus-related acute-on-chronic liver failure and alcohol-related acute-on-chronic liver failure are the main topics of studies on pre-liver failure. This article discusses the pathogenesis of pre-liver failure and artificial liver support therapy， so as to guide the reasonable and affective applications of artificial liver technology in clinical practice， promote related studies， and thereby reduce the mortality rate of patients with liver failure.

Aspirin in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: a review / 预防医学

Abstract@#Aspirin (ASA) is widely used for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD), but its strategy of application is highly controversial. Meanwhile, in terms of ASA prevention strategies for CVD, countries around the world are different. The United States is becoming increasingly cautious, while the European Union tends to focus on the benefits of ASA clinical use. China is concerned about the effectiveness of ASA in preventing CVD in the elderly. This article reviews relevant literature published domestically and internationally from 2005 to 2024 for the application of ASA in CVD prevention, ASA prevention strategies for CVD in main countries and the application of ASA in special groups such as chronic disease patients, which provides a basis for improving ASA prevention strategies for CVD and standardizing clinical application of ASA in China.

Analysis of cardiovascular disease prevention indicators among residents with intra-urban migration in Central China / 预防医学

Objective@#To investigate cardiovascular disease (CVD) prevention status among residents with intra-urban migration in Central China, so as to provide insights into targeted prevention and control of CVD.@*Methods@#Basic data of residents aged 35 to 75 years who participated in Early Screening and Comprehensive Intervention Project for CVD high-risk populations in Central China from September 2015 to August 2020 were collected. According to birth place, type of registered residence and current residence, residents were divided into four groups: local residents in old urban area, local residents in new urban area, other urban migrants and other rural migrants. The status of CVD primary and secondary prevention, were analysed by using a robust Poisson regression model.@*Results@#A total of 76 513 residents were recruited, including 29 420 males (38.45%) and 47 093 females (61.55%), and had a mean age of (56.36±9.84) years. There were 45 087 (58.93%) local residents in old urban area, 23 868 (31.19%) local residents in new urban area, 5 668 (7.41%) other urban migrants and 1 890 (2.47%) other rural migrants. After adjusting for variables such as age, gender and educational level, the results of robust Poisson regression analysis showed that compared with local residents in old urban area, local residents in new urban area had lower compliance rates of non- or moderate-drinking (RR=0.987, 95%CI: 0.975-1.000) and healthy diet (RR=0.535, 95%CI: 0.365-0.782), lower proportion of using aspirin as primary prevention in CVD high-risk population (RR=0.616, 95%CI: 0.511-0.741), lower awareness (RR=0.873, 95%CI: 0.782-0.974) and control rates (RR=0.730, 95%CI: 0.627-0.849) of hypertension; other urban migrants had higher compliance rate of non-smoking (RR=1.045, 95%CI: 1.017-1.075); other rural migrants had lower proportion of using aspirin as primary prevention in CVD high-risk population (RR=0.826, 95%CI: 0.707-0.966).@*Conclusion@#The CVD primaryprevention among local residents in new urban area is relatively poor among four groups of residents in Central China, and key interventions are needed.

Uma articulação conceitual para boas práticas preventivas (ou para a prevenção quaternária) / A conceptual framework for good preventive practices (or for quaternary prevention) / Una articulación conceptual para las buenas prácticas preventivas (o para la prevención cuaternaria)

A prevenção é consensualmente defendida, especialmente para as doenças crônicas não transmissíveis. Porém, dada a proliferação de tecnologias preventivas, não parece defensável estimular genericamente condutas e exames preventivos em profissionais de saúde e usuários. Neste ensaio, apresentamos uma articulação de conceitos, ideias e critérios para a consideração de medidas preventivas, como um roteiro mínimo a ser manejado pelos profissionais (especialmente os da atenção primária à saúde) e gestores. São articulados os conceitos de: prevenção primária, secundária e quaternária; prevenção redutiva e aditiva, estratégias preventivas de alto risco e populacional; medicina baseada em evidências e sua crise contemporânea; princípio da precaução; promoção da saúde, abordagem ampliada e centrada na pessoa e decisão compartilhada. Tal articulação foi concebida visando melhorar a competência na avaliação de medidas preventivas, tornando as decisões clínicas e sanitárias mais criteriosas e menos iatrogênicas quanto à prevenção primária e secundária.

