Onda vermelha: perfil dos pacientes atendidos em um hospital de trauma / Red wave: profile of patients served in a trauma hospital / Onda roja: perfil de pacientes atendidos en un hospital de trauma

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil dos pacientes atendidos pela onda vermelha em 2018 e 2019. Métodos: Trata-se de uma pesquisa quantitativa, de caráter transversal, retrospectiva, descritiva e documental realizada no Hospital de Pronto-Socorro João XXIII, Belo Horizonte, Brasil. O universo deste estudo foram 83 prontuários eletrônicos de pacientes que entraram no protocolo da Onda Vermelha. Foi realizada distribuições de frequência, medidas de tendência central (média e mediana) e de variabilidade (desvio padrão). Resultados: A maioria dos pacientes foi do sexo masculino, com idade entre 1 e 95 anos e média de 33,4 anos. O mecanismo do trauma mais frequente foi contuso, o meio transporte foi ambulância do Serviço de Atendimento Móvel de Urgência, a causa mais frequente dos traumas foi acidente automobilístico seguido de trauma por projétil de arma de fogo. As cirurgias mais frequentes foram laparotomia, toracotomia e craniectomia. Óbito foi o desfecho mais comum. Conclusão: Os pacientes chegam muito graves e o óbito foi o principal desfecho. Sugere-se estudos que possibilitem análise comparativa de dados e padronização do cálculo da probabilidade de sobrevivência. Recomenda-se atualização do protocolo da onda vermelha, incluindo outras cirurgias que já são realizadas e novos critérios de inclusão de pacientes. (AU)

Objective: To describe the profile of patients treated in the "Red Wave", in the period of 2018-2019. Methods: It is a quantitative, cross-sectional, retrospective, descriptive and documentary research. Held at the first-aid post João XXIII Hospital, in Belo Horizonte. The universe of this study was 83 electronic medical records of patients who entered the "Red Wave" protocol. Simple frequency distributions, measures of central tendency (mean and median) and variability (standard deviation) have been performed. Results: Male, aged between 1 and 95 years old, being an average at 33,4 years old. The most frequent trauma mechanism was blunt, the means of transport was an ambulance from the Mobile Emergency Service, the causes of the trauma were an automobile accident, followed by trauma by a firearm projectile. From the performed surgeries, the most frequent ones were laparotomy, thoracotomy and craniectomy. Among the outcome, death was the most common one among patients. Conclusion: Patients arrive very seriously and death was the main outcome. Studies that allow comparative data analysis and standardization of the calculation of survival probability are suggested. It is recommended to update the red wave protocol, including other surgeries that are already performed and new inclusion criteria for patients. (AU)

Objetivo: Describir el perfil de los pacientes atendidos por la onda roja en 2018 y 2019. Métodos: se trata de un estudio cuantitativo, transversal, retrospectivo, descriptivo y documental realizado en el Hospital de Pronto-Socorro João XXIII, Belo Horizonte, Brasil. El universo de este estudio fue de 83 historias clínicas electrónicas de pacientes que ingresaron al protocolo Red Wave. Se realizaron distribuciones de frecuencia, medidas de tendencia central (media y mediana) y variabilidad (desviación estándar). Resultados: La mayoría de los pacientes eran varones, con edades comprendidas entre 1 y 95 años y media de 33,4 años. El mecanismo de traumatismo más frecuente fue contundente, el medio de transporte fue una ambulancia del Servicio Móvil de Emergencias, la causa más frecuente de traumatismo fue un accidente automovilístico seguido del traumatismo por proyectil de arma de fuego. Las cirugías más frecuentes fueron laparotomía, toracotomía y craniectomía. La muerte fue el resultado más común. Conclusión: Los pacientes llegan muy en serio y la muerte fue el resultado principal. Se sugieren estudios que permitan el análisis de datos comparativos y la estandarización del cálculo de la probabilidad de supervivencia. Se recomienda actualizar el protocolo de onda roja, incluyendo otras cirugías que ya se realizan y nuevos criterios de inclusión de pacientes. (AU)

Aortic Arch Replacement via the L-Incision Approach for Stanford Type A Aortic Dissection with Pectus Excavatum / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 65-year-old woman who had been diagnosed with a thoracic aneurysm was admitted to our hospital because of loss of consciousness. Brain CT revealed that the left corticomedullary junction is obscured. Contrast-enhanced CT demonstrated an acute type A aortic dissection with right internal carotid artery occlusion, left internal carotid artery stenosis, and severe pectus excavatum. Although the consciousness level at the time of admission was JCS200, it gradually improved and she regained spontaneous movement of the right side of her body. Repair of the acute type A dissection was indicated because her neurological deficit had improved. The surgery was performed via an L-shaped approach consisting of a median sternotomy and a left 5th intercostal thoracotomy with moderate hypothermic circulatory arrest and selective cerebral perfusion. An entry was found in the aortic arch between the origins of the brachiocephalic artery and the left common carotid artery, and a partial arch replacement was performed using a four-branched artificial graft. Although the right hemiparesis remained, she recovered well and was transferred to a rehabilitation hospital at 45 days postoperatively. The L-incision approach obtained a good surgical field in a patient with a type A dissection and severe pectus excavatum.