Prevention is universally advocated, especially in the case of noncommunicable diseases. However, given the proliferation of preventive technologies, it does not seem defensible to generically encourage preventive behaviors and tests for healthcare professionals and users. In this essay, we articulate concepts, ideas and criteria for considering preventive measures, providing a minimum guide to be used by professionals (especially in primary healthcare) and managers. The concepts of primary, secondary and quaternary prevention are explored, as well as those of reductive and additive prevention, high-risk and population-based preventive strategies; evidence-based medicine and its contemporary crisis; the precautionary principle; health promotion, an expanded, person-centered approach and shared decision-making. This discussion was designed to improve competence in the evaluation of preventive measures, making clinical and health decisions more judicious and less iatrogenic regarding primary and secondary prevention.

La prevención es defendida consensuadamente, especialmente en las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles. Sin embargo, dada la proliferación de tecnologías preventivas, no parece sostenible fomentar genéricamente conductas y exámenes preventivos entre los profesionales de la salud y los usuarios. En este ensayo, presentamos una articulación de conceptos, ideas y criterios para considerar medidas preventivas, como una guía mínima que manejar por parte de los profesionales (especialmente en la atención primaria de salud) y gestores. Se articulan los conceptos de prevención primaria, secundaria y cuaternaria; prevención reductiva y aditiva, estrategias preventivas de alto riesgo y poblacional; medicina basada en evidencias y su crisis contemporánea; principio de precaución; promoción de la salud, abordaje ampliado y centrado en la persona y toma de decisiones compartida. Esta articulación fue diseñada para mejorar la competencia en la evaluación de medidas preventivas, haciendo que las decisiones clínicas y de salud sean más juiciosas y menos iatrogénicas con relación a la prevención primaria y secundaria.

Fases del desarrollo de biomarcadores para la detección temprana del cáncer / Phases of the development of biomarkers for early detection of cancer

Introducción. Un biomarcador se define como una alteración molecular presente en el desarrollo de la patogénesis del cáncer, que puede ser utilizada para el diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad. La medición del biomarcador se hace por medio de diversas técnicas, como bioquímica, inmunohistoquímica o biología molecular, en diferentes tipos de muestras, como tejido, sangre periférica y orina. El biomarcador ideal será aquel que sea válido y específico a la vez, que sea no invasivo, barato y fácilmente detectable. El uso de biomarcadores para la detección temprana del cáncer debe seguir un desarrollo ordenado y sistemático antes de introducirlos en la práctica clínica. Métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en las bases de datos de PubMed y Embase, seleccionando los artículos pertinentes para revisarlos acorde a la temática específica de interés. Resultados. Se propone la sistematización del desarrollo de biomarcadores en cinco grandes fases, las cuales tienen la característica de ser ordenadas desde las evidencias más tempranas hasta las fases finales de su estudio. Conclusiones. El correcto desarrollo de biomarcadores hace posible la introducción de intervenciones terapéuticas en el ámbito de la prevención secundaria del cáncer.

Introduction. A biomarker can be defined as a molecular alteration present in the development of cancer pathogenesis which can be used for early diagnosis of the disease. The measurement of the biomarker can be carried out through various techniques such as biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, molecular biology, in different types of samples such as tissue, peripheral blood, and urine. The ideal biomarker will be one that is valid and specific while is non-invasive, cheap, and easily detectable. The use of biomarkers for the early detection of cancer must follow an orderly and systematic development before introducing them into clinical practice. Methods. An exhaustive search was performed in PubMed and Embase databases, selecting the relevant articles according to the specific topic of interest. Results. Systematization of the development of biomarkers in five large phases is proposed, which has the characteristic of being ordered from the earliest evidence to the final phases of their study. Conclusions. The correct development of biomarkers makes possible the introduction of therapeutic interventions in the field of secondary prevention of cancer.

Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of clopidogrel versus aspirin for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of clopidogrel versus aspirin monotherapy regimens for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke and to provide economic evidence and reference for clinical medication and decision-making. METHODS Based on the CAPRIE trial， a Markov model was constructed； the probabilities of risk events， health utility values， and costs of risk event management were obtained from relevant literature. The cycle length was 6 months， and the time horizon was 10 years. A discount rate of 5% per year was applied. The primary outcomes were total costs， quality-adjusted life-years （QALYs）， and incremental cost-effectiveness ratio （ICER）. Cost-utility analysis was performed for above 2 regimens by using TreeAge Pro software. The one-way sensitivity analysis， probabilistic sensitivity analysis and scenario analysis were conducted to validate the robustness of the analyses. RESULTS Compared with the aspirin regimen （325 mg/d of CAPRIE trial dose）， the ICER values of clopidogrel regimen for secondary stroke prevention for 10 years， 20 years and 30 years were 4 284.06， 4 201.20 and 3 986.78 yuan/QALY， respectively， which were E-mail：liuxiaoyanrj@sjtu.edu.cn all less than the willing-to-pay （WTP） threshold of one time 。 China’s per capita gross domestic product （GDP） in 2021. E-mail：scilwsjtu-wb@yahoo.com Compared with the aspirin regimen （clinically recommended dose in China， 100 mg/d）， the ICER values of clopidogrel regimen for stroke secondary prevention for 10 years， 20 years and 30 years were 58 238.27， 42 164.72 and 36 164.77 yuan/QALY， respectively， which were all less than WTP threshold. When comparing with aspirin regimen of 325 mg/d， results of one-way sensitivity analysis showed that the cost of clopidogrel and aspirin， probability of the first recurrence of ischemic stroke were sensitive factors of model. Results of probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that when WTP was set at one time GDP per capita in China in 2021， clopidogrel had a probability of being cost- effective of about 66.5%. Results of scenario analysis showed that neither changing the time horizon to 10， 20 or 30 years nor using different doses of aspirin （50， 100， 150， 200 or 250 mg/d） would not alter any conclusions. CONCLUSIONS Compared with aspirin monotherapy， clopidogrel monotherapy is more cost-effective for secondary prevention of ischemic stroke.

Study on Use of Somatostatin in Prevention of Rebleeding After Endoscopic Secondary Prophylaxis of Gastroesophageal Varices / 胃肠病学

Background:Gastrointestinal bleeding is caused by factors such as poor platelet and coagulation function,and damage to varicose veins during endoscopic secondary preventive treatment in cirrhosis patients with gastroesophageal varices.At present,there is no clear standard for the use of somatostatin and its analogues after endoscopic secondary preventive treatment.Aims:To investigate the clinical value of somatostatin in preventing rebleeding after endoscopic secondary prophylaxis in patients with gastroesophageal varices.Methods:Clinical data of cirrhotic patients with gastroesophageal varices underwent endoscopic secondary prevention(endoscopic variceal ligation,endoscopic injection sclerotherapy,endoscopic cyanoacrylate injection)from Sept.2020 to Aug.2023 in this region were retrospectively analyzed.And patients were divided into group A(conventional therapy)and group B(conventional therapy+somatostatin).The prognosis(rebleeding rate,mortality rate),treatment benefit(length of stay,hospitalization cost)and blood indicators of the two groups were compared.Results:There was no significant difference in bleeding rate 3 days and 6 weeks after surgery between group A and Group B(P>0.05),and no death occurred after surgery.Hospital stay and hospitalization cost in group A were significantly decreased than in group B(P<0.05).No significant difference in incidence of adverse reaction was found between the two groups(χ2=3.21,P>0.05).No significant differences in hemoglobin,platelets,creatinine and liver function Child grade 6 weeks after surgery in group A and group B were found when compared with before surgery(P>0.05),while D-Dimer level was significantly decreased(P<0.05).Conclusions:For patients with gastroesophageal varices,endoscopic secondary preventive surgery can be performed according to the characteristics of blood flow after preoperative CT examination,and somatostatin can be unnecessary after surgery to improve treatment compliance and reduce the economic burden of patients.