Post-thoracotomy paraplegia after oxidized cellulose spinal compression

ABSTRACT Post-thoracotomy paraplegia after non-aortic surgery is an extremely uncommon complication. A 56-year-old woman presented with a 1-year history of progressive shortness of breath. Computed tomography revealed a locally advanced posterior mediastinal mass involving the ribs and the left neural foramina. Tumor excision with a left pneumonectomy was performed. Post-resection, bleeding was noted in the vicinity of the T4-T5 vertebral body, and the bleeding point was packed with oxidized cellulose gauze (Surgicel®). Postoperatively, the patient complained of bilateral leg numbness extending up to the T5 level, with bilateral paraplegia. An urgent laminectomy was performed, and we noted that the spinal cord was compressed by two masses of Surgicel® with blood clots measuring 1.5 × 1.5cm at T4 and T5 levels. The paraplegia did not improve despite the removal of the mass, sufficient decompression, and aggressive postoperative physiotherapy. Surgeons operating in fields close to the intervertebral foramen should be aware of the possible threat to the adjacent spinal canal as helpful hemostatic agents can become a preventable threat.

Can Ultrasound?Guided Erector Spinae Plane Block Replace Thoracic Epidural Analgesia for Postoperative Analgesia in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Thoracotomy? A Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial

Background:Many analgesic modalities have been investigated in pediatrics for thoracotomy. We studied the analgesic efficacy of unilateral continuous ultrasound?guided erector spinae plane block (ESPB) compared to a thoracic epidural in pediatric patients undergoing thoracotomy. Materials and Methods: A prospective, randomized, observer?blinded, controlled study. Pediatric patients (2–7 years) scheduled for right or left thoracotomy under general anesthesia (GA) were enrolled in the study. We randomly assigned patients into two groups: The thoracic epidural analgesia (TEA) group received GA with an epidural catheter. The ESPB group received GA with a unilateral ultrasound?guided erector spinae plane catheter. The primary outcome was postoperative cumulative opioid consumption for 24 h. Results: The total intraoperative fentanyl requirement was 35.4 ± 11.44 µg in the TEA group and 30.4 ± 9.08 µg in the ESPB group (t?value 1.53013, P value: 0.134). The total postoperative fentanyl requirement was comparable in both the groups and clinically nonsignificant (44 ± 2.82 in the TEA group vs. 44.25 ± 13.72 in the ESPB group, t?value = ?0.02412, P = 0.981). The median (IQR) Face, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability (FLACC) score at 0, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 h time points in the ESPB was equivalent to the TEA group. At 6 h time point, the TEA group had a significantly lower FLACC score than the ESPB group (1[1.75, 1] in the TEA group and 2 [2, 1] in the ESPB group, P value = .02, U = 117.5, z?score = ?2.218). The complications were higher in the TEA group (urine retention 20% and hypotension 40%) than in the ESPB group (0 and 0%). Conclusions: This study shows that the ESPB provides similar postoperative analgesia to the TEA in pediatric patients undergoing thoracotomy. The ESPB is simpler, faster, and has a lower complication rate

Tips and Tricks in Transaortic TAVR

ABSTRACT Transfemoral transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is currently the standard catheter-based treatment of severe aortic stenosis patients. Being the transfemoral route not feasible, other access sites could be chosen. Transaortic TAVR via either a J mini-sternotomy or a right anterolateral mini-thoracotomy is a good option for patients having tricky thoracoabdominal aorta. Some tips and tricks may help in getting a fast and safe transaortic procedure.

A Comparative Study between Thoracic Epidural and Conventional Methods of Pain Management in Post Thoracotomy Patients

Background: Postoperative discomfort has a negative impact on the outcome of thoracic surgical procedures, which are among the most painful operations. Controlling pain after a thoracotomy enhances patient satisfaction while lowering postoperative morbidity. Aim of the study: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of thoracic epidural and conventional pain management methods in post-thoracotomy patients.Material & Methods:A randomized cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 260 patients of post thoracotomy between January 2018 and December 2020 in a single tertiary-care hospital of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Outcomes of surgery were evaluated using the visual analogue score (VAS) at resting and coughing time.Results:We divided all 260 patients into two groups (group A: thoracic epidural 130; group B: conventional/control 130). The mean age of the patients was 49.74�.46 years in group A and 50.48�.23 in group B. There were 61% male patients and 39% female patients, and the male: female ratio was 81:48 in group A, and 78:53 in group B. Mean duration of surgeries was 2.95� 67.92 hours and 2.84� 57.31 hours in group A and B respectively and mean follow up was 1.9 years and 1.4 years in group A and B respectively. The maximum number (36.9%%) of patients were in the age group of 50 to 54 years, and the minimum number (4.61%) of patients were in the age group of 35 to 39 years. In group A, the maximum number (31) of patients had gone through open window formation, and a minimum number of patients (4) had gone through segmentectomy. And in group B, the maximum number (33) of patients had gone through open window formation, and a minimum number (4) had gone through hydatid cyst removal surgery. The change between comparative values of postoperative mean VAS scores at resting time and coughing time of both groups of patients was significant in this study.Conclusions:In thoracotomy surgery, the efficacy of thoracic epidural anesthesia is more evident than in other types of surgery. Although managing thoracotomy pain might be challenging, the advantages of proper pain management are substantial.

Giant Epicardial Cyst Eroding Left Ventricular Wall Mimicking as Simple Pericardial Cyst

Abstract Epicardial cysts are rarer benign tumors than pericardial cysts. There have been few reports on surgical management of epicardial cysts. A 17-year-old normotensive boy presented with chest pain and palpitations, which on evaluation was found to be a mediastinal mass (pericardial cyst). Surgical resection of the cyst via thoracotomy was planned. The cyst was diagnosed as an epicardial cyst intraoperatively. However, due to the epicardial origin of cyst and posterior adhesions, resection was done via midline approach. The base was formed by visceral pericardium and eroding into myocardium of left ventricle, so the resection was concluded with on-pump surgery. In case of erroneous diagnosis or undesirable finding, a safer midline approach with on-pump surgery, as an alternative to minimally invasive approach for complicated epicardial cysts (erosion into ventricle/lying in close proximity to important structures or near to coronary arteries) should be considered.

Cirugías por traumatismo torácico: caracterización y variables asociadas a mortalidad / Thoracic trauma surgery: indications, findings and mortality associated variables

Resumen Introducción: El traumatismo torácico (TT) es la causa de aproximadamente un cuarto de las muertes por traumatismos. Los pacientes tratados con cirugía por traumatismo torácico (CTT) presentan un amplio espectro de características y pronósticos. Objetivos: Describir características clínicas, indicaciones, temporalidad, morbilidad, mortalidad y las variables asociadas a mortalidad en pacientes con CTT. Materiales y Método: Estudio observacional de pacientes tratados con CTT, período enero-1981 a diciembre-2019. Revisión de protocolos prospectivos de TT y base de datos. Se realizó regresión logística para variables asociadas a mortalidad. Se utilizó SPSS25® con prueba chi-cuadrado para comparar clasificación, tipo de TT y su distribución temporal, considerando significativo p < 0,05. Resultados: En total 808 casos (18,2%) de 4.448 TT requirieron CTT. Fueron hombres 767 (94,9%) y la edad promedio fue 31,5 ± 13,8 años. El traumatismo fue penetrante y por arma blanca en la mayoría de los casos. Fueron politraumatizados 164 (20,3%). La cirugía fue urgente en 474 (58,7%), precoz en 41 (5,0%) y diferida en 293 (36,3%) casos. La mortalidad global fue de 6,7% y fue significativamente mayor en TT contusos, politraumatizados y en cirugía urgente. La mortalidad fue 9,7% en CTT urgente, 4,9% en precoz y 2,0% en diferida (p < 0,001). Se observaron variables independientes asociadas a mortalidad. Conclusión: En nuestra serie, las CTT se realizaron principalmente en hombres jóvenes con TT penetrantes. Correspondieron a un grupo heterogéneo en cuanto a las indicaciones, hallazgos y lesiones intratorácicas y/o asociadas. Múltiples variables demostraron influir significativamente en la mortalidad de los pacientes tratados con CTT.

Background: Thoracic Trauma (TT) is the cause of approximately a quarter of trauma deaths. The patients who undergo Thoracic Trauma Surgery (TTS) present a wide spectrum of characteristics and prognosis. Aim: To describe clinical characteristics, indications, temporality, morbidity, mortality and mortality associated variables in TTS patients. Materials and Method: Observational study of TT hospitalized patients, period January-1981 to December-2019. A review of operation notes and database was done. A logistic regression for mortality associated variables was made. To compare classification, type of TT and its temporal distribution, SPSS25® with chi-square test was used, considering significant p < 0.05. Results: A total of 808 (18.2%) of 4.448 TT patients required TTS, 767 (94.9%) were men with average age: 31.5 ± 13.8. The trauma was penetrating trauma due to a stab in most cases, 164 (20.3%) were polytraumatized. The surgery was urgent in 474 (58.7%), early in 41 (5.0%) and delayed in 293 (36.3%) cases. The global mortality was 6.7% and was significantly higher in the blunt TT, polytrauma, urgent and early surgery patients. Mortality in urgent TTS was 9.7%, early 4.9% and 2.0% in delayed (p < 0.001). Independent variables associated with mortality were observed. Conclusions: In our series, TTS were performed mainly in young men with penetrating TT. The group was heterogeneous regarding surgical indications, findings and intrathoracic or associated injuries. Multiple variables showed to influence significantly on mortality in patients who underwent TTS.