The 1+N+N team model with family physicians as the core for rehabilitation of community-dwelling stroke patients / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To explore the effectiveness of 1+N+N team model with family physician as the core for rehabilitation of community-dwelling stroke patients.Methods:Convalescent stroke patients in Fenglin Community of Shanghai Xuhui District, who were followed up and registered from January 2019 to October 2021, were continuously enrolled in this intervention study. The 1+N+N care team consisted of a family doctor as the core (“1”) with the professional and technical team of the community health service center (“N”) and specialists in second or third hospitals (“N”). Patients were randomly divided into 1+N+N intervention group and control group. The control group was treated with traditional stroke management scheme, while the intervention group was treated by the 1+N+N team model. The activities of daily living (ADL), motor function and psychological status scores were evaluated at baseline and 12 months after intervention. Multivariate linear regression model was used to analyze the association of intervention methods with the improvement of ADL score, motor function score and psychological status score of patients.Results:A total of 120 patients were enrolled (60 in each group), including 59 males and 61 females with a mean age of (71.5±6.8) years. Compared with the control group, the age of patients in the intervention group was younger ( P=0.013), and the proportion of patients with coronary heart disease was lower ( P=0.003). There was no significant differences in other variables between the two groups ( P>0.05). After 12 months of intervention, the scores of ADL, motor function and psychological status were significantly improved compared with those before intervention in both groups ( P<0.01). There was no significant difference in motor function scores between the intervention group and the control group before intervention ( P>0.05), but the scores of ADL and psychological status in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group ( P<0.001). After intervention, the above scores in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group ( P<0.01). After adjusting for confounding factors, multivariate linear regression showed that the 1+N+N team model had no significant correlation with ADL score ( t=0.27, P=0.799), but had a positive correlation with motor function score ( t=15.64, P<0.01) and psychological status score ( t=13.70, P<0.01). Conclusion:The 1+N+N team model can effectively improve the daily living ability, motor function and psychological status of stroke patients in the convalescent period, and the intervention effect on the latter two is better than that of the traditional rehabilitation mode.

Advances in the treatment and prevention of acute retinal arterial ischemia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Acute transient or permanent retinal arterial ischemia is ocular and systemic emergency requiring immediate diagnosis and treatment. Transient monocular vision loss is transient retinal arterial ischemia which leaves no permanent deficits. Central retinal arterial occlusion and branch retinal arterial occlusion lead to permanent visual function deficits in the majority of patients. Current treatment include lowering intraocular pressure, dilating blood vessels, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, intravenous or intra-arterial thrombolysis and so on, but there is still no standard treatment procedure. High risk groups should receive primary prevention measures in order to reduce the incidence of the disease. Patients with acute retinal arterial ischemia are at high risk of subsequent stroke and adverse cardiovascular events. Relevant risk factors should be identified in time, the primary disease should be treated actively, and appropriate secondary prevention measures should be taken to improve the prognosis. This review summarizes the recent treatment and prevention procedures of acute retinal arterial ischemia, to provide references for the management of these diseases.

Pharmacodynamic advantages and characteristics of traditional Chinese medicine in prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke / 中草药·英文版

Ischemic stroke (IS) is a severe cerebrovascular disease with a high incidence, mortality, and disability rate. The first-line treatment for IS is the use of recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (r-tPA). Regrettably, numerous patients encounter delays in treatment due to the narrow therapeutic window and the associated risk of hemorrhage. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has exhibited distinct advantages in preventing and treating IS. TCM enhances cerebral microcirculation, alleviates neurological disorders, regulates energy metabolism, mitigates inflammation, reduces oxidative stress injuries, and inhibits apoptosis, thereby mitigating brain damage and preventing IS recurrence. This article summarizes the etiology, pathogenesis, therapeutic strategies, and relationship with modern biology of IS from the perspective of TCM, describes the advantages of TCM in the treatment of IS, and further reviews the pharmacodynamic characteristics and advantages of TCM in the acute and recovery phases of IS as well as in post-stroke complications. Additionally, it offers valuable insights and references for the clinical application of TCM in IS prevention and treatment, as well as for the development of novel drugs.