In-Hospital Outcomes of Right Minithoracotomy vs. Periareolar Access for Minimally Invasive Video-Assisted Mitral Valve Repair

Abstract Introduction: In minimally invasive mitral valve repair, right minithoracotomy is the most widely performed method, providing a good view of the mitral valve. But regarding other techniques and although it offers limited visualization, the periareolar access is a less traumatic alternative. This study's purpose is to compare in-hospital outcomes in patients who underwent video-assisted minimally invasive mitral valve repair via right minithoracotomy and periareolar access. Methods: This is a retrospective observational study including 37 patients (> 18 years old), without previous right thoracic surgery, who underwent their primary mitral valve repair, with indication for minimally invasive video-assisted approach (via right minithoracotomy or periareolar access), between January 2018 and August 2019. Patients' medical records were consulted to collect demographics data, operative details, and in-hospital outcomes. Results: Twenty-one patients underwent right minithoracotomy, and 16 were operated via periareolar access. The mean patients' age was 62±12 years in the right minithoracotomy group and 61±9 years in the periareolar access group (P=0.2). There are no significant differences in incision length, cardiopulmonary bypass time, aortic cross-clamping time, hematocrit, amount of chest tube drainage, and intensive care unit and in-hospital length of stay. Time to extubation presented significant differences between the right minithoracotomy and the periareolar access group (4.85 hours vs. 5.62 hours, respectively) (P=0.04). Conclusion: In this study, we found similar results in the two applied surgical techniques, except for the time to extubation.

Evaluation of the value of postoperative radiotherapy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma based on the patterns of failure after right thoracotomy / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

The current recommendation for postoperative radiotherapy for esophageal cancer in China is mainly based on the data of incomplete two-field dissection of the left thoracotomy (category 2B evidence). However, the surgery of esophageal cancer is undergoing a period of transformation, which has gradually transitioned from left thoracotomy to right thoracotomy, and from open surgery to minimally invasive surgery. Compared with incomplete two-field dissection of left thoracotomy, complete two-field / cervical thoracic and abdominal three-field dissection of right thoracotomy could more thoroughly dissect the upper mediastinum and cervical lymph nodes. Hence, theoretically, it yields a lower recurrence rate of regional lymph nodes and prolongs the survival time. However, under the new technical conditions, whether the tumor recurrence pattern and recurrence rate after esophageal cancer surgery will change significantly compared with the past, whether postoperative radiotherapy still has the value of local control and survival benefits, and whether the indications of postoperative radiotherapy need to be adjusted accordingly have not been determined. Based on the above considerations, the changes in surgical methods for esophageal cancer at the current stage, the survival status of right thoracotomy and postoperative patterns of failure were summarized, aiming to evaluate the value of adjuvant radiotherapy under the condition of right thoracotomy.

The predictive value of 18F-FDG PET-CT in the conversion from thoracoscopic lobectomy to thoracotomy for non-small cell lung cancer / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective:To investigate the predictive value of 18F-FDG PET-CT in the conversion from thoracoscopic lobectomy to thoracotomy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods:The clinical data, CT and PET-CT images of 193 patients with primary NSCLC undergoing thoracoscopic surgery from January 2014 to June 2021 at China-Japan Friendship Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. All patients were divided into 45 cases who were converted to thoracotomy (the conversional group) and 148 cases who were not converted to thoracotomy (the non-conversional group). Univariate analysis was performed on clinicopathological characteristics and image parameters. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the factors affecting the conversion to thoracotomy. Taking the final conversion to thoracotomy or not as the gold standard, the predictive effect of variables in the conversion to thoracotomy was analyzed through the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Delong test was used to compare the area under the curve (AUC) predicted by all variables.Results:In the conversional group, the proportion of peribronchial lymph node (PLN), peribronchial cuffs of soft (PCS), pleural calcification, pulmonary nodule calcification, PLN or PCS calcification or increased density on chest CT was higher than that in the non-conversional group (all P<0.05); and the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV max) of PET in the conversional group was higher compared with that in the non-conversional group ( P<0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis suggested age ( OR = 4.663,95% CI 2.191- 9.923, P < 0.001) and PLN or PCS density of chest CT scan ( OR = 2.824, 95% CI 1.791-7.303, P < 0.001) were independent influencing factors of the conversion from thoracoscopic lobectomy to thoracotomy. ROC analysis showed that the effect of the conversion to thoracotomy predicted by the combination of 18F-FDG PET and chest CT [AUC = 0.891 (95% CI 0.831-0.951); the optimal cut-off value of SUV max and CT was 3.45, 70 Hu: the sensitivity was 84.4%, the specificity was 83.8%] was better than that by chest CT alone [AUC = 0.678 (95% CI 0.591-0.766); the optimal cut-off value of CT was 70 Hu: the sensitivity was 62.2%, the specificity was 62.8%; P < 0.001] and by age [AUC = 0.625 (95% CI 0.532-0.719); the optimal cut-off value was 65.5 years: the sensitivity was 75.6%, the specificity was 60.1%; P < 0.001]. Conclusions:PLN or PCS density on chest scan and age are valuable in predicting the conversion from thoracoscopic lobectomy to thoracotomy for NSCLC patients. The combination of PET and CT has an additional role in predicting the conversion to thoracotomy during thoracoscopic lobectomy.

A Case of Redo Ascending Aortic Replacement for Anastomotic Pseudoaneurysm through Right Thoracotomy in a Patient with Severe Coagulation Disorder / 日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌

A 51-year-old man presented to our hospital with general fatigue and lower extremity edema due to right heart failure with severe coagulation disorder. He had undergone ascending aortic and total arch replacement for type A acute aortic dissection when he was 49 years old and had diagnosed with anastomotic pseudoaneurysm in the ascending aorta by computed tomography 1 year after the operation. Preoperative computed tomography showed an enlargement of the pseudoaneurysm. Since re-median sternotomy seemed to be high risk strategy for bleeding due to severe coagulation disorder, we decided to perform ascending aortic replacement through right thoracotomy. We opened the pseudoaneurysm and found an aorto-right atrium fistula. Redo ascending aortic replacement with direct closure of the fistula was successfully performed. The postoperative course was uneventful.

Efficacy of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery for pulmonary echinococcosis: A meta analysis / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy and safety of video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) and thoracotomy in the treatment of pulmonary echinococcosis.Methods:Pubmed, ScienceDirect, Medline, Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) and VIP Chinese Journal Service Platform were searched by computer from the earliest publication time of the documents included in the database to August 2020. Comparative studies on VATS and thoracotomy in the treatment of pulmonary echinococcosis were included and the quality was evaluated. The data were combined and analyzed by RevMan 5.3 software.Results:Eleven articles were finally included, including two randomized controlled trials (RCT) articles, and the rest were case-control studies. A total of 878 patients were included, including 447 in VATS group and 431 in thoracotomy group. The results of meta analysis showed that compared with thoracotomy group, VATS operation time [ MD (95% CI): - 28.59 (- 41.79, - 15.39)], intraoperative blood loss [ MD (95% CI): - 35.83 (- 49.65, - 22.01)], postoperative drainage volume [ MD (95% CI): - 94.83 (- 150.55, - 39.01)], postoperative catheterization time [ MD (95% CI): - 2.26 ( - 2.94, - 1.59)], hospital stay [ MD (95% CI): - 4.59 (- 6.51, - 2.67)], and postoperative complications [ MD (95% CI): 0.48 (0.32, 0.73)] in VATS group were significantly lower ( P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in postoperative recurrence between VATS group and thoracotomy group [ MD (95% CI): 0.75 (0.26, 2.16), P > 0.05]. Conclusions:Compared with thoracotomy, VATS in the treatment of pulmonary echinococcosis has the advantages of shorter operation time, less intraoperative blood loss, less postoperative drainage volume, shorter postoperative catheterization time and fewer postoperative complications. VATS is a safe and effective surgical method for the treatment of pulmonary echinococcosis.

Performance and outcome of ressucitative thoracotomies in a southern Brazil trauma center: a 7-year retrospective analysis / Desempenho e desfecho das toracotomias de reanimação realizadas em centro de trauma sul-brasileiro: análise retrospectiva de 7 anos

ABSTRACT Objective: the study aims to analyze the performance and outcome of resuscitation thoracotomy (TR) performed in patients victims of penetrating and blunt trauma in a trauma center in southern Brazil during a 7 years period. Methods: retrospective study based on the analysis of medical records of patients undergoing TR, from 2014 to 2020, in the emergency service of the Hospital do Trabalhador, Curitiba - Paraná, Brazil. Results: a total of 46 TR were performed during the study period, of which 89.1% were male. The mean age of patients undergoing TR was 34.1±12.94 years (range 16 and 69 years). Penetrating trauma corresponded to the majority of indications with 80.4%, of these 86.5% victims of gunshot wounds and 13.5% victims of knife wounds. On the other hand, only 19.6% undergoing TR were victims of blunt trauma. Regarding the outcome variables, 84.78% of the patients had declared deaths during the procedure, considered non-responders. 15.22% of patients survived after the procedure. 4.35% of patients undergoing TR were discharged from the hospital, 50% of which were victims of blunt trauma. Conclusion: the data obtained in our study are in accordance with the world literature, reinforcing the need for a continuous effort to perform TR, respecting its indications and limitations in patients victims of severe penetrating or blunt trauma.