Combined effect of physical exercise and hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular and metabolic health in postmenopausal women: A systematic review and meta-analysis

The cardioprotective effect of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has been demonstrated in several studies. Similarly, physical exercise has yielded positive results. However, the effects of their combination remain inconclusive. This review describes the combined effects of physical exercise and hormone therapy on cardiovascular and metabolic health in postmenopausal women. We searched the Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, and Embase databases and included randomized controlled trials published up to December 2021 on the combined effects of physical exercise and hormone therapy on cardiovascular and metabolic health in postmenopausal women. We identified 148 articles, of which only seven met the inclusion criteria (386 participants; 91 [23%] HRT + exercise; 104 [27%] HRT; 103 [27%] exercise; 88 [23%] placebo). The combined treatment further decreased systolic blood pressure (SBP) compared to the isolated effect of aerobic training (AT) (mean difference [MD]=-1.69; 95% confidence interval [CI]=-2.65 to -0.72, n=73). Nevertheless, it attenuated the decrease in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (MD=0.78; 95%CI: 0.22-1.35, n=73), and the increase in peak oxygen consumption (VO2 peak) promoted by exercise (AT + HRT=2.8±1.4 vs AT + placebo=5.8±3.4, P=0.02). The combination of AT and oral HRT improved SBP. However, AT alone seemed to have a better effect on physical fitness and DBP in postmenopausal women.

Prevenção Farmacológica Secundária da Doença Arterial Coronariana em Pacientes Submetidos ao Manejo Clínico, Intervenção Coronária Percutânea ou Cirurgia de Revascularização Miocárdica / Secondary Pharmacological Prevention of Coronary Artery Disease among Patients Submitted to Clinical Management, Percutaneous Coronary Intervention, or Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery

Resumo Fundamento A prevenção secundária é recomendada a pacientes com evidência de doença arterial coronariana (DAC) independentemente da indicação de tratamento por cirurgia de bypass da artéria coronária (CABG) ou intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP). Objetivos Este estudo avaliou se o tratamento clínico, a ICP ou o CABG teve influência na adesão à prevenção secundária farmacológica em pacientes com DAC estável. Métodos Esta coorte incluiu pacientes com idade ≥40 anos com DAC estável confirmada por angiografia coronária estável. A decisão por tratamento clínico isolado, ou combinado com ICP ou CABG foi feita por médicos assistentes. A adesão às drogas prescritas recomendadas pelas diretrizes de prevenção secundária (tratamento farmacológico ótimo), incluindo agentes antiplaquetários, drogas hipolipemianetes, betabloqueadores, e bloqueadores do sistema angiotensina aldosterona, foi avaliada no acompanhamento. Diferenças com valores de p < 0,05 foram consideradas estatisticamente significativas. Resultados Dos 928 pacientes incluídos inicialmente, 415 apresentaram DAC leve e 66 apresentaram DAC leve a moderada. O período médio de seguimento foi 5,2 ± 1,5 anos. Os pacientes submetidos ao CABG apresentaram maior probabilidade de receberem tratamento farmacológico ótimo que aqueles submetidos à ICP ou tratamento clínico (63,5% versus 39,1% versus 45,7% respectivamente, p=0,003). Fatores basais independentemente associados com maior probabilidade de prescrição de tratamento ótimo foram CABG [39% maior (6% - 83%, p=0,017)] em comparação a outros tratamentos e diabetes [25% maior (1% - 56%), p=0,042] em comparação à ausência de diabetes. Conclusões Pacientes com DAC submetidos ao CABG são mais frequentemente tratados com prevenção secundária farmacológica ótima que pacientes tratados com ICP ou exclusivamente com tratamento clínico.