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar o desempenho e o desfecho das toracotomias de reanimação (TR) realizadas nos pacientes vítimas de trauma penetrante e contuso em um hospital de referência em trauma no Sul do Brasil durante um período de sete anos. Métodos: estudo retrospectivo baseado na análise de prontuários de pacientes submetidos a TR, no período de 2014 a 2020, no serviço de emergência do Hospital do Trabalhador, Curitiba - Paraná, Brasil. Resultados: um total de 46 TR foram realizadas durante o período de estudo, dos quais 89.1% eram do sexo masculino. A média de idade dos pacientes submetidos a TR foi de 34.1±12.94 anos (variação de 16 e 69 anos). O trauma penetrante correspondeu pela maioria das indicações de TR com 80.4%, destas 86.5% vítimas de ferimentos por arma de fogo e 13.5% vítimas de ferimento por arma branca. Por outro lado, apenas 19.6% submetidos a TR foram vítimas de trauma contuso. No que se refere as variáveis de desfecho, 84.78% dos pacientes tiveram óbitos declarados durante o procedimento, considerados não respondedores. 15.22% dos pacientes apresentaram sobrevida após o procedimento. 4.35% dos pacientes submetidos à TR tiveram alta hospitalar, sendo 50% pacientes vítimas de trauma contuso. Conclusão: os dados obtidos em nosso estudo estão em conformidade com a literatura mundial, reforçando a necessidade de um esforço contínuo para realização da TR respeitando suas indicações e limitações em pacientes vítimas de trauma grave penetrante ou contuso.

La historia (des)conocida de las incisiones torácicas. Tercera parte: Las toracotomías del siglo XX

RESUMEN La mayoría de las toracotomías que con más frecuencia son utilizadas en la práctica quirúrgica actual fueron creadas en los quirófanos del siglo XX. En la búsqueda de diferentes opciones terapéuticas para lidiar con afecciones cancerígenas e infecciosas, de órganos torácicos y mediastinales, los padres de la cirugía torácica moderna crearon abordajes que han vencido la prueba del tiempo y se continúan practicando, a pesar del enorme desarrollo de la cirugía torácica de accesos mínimos o video-asistida. Sin embargo, muchos cirujanos desconocen los acontecimientos que rodearon el nacimiento de las principales toracotomías clásicas y, por otra parte, en no pocas ocasiones la historia ha reconocido como padres de algunas técnicas a quienes realmente no merecen ese crédito. En esta tercera parte de nuestra revisión se continúa exponiendo la historia, no del todo conocida, de las incisiones torácicas.

ABSTRACT Most of thoracotomies that are most frequently used in today's surgical practice were created in the operating rooms of the 20th century. In the search for different therapeutic options to treat cancerous and infectious conditions of the thoracic and mediastinal organs, the fathers of modern thoracic surgery created approaches that have stood the test of time and continue to be practiced, despite the enormous development of minimal access or video-assisted thoracic surgery. However, many surgeons are unaware of the events surrounding the birth of the main classical thoracotomies and, on the other hand, on more than a few occasions history has recognized as the fathers of some techniques those who do not really deserve that credit. In this third part of our review we continue to unravel the history of thoracic incisions, not all of which is well known.

Isolated Coarctation Repair in Neonates and Infants Through Left Thoracotomy: Short-Term Outcomes

Abstract Introduction: End-to-end anastomosis and extended end-to-end anastomosis are typically used as surgical approaches to coarctation of the aorta (CoAo) with access at the subclavian artery or an interposition graft. The objective of this study is to analyze the impact of surgical and anatomical characteristics and techniques on early outcomes after surgical treatment of CoAo without cardiopulmonary bypass through left thoracotomy. Methods: This is a quantitative, observational, and cross-sectional analysis of patients who underwent repair of CoAo between July 1, 2010 and December 31, 2017. Seventy-two patients were divided into three groups according to age: 34 in group A (≤ 30 days), 24 in group B (31 days to one year), and 14 in group C (≥ 1 year to 18 years). Results: Aortic arch hypoplasia was associated in 30.8% of the cases, followed by ventricular septal defect (13.2%). The preductal location was more frequent in group A (73.5%), ductal in group B (41.7%), and postductal in group C (71.4%). Long coarcted segment was predominant in groups A and C (61.8% and 71.4%, respectively) and localized in group B (58.3%). Extended end-to-end anastomosis technique was prevalent (68%), mainly in group A (91.2%). Mortality in 30 days was 1.4%. Conclusion: Most of the patients were children under one year of age, and extended end-to-end anastomosis was the most used technique, secondary to arch hypoplasia. Further, overall mortality was low in spite of moderate morbidity in the first 30 postoperative days.

La toracotomía axilar vertical. Consideraciones anestésicas incluidas en la aplicación de modificaciones / Vertical axillary thoracotomy, anesthetic considerations included in the application of modifications

RESUMEN La toracotomía axilar vertical es un procedimiento quirúrgico que permite realizar múltiples técnicas para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de enfermedades del tórax, área que implica consideraciones anestésicas especiales. El presente estudio pretende exponer determinantes para el manejo anestésico de pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por toracotomías axilares. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica, mediante la búsqueda en bases de datos (Medline/Pubmed e Hinari), incluyendo los términos: toracotomía axilar vertical, manejo anestésico y cirugía torácica. Las determinantes identificadas dentro del manejo anestésico durante la toracotomía axilar vertical fueron la evaluación preoperatoria, monitorización, manejo de la vía aérea, estrategia de ventilación, tratamiento anestésico y la analgesia postoperatoria inmediata. Se determinó, de acuerdo con la necesidad y condiciones del equipo, establecer como prioritaria la defensa del momento óptimo de relajación muscular. El control hemodinámico del paciente, el aislamiento pulmonar, la relajación muscular para el abordaje quirúrgico, la ventilación pulmonar y la analgesia perioperatoria, siguen siendo hoy día la piedra angular del manejo anestésico en la toracotomía axilar vertical.