Abstract Background Secondary prevention is recommended for patients with evidence of coronary artery disease (CAD) regardless of the indication for treatment by coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) or percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Objectives This study evaluated whether clinical treatment, PCI or CABG had an influence on adherence to the pharmacological secondary prevention in patients with stable CAD. Methods This cohort included patients aged ≥40 years with stable CAD confirmed by coronary angiography. The decision for medical treatment alone, or additionally with PCI or CABG, was made by the attending physicians. Adherence to the prescribed drugs recommended by the guidelines for secondary prevention (optimal pharmacological treatment), including antiplatelet agents, lipid-lowering drugs, beta-blockers, and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system blockers, was assessed at follow-up. Differences were considered significant for p values <0.05. Results From 928 patients enrolled at baseline, 415 had mild CAD and 66 moderate to severe CAD. The average follow-up was 5.2 ± 1.5 years. Patients submitted to CABG were more likely to receive the optimal pharmacological treatment than those submitted to PCI or treated clinically (63.5% versus 39.1% versus 45.7% respectively, p=0.003). Baseline factors independently associated with greater probability of having a prescription of optimal treatment at follow-up were CABG [39% higher (6% - 83%, p=0.017) and diabetes [25% higher (1% - 56%), p=0.042] than their counterparts treated by other methods and participants without diabetes, respectively. Conclusions Patients with CAD submitted to CABG are more commonly treated with optimal pharmacological secondary prevention than patients treated by PCI or exclusively with medical therapy.

Social inequalities in access to cancer screening and early detection: A population-based study in the city of São Paulo, Brazil

Abstract Objective: This study monitors trends in access to cancer screening, focusing on mammography, Papanicolaou (Pap smear), and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA), assessing the magnitude of inequality in the city of São Paulo from 2003 to 2015 according to education level. Method: This is a cross-sectional population-based study conducted with data from the 2003, 2008, and 2015 editions of the Health Survey of the City of São Paulo (ISA-Capital). Outcome variables were the proportion of mammography, Papanicolaou (Pap smear), and Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) tests according to the protocols. Inequality was measured by education level according to years of study. For static analysis, Poisson regression was used to estimate proportion ratios. Results: The proportion of Pap smears remained stationary at a high level (>89%) throughout the study period, while access to mammography and PSA tests significantly increased in the 2003-2015 period. The present results indicate inequalities in access to cancer screening due to education, and being more expressive for mammography and PSA tests. However, this inequality significantly decreased over the period analyzed comparing the most educated individuals with those with the lowest educational level. In addition, an increase in the proportion of tests performed in the Brazilian Unified Health System was identified, especially for mammography and PSA tests, in the period 2003-2015. Conclusions: The inequalities observed in the access to preventive exams were influenced by the level of education. The offer of exams was expanded, more significantly for mammography and PSA, especially among the less educated group.

Development and content validity of a website for patients with coronary artery disease / Desarrollo y validación de contenido de un sitio web para pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria / Desenvolvimento e validação de conteúdo de um website para pacientes com doença arterial coronariana

ABSTRACT Objectives: to develop and analyze content validity evidence of a website for patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: a methodological study, carried out in the phases: Definition - determined contents for inclusion in the website, architecture and design; Implementation - subjects included in the website; Assessment - website submitted to analysis by 13 experts and eight laypersons regarding organization, content and design, on a scale of 1 (no agreement) to 4 (complete agreement). Items that reached Content Validity Ratio (CVR) higher than the established critical values and Content Validity Index greater than 0.80 were considered valid. Results: eight domains related to secondary prevention in coronary heart disease were included on the website. Critical CVR and adequate CVI were obtained according to professional and lay experts. Conclusions: the website was developed, achieving adequate content validity evidence, and can be used as an educational tool for this population.

RESUMEN Objetivos: desarrollar y analizar evidencias de validez de contenido de un sitio web para pacientes con enfermedad arterial coronaria. Métodos: estudio metodológico, realizado en las siguientes fases: Definición - determinado los contenidos para su inclusión en el sitio web, la arquitectura y el diseño; Implementación - temas incluidos en el sitio web; Evaluación - sitio web sometido a análisis por 13 expertos y ocho legos en cuanto a organización, contenido y diseño, en una escala de 1 (sin acuerdo) a 4 (totalmente de acuerdo). Se consideran válidos los artículos que alcanzaron un Índice de Validez de Contenido (CVR) superior a los valores críticos establecidos y un Índice de Validez de Contenido superior a 0,80. Resultados: se incluyeron en el sitio web ocho dominios relacionados con la prevención secundaria en enfermedades coronarias. Se obtuvo un CVR crítico y un CVI adecuado en opinión de expertos profesionales y legos. Conclusiones: se elaboró el sitio web, lográndose evidencias adecuadas de validez de contenido, pudiendo ser utilizado como herramienta educativa para esta población.