ABSTRACT Vertical axillary thoracotomy is a surgical procedure that allows multiple techniques to be performed for the diagnosis and treatment of chest diseases, an area that involves special anesthetic considerations. The present study aims to expose determinants for the anesthetic management of patients operated on for axillary thoracotomies. A bibliographic review was carried out by searching databases (Medline / Pubmed and Hinari), including the terms: vertical axillary thoracotomy, anesthetic management and thoracic surgery. The determinants identified within anesthetic management during vertical axillary thoracotomy were preoperative evaluation, monitoring, airway management, ventilation strategy, anesthetic treatment, and immediate postoperative analgesia. According to the needs and conditions of the team, it was determined to establish as a priority the defense of the optimal moment of muscle relaxation. Hemodynamic control of the patient, pulmonary isolation, muscle relaxation for the surgical approach, pulmonary ventilation, and perioperative analgesia continue to be the cornerstone of anesthetic management in vertical axillary thoracotomy today.

Damage control in penetrating cardiac trauma / El control de daños en el trauma cardíaco penetrante

Abstract Definitive management of hemodynamically stable patients with penetrating cardiac injuries remains controversial between those who propose aggressive invasive care versus those who opt for a less invasive or non-operative approach. This controversy even extends to cases of hemodynamically unstable patients in which damage control surgery is thought to be useful and effective. The aim of this article is to delineate our experience in the surgical management of penetrating cardiac injuries via the creation of a clear and practical algorithm that includes basic principles of damage control surgery. We recommend that all patients with precordial penetrating injuries undergo trans-thoracic ultrasound screening as an integral component of their initial evaluation. In those patients who arrive hemodynamically stable but have a positive ultrasound, a pericardial window with lavage and drainage should follow. We want to emphasize the importance of the pericardial lavage and drainage in the surgical management algorithm of these patients. Before this concept, all positive pericardial windows ended up in an open chest exploration. With the coming of the pericardial lavage and drainage procedure, the reported literature and our experience have shown that 25% of positive pericardial windows do not benefit and/or require further invasive procedures. However, in hemodynamically unstable patients, damage control surgery may still be required to control ongoing bleeding. For this purpose, we propose a surgical management algorithm that includes all of these essential clinical aspects in the care of these patients.

Resumen El manejo definitivo de los pacientes hemodinámicamente estables con heridas cardíacas penetrantes continúa siendo controversial con abordajes invasivos versus manejos conservadores. Estas posiciones contrarias se extienden hasta aquellos casos de pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables donde se ha descrito y considerado la cirugía de control de daños como un procedimiento útil y efectivo. El objetivo de este artículo es presentar la experiencia en el manejo quirúrgico de heridas cardíacas penetrantes con la creación de un algoritmo práctico que incluye los principios básicos del control de daños. Se recomienda que a todos los pacientes con heridas precordiales penetrantes se les debe realizar un ultrasonido torácico como componente integral de la evaluación inicial. Aquellos que presenten un ultrasonido torácico positivo y se encuentren hemodinámicamente estables se les debe realizar una ventana pericárdica con posterior lavado. Se ha demostrado que el 25% de las ventanas pericárdicas positivas no se benefician ni requieren de posteriores abordajes quirúrgicos invasivos. Antes de este concepto, todos los pacientes con ventana pericárdica positiva terminaban en una exploración abierta del tórax y del pericárdico. Los pacientes hemodinámicamente inestables requieren de una cirugía de control de daños para un adecuado y oportuno control del sangrado. Con este propósito, se propone un algoritmo de manejo quirúrgico que incluye todos estos aspectos esenciales en el abordaje de este grupo de pacientes.

Comparación de resultados de la Cirugía Torácica Convencional y la Uniportal en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología / Comparison of results of Conventional and Uniportal Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery in the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology

Introducción: La cirugía torácica videoasistida por un solo puerto (Uniportal VATS) se ha convertido hoy en uno de los abordajes más utilizados para resecciones pulmonares en muchos centros de cirugía torácica del mundo, en Cuba su introducción es bastante reciente y todavía se encuentra en fase inicial. Objetivo: Comparar los resultados obtenidos por cirugía torácica abierta y Uniportal VATS en pacientes intervenidos en el Instituto Nacional de Oncología y Radiobiología de La Habana (INOR) durante enero de 2016 a abril de 2017. Material y Métodos: Estudio observacional descriptivo de corte longitudinal retrospectivo con 60 pacientes atendidos en el INOR durante enero de 2016 a abril de 2017 a los cuales se les realizó cirugía torácica. Resultados: Veinticuatro pacientes fueron operados por Uniportal VATS y 36 a través de la toracotomía, primaron las lesiones del lado derecho, el procedimiento más realizado fue lobectomía. Los estadíos predominantes fueron IA y IB, la mayoría de los procedimientos fue realizada en tres horas o menos, 8 casos se convirtieron, 13 sufrieron complicaciones. La estadía media de los pacientes tratados con Uniportal VATS fue menor que los que recibieron la toracotomía abierta. Conclusiones: El abordaje Uniportal se caracterizó por ser seguro, tener una gran versatilidad, pocas complicaciones y por mejorar la recuperación postquirúrgica del paciente y acelerar su reincorporación a las actividades de la vida cotidiana(AU)