RESUMO Objetivos: desenvolver e analisar as evidências de validade de conteúdo de um website para pacientes com doença arterial coronariana. Métodos: estudo metodológico, realizado nas fases: Definição - determinado os conteúdos para inclusão no website, arquitetura e design; Implementação - assuntos incluídos no website; Avaliação - website submetido à análise por 13 especialistas e oito leigos quanto à organização, conteúdo e design, em uma escala de 1 (não concordância) a 4 (total concordância). Considerados válidos os itens que atingiram uma Razão de Validade de Conteúdo (CVR) superior aos valores críticos estabelecidos e um Índice de Validade de Conteúdo superior a 0,80. Resultados: incluídos no website oito domínios relacionados à prevenção secundária em coronariopatias. Um CVR crítico e um IVC adequado foram obtidos na opinião de especialistas profissionais e leigos. Conclusões: o website foi desenvolvido, alcançando adequadas evidências de validade de conteúdo, e pode ser utilizado como ferramenta educacional para esta população.

Do older patients "warn" that they will suffer a new fracture? / O paciente idoso "avisa" que vai sofrer uma nova fratura?

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate whether patients older than 60 years admitted for fracture treatment had a history of previous fracture, a diagnosis of osteoporosis, or were under treatment for bone fragility. Methods: Retrospective study including 100 patients older than 60 years with fracture. Fracture location, bone densitometry within the past two years, previous diagnosis and osteoporosis treatment, and previous fracture within the past five years were assessed. Using Fisher's test, it was evaluated whether there was an association between previous fracture and osteoporosis treatment. Results: The most prevalent fracture was in the proximal femur (48%). Of the patients, 18% had fracture in the last five years, with 22% of them diagnosed with osteoporosis, and 22% under treatment. Previous fracture in the last five years was not associated with having a diagnosis of osteoporosis, having had bone densitometry, or being under treatment for osteoporosis. Conclusion: Among patients with previous fracture, only 22% were aware of their diagnosis of osteoporosis, and less than 25% of them were under bone fragility treatment. Previous fracture in the past five years had no association with having a diagnosis of osteoporosis, having had bone densitometry, or being on osteoporosis treatment. Level of Evidence III, Retrospective Study.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se os pacientes com mais de 60 anos internados para tratamento de fraturas têm história de fratura prévia, diagnóstico de osteoporose ou se estão em tratamento para fragilidade óssea. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo que inclui 100 pacientes maiores de 60 anos com fratura. Avaliamos a localização da fratura, a densitometria óssea nos últimos dois anos, o diagnóstico e os tratamentos anteriores de osteoporose, assim como a presença de fratura prévia nos últimos cinco anos. Através de testes de Fisher avaliamos se houve associação entre fratura prévia e tratamento de osteoporose. Resultados: A fratura mais prevalente foi na extremidade proximal do fêmur (48%). Do total de pacientes, 18% tiveram fratura nos últimos cinco anos, sendo que 22% deles tinham diagnóstico de osteoporose e 22% estavam em tratamento. Fratura prévia nos últimos cinco anos não teve associação com diagnóstico de osteoporose, realização de densitometria óssea ou tratamento para osteoporose. Conclusão: Entre os pacientes com fratura prévia, apenas 22% estavam cientes do diagnóstico de osteoporose, e menos de 25% deles estavam em tratamento para fragilidade óssea. Não houve associação de fratura prévia nos últimos cinco anos com diagnóstico de osteoporose, realização de densitometria óssea ou tratamento para osteoporose. Nível de Evidência III, Estudo Retrospectivo.