Introduction: Single-port Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery (Uniportal VATS) has currently become one of the most commonly used approaches for lung resections in many Thoracic Surgery Centers around the world. In Cuba, its introduction is quite recent and it is still in its initial phase. Objective: To compare the results obtained by open thoracic surgery and Uniportal VATS in patients who underwent surgery in the National Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology of Havana (INOR) from January 2016 to April 2017. Material and Methods: An observational descriptive longitudinal retrospective study was conducted in 60 patients who underwent Thoracic Surgery in the INOR during 2016 - April 2017. Results: A total of 24 patients were operated through Uniportal VATS and 36 underwent thoracotomy. The lesions predominantly affected the right side and lobectomy was the most performed surgical procedure. Stages IA and IB predominated. Most of the procedures were carried out in 3 hours or less, 8 cases were converted and 13 suffered from complications. The average postoperative length of stay in hospital for patients who underwent Uniportal VATS was reduced compared to those who underwent open thoracotomy. Conclusions: Uniportal VATS is characterized by being a safe procedure with few complications and great versatility. It improves postoperative recovery of patients and accelerates their return to daily life activities(AU)

Damage control surgery in lung trauma / Cirugía de control de daños del trauma pulmonar

Abstract Damage control techniques applied to the management of thoracic injuries have evolved over the last 15 years. Despite the limited number of publications, information is sufficient to scatter some fears and establish management principles. The severity of the anatomical injury justifies the procedure of damage control in only few selected cases. In most cases, the magnitude of the physiological derangement and the presence of other sources of bleeding within the thoracic cavity or in other body compartments constitutes the indication for the abbreviated procedure. The classification of lung injuries as peripheral, transfixing, and central or multiple, provides a guideline for the transient bleeding control and for the definitive management of the injury: pneumorraphy, wedge resection, tractotomy or anatomical resection, respectively. Identification of specific patterns such as the need for resuscitative thoracotomy, or aortic occlusion, the existence of massive hemothorax, a central lung injury, a tracheobronchial injury, a major vascular injury, multiple bleeding sites as well as the recognition of hypothermia, acidosis or coagulopathy, constitute the indication for a damage control thoracotomy. In these cases, the surgeon executes an abbreviated procedure with packing of the bleeding surfaces, primary management with packing of some selected peripheral or transfixing lung injuries, and the postponement of lung resection, clamping of the pulmonary hilum in the most selective way possible. The abbreviation of the thoracotomy closure is achieved by suturing the skin over the wound packed, or by installing a vacuum system. The management of the patient in the intensive care unit will allow identification of those who require urgent reintervention and the correction of the physiological derangement in the remaining patients for their scheduled reintervention and definitive management.

Resumen Las técnicas de control de daños aplicadas al manejo de lesiones torácicas han evolucionado en los últimos 15 años. A pesar de que el número de publicaciones es limitado, la información es suficiente para desvirtuar algunos temores y establecer los principios de manejo. La severidad del compromiso anatómico justifica el procedimiento de control de daños solamente en algunos casos. En la mayoría, la magnitud del deterioro fisiológico y la presencia de otras fuentes de sangrado dentro del tórax o en otros compartimientos corporales constituyen la indicación del procedimiento abreviado. La clasificación de la lesión pulmonar como periférica, transfixiante y central o múltiple, proporciona una pauta para el control transitorio del sangrado y para el manejo definitivo de la lesión: neumorrafía, resección en cuña, tractotomía o resecciones anatómicas, respectivamente. La identificación de ciertos patrones como la necesidad de toracotomía de reanimación o de oclusión aórtica, la existencia de un hemotórax masivo, de una lesión pulmonar central, una lesión traqueobronquial o una lesión vascular mayor, así como el reconocimiento de hipotermia, acidosis o coagulopatía, constituyen la indicación de una toracotomía de control de daños. En estos casos, el cirujano concluye de manera abreviada los procedimientos con empaquetamiento de las superficies sangrantes, el manejo primario con empaquetamiento de algunas lesiones pulmonares periféricas o transfixiante seleccionadas y el aplazamiento de la resección pulmonar, pinzando el hilio de la manera más selectiva posible. La abreviación del cierre de la toracotomía se logra con la sutura de la piel sobre el empaquetamiento de la herida, o mediante la instalación de un sistema de presión negativa. El manejo del paciente en cuidados intensivos permitirá identificar aquellos que requieren reintervención urgente y corregir la alteración fisiológica de los restantes para su reoperación programada y manejo definitivo.